M11- Applying Site Surveys and Set Out Procedures to Building Level 4

Level IV ADDIS COLLEGE
ADDIS COLLEGE
On-Site Building Construction Management

Level IV
Learning Guide
Unit of Competence:-Apply Site Surveys and Set-Out Procedures to Building Projects
Module Title:-Applying Site Surveys and Set-Out Procedures to Building Projects
LG Code: EIS SCW4 11 0322
TTLM Code: EIS SCW4 11 0322
LO1:- set out a building on selected site with minimal profiles
2015 E.C
Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #20
The following content coverage and topics;

 Site information and dimensions are identified from site plan and checked against plan
drawings.
 Survey pegs are measured to ensure correct identification occurred before pilot pegs are
positioned.
 Profiles pegs set-up on site at a working distance from pilot pegs and parallel to pilot line.
 Marks to indicate outside of building or other structural members are made.
 Cut and fill calculations are conducted without error
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page. Specifically, upon completion
of this Learning Guide, you will be able to
 Identify site information and dimensions from site plan and check against plan drawings.
 Measure survey pegs to ensure correct identification occur before pilot pegs are positioned.
 Set up profiles pegs on site at a working distance from pilot pegs and parallel to pilot line.
 Make marks to indicate outside of building or other structural members following safety
procedures.
Conduct cut and fill calculations without error
Learning Activities
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide”1”
2. Read the information written in the “Information Sheet 1, 2,3&4”
3 Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in pages 13”
4. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio
6.operation sheet in page “29”
7. Lap test in page “30”
8. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Learning Guide 2”. However, if your rating is unsatisfactory,
see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning Activity #1.
6. Request you teacher to observe your demonstration of the exercises and give you feedback
*Your teacher will evaluate your output either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If
Unsatisfactory, your teacher shall advice you on additional work. But if satisfactory you can proceed to the next
topic. Learning Guide

Information Sheet- 1 set out a building
The details of Setting-out Profile Set-up for Building Works are essential to proper construction
of a building. Layout prepares the site for the foundation which must be planned and completed for each
building being constructed. This chapter introduces the carpenter to the tools, materials, and techniques used
in the effective accomplishment of these vital Setting-out Profile Set-ups for Building Works.
LAYOUT
Layout techniques are described in the following paragraphs. The following are the most commonly used
layout tools and materials:
 A string line is used to distinguish the dimensions of the building layout.
 A sledgehammer is used to sink corner stakes or batter boards and posts.
 A posthole auger is used to dig the holes required to set posts properly in some soils.
 A handsaw is used to cut batter boards and posts.
 An ax or a hatchet is used to sharpen batter-board posts and stakes.
 A hammer is used for building batter boards.
 A chalk line is used to deposit chalk on the surface in order to make a straight guideline.
 A 100-foot/30-meter tape is used for measuring diagonally (usually in a 100 foot length) and for laying out
excavation or foundation lines.
 Tracing tape is used for laying out excavation or foundation lines. The tape is made of cotton cloth
approximately 1 inch wide. It usually comes in a 200 foot length.
 A carpenter's level is used to level a surface and to sight level lines. It may be used directly on the surface
or with a straightedge.
 A line level has a spirit bubble to show levelness. The level is hung from a taut line. It gives the greatest
accuracy when it is placed halfway between the points to be leveled.
 An automatic level measures approximate differences in elevation and can establish grades over limited
distances. The landscape, level bubble, and index line are seen in the tube.
 8d nails are used to secure string line to batter boards.
 A plumbing bob is used to locate the corners of the building dimensions.
 A framing square is used to check the squareness of lines.

Layout Tools and Materials
String line Sledgehammer Posthole auger
Handsaw Ax or Hatchet Hammer
Chalk line Tracing tape Carpenters Level
Line level plu

automatic level
mbing bob

LAYING OUT A RECTANGULAR BUILDING SITE

Working from an established line, such as a road or a property line (line AB in Figure 4-1) that is parallel to
construction, establish the maximum outer perimeter (AB, CD, AC, BD) of the building area.
Measure away from the front line (AB) along the side lines (AC and BD) the distances (AO and BO) desired
to the dimension of the project that is to run parallel to the front line.
Stretch a line tightly from point O to O. This line will mark the project's frontage. Measure in from
lines AC and BD along line OO one-half the difference between the length of line OO and the desired length
of the project. The points (X and X) will constitute the front corners of the project. The two distances OX and
XO establish the distances E and F. Extend lines from the two front corners X and X, parallel to AC and BD
at the distances established as E and F for the required depth of the project. This provides the side lines of
the project (XG and XH).Joining the extreme ends of side XH will provide the rear line (GH) of the project.
After the four corners (X, X, G. and H) have been located, drive stakes at each corner. Batter boards may be
erected at these points either after the stakes have been set or while they are being set. Dimensions are
determined accurately during each step.

LAYING OUT AN IRREGULAR BUILDING SITE
Where the outline of the building is other than a rectangle, the procedure in establishing each point
is the same as described for laying out a simple rectangle. However, more points have to be located, and the
final provingof the work is more likely toreveal a small error. Whenthe building is an irregularshape, it is
advisable to firstlay out a large rectanglewhich will comprise theentire building or the greaterpart of it. This
is shown inFigure 4-2 as HOPQWhenthis is established, the remaining portion of the layout will consist of
small rectangles, each of which can be laid out and proved separately. These rectangles are shown as
LMNPABCQ,DEFG, and IJKO in Figure4-2.

SETTING BATTER BOARDS

Batter boards are a temporary framework used to assist in locating corners when laying out a
foundation. Batter-board posts are made from 2 x 4 or 4 x 4 material; corner stakes are made from 2 x 2s.
Batter boards are made from 1 x 4 or 1 x 6 pieces.
Staking Procedures
Corner stakes are driven to mark the exact corners of the project. Excavating
for a foundation will disturb the stakes, so batter boards are set up outside the
boundary established by the stakes to preserve definite and accurate building
lines. Heavy cord or fine wire is stretched from one batter board to another to
mark these lines.
Location of Batter Boards
Figure 4-3 shows how to locate batter boards. Right-angle batter boards are
erected 3 or 4 feet outside of each corner stake. Straight batter boards are
erected 3 or 4 feet outside of the line stakes.
Construction of Batter Boards
Right-angle batter boards should be fastened to the posts after the posts are
sunk. Since the boards should be at the exact height of the top of the
foundation, it may be desirable to adjust the height by nailing the boards to the
stakes after the stakes have been sunk. Right-angle batter boards may be
nailed close to perpendicular by using a framing square and should be leveled
by means of a carpenter’s level before they are secured. Then, angle saw cuts
maybe made or nails driven into the tops of the boards to hold the lines in
place. Separate cuts or nails may be used for the building line, the foundation
line, the footing line, and excavation lines. These grooves permit the removal
and replacement of the lines in the correct position.
EXTENDING LINES
The following procedure applies to a simple layout as shown in Figure 4-4,
and must be amended to apply to different or more complex layout problems:
Step 1.After locating and sinking stakes A and B. erect batter boards1, 2, 3,
and 4. Extend a chalk line (X) from batter board 1 to batter board 3, over
stakes A and B.
Step2. After locating and sinking stake C, erect batter boards 5 and6. Extend
chalk line Y from batter board 2 over stakes A and C tobatter board 6.
Step 3. After locating and sinking stake D, erect batter boards 7 and8. Extend chalk line Z from batter board
5 to batter board 7, overstakes C and D.
Step 4. Extend line O from batter board 8 to batter board 4, over stakes D and B.Where foundation walls are
wide at the bottom and extend beyond the outside dimensions of the building, theexcavation must be larger
than the laid-out size. To lay out dimensions of this excavation, measure out as faras required from the
building line on each batter board and stretch lines between these points, outside the firstlayout.


Information Sheet- 2 Setting out profile building and right angle

Setting out profile building
 The basic definition of setting out
Setting out: is opposite of leveling this means transferring of data from plan to the ground.
-leveling is an instrument that is used to transfer data from grained to plan.
-setting out is the process or operation of laying out engineering works by placing peg on aside of
works.
The basic advantage of setting out is:-
1. To get right angle
2. To set out building corners
.Types andMethods of setting out: -

In setting out simple building we use one of the three methods.
These are: -
1. The 3,4,5 method
2. The builder’s square method
3. Leveling instruments.
1. the 3, 4, 5 methods
1. Mark out the building line from the road by measuring the required distance from the centre
of the road, or by stretching a line along an existing building to the proposed site. The
building line is then, represented by a line knows the ranging line, which also marks the
front wall of the building as shown by GG1 in Fig.
2. Mark out the overall length of the building by driving pegs at A and B along the ranging
line.
3. Obtain two steel tape measures; mark out four equal distances on the ranging line starting
from the corner peg at B. These distances may be in any unit of measurement. That is mm,
cm, m etc.
4. Pull a tape measure from point B to C and ask an assistant to hold it, ready with hammer
and peg.
5. Pull the second tape from fourth mark at D on the ranging line to point E on the first tape.
6. The distance 5m if using meters on tape DE should coincide with point 3m on tape BEC.
Then the angle B is 90 degree (from Pythagoras theorem). If the points do not coincide, the
tape BC is either shifted out wards or in wards until 5m on the second tape coincide with the
3m marks on the first tape.
7. Repeat the same procedure to obtain the right angle for BAF and mark out the over all
width of the building.
8. Establish corner pegs and erect profiles.
9. Mark the position of partition wall on the profile with either nails or saw cut. Ranging lines
are stretched through these nails and the corner pegs to mark the ground to indicate the line
of excavation for the foundation trench.

Fig. 2. 3.4.5 method
. Builder’s square method: -
1. Set out the front or building line in the usual manner with pegs or marks at the required distance.
2. Place the builder’s square so that front line touch one side if the square right through its length.
3. Stretch a line from the peg so that it is parallel to second side of the square and establish the third peg. A
corner of angle 90 degree is thus obtained.
4. With the aid of a tape measure mark out the length and breadth of the proposed building.
5. Transferring the builder’s square to the remaining corners and repeating the above operations; a simple
rectangular building can be set out.
6. After establishing the four corner pegs, profiles (separate or continuous) may be erected in the same way.

Fig 3. Builders square.
Self-Check-1 Written Test

1. ________is opposite of leveling this means transferring of data from plan to the ground?
2. What is the d/t b/n leveling & setting out?
3. Leveling is transfer of data from plan to ground

Terminology of used in setting out works

1. Peg:- is a short point wooden rod draivenoin to the ground to mark an excavation, constriction
ETC
Then a nail driven in to the top of the peg usually shown the position of the ground.
2. Stake:- is a timber pointed at one end for the driving in to the grained.
3. Specks:-is large sized nail usually made of iron or steel. They are driven in to hard surfaces at
point whose levels are to be determined are already known.
4. Batter bored or profile bored:-are horizontal borders 150mm by 25mm cut to varying length
they are nailed to 100mm*50mm or 50mmsqure postes. Which have been pointed &driven in to
the grained.
-they are fixed on edge at datum level out the foundation dig for a building.
-the level at which they are set is usually basement or grained floor on a continent number of
meters or fraction. There is above or below.
Nails in the top of edge of the borders show the dig lines or footing lines, building lines or any
other important line for setting out the lower part of the building.
One better bored is fixed at each end of each line.
To for each corner so that strings can be stretches between the nails to show any required line at
any time. it is known as profile bored.
-batter bored is located about 0.50-10mout side the limited of foundation wall.
-the line defined by nails in the top of the batten bored is the outside faces of the wall.
Identifying &indicating site bounders
Locating:-to locate of the survey line or boundary may be defined by means of bearing, azimute,
deflection angle angle to the right &soon.
IDENTIFYING SURVEY PEGS FOR SITE PLAN
-to establish any boundary or survey line in this may be used `the material survey peg is:-
Pegs:-are made up of wood &used to make the position of stations or terminal point of the survey line.
They are made to penetrate in to the grained with the help of hammer around 10are used for mea cm at
the position of point.
-Tapes:-used for measuring accurate length on the grained.
-Tape may be classified in to:-
1. Steel tape 2, metallic tape 3, invar tape
IDENTIFYING SURVEY BOUNDARIS
The exact position of the boundary of building or two countries boundary is horizontally controlled by
the building line which is defined by the municipality of any town or city.
-the building line is set from edge or center line of the road.

2. Setting out works

2.1. Terminology used in setting out work
The following terminology is used in setting out in civil engineering work and the trainee are advised to
learn the terminology thoroughly as he/she across the terms while studying this chapter.
Setting out: - is the process on operation of laying out engineering projects by placing pegs on the site of
works. Setting out is the opposite of levelling that is data are transferred from plans to the ground.
Pegs:- are short pointed wooden rods driving in to the ground to mark an excavation, construction,
etc .line or a level. A nail driven in top of the peg usually shows the position of the point.
Batten boards(profile board) :- A horizontal board 150mm by 25mmcut to varying length. They are
nailed to 100mmx50mmx50mm square post which have been pointed and driven into the ground. Batten
board or profile board located about 0.5-1.0m out side the limits of foundation wall. The lines defined by
nails in the top of the profile boards are the out side faces.
Fig. 1. Setting out

Information Sheet- 3 Set out right angled corner
The Site Square Method/Leveling Instruments/

When a right angle is to be set out, the corner of the angle and one side of the corner are always
known. One has only to find the second side. The square solves the problem in a very simple, quick and
reliable way.
1. Setting out of the front or building line in the usual manner, with pegs or marks at the required distances.
2. Set up the tripod at peg 2 so that the datum rod is directly over the peg or mark, which represents the
corner point. Mark sure that the pegs are firm on the ground.
3. Release the spike screw and extend the spike so that it sits firmly on the nail or mark. Tighten the
screw.
4. Before mounting the instrument in to the tripod head, ensure that the locoing screw is tightened.
Screw on the site square. Release the locking screw. By rotating the site square, point the lower
telescope along the front or building line. Tight the locking screws.
1. Check the circular bubble over the top of the instrument. This will probably be found to be “off-
center”. To correct this release the tripod leg screws and adjust the instrument until the bubble
comes in to the center of the circle. When this is achieved, tighten the tripod leg secure. The
instrument is now ready to use.
2. When this position is obtained, measure the distance required to peg 3. Now by sighting through
the top telescope, taking care note to rotate the instrument to the right or left, signal and assistant
to move the peg side ways until it is “dead on” peg 3 is now positioned at an angle of 900.
3. By removing the site square to peg 3 and living up on peg 2, the removing corner peg, peg 4 can
be set out using the procedures already given.
4. Profiles can be marked easily by lifting the telescope upwards, having sighted on to the peg, and
having a nail in the ‘ dead on” position on the profile board.

Fig 4. Setting out with leveling instrument.

Setting out columns and piers
Columns and piers, which are up right supports, should be set out on two lines that pass thought the
centre of the column or pier at right angles to each other.
Follow these steps to set out columns and piers: -

5. Locate the positions of the columns or piers on the working drawings.
6. Measure the positions on the ground and place pegs to mark the centre of the columns or piers.
7. Check the lines are at right angles to the proposed wall positions.
8. Run lines from the centre of the pegs in both directions to the opposite wall positions or profiles.
9. Remove the pegs at the building work progresses.

Fig. 4. Setting out columns
Information Sheet- 4 Install other building line

Setting out circular buildings

Circular buildings need profiles that move.
Setting up a moving profile for a circular building.
STEP ACTION
1 Find out the radius of the building from the working drawings.
2 Mark out this measurement on the ground.
3 Place a stake securely on the ground at the end of the radius in the centre of
the building.
4 Drill a 12mm hole in the stake.
5 Place a 12mm reinforcing bar in the hole in the stake.
6 Check the top of the bar is level.
7 Cement the stake in position.
8 Loop a piece of rope, which is the length of the radius of the building over the
reinforcing bar. Measure the distance to the inner and outer sides of the
foundation from the working drawings.
Use the rope to measure the same distance on the ground.

Mark the distances ground the out line of the building.
Fig. 5. Setting out circular building

After measuring the radius and position the stake, place a 12 x 150mm board over the reinforcing bar.
This method can be used instead of setting out with rope. The board is called a trammel.
Note: - You should measure the width of the foundation and masonry walls and mark the top for further
use.
3. Site clearing and excavation
Objectives: - At the end of this course element the trainee will be able to carry out excavation work.
3.1. Site clearing

The preliminary site works for a construction project usually begins after the site facilities are set
up.
All vegetations such as bushes and scrub; should be removed; the roots of trees and bushes must
be dug out and cleared away. If the new building is to be built on an area of already existing, the old
building has to be demolished, the debris cleared away and existing services disconnected and removed.
Virgin site have to be cleared of grasses, trees, rocks and old vehicles.
Site clearing used to be carried out using manual labors with pickaxes and spades. Due to the
mechanization of building operations, there are mechanical plants, which can carry out site clearance
operation with comparative ease and safely. These plants are only medium and large sized firms can
afford to own them. Site clearance is therefore largely done using manual labors (especially for housing
projects).
 The building sits area and surrounding areas should be inspected for termites as part of the
process of clearing the site.
 The ground a termite nest is usually treated with toxic chemicals and powders should be
mixed in the open air.
*Trial holes: A contractor will dig trial holes as part of excavation. For example, if water appears in the
trial holes, then the contractor may use pumps to keep them dry while the building workers are digging.
If the soil is very loose, then the contractor will want to put in timber supports to strengthen the sides of
the excavation.
3.1.1The topsoil excavation
Top soil should be removed because;

1. The topsoil contains vegetations, which can damage foundations.
2. The topsoil is not firm enough to support a building.
The topsoil should be removed at least 200-300 mm depth. It is to remove the roots of bushes and trees
that are growing with in the boundary of the building; it must have to be excavated more than 300 mm.
Note: Do not use the soil to backfill holes that are created by excavating roots in the topsoil. The soil
may settle to a different level in the over site concrete. You should pack hard core tightly in the holes or
use a weak concrete mixture or filler

Fig. 6 Topsoil excavations

3.2 Bulk excavation
After the removal of the topsoil, there should be a firm sub soil that is strong enough to support
the over site concrete and building loads.
1. Use working drawing to see how deep the hard-core bed should be.
2. Dig down part the topsoil to the recommended level in the sub soil.
3. Inspect the ground to check that the sub soil is firm.
4. Dig out any soft patches of ground and fill with tightly packed hard core.
The working can be done manually with:
 Spades;
 Shovels;
 Pick axes;
 Wheelbarrows.
Mechanical equipment make the jobs much easier. A bulldozer can quickly push the topsoil out of the
way for later disposal. It is possible to reduce levels with a mechanical shovel and the excavated
material directly onto a tipper truck for removal.

Fig. 7 Bulk excavations

3.3 Trench excavations
When to dig deeper into the sub soil to excavate trenches for strip foundation, the depth of excavation
for the trenches will be indicated on the working drawings. Excavation by hand, using pickaxe, spades
and shovels are good method for excavating trenches for the foundations of small buildings. If you want
to achieve more speed than you can use a back actor. This is a particular good piece of machinery to use
if the trenches are quit deeper.
There are tow methods to check that the excavation is deep enough:
1. Use a leveling instrument to check the depth of the trench against the site datum
Fig. 8 Trench excavation

Use a boning rod to measure the depth of digging.

The deeper the excavation, the more it cost dig and fill with concrete. Although the concrete will
smooth out any differences in depth, it is more economical to be accurate.
Excavated soil should be removed from the trench. You can use some of the excavated soil to fill in
around the foundation brickwork, but the rest should be removed from the site. After the excavation is
completed, the building inspect may want to check that the sub soil in the bottom of the trench will
support the building load.
3.4 Deep excavation
3.4.1 Excavating pit for column or piers
Excavation for the base of a column or pier is called a pit. Pit is usually square. Mark a
position and dig around the central point of the column or pier. You can dig pits by hand or use a
back actor. Any water should remove and the sides of doubt about their suitability
. 3.4.2 Digging holes for piles
A short-board pile is usually used for small buildings. They are circular concrete columns
formed in holes in the ground. An auger, which is a spiral-shaped hand tool, is used to drill a hole in
the ground. As it rotates it drills dawn in to the soil. When you pull out the auger, if brings out the
soil with it create a circular hole. You repeat the process until to support a building load.
Augers can be turned by hand or by machine. Manual augers are usually suitable for small
job s. Bigger and deeper piles require mechanical augers, which to put in piles, then the ground be
soft enough to drill in to with an auger.
Fig 9-1

Fig. 9. Using boning rod
3.4.3 Digging in to sloping sites
Most building sites are mot perfectly level. The design for a sloping may have different floor
levels or a basement to cope with the changes in levels. You use the cut and fill method of
excavation. If you want to keep a level ground floor in spite of a slope. In this method the soil from
the upper part of the slope is cut out and deposited on the lower part of the slope. This crate a level
base for the construction of the floor. The base must be well packed so that the building is stable.
 Digging a basement on sloping site you may want to make a basement. In a house on sloping
wall to support the side of the remaining slope, near the building.
To successfully dig a basement on a sloping site, you will need to:-

 Reduce the pressure from the ground on the vertical wall at the back of the house. Normally,
you would ask the advice of a structural engineer and then build a retaining wall.
 Reduce the pressure from the ground on the vertical wall at the back of the house. Normally,
you would ask the device a structural engineering and then build a retaining wall.
 Produce a damp proof membrane (DPM) between the soil and the adjacent wall.

Fig 10 Excavation on sloping site
3.4.4 Supporting the side of excavation

The contractors need to assess how long an excavation can safely remain open without the support
for the sides. If the weather is very dry, then the lack of moisture may cause the soil to shrink, crack,
and fill in. If the weather is very hot, then the sides of the excavation may be unstable. In both cases,
it is better to provide timber support for the sides of excavation wall.

Fig 11. Supporting the sides of an excavation
As a rule, the looser the soil, the more it needs to b supported. Excavation on confined site may also
need support in case heavy loads are placed or driven too close to the edge of trench or pits. The live of
the workers digging in the excavation are at risk unless the contractor takes proper precautions. The
timber struts, which are wedged, between planks support, the side of excavation. These supports consist
of: -
1. Poling:-which are vertical planks supporting the soil. In sand or gravel, they should be placed
closed enough together to form a continuous timber wall. Depending on the soil type and working
condition they be placed about 900mm apart. The purpose of poling is to keep the soil on the side
of excavation from falling in.
2. Waling; - Which are horizontal timber strips supporting the poling.
3. Strut; - Are timber that span across the trench between the waling. The struts hold the opposite
wall of the excavation in place.

4. Wedges; - Which are pieces of timber used to maintain the pressure of poling against the soil. If
the soil expands or shrinks, while the work is carried out, then you may need to adjust the wedge
again
Finding water in excavation; -
A trial hole may show that the water is normally present in the ground on site. The level of water in
the hole is called water table. It varies according to the season and the amount of rainfall. Water also
inters the excavation when it rains. If the rainwater does not drain away naturally, then you should pump
it out so those, the work can continue in the excavation.
- If you use a pump, then the end of the hose line should be below the bottom of excavations in a
small depression called sump.
- -The hose should have filter to prevent dirt from coming up in to the pump.
- -If you remove the water by hand, then you must dig a swamp that is large enough for bucket.
When the water removed, it should be drained away so that it does not run backing to the
excavation.
Site clearing and excavation
Objectives: - At the end of this course element the trainee will be able to carry out excavation work.
1. Site clearing
The preliminary site works for a construction project usually begins after the site facilities are set up.
All vegetation’s such as bushes and scrub; should be removed; the roots of trees and bushes must
be dug out and cleared away. If the new building is to be built on an area of already existing, the old
building has to be demolished, the debris cleared away and existing services disconnected and removed.
Virgin site have to be cleared of grasses, trees, rocks and old vehicles.
Site clearing used to be carried out using manual labors with pickaxes and spades. Due to the
mechanization of building operations, there are mechanical plants, which can carry out site clearance
operation with comparative ease and safely. These plants are only medium and large sized firms can
afford to own them. Site clearance is therefore largely done using manual labors (especially for housing
projects).
 The building sits area and surrounding areas should be inspected for termites as part of the
process of clearing the site.
 The ground a termite nest is usually treated with toxic chemicals and powders should be
mixed in the open air.
*Trial holes: A contractor will dig trial holes as part of excavation. For example, if water appears in the
trial holes, then the contractor may use pumps to keep them dry while the building workers are digging.
If the soil is very loose, then the contractor will want to put in timber supports to strengthen the sides of
the excavation.
Operation Sheet- 1 set out a building on selected site with

minimal profiles
OPERATION TITLE:set out a building on selected site with minimal profiles

PURPOSE:
 For Checking diagonal measurements for sureness
 For Adjusting line to provide square relationship
 For Checking measurements for accuracy
 To get right angle
CONDITIONS OF SITUATION
TOOLS AND MTERIALS
Materials
 Tape
 Page
 huselevel
 Tri square
 String line
 Sledge hammer
 Hand level
 Chelk line
 Plum bobEtc
PROCEDURE:
1. Calculate the depth from the top of the profile to the desired level of the excavation. The working
drawings and measurements on site.
2. Make a measuring staff called boning rod, which is the same length as the distance between the top of
the profiles and the bottom of the trench.
3. Place the boning rod in the trench.
4. Dig down until the top of the “T” on the boning rod lines up with the top of the profiles.
PRECAUTION;*use safety tools and material

QUALITY CRITERIA: the students can evaluate his success in performing the operation.
LAP Test 1 Laying out a Rectangular Building Site and Setting

(Learning activity performance
test) Batter Board

LAP Test Practical Demonstration
Name:_____________________________Date: _________________
Time Started: ______________________Time Finished: ________________
Instructions: give short answer

1. What is the advantage of knowing personal safety?
2. Why safety for hand tools and equipment is required?
3. Why safety is needed for working area?
4. Write the necessary things that should be in first aid kit.
ADDIS COLLEGE


Level IV
Learning Guide
LO2 Prepare and test leveling devices


 The various components of leveling devices are identified
 Basic tests on leveling device accuracy are performed according to manufacturer
specifications.
 The effects of maladjustment in leveling devices according to standard operating
procedures are identified and recorded.
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page. Specifically, upon
completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to
 Identify the various components of leveling devices.

 Perform basic tests on leveling device accuracy according to manufacturer specifications.
 Identify and record the effects of mal-adjustment in leveling devices according to standard
operating procedures Conductcut and fill calculations without error
Learning Activities
2. Read the information written in the “Information Sheet 1,”
5. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Learning Guide3”. However, if your rating is unsatisfactory,
6. Request you teacher to observe your demonstration of the exercises and give you feedback
*Your teacher will evaluate your output either satisfactory or unsatisfactory.
Unsatisfactory, your teacher shall advice you on additional work. But if satisfactory you can proceed to the
next topic. Learning Guide
Information Sheet- 1 Prepare and test leveling devices

Testing levels
1. The axis of the circular bubble should be parallel to the instrument’s vertical axis
Test: By rotating the leveling screws bring the bubble into the central position. Rotate the instrument
halfway around. If the bubble remains centred the condition is fulfilled. If it has been displaced, correct
one-half of the error with the use of adjusting screws (screw drivers) of the bubble and half of the error
by means of the leveling screws. Repeat the same method of procedure until the bubble remains centred.
2.The horizontal crosshair should be perpendicular to the instruments vertical axis

Test: To test for this condition set a leveling rod (staff) at 30-40m away from the instrument and take
readings by the two ends of the horizontal cross-hair at the same position of the leveling rod. If the
readings agree then the condition is fulfilled. If they differs by more than 2mm rotate the diaphragm by
using the adjusting screws until the readings are in agreement.
3. The telescope’s line of sight should be true level for instruments with compensators
This test involves leveling by two-rod technique (peg test). Two wooden pegs are driven in to the
ground at a distance d of approximately 50m-70m apart. With the level set up at the mid-point between
the pegs, a back sight reading (BS) “a” is taken at the rod at peg A, and a fore sight reading (FS) “b” is
taken at peg B (see fig.3). Assuming that the error due to the inclined line of sight is x1 the correct height
difference h between the two pegs is computed as follows:
h = (a + x1) – (b + x1) = a – b
Figure 10
Next the level is moved near to peg A and the back sight (BS) reading “c” is taken at the rod at peg
A(fig 4). Then a fore sight (FS) reading “d” is taken at the rod held at B. Let x2 represent the error in
fore sight (FS) reading due to inclination of the line of sight. Then x2 can be computed from the
following:

Figure 11
h=c-(d+x2) = (a-b)
X2= (c-d)-(a-b)
The line of sight is inclined downward if x2is positive and upward if x2 is negative. The error introduced
by this source can be completely eliminated by balancing the back sight (BS) and fore sight (FS)
distances.
SELF CHECK WRITTEN TEST

Name: _________________________________ Date: _______________

Time Started: ____________________________ Time Finished: _______________
Directions: Answer the following

1. The axis of the circular bubble should be parallel to the instrument’s vertical axis?(5pts)
2. horizontal cross hair should be perpendicular to the instruments vertical axis?(5pts)
Answer Sheet Score = ___________

Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I. Short Answer Questions
1. __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________
ADDIS COLLEGE


Level IV
Learning Guide
LG Code: ON BCM4 M05 0721
TTLM Code: ON BCM4TTLM 0721
LO3 Operate leveling devices


 Temporary adjustments to 'set up' leveling equipment are carried out in accordance with
standard operating procedures.
 Horizontal and vertical angles are determined using leveling devices.
 Site is set out to specifications using leveling device
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page. Specifically, upon completion
 Carry out temporary adjustments to 'set up' leveling equipment in accordance with
standard operatingprocedures.
 Determine horizontal and vertical angles using leveling devices.
of this Learning Guide, you will be able to
 Set out site to specifications using leveling device.Conductcut and fill calculations
without error
Learning Activities
2. Read the information written in the “Information Sheet 1,
5.operation sheet in page “47”
6. Lap test in page “49”
8.Request you teacher to observe your demonstration of the exercises and give you
feedback

Apply basic levelling procedures

Introduction to Leveling

Leveling is the process of measuring vertical distances above or below a given reference surface and a
point on near or below the earth’s surface. It can also be defined as the processes of determining
elevation differences between various points on, near or below the surface of the earth. The elevation of
a point is its vertical distance above or below a reference level, called datum. The most commonly used
datum is the mean sea level (M.S.L)
Leveling is an important method of surveying for many engineering works and construction projects.
Leveling is needed for the design of highways, railways, and canals etc and for locating the gradient
lines.
The results of leveling can be used to determine the catchments area, volume of the reservoir.
Basic Definitions
The following are a few introductory definitions that are necessary for the understanding of this chapter

I. A vertical line- is the line parallel to the direction of gravity. At a particular point it is the
direction assumed by a plumb-bob sting if the plumb-bob is allowed to swing freely.
Because of the earth’s curvature, plumb-bob lines at points some distance apart are not
parallel, but in plane surveying they are assumed to be.
II. A level surface- is a surface of constant elevation that is perpendicular to a plumb line at
every point. It is best represented by the shape that a large body of still water would take
if it were unaffected by tide.
Figure 1
III. The elevation of a particular point- is the vertical distance above or below a reference
level surface (normally, sea level)
IV. A level line- is a curved line in a level surface all points of which are of equal
elevation.Every element of the line is perpendicular to gravity.
V. A horizontal line- is a straight line tangent to a level line at one point.
4.2 Principle of direct leveling
When the leveling instrument has been properly levelled, the bubble tube axis and the line of sight are
horizontal and the vertical axis of the instrument is truly vertical. When the telescope of the instrument
is rotated, the line of sight remains in the horizontal plane.
In practice, the leveling instrument is set up at a convenient position, and the one staff is kept at a point
of known elevation. The reading is taken on the staff and the level of the line of sight is determined.
Now the 2nd staffs are kept on the point of the unknown elevation and a reading is taken. The level of
the point is determined from the level of the line of sight already computed and from the 2 nd staff
reading.

Figure 2
4.3 Terms used in direct leveling
The following terms are commonly used in leveling.
1. Station. The station is the point where the staff is held for taking reading (observation) from a
leveling instrument.
The point where the instrument is set up is not important so far the booking of the readings in a
level field book is concerned.
2. Height of the instrument. (H.I): It is the elevation of the line of sight with respect to the datum.
It should be noted that the height of instrument is not the height of the line of sight above the
ground where the leveling instrument is set up.
3. Back sight (B.S.): It is the reading taken on a staff held at point of known elevation or at the
point whose elevation has already been determined. The back sight is usually the first reading
taken after setting up the instrument. The back sight is taken on a bench Mark (B.M) for the
first setting of the instrument and on a turning point (T.P.) for the subsequent settings because
the level of turning point can be determined before the shifting of the instrument.
4. Fore sight (F.S.): It is the reading taken on the staff either held at the last point whose elevation
is required or held at the turning point just before shifting the instrument.
5. Turning point. (T.P.): For leveling over a long distance, the instrument has to be set up a
number of times. A turning point is the point selected on the route before shifting the
instrument. The turning point should be selected on a firm ground or rock.

Figure 3
6. Intermediate sight. (I.S.): It is the reading taken on a staff held at point whose elevations is
required, but which is not a turning point or the last point.
7. Balancing of sight: To reduce the effect of instrumental and other errors, the distance of the
point where a back sight is taken and the distance of the point where a fore sight is taken, as
measured from the instrument station, should be approximately equal. This is known as
balancing of sights.
Leveling Instruments
Levels
Levels are categorized in to three groups.
1) Dumpy levels 2) Tilting levels 3) and Automatic levels
1. Dumpy levels
In dumpy level, the line of sight is perpendicular the vertical axis. Once the instrument is levelled the
line of sight becomes horizontal and the vertical axis becomes truly vertical provided the instrument in
adjacent.
2. Tilting levels
It has the telescope that can be tilted about a horizontal axis. This design enables the operator to quickly
and accurately centre the bubble and brings the line of sight in to a horizontal plane. In tilting levels the
line of sight is or should be parallel to the axis of the telescope. It is only horizontal when the bubble of
the spirit level is central.
3. Automatic levels
One of the most significant improvements in leveling instrumentation has been automatic level or self-
leveling levels. It has an internal compensatory that automatically makes horizontal the line of sight and
maintains the position through the application of the force of gravity. As soon as the instrument is
leveled by a means of a circular bubble, the movable component of the compensatory swings free to a

position that makes the line of sight horizontal. The compensatory can operate within the range of  10
minutes of arc from the horizontal.
a)Dumpy level b) Tilting level c) Automatic level

Figure 4
1. Tripods
A tripod is a three- legged stand used to support a level or other surveying instrument during field
measurements. There are two models of tripods.
(1) The extension leg tripod and
(2) The fixed leg tripod.
Figure 5athe extension leg tripodFigure 5bFixed leg tripod
 Level rods (leveling staff)

They are used to measure the vertical distance between a line of sight and a survey point and a height
different between two points.

Figure 6 leveling staff
 Preparing levels for work
1. Setting up: Set up the tripod at a convenient height and press the tripod feet firmly into the
ground. The tripod head should be approximately horizontal. Fix the instrument on it.
2. Leveling up: Level the instrument with the foot screws until the circular bubble is in the centre.
Fig. 1 shows the procedure how to level an automatic level:
The movement of the circular bubble can be divided into two directions. One direction is parallel
to line joining any two of the foot screws. The second direction is then parallel to a perpendicular
line from the third foot screw to the line joining the two other foot screws.
Turn the instrument until the telescope axis is parallel to any two foot screws.
The screws are held by the thumb and forefinger of each hand and turned equally and
simultaneously in the opposite direction until the bubble has moved to the line AB (fig. 1a).
LineAB is perpendicular to the line through the two foot screws.
By using the third screw the bubble is moved towards the centre of the circle (fig. 1b). The
leveling procedure is completed when the bubble is in the centre of the circle (fig. 1c).

Figure71a figure 7b figure 7c
Left thumb rule: the bubble is always moving towards the direction of movement of the left
thumb!
3. Focusing: First focus the eyepiece until the cross hairs appear sharp and clear then point the
telescope towards the object (staff) and focus until you see clearly the graduation of the staff.
Leveling Methods
Differential leveling
Differential leveling is required for the determination of the difference of elevation of two points, which
are quite apart. A number of setting ups of the instrument are required in differential leveling.
In fig. 1 BM1 represents a point of known elevation (benchmark) and BM2 represents a benchmark to be
established some distance away. It is desired to determine the elevation of BM2. The level is placed in
such a location that a clear rod reading is obtainable, but no attempt is made to keep on the direct line
joining BM1 and BM2. A back sight is taken on BM1. The rod-man chooses a turning point TP1 at some
convenient spot with in the range of the telescope along the general route BM1 to BM2. It is desirable,
but not necessary, that each foresight distance as I1–TP1 is approximately equal to its corresponding back
sight distance as BM1-I1. The chief requirement is that the turning point shall be a stable object at an
elevation and in a location favourable to a rod reading of the required precision. The rod is held on a
turning point and a fore sight is taken. The observer then set up the instrument at some favourable point
as I2 and takes a back sight to the rod held on the turning point TP1. Then the rod-man establishes the
second turning point TP2 and the observer takes a fore sight. The process is repeated until finally a
foresight is taken on the terminal point BM2.
To check weather there is an error or not the leveling work should always be started from a known point
and should be finished at a known point.
The leveling field book should be checked immediately in the field.
Note: While taking the readings the staff rod has to be held vertically!

Figure 8 Compound differentials leveling
Profile leveling and procedures
The process of determining the elevation of points at short measured intervals along a fixed line is called profile leveling. The
need of profile leveling arises during the location and construction of highways, railroads, canal, and sewers.
Figure 9 illustrates the steps in leveling for profile.

The instrument is set up in some convenient location not necessarily on the line (as at I 1) and the rod is
held on benchmark (BM3). A back sight is taken and the height of instrument is obtained as in
differential leveling. Readings are then taken with the rod held on the ground at successive stations
along the line. These rod readings, being for points of unknown elevation, are foresights regardless of
whether they are in front or ahead of the level. They are frequently designated as intermediate fore
sights to distinguish them from foresights taken on turning points or benchmarks. The intermediate
foresights subtracted from the height of the instrument give ground elevations of stations. When the rod
has been advanced to a point beyond which further readings to ground points can not be observed, a
turning point (TP1) is selected and a foresight (3.440m) is taken to establish its elevation. The level is set
up in an advanced position (I2) and a back sight (2.988m) is taken on the turning point (TP1) just
established. Rod readings on ground points are then continued as before.
Note: While taking the readings the staff rod has to be held vertically!

Level field books and arithmetic check
A level field book or a level book is used for booking and reducing the levels of various points on the surface of the earth.
There are a lot of methods for reducing the levels: etc. The surveyor should select the level book according to the method of
reduction he proposes to use.
The following table shows a page of the more generalized level book.
Leveling
Observer: _________Instrument:_________Project:_______Date:________ Page:______
Inter mediate
Point Back sight sight Fore sight Ah Elevation Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BM1 1.244 1680.20
TP1 0.662
2.101
TP2 1.021
1.000
BM.2 3.221
B.S= F.S=
Steps to be followed:
1. Sum up all back sight and fore sight readings.

2. Calculate the difference between BS and FS (actual h)
3. Calculate all h`s following the way of subtraction indicated by an arrow.
4. Sum up all h`s
5. Check whether h is equal to the value in step no 2 (actual h) (First check).
6. Add each h to the previous elevations.
7. At the end you will get the elevation of B.M.2
The attached level field book contains seven columns. The first column indicates the point (station) at
which the staff is placed. The second column is for the back sight readings (BS) and the fourth column
is for the fore sight readings. For the illustration of differential leveling given in section 4.6 fig. 1 the
back sight-reading for the station BM 1 is 1.244. The elevation of BM 1 is 1680.20m. All the entries
are shown in the field book.

Name: _________________________________ Date: _______________

1. Explain commonly used in leveling termers?(3pts)

2. Enumerate types of leveling instruments?(3pts)
3.Explain Preparing levels for work?(3pts)
4.Write Profile leveling and procedures?(3pts)
5.Differential leveling? (3pts)


Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
1. __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________________________
.__________________________________________________________________
3.____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
.4.__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Operation Sheet- 1 Profile leveling
Steps to be followed:
1. Sum up all back sight and fore sight readings.

2. Calculate the difference between BS and FS (actual h)
3. Calculate all h`s following the way of subtraction indicated by an arrow.
4. Sum up all h`s
5. Check whether h is equal to the value in step no 2 (actual h) (First check).
6. Add each h to the previous elevations.
7. At the end you will get the elevation of B.M.2
The attached level field book contains seven columns. The first column indicates the point (station) at
which the staff is placed. The second column is for the back sight readings (BS) and the fourth column
is for the fore sight readings. For the illustration of differential leveling given in section 4.6 fig. 1 the
back sight-reading for the station BM 1 is 1.244. The elevation of BM 1 is 1680.20m. All the entries
are shown in the field book.
LAP Test 1 Profile leveling

2. Fill the table with arithmetic check
Inter mediate
Point Back sight sight Fore sight Ah Elevation Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BM1 0.244
TP1 2.662
1.101
TP2 0.021 198.662
3.010
BM.2 1.821
B.S= F.S=

ADDIS COLLEGE

Level IV
Learning Guide
LO
Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #24 4
Mark and determine levels on a grid for contouring and volume calculations


 Set out grid and levels are determined.
 Contour plans are prepared from grid levels to specified tolerances and stated contour
intervals.
 The volume of solids, the surface being leveled and contoured is determined to the
specified tolerances
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page. Specifically,
 Determine set out grid and levels.

 Prepare contour plans from grid levels to specified tolerances and stated contour intervals.
 Determine the volume of solids, the surface being leveled and contoured to the specified
tolerances.
Learning Guide,
3 Accomplish or interprets plan , map
5. exercise plan reading and couture piloting “52 -55”
6. draw couture in page “52”
8.Request you teacher to observe your demonstration of the exercises and give you
feedback

Information Sheet- 1 Mark and determine levels on a

grid for contouring

Topographic maps or Topo Maps provide a general information of planimetric and altimetric
features of surveyed area, multiple uses are encountered in several branch of social –
economical development including military proposes. Most of them are made by government
agencies.
1: 5000
1: 2000
Site Plan 1: 1000
(Topo Plan) 1: 500
1: 200
Site Plan or Topo Plan are made at large scale thereby it provide a very detailed information of
surveyed area, they are use for engineering proposes. Most of them are made by civil
engineers, surveyors, or architect for a specific land development project of relatively small
sites.
600 595
590
585
580
585
590
This is a pattern of large 590
scale map or topo plan in
which we can observe most
of terrain details
1.2 General Surveying methods:

Three methods are applied to gather the necessary data for the subsequent preparation of a
topographic map or plans.
Transit stadia method: Also known as ground method. The collection of the data is done by
means of traditional surveying instruments such as levelling instruments, theodolites, total
station, GPS or ( (stadia tachometers), as well as with tapes etc. This method is economic
and suitable for relative small areas.
Photogrammetric method: Aerial photographs are used to gather the necessary ground data.
It is an economic method for larger areas and projects and it overcomes the sometimes-
difficult access problems (which is common in ground method) to the area to be mapped.
The accuracy of photogrammetric method mainly depends upon the scale of the aerial
photographs.
In photogrammetric method the terrestrial (ground) work is only limited to establishing
horizontal and vertical ground control points. (e.g. through traversing and levelling) that must
be clearly defined and well – distributed over the target area and a final terrestrial field check
should be made . The aerial photographs are interpreted and dimensions between required
points is measured stereoscopically (three-dimensionally) by means of a special instrument
called stereo-plotter. With the help of such stereo-plotters the contour lines and the planimetric
positions of all topographic features can be determined.
Plane table method: The measurements are made in the same way as those in the transit-
stadia method but the data are plotted in the field on term paper that is attached to a
drawing board mounted on a tripod. This device is called a plane table. This method is
going to be focus at this course since Transit stadia method will be cover in Topographic
Surveying II , nevertheless most of steps we have to follow for accomplishing topographic
surveying in both method are the same.
1.1 General tasks to carry out when ground methods are applying:
The general tasks involved in a topographic Surveying by mean of ground method are:
1) Information gathering of area to survey: It consist in collecting all the available
information about the area that are going to be surveyed such as:
o Existing maps or plane
o Existing geodesic control point (both planimetric and BM)
o Grade of complex of the area and ground features
o Property of parcels
o Field site facilities
The Ethiopian Mapping Authority (EMA)in Addis Ababa and the local surveying authorities
(such as the municipalities, town planning and water Resource development bureaux etc.. )
can be a helpful source of information.

2)Reconnaissance survey:This should be done by the survey team and the project sponsor
as a civil engineer. It has a main objective:
Establishing control points network (surveying base) At this stage a reconnaissance survey of
the area to be mapped is absolutely indispensable and should therefore be carried out
thoroughly.
The term reconnaissance means the first inspection of the target area in terms of existing
control points, possible sites for new observation stations as the permanent marking of those
stations, detection of possible obstacles and possible solutions to overcome them etc. With
other words, after the first inspection, one has got some ideas regarding the mental map
about the terrain and the features of the ground.
It is also necessary to estimate the duration of the whole field work.
3) Planimetric measurement of the base ( control points network):

All planimetric measurement are carried out through the control points network, it could be
made up by traverse, triangulation or trilateration methods according to area extension,
required accuracy and available instruments. Several measurements are made such as:
o Azimuth to a line (generally the first line)
o Distance between stations
o Intersection angles
Theses data are later on proceed in order to obtain the X; Y of every control points according
to the adopted coordinate system.
4) Altimetric measurement of the Base (control points network)
All altimetric measurement (leveling) are carried out through the control points network by
applying a leveling method (usually differential leveling)
Thereby the vertical position (Z) of every control point is determined according to the adopted
plane of reference (the mean sea level).
5) Preparing the cartographic base and rectangular grid:

In the preparation of a topographic map, the first plotting task is to define accurately the
position of the horizontal control points on the base of the map. This is accomplished by
preparing a rectangular grid on the base of the map and numbering them. Plotting of each
traverse points by means of interpolation of the computed coordinates.
The rectangular grid is divided in a number of sheet according to the scale and the total area to
survey, each has an specific number assigned, for large scale survey the grid has 25 squares
10 x 10 cm, total drawing area 50 x 50 cm and the external edge format 60 x 60 cm

Rectangular Grid for drawing the topographic surveying at large scale
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
50 cm
60 cm
50 cm
60 cm
6) Detail surveying of the area: This is one of the most important stage since all feature of
terrain are surveyed by mean of polar coordinate, rectangular coordinates, intersection or by
plane table method. Different general methods could be apply such as:
o Tachometer method
o Taping method
o Plane table method
o Total Station Method
This detailed surveying is carried out by setting up the theodolite or Total station or tachometer
or plane table on every control point, the coordinates
(x; y;z) are taken at every detail according to the surveying scale.
7) Drawing the land features according to given scale: After collecting all data, which permit
the drawing of plan metric features, drawing sessions start by mean of conventional symbols
which represent each pattern according drawing scale an standard manual for symbols should
be used as well.
8) Plotting down the contour lines: The relief must to be represented by mean of contour lines
method according to a specific interval
9) Preparing plan for edition: All general information and texts have to be written and quality
controls are applied to check the technical requirements.
Finally a technical inform should be redacted by the surveyor in charge.

ADDIS COLLEGE

Level IV
Learning Guide
LO5:- compute coordinates, bearings and distances related to grids and general set
out work

Instruction Sheet Learning Guide 4

 The angular relationship between different bearings is demonstrated.
 The bearing and distance between coordinates are calculated.
 The coordinates of a point, given the bearing and distance from a point with known
coordinates, are calculated.
 Offsets from a coordinated point, given the bearing and distance from a point with known coordinates,
are determined.
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page. Specifically,
 The information necessary to set out a structure, using a site plan, is determined Demonstrate the angular
relationship between different bearings (whole circle).
 Calculate the bearing and distance between coordinates.
 Calculate the coordinates of a point given the bearing and distance from a point with known coordinates.
 Determine offsets from a coordinated point given the bearing and distance from a point with known
coordinates.
 Determine the information necessary to set out a structure, using a site plan.
Learning Guide,
3 Accomplish or interprets plan , map
5. exercise plan reading and couture piloting “52 -55”
6. draw couture in page “52”
8 .Request you teacher to observe your demonstration of the exercises and give you feedbac

Information sheet 1 coordinates, bearings and distances related

grids and general set out work
Angles & Direction

 Angles
 Quadrants
 Bearing
 Azimuth
 Back bearing
 Back azimuth
 Bearing/Azimuth Conversions
 Computing Bearing/Azimuth from coordinates
 Type of North
► Angles: Introduction
When angle is measured in horizontal plane it is horizontal angle when measured in a vertical plane it is
vertical angle.
Basic Components of an Angle
1.reference or starting line (A)
2.direction of turn (B)
3.angular value (C) usually in DMS
A
B

► Angles: Types
1. Interior
2. Exterior
3. Angle to right
4. Angle to Left
5. Right Deflection
6. Left Deflection
► Angles: Types

OUTSIDE
∡
INTERIOR AN- DEFLECTION AN-
GLES GLES

Bearing
N---W N---E
S---W S---E
Letter at start and end defines the quadrant

Angular value measured from N-S line
QUADRANTS
N

N

N
WW E E

S

S
W S E


Bearing
BEARING
BEAR-
FACTS
Always mea-
BEAR- N 5ING =
ING =2
3°
N 53°
sured from
North or W
N 21°
1°6 E
BEAR-
E
South, never BEAR-
W 3 ING =
from East or ING = S S 38° E
7°
West. 8°
S 67°
Always < 90°.
W
Always pre-
ceded by N or
S and fol-
lowed by E or
W.
Lines lying on
an axis are
listed as
DUE NORTH,
DUE SOUTH,
DUE EAST, or
DUE WEST.

Azimuth:
FIRST
QUAD
2ND
QUAD
4TH
QUAD
3R
D
QU
AD

Bearing and Azimuth

Bearing Direction:
Clockwise or counterclockwise
Require quadrant letters and numer-
ical value
Range from 0-90 degrees only.
Azimuth Direction:
Clockwise only
Require only a numerical value
Range from 0-360 degrees

Back Bearing:
It can be said that every line
has two
directions: forward and back
Reversing a bearing direction
is reversing
direction letters

Converting from Az-

1. Determine
imuths quadrant letters
to Bearing
0-90 NE
90-180 SE
180-270 SW
270-360 NW
2. Determine the numerical

value
NE quadrant: Bearing =
AZ
SE quadrant: Bearing =
180 - AZ
SW quadrant: Bearing =
AZ – 180
NW quadrant: Bearing =
360 – AZ

Level IV A ADDIS COLLEGE
Converting from Bear-

ings to Azimuth:
Clockwise only, 0-360 degrees
NE quadrant: AZ = Bear-
ing
SE quadrant: AZ = 180 -
Bearing
SW quadrant: AZ = 180 +
Bearing
NW quadrant: AZ = 360 -
Bearing

BEARING/AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH∡BEARING∡
CONVERSIONS QUADRANT
QUADRANT N 1
4
BRG = AZ
AZ W
BRG = 360°-
QUADRANT
E
QUADRANT
AZ3= 360°- 2
BRG= AZ -
BRG S BRG = 180°
- AZ
180° AZ = 180° -
AZ = 180° + BRG
BRG

Computing bearing and Azimuth

from coordinates
Type of North
True North
Magnetic North
Grid North
Magnetic Declination

Direction
Direction of a line is the horizontal angle measured from a

reference line called Reference north.
There are four basic types of North
1. Astronomic north
It is an imaginary line on the earth’s surface passing through the
north –South geographical north.
2. Magnetic north
It is the direction of a vertical plane shown by a freely suspended
magnetic needle.
It will be measured by surveyor compass.
3. Grid North
- A line through a point parallel to

the Y–axis of a rectangular
coordinate system on the map.
4. Arbitrary
 Different North
types of setting out
 3-4-5 METHOD
 USING THE LARGE SQUARE /Tri square method
- An arbitrary chosen line with a
 Reference object
 Survey Method
Types of survey method
directional value
 Angle and assigned by the
distance method
 Coordinate method
observer.
1. Angle and distance method

This method are measure angle and distance by using theodolite,tape and leveling instrument.
It use for set out small site like. fence residential, drainage , sewerage .etc. It is not accurate most of the
time use small construction site. (H.A, H.D, H)
2. Coordinate method
This method is very easy and accurate to locate the site. Coordinate method are most of the time use in
large construction site like, highway , dame, tunnel, irrigation, large building, towers, railway. etc. Most
very common method large construction project. That is (y,x,z or N, E, Z)
Name: _________________________________ Date: _______________

1. Explain about the difference between bearing and azimuth?(3pts)

2. Enumerates types north?(3pts)
3.Write types of setting out(3pts)
4. Convert azimuth to bearing?(12pts)
a. 45° b, 213° c, 325° d, 8°
5.convert bearing to azimuth?(12pts)
a. N28°E b, S88°E c, N10°W d, S75°W

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
1)__________________________________________________________________
2)_________________________________________________________________
3)__________________________________________________________________
4)__________________________________________________________________
a.
b.
c.
d.
5)_________________________________________________________________
a.
b.
c.
d.

Reference:-

M11- Applying Site Surveys and Set Out Procedures to Building Level 4

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Level IV ADDIS COLLEGE

On-Site Building Construction Management

TTLM Code: EIS SCW4 11 0322

LO1:- set out a building on selected site with minimal profiles

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #20

The following content coverage and topics;

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Information Sheet- 1 set out a building

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Layout Tools and Materials

String line Sledgehammer Posthole auger

Handsaw Ax or Hatchet Hammer

Chalk line Tracing tape Carpenters Level

Line level plu

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

LAYING OUT A RECTANGULAR BUILDING SITE

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

LAYING OUT AN IRREGULAR BUILDING SITE

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

SETTING BATTER BOARDS

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Information Sheet- 2 Setting out profile building and right angle

.Types andMethods of setting out: -

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Fig. 2. 3.4.5 method

. Builder’s square method: -

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Fig 3. Builders square.

Self-Check-1 Written Test

3. Leveling is transfer of data from plan to ground

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Terminology of used in setting out works

IDENTIFYING SURVEY PEGS FOR SITE PLAN

IDENTIFYING SURVEY BOUNDARIS

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

2. Setting out works

Fig. 1. Setting out

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Information Sheet- 3 Set out right angled corner

The Site Square Method/Leveling Instruments/

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Fig 4. Setting out with leveling instrument.

Follow these steps to set out columns and piers: -

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Fig. 4. Setting out columns

Information Sheet- 4 Install other building line

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Setting out circular buildings

2 Mark out this measurement on the ground.

4 Drill a 12mm hole in the stake.

5 Place a 12mm reinforcing bar in the hole in the stake.

6 Check the top of the bar is level.

7 Cement the stake in position.

foundation from the working drawings.

Use the rope to measure the same distance on the ground.

Fig. 5. Setting out circular building

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

3. Site clearing and excavation

3.1. Site clearing

3.1.1The topsoil excavation

Top soil should be removed because;

Prepared By: - Amare Tsegu

Name: ___________________ Date: _

Name: ___________ Date: _