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Brandl,
Criminal Instructor
Investigations Resource
3rd Edition

1. How many detectives questioned O. J. Simpson?

a. 1
*b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

2. With regard to the interrogation of suspects:

a. They can only be conducted when the suspect is in custody of

the police
*b. Miranda only applies to custodial interrogations
c. They are similar in function and purpose to interviews of
witnesses, except interrogations are of suspects
d. An interrogation is successful only when the police obtain a
confession from the suspect

3. Showing false sympathy, making untrue claims about evidence, and

overstating the value of lie-detecting technology are common examples
of:

a. Reasons why confessions are ruled inadmissible in court

b. Practices that must be avoided in interrogations
c. Common forms of suspects' tactics
*d. Tactics used by investigators in conducting interrogations

4. Suspects who provide incriminating information as the result of an

interrogation are:

a. More likely to be charged by prosecutors

b. Less likely to have their cases dismissed
c. More likely to be convicted
*d. Dll of the above

5. Among the problems with the interrogation of O. J. Simpson:

a. The detectives who conducted the interrogation did not appear

to have a plan
b. The detectives were apparently satisfied with the vague and
confusing statements provided by Simpson
c. It was not clear who was in charge of the interrogation
d. The detectives did not spend enough time interviewing Simpson
 *e. All of the above

6. In interrogations, RPM refers to:

a. Rotations per minute

b. Radical plan method
*c. Rationalization, projection, minimization
d. Rational plan manual
e. Revelation, plasmodium, marjoram

7. With regard to interrogations:

a. Investigators should be dressed in uniforms

b. Investigators should be armed
c. Investigators should take notes during the interrogation
*d. Investigators should treat the suspect with respect
e. Investigators should use sophisticated language to intimidate
the suspect

8. Sympathizing with the suspect is most likely to be effective with:

*a. Emotional offenders

b. Nonemotional offenders
c. Neither of the above

9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of individuals who

are most likely to falsely confess?

a. Lack of self-confidence
b. Extraordinary trust of people in authority
c. Heightened suggestibility
*d. Previous experience as a suspect in the criminal justice
system

10. Kinesics pertains to:

a. The physical distance individuals put between themselves and

others
b. The study of the variation in the quality and tone of voice
c. The process used in voice stress analysis
*d. The study of body movement and posture

11. The use of manipulators, or created jobs, in interview or

interrogation situations is often associated with:

a. Truthful information
*b. Deceptive information
c. Verbal behavior
12. Which of the following is generally indicative of deception?

a. Unusually short or long sentences

b. Incomplete sentences
c. Explanations that do not make sense
d. Minimal use of the word I
*e. All of the above

13. With regard to the polygraph:

a. It measures brain wave activity

b. The RIT is the most common method
*c. The CQT technique is more prone to false-positive errors than
false-negative errors
d. It has been proven to be 99.9 percent accurate
e. B and D

14. With regard to the polygraph:

*a. Some personality characteristics and disorders may be related

to polygraph errors
b. Machine error is the most common problem in the administration
of polygraph examinations
c. Polygraph results are usually admissible in court
d. Confessions that occur as a result of polygraph examinations
are seldom admissible in court
e. B and D

15. The distinction between emotional offenders and nonemotional

offenders is important because:

*a. Some themes may be more effective with emotional offenders

than nonemotional offenders
b. The polygraph will be more effective on one group than the
other
c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

16. It is important in interrogations that:

*a. Investigators make it clear that they are determined to get

the truth from the suspect
b. Investigators maintain constant eye contact with the suspect
c. Investigators allow the suspect to continue to deny the crime
d. Investigators not spend too much time trying to build a
rapport with the suspect
17. A(n) __________ can be defined as any questioning or other action
that is intended to elicit incriminating information from a suspect.

a. Interview
*b. Interrogation
c. Confession
d. Theme

18. If suspects agree to answer the questions of the police, then they
will probably, at the least, __________.

*a. Say something incriminating

b. Confess to everything
c. Hire a lawyer
d. None of the above

19. A(n) ___________ offender is one who is likely to experience

considerable feelings of remorse regarding the crime.

*a. Emotional
b. Nonemotional
c. Deceptive
d. Federal

20. ___________ is/are the most powerful evidence of guilt in a

criminal trial.

a. The hiring of lawyers

*b. Confessions
c. Eyewitness testimonies
d. DNA analyses

21. The basic theory underlying each of the methods of detecting

deception is the _________ syndrome.

a. Homology
*b. Fight or flight
c. Persuasive
d. Feathering

22. Truthful subjects usually try to ________ meaning to the

questioner. Deceptive subjects wish to ________.

*a. convey; convince

b. convince; convey
c. explain; avoid
d. avoid; explain
23. With the polygraph, a false-positive error occurs when a ________
subject is identified as __________.

a. verbal; nonverbal
b. nonverbal; verbal
*c. innocent; guilty
d. guilty; innocent

24. ___________ behaviors are generally easier to control than

__________ behaviors.

*a. Verbal; nonverbal

b. Nonverbal; verbal
c. Innocent; guilty
d. Guilty; innocent

25. Which of the following is not a type of false confession?

a. Compliant false confession

b. Persuaded false confession
*c. Confrontational false confession
d. Voluntary false confession

26. The interrogation of O. J. Simpson is a good example of a well-done

interrogation.

a. True
*b. False

27. The most common reason why suspects confess is that they believe
that there is no point in denying the crime-the police have proof.

*a. True
b. False

28. Interrogations today often rely most heavily on psychological

techniques of persuasion and deceit.

*a. True
b. False

29. For legal reasons, it is usually recommended that investigators

should not be nice to suspects in interrogation settings.

a. True
*b. False
30. It is legally permissible for investigators to tell a suspect that
he/she has been identified by a witness when, in fact, he/she has not.

*a. True
b. False

31. The police may legally try to convince a suspect to waive his/her
Miranda rights.

a. True
*b. False

32. Most suspects agree to waive their Miranda rights. In turn, most
suspects who waive their Miranda rights end up incriminating
themselves.

*a. True
b. False

33. The length of the interrogation is one of the most important

factors in differentiating successful from unsuccessful interrogations.

*a. True
b. False

34. Just as with hypnosis, it is best if investigators conducting

interrogations know very little about the case at hand.

a. True
*b. False

35. False confessions often occur after extremely long interrogation

sessions.

*a. True
b. False

36. Fortunately, Miranda warnings are effective at preventing false

confessions.

a. True
*b. False

37. The recommendation that interrogations should be video-recorded has

virtually no benefits for police or prosecutors.

a. True
 *b. False

38. The detection of deception through verbal and nonverbal cues is

highly reliable.

a. True
*b. False

39. Research has shown that voice stress analysis and the polygraph are
similar in terms of validity and reliability of the results.

a. True
*b. False

40. The theory underlying the use of the polygraph is basically that
there is a relationship between a person's state of mind ad his/her
physiological state.

*a. True
b. False

41. What are the ingredients necessary for a successful interrogation?

Correct Answer:
A plan prior to the interrogation is necessary to determine the
information that is known and needs to be known from the suspect. If
there is more than one investigator, the investigators' roles need to
be determined prior to the interrogation. Adequate time is needed in an
interrogation in order for it to be successful. Control of the
conversation and setting by the investigator is fundamental to a
successful interrogation. Investigators involved in the interrogation
must have a good understanding of the facts of a case to ask the right
questions and to understand when an answer is conflicting with other
facts of the case. Interrogators should be familiar with the suspect's
background. Investigators should build rapport with the suspect.
Investigators should be familiar with and comfortable using a variety
of persuasive themes, approaches, and tactics.

42. What are the nine steps in the interrogation of suspects?

Correct Answer:
The first step is to confront the suspect directly with a statement
that he/she committed the crime and then wait for a reaction. Second,
the suspect should be classified as either an emotional or nonemotional
offender to determine the most effective themes to be used for that
suspect. Third, denials beyond the initial one should be cut off.
Fourth, suspects who move from denials to objections are likely moving
toward a confession. Objections often provide useful information for
the development of themes. Fifth, it must be continually clear to the
suspect that the interrogator is interested in getting the truth and
will not give up by maintaining eye contact and a close proximity to
the suspect. Sixth, theme development should continue, furthering the
idea that confessing is the best course of action at this point. The
next step is to present an alternative question to the suspect to get
the suspect to make a statement. Usually a question that elicits a one-
word confession (yes or no) is offered. Eighth, the suspect then is to
orally relate the details of his/her involvement in the crime. The last
step is to turn the oral confession into a written one in the form of a
narrative.

43. What can be done to address the issue of false confessions?

Correct Answer:
The police must be mindful that false confessions do exist. The police
must realize that people are deceptive for many reasons, not just to
conceal guilt of the crime in question. The police should video-record
the entirety of all interrogations. The police should systematically
evaluate the credibility of the confessions obtained.

44. Define and discuss emblems and illustrators and their deceptive
implications.

Correct Answer:
Many deceptive people will engage in self-protection behaviors to cope
with the stress. Emblems are gestures that convey direct meaning.
Illustrators are hand and arm displays that illustrate what is being
said. Truthful emblems and illustrators will be congruent with what is
said, while deceptive ones are incongruent.

45. Discuss the three different types of polygraphs.

Correct Answer:
The Relevant-Irrelevant Test (RIT) asks a serious of relevant and
irrelevant questions and is supposed to determine deception but is
subject to a lot of error. The Concealed-Information Test (CIT)
involves multiple-choice questions concerning the guilty knowledge of
the suspect. The Control Question Technique (CQT) is the most common
technique that asks both control questions and crime-relevant
questions. The control questions threaten the innocent, and the
relevant questions threaten the guilty.
Another random document with
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This is the variety of Struthiola ciliata promised in the last number. It varies
from the other in the largeness and incurvation of the leaves, and colour of
the flower, as well as, in the growth of the plant; in this, the stem rises to
three feet; in that, it seldom exceeds one. With rather less difficulty it is
increased and preferred than the red variety, and makes a very handsome
figured plant, flowering in the month of August, at which season, last year,
our drawing was taken from a plant in the Hibbertian Collection. This Var.
has the advantage of the other, in having the blossoms extremely fragrant, in
the evening.
 PLATE CL.

GERANIUM PRÆMORSUM.

Bitten-leaved Geranium.

CLASS XVI. ORDER IV. of Suppl. Syst. Veg. 1781.

MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Threads united. Ten Chives.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.

Monogyna. Stigmata quinque. Fructus rostratus, penta-coccus.

One Pointal. Five summits. Fruit furnished with long awns, five dry
berries.
See Geranium grandiflorum, Pl. XII. Vol. I.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Geranium foliis inciso-lobatis, reniformibus; lobis cuneiformibus,

præmorsis; floribus subsolitariis, heptaudris; caule flexuoso, subcarnoso.
Geranium with leaves deeply cut into lobes and kidney-shaped; lobes
wedge-shaped, and bitten at the ends; flowers generally solitary, with seven
fertile tips; stem grows zig-zag, rather fleshy.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. The Empalement cut open, to shew its tubular structure.

2. The Chives and Pointal.
3. The Chives spread open.
4. The Pointal and Seed bud.
The Geranium præmorsum offers a most beautiful addition to this already
very extensive genus, but is without doubt a true species. It is a native of the
Cape of Good Hope, and was introduced to us, from thence, in the year
1798, by Captain Quarrel; brought in seed, and communicated to Mr. J.
Colville of the King’s Road, Chelsea; who informs us, that it flowers from
March, till November, that he keeps it in rich dungy earth, and that it is
raised, pretty freely, by cuttings; requiring the heat of a dry stove in the
winter months. Our figure was made at the nursery, Chelsea, about the
beginning of March this year.
 PLATE CLI.

PITTOSPORUM CORIACEUM.

Thick-leaved Pittosporum.

CLASS V. ORDER I.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Five Chives. One Pointal.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx. Perianthium pentaphyllum, inserum, deciduum.

Corolla. Petala quinque; ungues concavi, in tubum urceolatum
conniventes; laminæ ovato-oblongæ, patentes.
Stamina. Filamenta quinque, subulata, receptaculo inserta. Antheræ
sagittatæ, erectæ, filamentis dorso affixæ.
Pistillum. Germen ovatum, superum, compressum. Stylus brevissimus,
cylindricus. Stigma capitatum, planum.
Pericarpium. Bacca subglobosa, 2-5 locularis, 2-5 valvis; loculamentis
pulpa resinosa scatentibus; dissepimenta valvulis contraria.
Semina, tria seu quatuor, angulata, oblonga, obtusa, ossea.
Empalement. Cup five-leaved, beneath, and falling off.
Blossom. Five petals; claws concave, closing into a tube pitcher-shaped;
the borders oblong egg shaped, spreading.
Chives. Threads five, awl-shaped, inserted into the receptacle. Tips arrow
shaped, upright, fixed by the back to the threads.
Pointal. Seed-bud egg-shaped, above, flattened. Shaft very short,
cylindrical. Summit headed, flat.
Seed vessel. A roundish berry 2-5 cells, 2-5 valves; the cells filled with a
resinous pulp; partitions contrary to the valves.
Seeds, three or four, angulated, oblong, obtuse, and bony.
 SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Pittosporum foliis ovalibus, obtusis, glaberrimis, coriaceis, integerrimis.

Pittosporum with oval leaves, blunt ended, very smooth, leathery, and
quite entire.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. The Empalement.
2. A Petal of the Blossom.
3. The Chives and Pointal.
4. The Pointal separated from the Chives.
5. A Berry of the size when ripe.
About the year 1763, this plant was first raised in Britain, from seeds
which had been received from the Island of Madeira, by Messrs. Lee and
Kennedy, Hammersmith. It forms one of the most decorative and
conspicuous plants, either in the Conservatory, or Green-house; and if
encouraged in its growth, by being planted in the border of the one; or kept
in rich earth, in a large pot in the other, will attain the height of from 6 to 8
feet. The finest specimen we believe, in England, of this plant is to be found
in the elegant Conservatory of the Right Honourable Lord R. Spencer,
Woolbedding, Sussex. The flowers, which grow in clusters from the ends of
the branches in May, have the flavour of Jasmine; but are rather transitory. It
is propagated but slowly and with difficulty, as it does not perfect its seeds
with us, and it is not to be increased by laying: the only method is cuttings,
which should be taken whilst very young and tender from the plant, about
April, and put from 6 to 8 in a pot, fixed very tight, in stiffish loam; they
must remain under a hand-glass on a shady border till Autumn, when they
may be removed into the hot-house and plunged into the bark bed, where
they will begin to grow the ensuing spring.
 PLATE CLII.

GERANIUM SPATHULATUM.

Spatula-leaved Geranium.

CLASS XVI. ORDER IV. of Suppl. Syst. Veg. 1781.

MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Threads united. Ten Chives.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.

Monogyna. Stigmata quinque. Fructus rostratus, penta-coccus.

One Pointal. Five summits. Fruit furnished with long awns, five dry
berries.
See Geranium grandiflorum, Pl. XII. Vol. I.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Geranium foliis integerrimis, spathulatis, glabris, obtusis, radicalibus;

calycibus monophyllis; staminibus quinque fertilibus; radice tuberosa.
Geranium with quite entire leaves, spatula-shaped, smooth, blunt, and
growing from the root; cups one-leaved; five fertile chives; root tuberous.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. The Empalement cut open, to shew its hollow structure.

2. The Chives and Pointal natural size.
3. The Chives spread open, to shew the number and situation of
the fertile ones, which are alternate.
4. The Pointal magnified.
The greater number of Geraniums which have been introduced of late, are of
the tuberous herbaceous kind; drawings of 14 we have, independent of those
already figured; constituting a distinguished, and distinct natural branch of
this extensive family. For the most part, they have only five fertile chives
with tubular empalements, some only two, and others seven, with the
footstalk of the flower solid up to the bottom of the cup. This species is as
yet, we believe, only in the Hibbertian Collection, Clapham, where our
drawing was taken in April this year. The roots had been received in the
autumn of 1800 from the Cape. It appears to require the same management
as G. punctatum, and like it, may be increased by the root.
 PLATE CLIII.

VIOLA PEDATA.

Bird’s-foot-leaved Violet.

CLASS XIX. ORDER VI.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA MONOGAMIA. Tips united. Flowers simple.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx. Perianthium pentaphyllum, breve, persistens; foliolis ovato-

oblongis, erectis, apice acutioribus, basi obtusis, supra basin affixis,
æqualibus, sed dispositione variis: quorum duo fulciunt petalum α; singula
singulum petalum β. γ.; unicum duo petala δ. ε. simùl.
Corolla pentapetala, irregularis, petalis inæqualibus; quorum.
Petalum α. supremum rectum, deorsum spectans, latius, obtusius,
emarginatum, desinens basi in nectarium corniculatum, obtusum, inter
calycis foliola prominens.
β. γ. Lateralia paria, obtusa, opposita, recta.
δ. ε. Insima paria, majora, sursum reflexa.
Stamina. Filamenta quinque, minima, quorum duo petalo α. proxima
appendicibus annexis intrant nectarium. Antheræ sæpius connexæ, obtusæ,
membranis ad apicem auctæ.
Pistillum. Germen subrotundum. Stylus filiformis, extra antheras
prominens. Stigma obliquum.
Pericarpium. Capsula ovata, trigona, obtusa, unilocularis, trivalvis.
Semina plura, ovata, appendiculata, valvis affixa. Receptaculum lineare,
per singulam valvulam lineæ instar excurrens.
Obs. Stigma vel in hamum simplicem reflectitur, vel capitulum est
concavum apice perforato.
Cup five-leaved, short, permanent; leaflets oblong-egg-shaped, erect,
sharpish at the point, blunt at the bottom, joined together above the base,
equal, but variously disposed; of which, two support petal α. one each petal
β. γ. and one the two petals δ. ε. together.
Blossom five petals, irregular, unequal petals, of which
The upper petal α. is upright, bent back, broader, and blunter than the
rest, notched at the end, terminating at the base in a blunt horn-shaped
honey-cup, protruding between the leaflets of the cup.
The lateral petals β. γ. grow in pairs, obtuse, opposite, upright.
The lower petals δ. ε. grow in pairs, larger, and reflexed upwards.
Chives. Five threads, very small; of which the two nearest to the petal α.
have small appendages which enter the honey-cup, Tips generally united,
blunt, enlarged by skinny substances at the end.
Pointal. Seed-bud roundish. Shaft thread-shaped, projecting beyond the
tips. Summit oblique.
Seed-vessel. Capsule egg-shaped, three-sided, blunt, one cell and three
valves.
Seeds many, egg-shaped, having appendages, fixed to the valves.
Receptacle linear, running like a line along each valve.
Obs. The summit is either reflexed into a simple hook, or a concave small
head perforated at the end.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Viola acaulis; foliis pedatis, septempartitis; laciniis dentatis.

Violet without a stem, leaves formed like a bird’s foot, with seven
divisions; segments toothed.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. The Empalement.
2. One of the upper Petals of the Blossom.
3. One of the lateral Petals.
4. The lower Petal, with its Honey-cup.
5. The Chives and Pointal with the Appendages that fall into the
Honey-cup from the two hinder threads.
6. The Pointal magnified.
The Bird’s-foot-leaved Violet is a native of North America near
Philadelphia; and (according to the Kew Catalogue) was cultivated by Mr. P.
Miller, in 1759, at the Physic Gardens, Chelsea. It is a hardy herbaceous
plant, but is sometimes destroyed by the wetness of our autumnal months:
the flowers, if kept in the open air, expand about May, or the beginning of
June; but if kept in pots they, with a slight protection from the Spring frosts,
will be produced in April. Peat earth is the soil it approves most, and it
should not be exposed to too much wet, whether planted in the borders or in
pots. The roots may be parted in March.
 PLATE CLIV.

ECHIUM ARGENTEUM.

Silvery-leaved Viper’s-Bugloss.

CLASS V. ORDER I.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Five Chives. One Pointal.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.

Corolla irregularis, fauce nudâ.

Blossom irregular, mouth naked.
See Echium grandiflorum, Pl. XX. Vol. I.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Echium foliis lanceolatis, acutis, sericeo-villosis; spicis terminalibus;

corolla violacea, subæqualia.
Viper’s-bugloss with lance-shaped leaves, sharp-pointed and silkily-
hairy; spikes terminate the branches; blossom violet colour, nearly equal.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. The Empalement.
2. A Flower cut open, with the Chives remaining attached.
3. The Seed-buds, Shaft, and Summit.
This fine species of Echium, was raised from seeds received from the Cape
of Good Hope in the year 1789, at the nursery, Hammersmith; where our
drawing was made, last year, from a plant which had been planted in the
open ground, for the summer months; and where it had grown to the height
of four feet. It is a hardy green-house plant, and grows best in light earth,
either peat, or leaf mould; and flowers about July. It is as difficult to
propagate as either, the E. grandiflorum, or E. ferocissimum; but only to be
increased, like them, by cuttings.
 PLATE CLV.

IXIA POLYSTACHIA.

Many-spiked Ixia.

CLASS III. ORDER I.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Three Chives. One Pointal.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.

Corolla 6-partita, patens, equalis. Stigmata 3, erectiusculo-patula.

Blossom 6-divisions, spreading, equal. Summits three, nearly upright and
spreading.
See Ixia reflexa, Vol. I. Plate XIV.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Ixa foliis linearibus; scapo spicis pluribus; floribus oppositis, spicatis;

corollis albidis.
Ixia with linear leaves; flower-stem with many spikes; flowers grow
opposite and spiked; blossoms white.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. The two sheaths of the Empalement.

2. A flower cut open to shew the situation of the Chives.
3. The Pointal natural size.
This is the plant which is figured by Miller, in the coloured plates which
correspond with the dictionary, 104, t. 155. fig. 2. under the specific title it
here bears; and, says the Kew Catalogue, was cultivated by him 1757. Since
this is the first which bore the title of Polystachia, and being of the colour we
think is mostly primitive in flowers, we have given it the preference; and
shall confider all the other 18, (of which we have drawings and decidedly of
this species) as varieties from this. The flowers of this species are more
lasting than most of the others; and are in general, especially this sort, very
hardy. It propagates freely by the root and by seed. Our drawing was made at
the nursery, Hammersmith, last year, in the month of May.