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Ch 006: Communications, Networks, and Safeguards The Wired and Wireless
World
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Communications signals represented in a binary format are said to be ________.

A. continuous
B. digital
C. sequential
D. analog
2. Each zero and one signal represents a ________.

A. bit
B. byte
C. kilobyte
D. megabyte
3. Which of the following is NOT an analog device?

A. speedometer
B. tire-pressure gauge
C. thermometer
D. computer
4. Signals such as sound and temperature, which continuously vary in strength and quality, are
said to be
A. spontaneous
B. digital
C. sequential
D. analog
6-1
World
5. The ________ is a device that converts digital computer signals into analog signals so that
they can be sent over a telephone line.
A. printer
B. scanner
C. modem
D. digitizer
6. A person sending a document over a phone line by converting digital signals to analog
signals uses a ________.
A. printer
B. scanner
C. digitizer
D. modem
7. A ________ is a system of interconnected computers, telephones, or communications

devices that can communicate and share resources.
A. terminal
B. router
C. network
D. server
8. A network that covers a wide geographical area is called a ________.

A. LAN
B. WAN
C. MAN
D. HAN
9. A network that covers a city or a suburb is called a(n) ________.

A. WAN
B. LAN
C. MAN
D. Internet
6-2
World
10. Networks are structured in two principle ways: client/server and ________.
A. intranet
B. host computer
C. extranet
D. peer-to-peer
11. A network that operates without relying on a server is the ________ network.
A. peer-to-peer
B. client/server
C. host-to-host
D. master/slave
12. A computer that acts like a disk drive, storing the programs and data files shared by users
on a LAN, is the ________ server.
A. file
B. web
C. host
D. mail
13. If an organization's internal private network uses the same infrastructure and standards of
the Internet, then the private network is a(n) ________.
A. extranet
B. intranet
C. LAN
D. MAN
14. A virtual private network may include ________.

A. a company intranet
B. a company extranet
C. a company LAN
D. any of these
6-3
World
15. A ________ is the set of rules that govern the exchange of data between hardware and/or
software components in a communications network.
A. host
B. protocol
C. database
D. packet
16. A mainframe computer that controls a large network is called the ________ computer.
A. slave
B. host
C. client
D. node
17. Any device that is attached to a network is referred to as a ________.

A. server
B. host
C. node
D. router
18. A ________ is a fixed-length block of data for transmission.

A. node
B. protocol
C. packet
D. backbone
19. A common connection device that connects computers to a network is called a ________.
A. router
B. gateway
C. switch
D. bridge
6-4
World
20. To create larger networks, a bridge connects the same types of networks, and a ________
connects dissimilar networks.
A. router
B. gateway
C. hub
D. host
21. A special device that joins multiple wired and/or wireless networks is a ________.
A. node
B. router
C. bridge
D. firewall
22. In an organization, all computer networks are connected to the Internet by a "main
highway" called a ________.
A. skeleton
B. backbone
C. gateway
D. router
23. Which of these is NOT a network topology?

A. ring
B. bus
C. hub
D. star
24. In the ________ network topology, communications devices are connected to a single
cable with two endpoints.
A. ring
B. bus
C. star
D. peer-to-peer
6-5
World
25. What kind of topology (layout) is used by a network that connects all computers and
communications devices in a continuous loop?
A. ring
B. bus
C. star
D. peer-to-peer
26. What kind of topology (layout) is used by a network that connects all its computers and
communications devices to a central server?
A. ring
B. bus
C. star
D. peer-to-peer
27. ________ is the most common and most widely used LAN technology; it can be used
with almost any kind of computer; most microcomputers come with a port for this type of
network connection.
A. fiber-optic
B. Internet
C. token ring
D. Ethernet
28. A communications medium is a channel; there are three types of wired communications
media. The one consisting of two strands of insulated copper wire, used by tradition telephone
systems, is known as ________.
A. twisted-pair
B. coaxial
C. fiber-optic
D. straight wire
6-6
World
29. What wired channel, commonly used for cable TV, consists of an insulated copper wire
wrapped in a solid or braided shield placed in an external cover?
A. twisted-pair
B. coaxial
C. straight wire
D. fiber-optic
30. A type of wired communications technology used to connect equipment in a home

network is the following:
A. Ethernet
B. HomePNA
C. HomePlug
D. any of these
31. What wired communications medium consists of dozens or hundreds of thin strands of
glass or plastic?
A. twisted-pair
B. coaxial
C. fiber-optic
D. straight wire
32. The ________ is the basis for ALL telecommunications signals.

A. bandwidth
B. electromagnetic spectrum
C. radio-frequency spectrum
D. wireless application protocol
33. The ________ is the range of frequencies that a transmission medium (channel) can carry
in a particular period of time.
A. bandwidth
6-7
World
34. What set of rules is used to link nearly all mobile devices to a telecommunications
wireless network?
A. LAN
B. WAN
C. WAP
D. HAN
35. Which of the following is NOT a type of wireless communications media?

A. infrared transmission
B. satellite
C. coaxial
D. microwave radio
36. What form of wireless transmission sends data to an AM or FM receiver?

A. broadcast radio
B. infrared
C. fiber-optic
D. microwave
37. Which of these types of wireless transmission is limited to line-of-sight communications?

A. broadcast radio
B. broadband
C. microwave
D. fiber-optic
38. Transmitting a signal from a ground station to a satellite is called ________.

A. broadcasting
B. high-frequency
C. uplinking
D. downlinking
6-8
World
39. The highest level that a satellite can occupy in space is known as ________.
A. geostationary earth orbit (GEO)
B. high-earth orbit (HEO)
C. medium-earth orbit (MEO)
D. low-earth orbit (EEO)
40. GPS uses satellites orbiting at a(n) ________ level; they transmit timed radio signals used
to identify earth locations.
A. GEO
B. MEO
C. LEO
D. HEO
41. Which of the following is NOT a type of long-distance wireless two-way communications
device?
A. Bluetooth
B. CDMA
C. 1G analog cellular phone
D. 2G digital cellphone
42. Broadband technology (wireless digital services) is also referred to as ________-

generation wireless services.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
43. What short-distance wireless standard is used to link portable computers and handheld
wireless devices so they may communicate at high speeds at distances of 100-228 feet?
A. Bluetooth
B. HomeRF
C. Wi-Fi
D. 3G
6-9
World
44. What short-distance wireless standard is used to link cell phones, PDAs, and computers at
distances of up to about 33 feet?
A. Bluetooth
B. Wi-Fi
C. HomeRF
D. WISP
45. A ________ attack disables a computer system or network by making so many requests of
it that it overloads and keeps other users from accessing it.
A. worm
B. virus
C. denial-of-service
D. Trojan horse
46. A ________ is a program that copies itself repeatedly into a computer's memory or onto a
disk drive.
A. worm
B. rootkit
C. Trojan horse
D. patch
47. Which of these is NOT a type of malware?

A. worm
B. virus
C. Trojan horse
D. denial-of-service attack
48. Which type of virus is set to go off when a certain event occurs within a computer
system?
A. boot-sector virus
B. multipartite virus
C. file virus
D. logic bomb
6-10
World
49. A botmaster uses malware to hijack hundreds or thousands of computers and controls
them remotely; the controlled computers are called ________.
A. robots
B. zombies
C. worms
D. logic bombs
50. Which of the following is NOT a way to spread a virus?

A. flash drives
B. scanning a picture
C. e-mail attachment
D. downloaded games or other software
51. A person who gains unauthorized access to computer or telecommunications systems

without malicious intent is called a ________.
A. cracker
B. hacker
C. hoaxer
D. script kiddie
52. A person who illegally breaks into computers for malicious purposes is called a
________.
A. cracker
B. hacker
C. thrill-seeker
D. hoaxer
53. Antivirus software protects files and computer systems in all of these ways EXCEPT
which one?
A. scans the hard drive for signatures that uniquely identify a virus
B. looks for suspicious viruslike behavior
C. goes out on the Internet and looks for viruses
D. destroys the virus
6-11
World
54. What protects a computer's hardware and/or software (or network) from intruders?
A. antivirus software
B. antispam software
C. firewall
D. white-hat hackers
55. What is the science, often used in computer security systems, of measuring individual
body characteristics?
A. encryption
B. decryption
C. password
D. biometrics
56. Fingerprint scanners, face-recognition systems, and iris-recognition systems are based on
________.
A. encryption
B. decryption
C. password protection
D. biometrics
57. What is the process of altering readable data (plain text) into unreadable form to prevent
unauthorized access?
A. encryption
B. decryption
C. password
D. biometrics
58. Which of these is NOT an example of public-key encryption?

A. PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
B. RSA encryption
C. DES (DataEncryption Standard)
D. Fortezza
6-12
World
59. ____________ encryption uses the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt a message.
A. Public-key
B. Digital technology
C. Differential coding
D. Private-key
60. RSA encryption is an example of ________ technology.

A. public-key encryption
B. private-key encryption
D. biometric
True / False Questions
61. Analog refers to communications signals represented in a binary format.

True False
62. Signals such as sound and temperature, which continuously vary in strength and quality,
are said to be digital.
True False
63. A thermometer and a speedometer are examples of analog devices.

True False
64. Telephones have always been digital devices.

True False
6-13
World
65. A modem converts digital signals into analog signals so they can be sent over a telephone
line.
True False
66. "Modem" is short for modulate/demodulate.

True False
67. Capturing music digitally means that one has an exact duplicate of the music.
True False
68. A network is a system of interconnected computers and communications devices that can
communicate and share resources.
True False
69. The Internet is a WAN.

True False
70. A LAN is a type of network that covers a wide geographical area.

True False
71. A home area network (HAN) uses wired, cable, or wireless connections to link a
household's digital devices.
True False
72. Client/server networks and peer-to-peer networks are the same except that the first type of
network uses a mainframe and the second type uses only microcomputers.
True False
6-14
World
73. The computer that acts like a disk drive, storing the programs and data files shared by
users on a LAN, is called a file server.
True False
74. "File server" and "database server" are different names for the same type of server.
True False
75. Virtual private networks (VPNs) are private networks that use a public network (usually
the Internet) instead of private, leased (expensive) lines to connect remote sites.
True False
76. In a network, communications protocols specify the type of electrical connections, the
timing of message exchanges, and error-detection techniques.
True False
77. Routers join multiple wired and/or wireless networks.

True False
78. A gateway is an interface device permitting communication between similar networks.

True False
79. An interface device used to connect the same types of networks is called a node.
True False
80. The backbone is the main communications route in a bus network topology.
True False
6-15
World
81. In a bus network, all computers and communications devices are connected in a
continuous loop.
True False
82. Traditional landline telephone systems use twisted-pair wire as their communications
medium.
True False
83. A cable that is made up of dozens of thin strands of glass and transmits pulsating beams of
light is called a coaxial cable.
True False
84. A wired communications standard that allows users to send data over a home's existing
electrical (AC) power lines is called HomePlug technology.
True False
85. Most microcomputers come with Ethernet capability.

True False
86. All wired and wireless communications media use the electromagnetic spectrum of
radiation.
True False
87. The smaller the bandwidth of a medium, the more frequencies it can use to transmit data.
True False
88. The two general classes of bandwidth are long and short.
True False
6-16
World
89. The radio-frequency spectrum is part of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation; it

carries most communications signals.
True False
90. The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is the number of times the wave repeats, or
makes a cycle, in a second.
True False
91. Both digital narrowband and broadband transmission speeds are measured in megabits or
gigabits per second.
True False
92. Infrared transmission is a type of low-frequency wireless transmission that is short-range

and line-of-sight.
True False
93. GPS satellites use medium-Earth-orbits.

True False
94. Bluetooth is a short-range wireless (microwave) connection-up to 33 feet.

True False
95. Analog cellphones were 1G phones.

True False
6-17
World
96. Satellite transmission uses in-orbit satellites and earth stations. Transmitting from the
ground to the satellite is called downlinking, and transmitting from the satellite to the ground
station called uplinking.
True False
97. Communications satellites are microwave relay stations in orbit around the earth.
True False
98. Satellite orbits are at three levels: GEO, MEO, and LEO.
True False
99. A larger number of geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites are required for global
coverage than mid-earth orbit (MEO) satellites.
True False
100. GPS uses MEO satellites that continuously transmit timed radio signals used to identify
earth locations.
True False
101. Because of the excellence of satellite technology, GPS location IDs are 100% accurate.
True False
102. Analog cellphones are 2G (second-generation) phones.

True False
103. Cellphones are basically two-way radios.

True False
6-18
World
104. 2G and 3G cellphones are digital, not analog.

True False
105. The short-range, wireless communications method aimed at linking hand-held devices at
high speeds and at distances of 100-228 feet is called Wi-Fi.
True False
106. A Wi-Fi enabled laptop computer accesses the available network (say, at an airport)
through an access point, which is connected to a land-based Internet connection.
True False
107. The latest version of Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 standard) is version a.

True False
108. Wi-Fi connections are always secure; no one can steal your data when you are online.
True False
109. Bluetooth is a short-range, wireless communications method for linking cellphones,

PDAs, computers, and some other peripherals up to distances of 30 feet.
True False
110. A denial-of-service attack uses a virus to crash your computer.

True False
111. Worms, viruses, and Trojan horse are all malware.

True False
6-19
World
112. A Trojan horse pretends to be a useful program, such as a game or a screen saver, but it
carries a virus that replicates in your computer over and over until your computer crashes.
True False
113. A virus is a "deviant" program that is stored on a computer hard drive and can cause
unexpected and undesirable effects.
True False
114. A virus is capable of destroying or corrupting data.

True False
115. Cellphones do not get infected by malware.

True False
116. Sneakers are people who gain unauthorized access to computer or telecommunications
systems, often just for the challenge of it.
True False
117. People who illegally break into computers for malicious purposes to obtain information
for financial gain, shut down hardware, pirate software, or alter or destroy data are known as
hackers.
True False
118. If you have more than one computer linked to the Internet by a cable modem, you need a
software firewall to protect your system.
True False
6-20
World
119. Encryption is the process of altering readable data into unreadable form to prevent
unauthorized access.
True False
120. There are two basic types of data encryption.

True False
121. Two kinds of secret keys are used in public key encryption.
True False
122. In public key encryption, only the receiver of an encrypted message knows the private
key needed to decrypt the message.
True False
Fill in the Blank Questions
123. Communications signals represented in a binary electronic format are ________ signals.
________________________________________
124. Signals such as sound and temperature, which continuously vary in strength and quality,
are ________ signals.
________________________________________
125. So they can be sent over a telephone line, analog signals are converted into digital
signals, and then back again, by using ________.
________________________________________
Short Answer Questions
6-21
World
126. The text lists six benefits of networks: ________, ________, ________, ________,
________, and ________.
127. Four disadvantages of networks are ________, ________, ________, and ________.
128. The text lists seven types of networks: ________, ________, ________, ________,
_________, ________, and ________.
129. A peer-to-peer (P2P) network operates without relying on a ________.

________________________________________
130. Private networks that use a public network, usually the Internet, to connect remote sites
are called ________.
________________________________________
6-22
World
131. An intranet that allows access to selected outside users is a(n) ________.
________________________________________
132. A set of conventions that govern how data is exchanged between devices on a network is
known as a communications ________.
________________________________________
133. Electronic messages are sent as ________, fixed-length blocks of data for transmission.
________________________________________
134. A _________ is a network that connects computers to a network; data can be sent in both
directions at the same time.
________________________________________
135. A(n) ________ is an interface (linking device) used to connect the same types of
networks, whereas a(n) ________ is an interface permitting communications between
dissimilar networks.
________________________________________
136. ________ are physical devices that join multiple wired and/or wireless networks; their
primary job is to provide connectivity.
________________________________________
137. A network can be laid out in different ways. The layout, or shape, is called a ________.
________________________________________
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138. The ________ consists of the main "highway" that connects all computer networks in an
organization.
________________________________________
139. The system software that manages the activity of a network is called the ________.
________________________________________
140. A computer sends and receives messages over a cable network using a ________, which
is inserted in an expansion slot on the motherboard.
________________________________________
141. A ________ network topology is one in which all microcomputers and other devices are
connected in a continuous loop.
________________________________________
142. A ________ network topology is one in which all microcomputers and other
communications devices are connected directly to a central server (switch).
________________________________________
143. The Internet uses the ________ network topology.

________________________________________
144. In small LANs, messages may bump into one another. The most popular protocol, or
technology, which uses cabling and special ports on microcomputers, that prevents collisions
is ________. It can be used with almost any kind of computer and describes how data can be
sent.
________________________________________
6-24
World
145. Wired communications media include three main types. The kind used for tradition
telephone lines is ________.
________________________________________
146. Wired communications media include three main types. Insulated copper wire wrapped
in a solid or braided shield and then an external cover is called ________ cable.
________________________________________
147. Wired communications media include three main types. The kind used for transmitting
pulses of light is ________.
________________________________________
148. HomePlug technology is a wired communications standard that allows users to connect
equipment within the home using the house's own ________ wiring.
________________________________________
149. Telecommuting means using a computer and networks to work from ________; telework
means working from ________.
________________________________________
150. The _________ is the basis for ALL telecommunications signals, both wired and
wireless, and the _________ is the part that carries most communications signals.
________________________________________
151. The range of frequencies that a transmission medium can carry in a given period of time
is called its ________.
________________________________________
6-25
World
152. The ________ a transmission medium's bandwidth, the more frequencies it can use to
transmit data and the faster it is.
________________________________________
153. A transmission medium's speed is usually measured in ________ or ________.

________________________________________
154. The text covers five types of wireless communications media: ________, ________,
________, _________, and ________.
155. Infrared and microwave transmission signals cannot work around obstacles or travel in
curved lines, so they are called _________.
________________________________________
156. The highest level that a satellite can occupy is the ________ earth orbit.
________________________________________
157. Global Positioning Systems use ________ to continuously transmit signals to identify
earth locations.
________________________________________
6-26
World
158. The Global Positioning System is an example of a ________-way long-distance

communications system.
________________________________________
159. Simple one-way radio receivers that receive data (but not voice messages) are called
________.
________________________________________
160. 1G cellphones are __________; 2G, 3G, and 4G cellphones are _________.
________________________________________
161. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) is a short-range wireless digital standard aimed at helping portable
computers and handheld wireless devices to communicate at high speeds and share Internet
connections at distances of 100-228 feet. What is the most recent and fastest Wi-Fi version?
________________________________________
162. The short-range, wireless digital standard aimed at linking hand-held devices up to 33
feet apart is called ________.
________________________________________
163. The three short-range wireless standards used in home automation networks, for linking
switches and sensors around the house and yard, are Insteon, ZigBee, and _________.
________________________________________
164. Worms, viruses, and Trojan horses are all types of programs called ________.
________________________________________
6-27
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165. A(n) ________ is a program that copies itself repeatedly into a computer's memory or
onto a disk drive and that can cause the computer to crash.
________________________________________
166. A(n) ________ is a "deviant" program that attaches itself to a program or file and can
cause unexpected and undesirable effects, such as destroying or corrupting data.
________________________________________
167. A ________ is a program that pretends to be a useful program, usually free, such as a
game or screen saver, but carries viruses, or destructive instructions that cause problems
without your knowledge.
________________________________________
168. A(n) ________ uses malware to hijack hundreds or thousands of computers, called
________, and to remotely control them all.
________________________________________
169. Malware can be spread by using a(n) ________ disk, flash drive, CD; opening unknown
email _________; clicking on ________ websites; and/or through contaminated Wi-Fi hot
spots.
________________________________________
170. People who illegally break into computers for malicious purposes are known as
________.
________________________________________
6-28
World
171. The text lists five ways to fight cyber threats: ________, ________, ________,
________, and ________.
172. ________ software can be used to scan a computer's hard disk, CDs, and main memory
to detect viruses.
________________________________________
173. A system of hardware and/or software that protects a computer or network from intruders
is called a ________.
________________________________________
174. Five types of biometric authentication are ________, ________, ________, _________,
and _________.
6-29
World
175. The process of altering readable data into unreadable form to prevent unauthorized
access is known as ________.
________________________________________
176. A message sent in its original undisguised, readable form is ________.

________________________________________
177. Message encryption involves converting plain text to ________.

________________________________________
Essay Questions
178. How do analog and digital devices interpret electrical signals?
179. What is the primary purpose of the modem?
6-30
World
180. List four advantages and four disadvantages of networks.
181. What are the main differences between a WAN, a MAN, and a LAN?
182. What is the difference between a client/server network and a peer-to-peer network?
183. Describe what a packet is and what it does.
6-31
World
184. Describe the network topology used by the Internet.
185. Distinguish between narrowband and broadband.
186. What are some of the uses and limitations of GPS?
187. Basically, how does Wi-Fi work?
6-32
World
188. What is wireless USB?
189. What are four ways in which viruses and worms get passed?
190. Name at least five ways to minimize virus attacks.
191. List at least five rules for creating good passwords.
6-33
World Key
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (p. 313) Communications signals represented in a binary format are said to be ________.
A. continuous
B. digital
C. sequential
D. analog
Difficulty: Easy
2. (p. 313) Each zero and one signal represents a ________.

A. bit
B. byte
C. kilobyte
D. megabyte
Difficulty: Easy
3. (p. 313-314) Which of the following is NOT an analog device?

A. speedometer
B. tire-pressure gauge
C. thermometer
D. computer
Difficulty: Easy
6-34
World Key
4. (p. 314) Signals such as sound and temperature, which continuously vary in strength and
quality, are said to be
A. spontaneous
B. digital
C. sequential
D. analog
Difficulty: Easy
5. (p. 315-316) The ________ is a device that converts digital computer signals into analog signals
so that they can be sent over a telephone line.
A. printer
B. scanner
C. modem
D. digitizer
Difficulty: Easy
6. (p. 316) A person sending a document over a phone line by converting digital signals to
analog signals uses a ________.
A. printer
B. scanner
C. digitizer
D. modem
Difficulty: Easy
6-35
World Key
7. (p. 317) A ________ is a system of interconnected computers, telephones, or communications

devices that can communicate and share resources.
A. terminal
B. router
C. network
D. server
Difficulty: Easy
8. (p. 320) A network that covers a wide geographical area is called a ________.
A. LAN
B. WAN
C. MAN
D. HAN
Difficulty: Easy
9. (p. 320) A network that covers a city or a suburb is called a(n) ________.
A. WAN
B. LAN
C. MAN
D. Internet
Difficulty: Easy
10. (p. 322) Networks are structured in two principle ways: client/server and ________.
A. intranet
B. host computer
C. extranet
D. peer-to-peer
Difficulty: Medium
6-36
World Key
11. (p. 322) A network that operates without relying on a server is the ________ network.
A. peer-to-peer
B. client/server
C. host-to-host
D. master/slave
Difficulty: Easy
12. (p. 323) A computer that acts like a disk drive, storing the programs and data files shared by
users on a LAN, is the ________ server.
A. file
B. web
C. host
D. mail
Difficulty: Medium
13. (p. 324-325) If an organization's internal private network uses the same infrastructure and
standards of the Internet, then the private network is a(n) ________.
A. extranet
B. intranet
C. LAN
D. MAN
Difficulty: Medium
14. (p. 325-326) A virtual private network may include ________.

A. a company intranet
B. a company extranet
C. a company LAN
D. any of these
Difficulty: Medium
6-37
World Key
15. (p. 320) A ________ is the set of rules that govern the exchange of data between hardware
and/or software components in a communications network.
A. host
B. protocol
C. database
D. packet
Difficulty: Medium
16. (p. 326) A mainframe computer that controls a large network is called the ________
computer.
A. slave
B. host
C. client
D. node
Difficulty: Easy
17. (p. 326) Any device that is attached to a network is referred to as a ________.
A. server
B. host
C. node
D. router
Difficulty: Easy
18. (p. 326) A ________ is a fixed-length block of data for transmission.

A. node
B. protocol
C. packet
D. backbone
Difficulty: Easy
6-38
World Key
19. (p. 327) A common connection device that connects computers to a network is called a
________.
A. router
B. gateway
C. switch
D. bridge
Difficulty: Easy
20. (p. 328) To create larger networks, a bridge connects the same types of networks, and a
________ connects dissimilar networks.
A. router
B. gateway
C. hub
D. host
Difficulty: Hard
21. (p. 328) A special device that joins multiple wired and/or wireless networks is a ________.
A. node
B. router
C. bridge
D. firewall
Difficulty: Medium
6-39
World Key
22. (p. 329) In an organization, all computer networks are connected to the Internet by a "main
highway" called a ________.
A. skeleton
B. backbone
C. gateway
D. router
Difficulty: Medium
23. (p. 329) Which of these is NOT a network topology?

A. ring
B. bus
C. hub
D. star
Difficulty: Easy
24. (p. 330) In the ________ network topology, communications devices are connected to a
single cable with two endpoints.
A. ring
B. bus
C. star
D. peer-to-peer
Difficulty: Easy
6-40
World Key
25. (p. 331) What kind of topology (layout) is used by a network that connects all computers and
communications devices in a continuous loop?
A. ring
B. bus
C. star
D. peer-to-peer
Difficulty: Easy
26. (p. 331) What kind of topology (layout) is used by a network that connects all its computers
and communications devices to a central server?
A. ring
B. bus
C. star
D. peer-to-peer
Difficulty: Easy
27. (p. 332) ________ is the most common and most widely used LAN technology; it can be
used with almost any kind of computer; most microcomputers come with a port for this type
of network connection.
A. fiber-optic
B. Internet
C. token ring
D. Ethernet
Difficulty: Medium
6-41
World Key
28. (p. 333) A communications medium is a channel; there are three types of wired
communications media. The one consisting of two strands of insulated copper wire, used by
tradition telephone systems, is known as ________.
A. twisted-pair
B. coaxial
C. fiber-optic
D. straight wire
Difficulty: Medium
29. (p. 334) What wired channel, commonly used for cable TV, consists of an insulated copper
wire wrapped in a solid or braided shield placed in an external cover?
A. twisted-pair
B. coaxial
C. straight wire
D. fiber-optic
Difficulty: Medium
30. (p. 335) A type of wired communications technology used to connect equipment in a home
network is the following:
A. Ethernet
B. HomePNA
C. HomePlug
D. any of these
Difficulty: Medium
6-42
World Key
31. (p. 334) What wired communications medium consists of dozens or hundreds of thin strands
of glass or plastic?
A. twisted-pair
B. coaxial
C. fiber-optic
D. straight wire
Difficulty: Easy
32. (p. 335-336) The ________ is the basis for ALL telecommunications signals.
A. bandwidth
Difficulty: Medium
33. (p. 337) The ________ is the range of frequencies that a transmission medium (channel) can
carry in a particular period of time.
A. bandwidth
Difficulty: Medium
6-43
World Key
34. (p. 339) What set of rules is used to link nearly all mobile devices to a telecommunications
wireless network?
A. LAN
B. WAN
C. WAP
D. HAN
Difficulty: Hard
35. (p. 339) Which of the following is NOT a type of wireless communications media?
A. infrared transmission
B. satellite
C. coaxial
D. microwave radio
Difficulty: Medium
36. (p. 339) What form of wireless transmission sends data to an AM or FM receiver?
A. broadcast radio
B. infrared
C. fiber-optic
D. microwave
Difficulty: Medium
37. (p. 339) Which of these types of wireless transmission is limited to line-of-sight
communications?
A. broadcast radio
B. broadband
C. microwave
D. fiber-optic
Difficulty: Medium
6-44
World Key
38. (p. 340) Transmitting a signal from a ground station to a satellite is called ________.
A. broadcasting
B. high-frequency
C. uplinking
D. downlinking
Difficulty: Easy
39. (p. 341) The highest level that a satellite can occupy in space is known as ________.
A. geostationary earth orbit (GEO)
B. high-earth orbit (HEO)
C. medium-earth orbit (MEO)
D. low-earth orbit (EEO)
Difficulty: Medium
40. (p. 342) GPS uses satellites orbiting at a(n) ________ level; they transmit timed radio signals
used to identify earth locations.
A. GEO
B. MEO
C. LEO
D. HEO
Difficulty: Hard
41. (p. 347-348) Which of the following is NOT a type of long-distance wireless two-way
communications device?
A. Bluetooth
B. CDMA
C. 1G analog cellular phone
D. 2G digital cellphone
Difficulty: Medium
6-45
World Key
42. (p. 347) Broadband technology (wireless digital services) is also referred to as ________-
generation wireless services.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
Difficulty: Easy
43. (p. 349) What short-distance wireless standard is used to link portable computers and
handheld wireless devices so they may communicate at high speeds at distances of 100-228
feet?
A. Bluetooth
B. HomeRF
C. Wi-Fi
D. 3G
Difficulty: Medium
44. (p. 352) What short-distance wireless standard is used to link cell phones, PDAs, and
computers at distances of up to about 33 feet?
A. Bluetooth
B. Wi-Fi
C. HomeRF
D. WISP
Difficulty: Medium
6-46
World Key
45. (p. 355) A ________ attack disables a computer system or network by making so many
requests of it that it overloads and keeps other users from accessing it.
A. worm
B. virus
C. denial-of-service
D. Trojan horse
Difficulty: Medium
46. (p. 355) A ________ is a program that copies itself repeatedly into a computer's memory or
onto a disk drive.
A. worm
B. rootkit
C. Trojan horse
D. patch
Difficulty: Easy
47. (p. 355-357) Which of these is NOT a type of malware?

A. worm
B. virus
C. Trojan horse
D. denial-of-service attack
Difficulty: Medium
6-47
World Key
48. (p. 358) Which type of virus is set to go off when a certain event occurs within a computer
system?
A. boot-sector virus
B. multipartite virus
C. file virus
D. logic bomb
Difficulty: Medium
49. (p. 358) A botmaster uses malware to hijack hundreds or thousands of computers and
controls them remotely; the controlled computers are called ________.
A. robots
B. zombies
C. worms
D. logic bombs
Difficulty: Medium
50. (p. 358) Which of the following is NOT a way to spread a virus?
A. flash drives
B. scanning a picture
C. e-mail attachment
D. downloaded games or other software
Difficulty: Medium
6-48
World Key
51. (p. 359) A person who gains unauthorized access to computer or telecommunications
systems without malicious intent is called a ________.
A. cracker
B. hacker
C. hoaxer
D. script kiddie
Difficulty: Easy
52. (p. 360) A person who illegally breaks into computers for malicious purposes is called a
________.
A. cracker
B. hacker
C. thrill-seeker
D. hoaxer
Difficulty: Easy
53. (p. 359) Antivirus software protects files and computer systems in all of these ways EXCEPT
which one?
A. scans the hard drive for signatures that uniquely identify a virus
B. looks for suspicious viruslike behavior
C. goes out on the Internet and looks for viruses
D. destroys the virus
Difficulty: Medium
6-49
World Key
54. (p. 361) What protects a computer's hardware and/or software (or network) from intruders?
A. antivirus software
B. antispam software
C. firewall
D. white-hat hackers
Difficulty: Easy
55. (p. 361) What is the science, often used in computer security systems, of measuring
individual body characteristics?
A. encryption
B. decryption
C. password
D. biometrics
Difficulty: Easy
56. (p. 361) Fingerprint scanners, face-recognition systems, and iris-recognition systems are
based on ________.
A. encryption
B. decryption
D. biometrics
Difficulty: Easy
6-50
World Key
57. (p. 362) What is the process of altering readable data (plain text) into unreadable form to
prevent unauthorized access?
A. encryption
B. decryption
C. password
D. biometrics
Difficulty: Easy
58. (p. 362-363) Which of these is NOT an example of public-key encryption?

A. PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
B. RSA encryption
C. DES (DataEncryption Standard)
D. Fortezza
Difficulty: Hard
59. (p. 362-363) ____________ encryption uses the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt a
message.
A. Public-key
B. Digital technology
C. Differential coding
D. Private-key
Difficulty: Medium
60. (p. 363) RSA encryption is an example of ________ technology.

A. public-key encryption
B. private-key encryption
D. biometric
Difficulty: Hard
6-51
World Key
True / False Questions
61. (p. 313-314) Analog refers to communications signals represented in a binary format.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
62. (p. 313-314) Signals such as sound and temperature, which continuously vary in strength and
quality, are said to be digital.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
63. (p. 314) A thermometer and a speedometer are examples of analog devices.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
64. (p. 314) Telephones have always been digital devices.

FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
65. (p. 316) A modem converts digital signals into analog signals so they can be sent over a
telephone line.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
6-52
World Key
66. (p. 316) "Modem" is short for modulate/demodulate.

TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
67. (p. 317) Capturing music digitally means that one has an exact duplicate of the music.
FALSE
Difficulty: Hard
68. (p. 317) A network is a system of interconnected computers and communications devices
that can communicate and share resources.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
69. (p. 320) The Internet is a WAN.

TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
70. (p. 320-321) A LAN is a type of network that covers a wide geographical area.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
6-53
World Key
71. (p. 322) A home area network (HAN) uses wired, cable, or wireless connections to link a
household's digital devices.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
72. (p. 323-324) Client/server networks and peer-to-peer networks are the same except that the
first type of network uses a mainframe and the second type uses only microcomputers.
FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
73. (p. 323) The computer that acts like a disk drive, storing the programs and data files shared
by users on a LAN, is called a file server.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
74. (p. 323) "File server" and "database server" are different names for the same type of server.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
75. (p. 325-326) Virtual private networks (VPNs) are private networks that use a public network
(usually the Internet) instead of private, leased (expensive) lines to connect remote sites.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
6-54
World Key
76. (p. 326-327) In a network, communications protocols specify the type of electrical
connections, the timing of message exchanges, and error-detection techniques.
TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
77. (p. 328) Routers join multiple wired and/or wireless networks.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
78. (p. 328) A gateway is an interface device permitting communication between similar
networks.
FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
79. (p. 328) An interface device used to connect the same types of networks is called a node.
FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
80. (p. 329) The backbone is the main communications route in a bus network topology.
FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
6-55
World Key
81. (p. 331) In a bus network, all computers and communications devices are connected in a
continuous loop.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
82. (p. 333) Traditional landline telephone systems use twisted-pair wire as their
communications medium.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
83. (p. 334) A cable that is made up of dozens of thin strands of glass and transmits pulsating
beams of light is called a coaxial cable.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
84. (p. 335) A wired communications standard that allows users to send data over a home's
existing electrical (AC) power lines is called HomePlug technology.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
85. (p. 335) Most microcomputers come with Ethernet capability.

TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
6-56
World Key
86. (p. 336) All wired and wireless communications media use the electromagnetic spectrum of
radiation.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
87. (p. 337) The smaller the bandwidth of a medium, the more frequencies it can use to transmit
data.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
88. (p. 337) The two general classes of bandwidth are long and short.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
89. (p. 337) The radio-frequency spectrum is part of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation; it
carries most communications signals.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
90. (p. 337) The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is the number of times the wave repeats,
or makes a cycle, in a second.
TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
6-57
World Key
91. (p. 337-338) Both digital narrowband and broadband transmission speeds are measured in
megabits or gigabits per second.
TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
92. (p. 339) Infrared transmission is a type of low-frequency wireless transmission that is short-
range and line-of-sight.
TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
93. (p. 341) GPS satellites use medium-Earth-orbits.

TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
94. (p. 340, 352) Bluetooth is a short-range wireless (microwave) connection-up to 33 feet.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
95. (p. 346) Analog cellphones were 1G phones.

TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
6-58
World Key
96. (p. 340) Satellite transmission uses in-orbit satellites and earth stations. Transmitting from
the ground to the satellite is called downlinking, and transmitting from the satellite to the
ground station called uplinking.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
97. (p. 340) Communications satellites are microwave relay stations in orbit around the earth.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
98. (p. 341) Satellite orbits are at three levels: GEO, MEO, and LEO.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
99. (p. 341) A larger number of geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites are required for global
coverage than mid-earth orbit (MEO) satellites.
FALSE
Difficulty: Hard
100. (p. 342) GPS uses MEO satellites that continuously transmit timed radio signals used to
identify earth locations.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
6-59
World Key
101. (p. 342-343) Because of the excellence of satellite technology, GPS location IDs are 100%
accurate.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
102. (p. 346-347) Analog cellphones are 2G (second-generation) phones.

FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
103. (p. 346) Cellphones are basically two-way radios.

TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
104. (p. 347) 2G and 3G cellphones are digital, not analog.

TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
105. (p. 349) The short-range, wireless communications method aimed at linking hand-held
devices at high speeds and at distances of 100-228 feet is called Wi-Fi.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
6-60
World Key
106. (p. 349-350) A Wi-Fi enabled laptop computer accesses the available network (say, at an
airport) through an access point, which is connected to a land-based Internet connection.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
107. (p. 349-350) The latest version of Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 standard) is version a.
FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
108. (p. 351-352) Wi-Fi connections are always secure; no one can steal your data when you are
online.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
109. (p. 352) Bluetooth is a short-range, wireless communications method for linking cellphones,
PDAs, computers, and some other peripherals up to distances of 30 feet.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
110. (p. 355-356) A denial-of-service attack uses a virus to crash your computer.
FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
6-61
World Key
111. (p. 354) Worms, viruses, and Trojan horse are all malware.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
112. (p. 356) A Trojan horse pretends to be a useful program, such as a game or a screen saver,
but it carries a virus that replicates in your computer over and over until your computer
crashes.
FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
113. (p. 355-356) A virus is a "deviant" program that is stored on a computer hard drive and can
cause unexpected and undesirable effects.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
114. (p. 355-356) A virus is capable of destroying or corrupting data.

TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
115. (p. 359) Cellphones do not get infected by malware.

FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
6-62
World Key
116. (p. 359) Sneakers are people who gain unauthorized access to computer or
telecommunications systems, often just for the challenge of it.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
117. (p. 360) People who illegally break into computers for malicious purposes to obtain
information for financial gain, shut down hardware, pirate software, or alter or destroy data
are known as hackers.
FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
118. (p. 361) If you have more than one computer linked to the Internet by a cable modem, you
need a software firewall to protect your system.
FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
119. (p. 362) Encryption is the process of altering readable data into unreadable form to prevent
unauthorized access.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
120. (p. 362-363) There are two basic types of data encryption.
TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
6-63
World Key
121. (p. 362-363) Two kinds of secret keys are used in public key encryption.
TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
122. (p. 362-363) In public key encryption, only the receiver of an encrypted message knows the
private key needed to decrypt the message.
TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
123. (p. 313) Communications signals represented in a binary electronic format are ________
signals.
digital
Difficulty: Easy
124. (p. 314) Signals such as sound and temperature, which continuously vary in strength and
quality, are ________ signals.
analog
Difficulty: Easy
125. (p. 315-316) So they can be sent over a telephone line, analog signals are converted into
digital signals, and then back again, by using ________.
modems
Difficulty: Easy
6-64
World Key
126. (p. 318-319) The text lists six benefits of networks: ________, ________, ________,
________, ________, and ________.
sharing of peripheral devices, sharing of programs and data, better communications,

centralized communications, security of information, access to databases
Difficulty: Hard
127. (p. 319) Four disadvantages of networks are ________, ________, ________, and
________.
expense, security issues (breaking of security precautions), rapid spread of viruses,

dependency on the mail file server
Difficulty: Hard
128. (p. 320-321) The text lists seven types of networks: ________, ________, ________,
________, _________, ________, and ________.
wide area network, metropolitan area network, local area net work, home area network,
personal area network, home automation network
Difficulty: Hard
6-65
World Key

129. (p. 318) A peer-to-peer (P2P) network operates without relying on a ________.
server
Difficulty: Medium
130. (p. 324) Private networks that use a public network, usually the Internet, to connect remote
sites are called ________.
virtual private networks (VPNs)
Difficulty: Medium
131. (p. 325) An intranet that allows access to selected outside users is a(n) ________.
extranet
Difficulty: Medium
132. (p. 325) A set of conventions that govern how data is exchanged between devices on a
network is known as a communications ________.
protocol
Difficulty: Easy
133. (p. 326) Electronic messages are sent as ________, fixed-length blocks of data for
transmission.
packets
Difficulty: Medium
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World Key
134. (p. 327) A _________ is a network that connects computers to a network; data can be sent
in both directions at the same time.
switch
Difficulty: Medium
135. (p. 328) A(n) ________ is an interface (linking device) used to connect the same types of
networks, whereas a(n) ________ is an interface permitting communications between
dissimilar networks.
bridge; gateway
Difficulty: Medium
136. (p. 328) ________ are physical devices that join multiple wired and/or wireless networks;
their primary job is to provide connectivity.
Routers
Difficulty: Easy
137. (p. 329) A network can be laid out in different ways. The layout, or shape, is called a
________.
topology
Difficulty: Easy
138. (p. 329) The ________ consists of the main "highway" that connects all computer networks
in an organization.
backbone
Difficulty: Easy
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World Key
139. (p. 329) The system software that manages the activity of a network is called the
________.
network operating system (NOS)
Difficulty: Medium
140. (p. 329) A computer sends and receives messages over a cable network using a ________,
which is inserted in an expansion slot on the motherboard.
network interface card (NIC)
Difficulty: Medium
141. (p. 330) A ________ network topology is one in which all microcomputers and other
devices are connected in a continuous loop.
ring
Difficulty: Easy
142. (p. 330) A ________ network topology is one in which all microcomputers and other
communications devices are connected directly to a central server (switch).
star
Difficulty: Easy
143. (p. 331) The Internet uses the ________ network topology.
mesh
Difficulty: Medium
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World Key
144. (p. 331) In small LANs, messages may bump into one another. The most popular protocol,
or technology, which uses cabling and special ports on microcomputers, that prevents
collisions is ________. It can be used with almost any kind of computer and describes how
data can be sent.
Ethernet
Difficulty: Medium
145. (p. 333) Wired communications media include three main types. The kind used for tradition
telephone lines is ________.
twisted-pair wire
Difficulty: Easy
146. (p. 334) Wired communications media include three main types. Insulated copper wire
wrapped in a solid or braided shield and then an external cover is called ________ cable.
coaxial ("coax")
Difficulty: Medium
147. (p. 334) Wired communications media include three main types. The kind used for
transmitting pulses of light is ________.
fiber-optic cable
Difficulty: Easy
148. (p. 335) HomePlug technology is a wired communications standard that allows users to
connect equipment within the home using the house's own ________ wiring.
electrical
Difficulty: Medium
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World Key
149. (p. 336) Telecommuting means using a computer and networks to work from ________;
telework means working from ________.
home; anywhere
Difficulty: Medium
150. (p. 335-337) The _________ is the basis for ALL telecommunications signals, both wired
and wireless, and the _________ is the part that carries most communications signals.
electromagnetic spectrum of radiation; radio-frequency (RF) spectrum
Difficulty: Hard
151. (p. 337) The range of frequencies that a transmission medium can carry in a given period of
time is called its ________.
bandwidth
Difficulty: Medium
152. (p. 337) The ________ a transmission medium's bandwidth, the more frequencies it can use
to transmit data and the faster it is.
wider
Difficulty: Easy
153. (p. 337-338) A transmission medium's speed is usually measured in ________ or ________.
megabits per second; gigabits per second
Difficulty: Medium
6-70
World Key
154. (p. 339) The text covers five types of wireless communications media: ________,
________, ________, _________, and ________.
infrared; broadcast radio; cellular radio; microwave radio; communications satellites
Difficulty: Hard
155. (p. 339) Infrared and microwave transmission signals cannot work around obstacles or
travel in curved lines, so they are called _________.
line-of-sight
Difficulty: Medium
156. (p. 341) The highest level that a satellite can occupy is the ________ earth orbit.
geostationary (GEO)
Difficulty: Medium
157. (p. 342) Global Positioning Systems use ________ to continuously transmit signals to
identify earth locations.
satellites
Difficulty: Easy
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158. (p. 342) The Global Positioning System is an example of a ________-way long-distance
communications system.
one
Difficulty: Medium
159. (p. 345) Simple one-way radio receivers that receive data (but not voice messages) are
called ________.
pagers
Difficulty: Easy
160. (p. 346-348) 1G cellphones are __________; 2G, 3G, and 4G cellphones are _________.
analog; digital
Difficulty: Easy
161. (p. 351) Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) is a short-range wireless digital standard aimed at helping
portable computers and handheld wireless devices to communicate at high speeds and share
Internet connections at distances of 100-228 feet. What is the most recent and fastest Wi-Fi
version?
n (after b, a, and g)
Difficulty: Medium
162. (p. 352) The short-range, wireless digital standard aimed at linking hand-held devices up to
33 feet apart is called ________.
Bluetooth
Difficulty: Easy
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World Key
163. (p. 353-354) The three short-range wireless standards used in home automation networks, for
linking switches and sensors around the house and yard, are Insteon, ZigBee, and _________.
Z-Wave
Difficulty: Medium
164. (p. 354) Worms, viruses, and Trojan horses are all types of programs called ________.
malware
Difficulty: Easy
165. (p. 356) A(n) ________ is a program that copies itself repeatedly into a computer's memory
or onto a disk drive and that can cause the computer to crash.
worm
Difficulty: Easy
166. (p. 355-356) A(n) ________ is a "deviant" program that attaches itself to a program or file
and can cause unexpected and undesirable effects, such as destroying or corrupting data.
virus
Difficulty: Easy
167. (p. 356) A ________ is a program that pretends to be a useful program, usually free, such as
a game or screen saver, but carries viruses, or destructive instructions that cause problems
without your knowledge.
Trojan horse
Difficulty: Easy
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World Key
168. (p. 358) A(n) ________ uses malware to hijack hundreds or thousands of computers, called
________, and to remotely control them all.
botmaster, zombies
Difficulty: Medium
169. (p. 358) Malware can be spread by using a(n) ________ disk, flash drive, CD; opening
unknown email _________; clicking on ________ websites; and/or through contaminated Wi-
Fi hot spots.
infected; attachments; infiltrated (or infected)
Difficulty: Hard
170. (p. 360) People who illegally break into computers for malicious purposes are known as
________.
crackers
Difficulty: Easy
171. (p. 360 ff.) The text lists five ways to fight cyber threats: ________, ________, ________,
________, and ________.
antivirus software; firewalls; passwords; biometric authentification; encryption
Difficulty: Hard
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World Key
172. (p. 360) ________ software can be used to scan a computer's hard disk, CDs, and main
memory to detect viruses.
Antivirus
Difficulty: Easy
173. (p. 361) A system of hardware and/or software that protects a computer or network from
intruders is called a ________.
firewall
Difficulty: Easy
174. (p. 361-362) Five types of biometric authentication are ________, ________, ________,
_________, and _________.
hand-geometry systems, fingerprint scanners, iris-recognition systems, face-recognition

systems, voice-recognition systems
Difficulty: Hard
175. (p. 362) The process of altering readable data into unreadable form to prevent unauthorized
access is known as ________.
encryption
Difficulty: Easy
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World Key
176. (p. 362) A message sent in its original undisguised, readable form is ________.
plain text
Difficulty: Medium
177. (p. 362) Message encryption involves converting plain text to ________.
cybertext
Difficulty: Medium
Essay Questions
178. (p. 314) How do analog and digital devices interpret electrical signals?
Analog devices interpret electrical signals as continuous waves varying in strength and/or
quality; digital devices interpret electrical signals as discontinuous bursts of electrical/light
pulses represented in a binary way (on or off).
Difficulty: Medium
179. (p. 315-316) What is the primary purpose of the modem?
The primary purpose of the modem ("modulate/demodulate") is to change the computer's

digital signals into analog signals and, at the receiving end, analog signals back into digital
signals so that communications can take place between computers using a standard copper-
wire telephone network or other transmission media that can transmit only analog signals.
Difficulty: Easy
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180. (p. 318-319) List four advantages and four disadvantages of networks.
Advantages: sharing of peripheral devices, sharing of programs and data, better

communications, centralized communications, establishing security of information, access to
databases Disadvantages: expense, violation of established security measures, rapid spread of
computer viruses, dependency on the main file server
Difficulty: Hard
181. (p. 320-322) What are the main differences between a WAN, a MAN, and a LAN?
A wide area network (WAN) covers a wide geographic area, such as a country or, in the case
of the Internet, the world. A metropolitan area network (MAN) covers a city or a suburb. A
local area network (LAN) covers a limited geographic area, such as one office, one building,
or a small group of buildings, such as on a college campus.
Difficulty: Medium
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World Key
182. (p. 323-324) What is the difference between a client/server network and a peer-to-peer
network?
A client/server network consists of clients, which are microcomputers that request data, and
servers, which are central computers used to supply data. In the client/server scheme, central
servers handle all security and file transactions; they are powerful microcomputers that also
manage shared devices. They may run server software for applications such as email and web
browsing, or they may just host a database or be a file server or other kind of server; different
servers may be used to manage different tasks.
In a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, all microcomputers on the network communicate directly
with one another without relying on a server; in peer-to- peer networks, which are relatively
inexpensive to set up, each machine shares its own resources and handles its own security.
Every computer can share files and peripherals with all other computers on the network, given
that all are granted access privileges. Peer-to-peer networks are less expensive than
client/server networks and work effectively for up to 25 computers. Beyond that, they slow
down under heavy use. They are appropriate for small networks, such as small businesses and
home networks.
Difficulty: Medium
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World Key
183. (p. 326) Describe what a packet is and what it does.
Electronic messages are sent as packets. A packet is a fixed-length block of data for
transmission. A sending computer uses a protocol (the TCP layer of TCP/IP, Chapter 2, p. 63)
to break an electronic message apart into packets, each of which typically contains 1,000-
1,500 bytes. The various packets are sent through a communications packet-switching
network, such as the Internet-often using different (and most expedient) routes, at different
speeds, and sandwiched in between packets from other messages. Once the packets arrive at
their destination, the receiving computer reassembles them (called packet switching) into
proper sequence to complete the message.
Most modern Wide Area Network (WAN) protocols are based on packet switching
technologies. In contrast, normal telephone service is based on a circuit-switching technology,
in which a dedicated line is allocated for transmission between two parties. Circuit-switching
is ideal when data must be transmitted quickly and must arrive in the same order in which it's
sent. This is the case with most real-time data, such as live audio and video. Packet switching
is more efficient and robust for data that can withstand some delays in transmission, such as
email messages and web pages
Difficulty: Hard
184. (p. 331) Describe the network topology used by the Internet.
In a mesh network topology, messages sent to the destination can take any possible shortest,
easiest route to reach its destination. There must be at least two paths to any individual
computer to create a mesh network. (Wireless networks are often implemented as a mesh.) In
the previous topologies, star and bus, messages are usually broadcast to every computer,
especially in bus topology. In the ring topology, messages can travel in only one direction-
clockwise or counterclockwise. The Internet employs the mesh topology, and the message,
with the help of routers, finds its route for its destination.
Difficulty: Medium
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185. (p. 3337-338) Distinguish between narrowband and broadband.
Narrowband, also known as voiceband, is used for regular telephone communications and is
usually 1.5 megabits per second or less. Broadband is used to transmit high-speed data and
high-quality audio and video and transmits at up to 1 gigabit per second or more. DSL, cable,
satellite, T1, etc. are broadband.
Difficulty: Hard
186. (p. 342-343) What are some of the uses and limitations of GPS?
Uses: Assistance for visually impaired people; detection of equipment and sites in military
engagement; tracking trucks, buses, and taxis; tracking people who have their cellphones on;
locating stolen cars; orienting hikers / locating lost hikers; aiding in surveying; monitoring
dangerous geological sites, such as volcanoes; finding lost pets; geocaching; getting map
directions on computers and in cars; determining E911 locations of people making 911 calls
Limitations: Not all GPS services are reliable; maps are sometime inaccurate; E911 locations
are not always accurate; tracking cellphone users could violate privacy
Difficulty: Medium
187. (p. 349-350) Basically, how does Wi-Fi work?
A land-based Internet connection (DSL, cable, satellite, T1 line) is connected to an antenna

(access point). The access point (hotspot) translates the Internet signals into short-range,
wireless radio waves and broadcasts them over an area about the size of a house (distances of
100-228 feet). Anyone within range who has a receiving antenna, usually on a notebook
computer or a 3G/4G cellphone, can pick up the signals. Sometimes the user must enter a
password to access the Wi-Fi signal. The later versions of Wi-Fi (e.g., n) are faster than the
earlier versions (e.g., b, a, g).
Difficulty: Hard
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World Key
188. (p. 353) What is wireless USB?
Wireless USB (WUSB) has a typical range of 32 feet and a maximum data rate of 110-480
megabits per second. Wireless USB is used in game controllers, printers, scanners, digital
cameras, MP3/MP4 players, hard disks, and flash drives. With more than 2 billion legacy
wired USB connections in the world today, USB is the de facto standard in the personal
computing industry. Now these fast connections are available in the wireless world, with the
introduction of Wireless USB. Wireless USB is the new wireless extension to USB that
combines the speed and security of wired technology with the ease of use of wireless
technology. Wireless USB supports robust high-speed wireless connectivity by utilizing the
common WiMedia MB-OFDM Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio platform as developed by the
WiMedia Alliance. Wireless USB will preserve the functionality of wired USB while also
unwiring the cable connection and providing enhanced support for streaming media devices
and peripherals.
Difficulty: Hard
189. (p. 358) What are four ways in which viruses and worms get passed?
Four ways in which viruses and worms get passed are these:
1. by infected disks or flash drives
2. by opening unknown email attachments
3. by clicking on infiltrated (infected) websites
4. through infiltrated Wi-Fi hot spots
Difficulty: Medium
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World Key
190. (p. 359) Name at least five ways to minimize virus attacks.
1. Don't open unknown files or email attachments.

2. Delete all spam and email messages from strangers.
3. Use webmail sparingly.
4. Don't start your computer with a CD or flash drive in place.
5. Back up all files regularly on a device separate from your computer or online.
6. Use virus protection software and make sure that the software automatically updates itself
often from the manufacturer's website.
7. Use a firewall-either the one that came with the computer's system software or a firewall
purchased separately.
8. Update your antivirus software and firewall frequently.
9. Use your antivirus and firewall software to scan your computer regularly and
quarantine/destroy any problem "bugs" that turn up on the list.
10. Set your antivirus program to automatically scan all incoming and outgoing email
attachments.
11. Set your firewall to alert you to "dicey" websites.
Difficulty: Medium
191. (p. 364) List at least five rules for creating good passwords.
1. on't tell anyone your username and password.

2. Don't use passwords that can be easily guessed.
3. Avoid any word that appears in the dictionary.
4. Combine letters with numbers and other keyboard characters.
5. Create long passwords.
6. Don't use the same password for multiple sites.
7. Change passwords often.
8. Don't write your passwords down on sticky notes, in a notebook, or tape them under, for
example, your keyboard.
9. Don't carry passwords in your wallet.
10. Create a system for remembering passwords without writing them down.
11. Save all your passwords in a single encrypted file.
Difficulty: Medium
6-82
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
WE HONOR OUR GRAND OLD
HEROES.
BY ANNIE WITTENMYER.
We honor our grand old heroes

Who stood in the thick of the fight,
Where deadly missiles were flying,
And valiantly fought for the right.
They stood with God in the conflict,

They fought on God’s side in the fray;
The Lord and his angels helped them,
And Freedom and Right won the day.
Sacred to Freedom forever

Is the soil where they fought and bled;
No bondsman shall wear a shackle,
No tyrant shall lift up his head.
Above the flags of all nations

Our beautiful banner floats high;
Its stars like the stars of heaven,
And its blue as blue as the sky.
Long may it wave in its beauty,

The symbol of Freedom and Right;
Not a star be lost from its azure,
Not a blot stain its spotless white!
A BOY SENT BY EXPRESS, C. O. D.
IN the winter of 1862, just before General Grant moved upon Fort
Henry and Fort Donelson, I went out to Sedalia, Mo., with a heavy lot
of supplies.
Sedalia is 188 miles south-west of St. Louis, and was an important
military station at that time.
The people in that section were very disloyal and belligerent.
The train on which I journeyed was fired into three times the day I
made the journey, by “bushwhackers,” men who carried on an
irregular warfare.
The train was well guarded. There were at least fifty well-armed
Union soldiers on board to guard it, who took turns on the platform,
ready to spring off, gun in hand, if the train were attacked. But when
a volley was fired into the train, before the engineer could stop it, and
the soldiers could get started in pursuit, the enemy had mounted
their horses, and were far away. When the second volley crashed
into the train, a bullet passed through the window beside me, and
whizzed very near to my eyes. If it had come a little closer, it would
have gone through both of them. Fortunately I had just leaned back
against the seat; for if I had been sitting in an upright position, as I
was a few moments before, the ball would have gone through my
head.
A mother and her little girl, who was five or six years old, sat in the
seat in front of me. The poor little child was so terrified that she tried
to hide under the seat. Her appeals, as she lifted her beautiful tear-
stained face, were very touching.
“Do you think they’ll fire again, mamma?”
“I hope not, my darling,” and the mother would tenderly cover her
with the skirts of her dress, and try to soothe her.
“O mamma! do get down on the floor; if you don’t, you might get
killed.”
It was pitiful to see a child in such terror, crouching on the floor.
We did not reach Sedalia till midnight, and it was not till the train
drew up at the station that the child could be comforted.
The next morning early I went into the nearest hospital. The building
was an old, dilapidated frame structure, that had been used as a
store. Scores of wounded and sick men were crowded into these
poor narrow quarters.
But it is not my purpose just now to speak of them, or of the hospital
management, but of a child I found there.
He was lying on a cot in a little back room. They called him “Willie.”
He said he was “goin’ on eight;” but if he was that old, he was very
small of his age. His face was wondrous fair and beautiful, and his
hair hung in golden ringlets about his head. He had been very ill, and
was still too weak to leave his bed. But he was bright and happy, and
a great favorite with the men, who, lying on their beds, whittled toys
for Willie with their pocket-knives out of anything they could utilize for
that purpose, such as sticks and bones.
I took a great deal of pains to ascertain the facts about the boy. He
was a fatherless, motherless child, who had followed the soldiers
when they marched away from the town where he was temporarily
staying. No one cared, and no one followed to bring him back, and
so he went on with them.
The simple story, as he told it, seemed to be sustained by the facts I
afterwards gathered.
“I wanted to go to the war,” he said; “I had no mother, and I did not
want to stay at that place. I did not like the people, so when the
soldiers went to the war I went too. Some of the men said, that first
day, ‘Little boy, you had better run back home;’ but I told them I had
no home, that my mother was dead, and that I was not going back;
that I was going to the war, so they put me in a wagon to ride. At
night I had no place to sleep; but a man who said he had a little boy
at home, about as big as me, said I could sleep with him, and he
hugged me up under his blanket.
“Then after that I had a place in a wagon, the colonel said I might.
Sometimes I rode on the horses behind the big officers. But they
wouldn’t let me go to fight; they made me stay back in the wagon. I
didn’t like that; I wanted to go to the fights.”
A few days after I found Willie I was in the hospital, when a
gentleman came in seeking some one. He was from Ohio. He
happened to see Willie, and was wonderfully attracted to the child,
and Willie seemed to take a great fancy to the gentleman. He came
daily to see Willie during his stay in Sedalia. “This child,” he said to
me one day, with tears in his eyes, “looks so much like my own boy,
my only child, who died a few months ago, that I want to adopt him if
my wife will consent. But her heart is so nearly broken by grief, that
she may shrink from the plan.”
I told him that I, too, had taken a great fancy to the boy, and had
determined that he should have a good home, and that through my
friend, General Curtis, who commanded at St. Louis, I should hold
the boy till the best of references were furnished. To this he made no
objections; and as soon as he reached St. Louis he sent the very
best indorsements, furnishing the most ample evidence that he was
in every way worthy of such a charge, as he was a wealthy Christian
gentleman. Dr. Irwin, Acting Medical Director, readily concurred; and
it was agreed that if, when the boy was able to travel, they wanted
him, he should be sent.
Soon after he reached home, a telegram came: “All right—send
Willie by express, C. O. D.” (collect on delivery). When the contents
of the telegram became known, there was great excitement among
the patients. How could they part with Willie? And yet as he was to
have a good home they rejoiced with Willie, who was delighted with
the news that he was to go.
As soon as he was able to travel, we prepared him for the journey.
His name and address, and name and address of the gentleman to
whom we were sending him, were written with ink on white muslin,
and sewed to his coat and jacket, and on the shawl we wrapped
about him, and on the blanket we bundled him up in.
A stalwart expressman came for him, and, after giving a regular
receipt for him, took him up in his arms to carry him away. Dr. Irwin
and the surgeons of the hospital, and even the nurses and cooks, all
came to bid Willie good-by. His farewells were very touching.
When he was carried from his little room out into the main ward, a
few golden curls lay out on the folds of the coarse gray blanket, and
his laughing eyes turned kindly from one to another, as they called to
him: “Good-by, Willie!” “Be a good boy, Willie.” “Don’t forget me,
Willie.”
As we were about to pass through the last door-way, Willie, who had
said “good-by” to each one as they greeted him, called out at the top
of his voice, “Good-by, everybody.” There was a chorus of good-bys
in response; but an Irishman by the door was heard above them all,
as he said:—
“Good luck to ye now! and may ye live a hundred years, and get into
heaven afore the Divil has a chance at ye.”
We accompanied him to the train, the surgeons and myself, and saw
him safely aboard with his luncheon; and we stood there together in
silence as the train pulled out, for a vacancy was felt in every heart.
A telegram was received a few days later, telling us that Willie had
arrived safely.
A great deal was crowded into the next few months. Battle after
battle followed. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson had fallen, Nashville
had surrendered, the bloody struggle at Pittsburg Landing had taken
place, and the Union forces had taken possession of Corinth, Miss.;
but Willie was not forgotten.
The gentleman adopted him as his own child, and his wife was
greatly comforted by the presence and love of little Willie.
A PERILOUS RIDE.
IN digging the ship canal across the point opposite Vicksburg,

hundreds of men were killed or wounded in the great trench. By long
practice the gunners on the bluffs of Vicksburg acquired the ability to
drop a shell into the great ditch, causing terrible slaughter. The
heavy guns of the Union forces answered the enemy’s batteries, but
failed to silence them. “Whistling Dick,” as we all soon learned to call
one great cannon used by the enemy, kept the music going night
and day. The loud, clear, musical whistle which accompanied every
discharge won for that gun the attention of all. “Whistling Dick” was a
gun of long range, and was effective in execution, especially along
the canal. But one day, after a loud, sharp whistle, there was an
explosion, and “Whistling Dick” was heard no more. The work of
death went on, however; for there were other effective guns, and the
most determined resistance to the project of the Union troops was
shown.
The wounded soldiers were taken to a hospital hastily improvised at
a point just opposite Vicksburg, where, although more than a mile
nearer the enemy, with only the Mississippi River between them,
they were nevertheless comparatively safe, being protected by a
high embankment. I had been sending supplies to this little hospital
with lavish hand. It seemed dreadful that wounded men should lie
there night and day under the guns of two armies, the battle always
on, the shriek and thunder of shell and shot over them, and all
around them, and shaking the very earth on which they lay. Weary,
homesick, and suffering, they were isolated from the army and from
all other companionship, except that of the surgeon and his force of
detailed soldiers. But this surgeon (I have forgotten his name, or I
would mention it with the highest respect) was a thoughtful and kind-
hearted man, who desired the best for his men and heartily
sympathized with them. One day he came into my quarters on the
Sanitary boat with radiant face. He had thought of something which
would please his “boys,” and that was that I should visit them. At first
the thing seemed impossible. The distance was many miles. I could
not go in an ambulance, or on foot, and the dangers of the journey
were appalling. But he had thought of all that, and explained the
whole scheme. He could get a good, safe horse, and I could ride on
a cavalry saddle; and although there was some water in the canal,
and the banks were steep, the crossing was entirely safe, and there
were places where the horse could climb.
I could not refuse to go to the men who had faced the cannon, and
gone down wounded and helpless to the gates of death for my
country and my flag. General Cyrus Bussey, who was afterwards the
Assistant-Secretary of the Department of the Interior, and his plucky,
lovely little wife, who is now among the glorified in heaven,
volunteered to accompany me. Mrs. Bussey had her own horse and
a side-saddle. I had a great raw-boned animal, which looked as
though he had been in several wars, with a good new cavalry
saddle, which some officer had kindly lent for the occasion. “This
horse is good and safe,” the surgeon explained, by way of apology;
“they say he wouldn’t shy or jump if a shell burst just before him.”
The guns of two armies were screaming over us when we reached
the point which our guide designated as “the safe place to cross the
canal.” He did not know that some of the barriers at the mouth of the
canal had given way, and that the water in the canal was several feet
deeper than when he had crossed that morning. The tide was swift
and turbulent; but the surgeon said cheerfully, “It’s perfectly safe; just
follow me.” The next moment his horse went down into the muddy,
swirling flood, and, struggling heroically, swam to the opposite shore.
The surgeon called back to us that he had missed the crossing, and
designated a point a little higher up, which, as he said, “was perfectly
safe.” I had misgivings, but, settling myself well in the saddle, gave
the horse loose rein. He marched bravely in, and went down into the
flood with a plunge. General Bussey, fearing I would be drowned,
spurred his horse in after me, and the two brave animals struggled
together until we reached the opposite shore. Thanks to my
Kentucky training, I kept the saddle, and the only damage done was
a good drenching.
As General Bussey expressed a wish that Mrs. Bussey should not
attempt to cross, she remained at a cabin near by, which was
somewhat protected, till we returned.
Reaching the embankment opposite Vicksburg we scattered, the
surgeon taking the lead. I followed about fifty yards behind him, and
General Bussey about fifty yards behind me. The road was fair, and
we flew over that stretch at a full gallop. My shaggy, raw-boned
steed made good time. It was a wild ride. We were surrounded by
batteries. The mortar boats of the Union army, placed as near to
Vicksburg as possible, were sending their uncertain shells
thundering over our heads into the doomed city with deafening fury.
The heavy guns along the heights of Vicksburg were answering the
long line of batteries and heavy mounted guns on our side of the
river; and only the river lay between us and the enemies’ works. Shot
and shell screamed over us. Sometimes it seemed as if the sky was
torn to pieces above us; but my horse did not flinch. On and on we
went, in a full gallop. If a gun was levelled at us that day from any of
the near batteries, we were not in range when the shot came over,
and so we reached the hospital in safety.
What shall I say of this hospital? What can I say of these wounded,
suffering men? Language is inadequate to describe their condition.
Longing for home and mother, for human sympathy, their moans
were answered only by the guns. They longed for quiet and sleep,
but the guns of two armies were thundering night and day over their
heads. How could flesh and blood, brain and nerve, endure it? My
garments were still dripping, but I went from cot to cot to speak the
words of cheer. The men tried to express their thanks for my coming
in a befitting manner; but their “God bless you for coming!” was
choked with tears. As I saw those brave men lying there weak and
helpless, and every nerve racked with the thunders of battle, I could
not beat back my own tears. Indeed, as I live it all over again, and
write of it, the tears will come again, although more than thirty years
have rolled by since that time. I sobbed out as best I could: “God
bless you, boys; keep good courage. I will get you out of this if it is
possible.”
The return trip was safely made. Again we swam the canal; Mrs.
Bussey joined us, and we returned to camp. The next morning I
called on General Grant, and reported the condition of these
wounded men. General Grant was most thoughtful and careful of his
sick and wounded. He took in the situation at once. Calling Rawlins,
he said, “Those wounded men must be moved from the Point right
away. Send an order to the medical director to that effect.” And that
night, under the cover of the darkness, they were removed to
hospitals at Milliken’s Bend, twenty-five miles away from the belching
batteries.
A WOMAN WOUNDED IN BATTLE.
A WOMAN who had served as a private soldier in the ranks was

severely wounded and taken prisoner at Chickamauga. She fell in a
charge made upon the Confederates; and as the troops immediately
fell back she was left with the other wounded on the field, in the
enemy’s lines. As she was dressed as the other soldiers were, her
sex was not discovered till she was under a surgeon’s care in the
hospital. She was wounded in the thigh. No bones were broken; but
it was a deep, ugly flesh wound, as if torn by a fragment of a shell.
A day or two afterwards she was sent with a flag of truce into the
Union lines.
The sum and substance of the official message sent with this woman
was: “As the Confederates do not use women in war, this woman,
wounded in battle, is returned to you.” There was great indignation in
the regiment to which this woman belonged; and officers and men
hastened to protest, that, although she had been with them for more
than a year, not one in the regiment suspicioned that she was a
woman. She stood the long, hard marches, did full duty on the
picket-line and in camp, and had fought well in all the battles in
which the regiment took part. She was in the hospital at Chattanooga
for some time, where I first met her. When she was able to bear the
transportation, she was removed to a hospital at Nashville. I met her
there again and again, and tried to ascertain why she had enlisted.
“Had you a husband in the regiment?” I questioned.
“No.”
“A lover or friend?”
“No, I didn’t know any of them.”
“Well, why did you enlist?”
“I thought I’d like camp-life, and I did.”
“You did your full share of the hard work, I am told, marching, going
on picket duty, and chopping wood?”
“Yes; I was put on detail just like the others, and I never made any
excuse. I was awfully afraid they would find me out, and then I’d
have to go.”
“But they did not find you out?”
“No; not till I was wounded. The most I care about now is that they
won’t let me go back.”
“Where did you come from? and what is your real name?”
“I don’t want to tell, and I sha’n’t tell, either.”
When she was able to sit up the question of clothing became an
important one. The surgeon said, “She must have women’s clothes
to put on.” We women from the North, by gift and by purchase,
provided the necessary outfit for a woman’s wardrobe. To raise some
funds for her we had her photograph taken, first in the uniform of a
private soldier, and then dressed as a woman. She sold them to
soldiers and visitors for twenty-five cents each, and raised
considerable money. I have the two I purchased, which I have
treasured in my war album all these years. She was stout and
muscular, with heavy features, high cheek bones, and her black
abundant hair was cut very close. She was perhaps twenty-six or
twenty-eight years old, but when in her military rig looked like a
beardless boy.
The time came at last when she must be dismissed from the
hospital; and I was commissioned by the officers to find out all I
could about her, and where she lived, as she had been more friendly
to me than to the others. The interview was a long one. I can give
only the main points. “The time has come,” I said, “when you must
be sent out of the hospital. Where do you wish to go?”
“I’ll stay in Nashville,” she answered.
“But you can’t stay in Nashville. This city is within the military lines,
and no one can come in, stay here, or go out of this town, without a
pass. You have come into these lines in disguise as a soldier, but
you are now known. So if you will not go willingly, you will be sent out
in charge of a provost marshal. That is, you will be taken under
arrest by the government officers to Louisville, and left there. Then
what will you do? You are not strong enough to do hard work, and I
doubt if you could get any work there to do.”
“I’m awfully sorry I can’t go back into the army.”
“You certainly cannot, the case is too well known; and recruiting
officers have been warned, and will be on the lookout hereafter. If
you will give your name and place of residence, the government will
send you home, and the trip will not cost you anything.”
“If I tell you my name, and the place I wish to go to, will you keep it a
secret?”
“I will be obliged to tell the officers.”
“Will you ask them not to publish it?”
“I certainly will; and I will never tell it to any one, except the officers
from whom I will get the order for pass and transportation.”
“I will trust you,” she said; and she whispered her name and
residence. Two days after that she was on her way to her home in
the Northwest.
I never knew what became of her.
BRAVING DANGERS.
IN December, 1862, General W. T. Sherman gathered his forces at

the landing at Helena, Ark., and on the 21st of the month the great
fleet, with flags flying, moved down the Mississippi River. A very
strict order had been issued by him against any citizen or reporter
accompanying the expedition; and severe penalties were threatened
in case the order should be disobeyed.
It was well known that the movement was against Vicksburg, but the
bravest reporter feared to defy that order.
As some time passed without news of Sherman’s army, the Blue
Wing was sent down with communications, but she was captured by
the Confederates. The government finally decided to send down two
gunboats and the White Cloud, a wooden steamer. I at once asked
the privilege of loading the White Cloud with sanitary supplies. Mr.
Plattenburg, agent of the Sanitary Commission, who was also at
Helena, had a heavy lot of supplies.
As I had a pass for myself and all goods, from the Secretary of War, I
had no trouble in securing a passage on the White Cloud. I do not
recall as to how Mr. Plattenburg secured the privilege of going with
the little expedition; I only know that he went, and that the boat was
loaded with our supplies.
Thousands of soldiers were about the landing when our little fleet
moved out with banners flying. We all knew that untold dangers were
before us. And our heroism created the greatest enthusiasm. When
the White Cloud moved out into the channel and turned her prow
down stream, I stepped out “on the guards” to take a last look at
Helena. My appearance was greeted with such an outburst of
applause from the thousands on the wharf that I fled to the cabin,
after waving my handkerchief in acknowledgment of the salute.
We were fired into frequently from the banks. Whenever we reached
a point of especial danger the White Cloud was sent eight or ten
miles in advance so as to draw the enemy’s fire, and thus uncover
his batteries; for it was not likely that if the gunboats were in sight we
would be attacked. Every moment, night and day, we were in
expectation of shot or shell from some concealed battery from the
shore. But they had been forewarned that the gunboats were
coming, and so did not attempt to capture the White Cloud. The
sharpshooters on the shore fired into us again and again. No one
was killed; but sleep and rest were impossible, and there were many
narrow escapes. We reached Milliken’s Bend one morning about
daylight, to find General Sherman’s army quartered there.
There was a great fleet of boats, and the sick and wounded were on
them. A tugboat was detailed to me; and I went with my supplies
from boat to boat, distributing such comforts and delicacies as I had,
to the men who had been wounded in the fight near Vicksburg. It
was decided by the medical authorities to send a steamer up the
river with a load of the wounded at once. The City of Memphis, the
largest steamer on the Mississippi River, was selected for this
purpose. A regiment and a battery were removed from the boat, and
she was put in order; that is, the filth was shovelled overboard.
I was told by a chaplain at the time that there were so many of our
men dying that the firing of salutes over their graves was ordered
discontinued. The constant noise of funerals was demoralizing.
During the afternoon the boat was loaded up with the worst patients
on the several boats. They were placed in the berths, and under the
berths, and on the floor, and out upon the guards. Wherever there
was a place where a fever-stricken, or a torn and broken body could
be laid, it was occupied. About seven hundred and fifty were put on
board.
The sun was sinking;-behind the long, low line of cypress trees,
festooned with their trailing mosses, when our boat turned her prow
up the Mississippi River.
Long rows of men lay on the floor with their knapsacks for their
pillows. Among them was a Missouri soldier, severely wounded and
delirious, who all the night long called piteously for his sister.
His cry, “O sister!” was so plaintive and pathetic that I would go to
him every little while and ask,
“What do you want?”
“I am glad you have come—I want a drink of water.”
When the water was given he would remain quiet for a little time.
The next morning, as soon as it was light, he was taken to the
amputating-table, and one of his limbs sawed off above the knee. He
sank very low under the operation—so low that no attempt was
made to remove him from the table. The surgeon in charge said to
me, “Get him to take some food or drink if you can; he is sinking very
fast.” I offered him every delicacy in my possession, but he turned
away in disgust. There had been some of my supplies transferred to
this boat. While working with the men on the lower deck, and helping
dress their wounds, I found a barrel of sauer-kraut. I allowed the
attendants to open it; but afterwards, as I came up to the upper
cabin, I called the surgeon’s attention to it, so as not to be blamed in
the matter if the results were bad.
It happened that I met him near the amputating-table. As I passed
the patient I turned to give him a sympathetic look. He beckoned to
me, and I hastened to him. “I want some kraut,” he said.
I stepped over to where the surgeon was ministering to a man, and
questioned as to whether it was best to grant his request. “Give him
anything he wants—he can’t live anyway,” was his answer. I sent an
attendant down to get the kraut; and he brought up a big tin cup full,
and placed it on his breast and went his way.
Shortly afterwards, passing that way, I noticed him, feebly,
ravenously trailing the kraut to his mouth; and I never saw any one
eat as much kraut as he did in my life. He never stopped till he
emptied the cup. No one attempted to hinder him, as it was expected
he would die soon. From that hour he began to mend, and by the
time we reached St. Louis his case was considered hopeful.
Months afterwards, as I was passing through one of the St. Louis
hospitals, I heard the thud, thud, of crutches coming after me. I
turned to see who was following me; and a merry voice greeted me,
“Here’s your sauer-kraut man! Here’s your sauer-kraut man!” And
there, sure enough, was my Missouri soldier, able to get around
lively on crutches, and as blithe and merry as though he had never
felt the keen edge of the surgeon’s knife.
The dangers and hardships of that trip can never be forgotten. There
were many touching incidents. If this little story falls under the eyes
of that Missouri soldier, I would like to hear from him.
He told me, that day that I last met him, his story, which was full of
the pathos of home love and tender sacrifices. He was the youngest
of his father’s family; and they did not want to spare him to the
country, though they were loyal to the Stars and Stripes. But the
lawless bands of marauders, who were significantly called
“Bushwhackers,” were prowling over the State of Missouri, and his
life was unsafe. He did not venture to sleep in a house for months
before he left his home, and at last sleeping in the bushes became
dangerous. Several times, as he was asleep out in the undergrowth,
he narrowly escaped the bushwhackers, who were seeking him. I
never saw him again, but hope he got back to his own home safely.
During the trip up to Cairo twenty died, one with lockjaw. It was pitiful
to see a great stalwart man deprived of the power of speech,
starving to death. Not one particle of food could pass between his
closely-set teeth. His mind was clear, and daily he wrote out his
requests in regard to his friends and other matters.
Never was ocean traveller gladder to see the headlands of his own
native country than were we to see Cairo. A company of ladies came
on board, fresh nurses and surgeons were obtained, also comforts
for the wounded in the shape of cots, mattresses, etc. Many of the
patients were removed from the overcrowded boat into comfortable
hospitals at Cairo, thus relieving all parties. As soon as the boat
landed, I went to the house of a friend; and as I had not had one
hour of unbroken sleep for about ten days, I redeemed the time by
taking a nap thirty-six hours long.
TWO DREADFUL DAYS ON THE
BATTLEFIELD. SHILOH.
THE hospital steamer on which myself and two other ladies took
passage to Pittsburg Landing from Cairo, Ill., reaching Savannah,
Tenn., eight miles below there, about four o’clock a.m., April 7. There
we heard the news of the terrible battle that had been fought the day
before. Some said: “The Union army is defeated and driven to the
very banks of the river, and are all likely to be captured to-day.” We
were soon out of our berths and on the outlook. The boat, with a full
head of steam, made all possible speed to reach Pittsburg Landing.
Two gunboats, the Tyler and the Lexington, lay out in the stream,
sending shot and shell over the heads of the Union Army into the
Confederate ranks. As the boat steamed up to the Landing, where
already a great fleet of steamers was lying, the shells went
screaming over our heads with deafening fury. All was in seeming
confusion at the Landing. The roadways, dug out of the steep bank,
were insufficient for such an emergency. In the hard fight on the day
before, a vast amount of ammunition had been used, and the officers
all well knew that with the dawn of the coming day the battle would
be renewed with desperate fury. Every teamster was, therefore,
doing his utmost to get ammunition and provisions to the front. They
would bring their mules to the steep, roadless bank, that stood at an
angle of forty-five degrees; and while the driver held the lines with a
strong, steady hand, and set his boot heels so as to keep a standing
position as he ploughed his way to the bottom, his mules put their
little front feet down, settled themselves on their haunches, on which
the wagon rested, and skeeted to the bottom with the driver. It was a
wild sight. Each teamster had an assistant who held a torch made of
pine. Hundreds of torches lighted up the black night. There was a
clamor that cannot be described in the loading up, and a steady
stream of loaded wagons going up the hill by the regular roadways.
As soon as the first rays of the morning light made objects distinct,
the firing began. Both armies had rested, face to face, on their arms,
and a hasty breakfast had been snatched of what they could get
before daylight, for all well knew that a bloody day was before them.
Each man, as he lifted his head from the ground where he had
pillowed it the night before, wondered if he should live to see the
setting of another sun.
Our hospital boat was lying alongside of other steamers. The rain
was falling steadily. We could hear the heavy guns, the screaming of
the shells, the thunder of the battle going on near by. As the light
increased, we shivered to see the wounded lying on bags of grain
and out on the guards, and the dead, who had been carried from the
boats, lying mangled and bloody along the shore of the river. At first
we could only cover our faces with our hands in a shiver and chill of
agony, in the attempt to hide the horrid sights of war from our eyes.
But as we stood there a feeble hand was lifted, and a feeble voice
called out,—
“Say, lady! Can’t you bring me a drink of water?”
Immediately a hundred hands were lifted. We could scarcely see
them in the faint light of the early morning, but we could hear the
voices.
“Bring me some water.”
“Bring me something to eat.”
I called out cheerily,—
“Yes, yes; we’ll help you all we can.”
It was a great relief to have something to do. We went with gladness
to our work. I was the pioneer, and went right onto the boat lying
nearest.
The surgeon in charge of our hospital boat had gone off to the field.
There was no one in authority left on the boat, and we took
possession.
I had several boxes of canned oysters, and three or four barrels of
crackers, but we soon exhausted these; then we began on the beef
in the storeroom.
Barrels of soup were made and distributed. The other two ladies
made the soup, and I distributed it from boat to boat, and from one to
another. Oh, the sights and scenes I witnessed that day!
As I was carrying a bucket of soup across a gang-plank, an officer
met me. He came bounding forward, with his sword clanging by his
side.
“Madam,” he said, “what are you doing?”
I was startled nearly out of my wits, but I managed to say,—
“I am carrying soup to the wounded.”
“Why, you ought not to do that. See here, soldier, I detail you to carry
soup for this woman.”
The soldier sprang forward and took the bucket of soup from my
hand, and the officer went on. I never knew who he was. If this falls
under his eyes, I want to thank him for his thoughtfulness. On and
on, all day, I went with my assistant, while the two lady helpers
worked as fast as they possibly could, to get the food ready.
The distribution of food was very rapid. Men with broken legs and
arms and gashed faces would hold out their tin cups or canteens to
be filled. The tin cups were easily filled, but the canteens took longer.
When they saw us coming, they would pound on the floor or on the
side of the boat, calling piteously,—
“Don’t pass me by. I am here, lady; please give me some soup.”
“Please, lady, pour some water on my arm, it is so dry and hot and
the wound hurts so.”
Without a moment’s relaxation the day passed in this kind of work.
In the afternoon the gunboats stopped firing, and the news came that
the Confederates were driven back.
Oh, how much that meant to us all; for through all that morning the
boats had their full head of steam on, so that if the army was driven
to the river, as many as possible could escape by that means.
Now and then I would help a surgeon who was dressing some of the
worst wounds. My clothing was wet and muddy to the knees, and
covered with blood, but I did not see it. I had not eaten a mouthful of
food since the night before, but I did not know it. I was entirely
unconscious of weariness and human needs.
It was about ten o’clock at night when some one asked,—
“Did you have supper?” This little question called me to the
consciousness of my condition.
“No,” I answered; “I have not had a mouthful to eat since yesterday
evening.”
A surgeon operating near by looked at me earnestly, and then said,
with the voice of authority,—
“Madam, stop work immediately. We will have you on our hands
next.”
I was cutting a fragment of a blue blouse away from the arm of a
wounded young soldier. I continued my work till the bits of the blouse
were gotten out, as far as I could see, then laid on a wet compress.
“Oh! thank you,” he said, with grateful tears in his eyes.
I went back to the cabin of the hospital boat and had my supper.
After changing my clothes I sat down on a divan, feeling almost too
weak and exhausted to stir. A chaplain came on the boat, inquiring
for me. When he met me he seized my hand and began to bellow. I
have never heard anything like it. When I saw him, I knew that he
was crazy. The officers of the boat ran back to see what was the
matter, and somehow the surgeon in charge managed to get him into
a stateroom and lock him in, and place guards at the door, and the
next day he was sent up with the other patients to St. Louis on that
boat.
Early the next morning I was transferred with the little baggage I had
to another boat set aside for hospital workers. My fine dress, which I

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. Communications signals represented in a binary format are said to be ________.

2. Each zero and one signal represents a ________.

3. Which of the following is NOT an analog device?

7. A ________ is a system of interconnected computers, telephones, or communications

8. A network that covers a wide geographical area is called a ________.

9. A network that covers a city or a suburb is called a(n) ________.

14. A virtual private network may include ________.

17. Any device that is attached to a network is referred to as a ________.

18. A ________ is a fixed-length block of data for transmission.

23. Which of these is NOT a network topology?

30. A type of wired communications technology used to connect equipment in a home

32. The ________ is the basis for ALL telecommunications signals.

35. Which of the following is NOT a type of wireless communications media?

36. What form of wireless transmission sends data to an AM or FM receiver?

37. Which of these types of wireless transmission is limited to line-of-sight communications?

38. Transmitting a signal from a ground station to a satellite is called ________.

42. Broadband technology (wireless digital services) is also referred to as ________-

47. Which of these is NOT a type of malware?

50. Which of the following is NOT a way to spread a virus?

51. A person who gains unauthorized access to computer or telecommunications systems

58. Which of these is NOT an example of public-key encryption?

60. RSA encryption is an example of ________ technology.

True / False Questions

61. Analog refers to communications signals represented in a binary format.

63. A thermometer and a speedometer are examples of analog devices.

64. Telephones have always been digital devices.

66. "Modem" is short for modulate/demodulate.

69. The Internet is a WAN.

70. A LAN is a type of network that covers a wide geographical area.

77. Routers join multiple wired and/or wireless networks.

78. A gateway is an interface device permitting communication between similar networks.

85. Most microcomputers come with Ethernet capability.

89. The radio-frequency spectrum is part of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation; it

92. Infrared transmission is a type of low-frequency wireless transmission that is short-range

93. GPS satellites use medium-Earth-orbits.

94. Bluetooth is a short-range wireless (microwave) connection-up to 33 feet.

95. Analog cellphones were 1G phones.

102. Analog cellphones are 2G (second-generation) phones.

103. Cellphones are basically two-way radios.

104. 2G and 3G cellphones are digital, not analog.

107. The latest version of Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 standard) is version a.

109. Bluetooth is a short-range, wireless communications method for linking cellphones,

110. A denial-of-service attack uses a virus to crash your computer.

111. Worms, viruses, and Trojan horse are all malware.

114. A virus is capable of destroying or corrupting data.

115. Cellphones do not get infected by malware.

120. There are two basic types of data encryption.

Fill in the Blank Questions

Short Answer Questions

Fill in the Blank Questions

129. A peer-to-peer (P2P) network operates without relying on a ________.

143. The Internet uses the ________ network topology.

153. A transmission medium's speed is usually measured in ________ or ________.

153. A transmission medium's speed is usually measured in or .