J . S tim a c , e t a l.
F ig . 1 0 . 3 D M T to ta l c o n d u c ta n c e to 1 0 0 0 m
V e in p a r a g e n e sis in th e S W r e se r v o ir in d ic a te s th a t p o r tio n s o f th e
in itia lly p e r m e a b le p r o p y litic z o n e h a v e b e e n s e a le d b y in fi llin g o f
fr a c tu r e s b y c a lc ite a n d q u a r tz ± p r e h n ite . L a te c a lc ite v e in s s u g g e s t
d o w n fl o w o f s te a m -h e a t e d b ic a r b o n a te w a te r s fo llo w in g in fi llin g o f th e
h ig h e r te m p e r a tu r e v e in s , a n d r e s e a lin g o f th e s y s te m . T h e s e r e la tio n -
s h ip s s u g g e s t th a t th e S W s y s te m u n d e r w e n t e x te n s iv e b o ilin g , fl u id
lo s s , a n d in g r e s s o f o v e r ly in g b ic a r b o n a te w a te r s , p o s s ib ly r e la te d to
F ig . 1 1 . M T c r o s s s e c t io n lin e s fr o m F ig . 1 0 ( 1 D – to p a n d 3 D – b o tt o m ) . L e ft ) lin e A - A ’ s h o w in g n o r th a n d p o s s ib ly s o u th r e s e r v o ir b o u n d a r ie s . R ig h t) L in e B -B ’
s h o w in g e a s t a n d p o s s ib ly w e s t r e s e r v o ir b o u n d a r ie s .
b e lo w s u r fa c e . S e c tio n lin e s A -A ’ a n d B -B ’ a re
s h o w n in F ig . 1 1 . In v e r t e d tr ia n g le s a r e M T
s ta t io n s . D a s h e d b la c k lin e is lik e ly r e s e r v o ir
e x te n sio n b a se d o n c o n d u c to r e x te n t. D o tte d
b la c k lin e is a p o s s ib le r e s e r v o ir e x t e n s io n b e -
y o n d th e c o n d u c to r p ro v id e d c la y c a p h a s b e e n
p a r t ia lly r e m o v e d . B la c k tr ia n g le s a r e in fe r r e d
v o lc a n ic v e n ts b a s e d o n L iD A R im a g e in te r -
p r e t a tio n .
s e c to r c o lla p s e a n d p a r tia l e x c a v a tio n o f th e to p s e a l o f th e s y s te m (n o w
P a ta h S e m b ila n c r a te r ). T h is p r o c e ss m a y h a v e a ls o le d to fo r m a tio n o f
th e N E s te a m c a p , b u t th e tw o a r e a s a r e n o w p o o r ly c o n n e c te d . In th e
d e e p e r S W r e s e r v o ir o p e n s p a c e v e in s lin e d b y e p id o te a n d a d u la r ia
r e m a in w ith o n ly m in o r in fi llin g o f la te r m in e ra ls. T e m p e r a tu r e s m e a -
su r e d in th e w e lls a r e n e a r th e m a x im u m r e p re se n te d b y fl u id in c lu sio n s
in th e p e r m e a b le r e s e r v o ir b e lo w a b o u t − 2 0 0 m e le v a tio n . A lte r a tio n
J . S tim a c , e t a l.
F ig . 1 2 . C r o s s s e c t io n A -B -C a lo n g th e m a in a x is o f th e M u a r a L a b o h g e o th e r m a l s y s te m w it h c o n to u r e d r e s is tiv ity ( Ω m ) m e th y le n e b lu e ( M E B ) in d e x v a lu e s fr o m
w e ll c u ttin g s a n d 3 D M T d a ta . W e lls B 1 a n d C 1 a r e fu r th e r fr o m s e c tio n lin e a n d s h o w d e e p e r lo w te m p e r a t u r e a lte r a tio n ( s e e F ig . 1 0 ) . W e lls E 1 a n d E 2 a ls o d iv e r g e
fr o m th e s e c t io n lin e a t d e e p e r le v e ls .
h is to r y in d ic a te s th a t th e d is trib u tio n o f m a tr ix p o r o s ity a n d p e r m e -
a b ility is tie d to th e h is to r y o f fr a c tu r e fo r m a tio n , in fi llin g , a n d fl u id
so u rc e s a n d te m p e ra tu re s.
3 .6 . F lu id g e o c h e m istry
T h e d is trib u tio n o f th e rm a l fe a tu r e s a n d re la te d h e a t fl o w w e r e
d e s c r ib e d in S e c t io n 1 .1 . F u m a r o le s a r e p r e s e n t a t h ig h e r e le v a tio n s
( ∼ 1 4 0 0 to 2 0 0 0 m a s l) a n d c h lo r id e s p r in g s a t lo w e r e le v a tio n s ( 8 0 0 m
a s l).
R e p re se n ta tiv e w e ll c h e m istr y is g iv e n in T a b le 3 a n d p o r tra y e d in
F ig s. 1 3 a n d 1 4 . T h e d a ta s h o w th a t fl u id p r o d u c e d fr o m th e N E a r e a (A
a n d H 1 a re a ) is d is tin c t fr o m fl u id p r o d u c e d in th e S W a r e a (a ll o th e r H
w e lls ) , s u g g e s tin g th a t e a c h c o m p a r tm e n t h a s its o w n d e e p fl u id s o u r c e .
M e a s u r e d te m p e r a tu re s a r e a lso c o n sis te n t w ith p o o r c o n n e c tio n b e -
tw e e n th e s e r e s e r v o ir s e c to r s . U p fl o w lo c a tio n s w e r e c o n s tr a in e d
th r o u g h ite r a tiv e in itia l-sta te te m p e ra tu r e m a tc h in g d u r in g n u m e r ic a l
m o d e l c o n s tr u c tio n (S itu m o r a n g , p e rs . c o m m ., 2 0 1 8 ). T h e fi n a l u p fl o w
lo c a tio n s im p le m e n te d in th e m o d e l a r e th o s e th a t p r o v id e b e s t in itia l-
sta te te m p e r a tu r e a n d p r e ssu re m a tc h to c o m b in e d w e ll d a ta .
U p fl o w te m p e r a tu re o f th e N E r e s e r v o ir s e c to r is e stim a te d a t
≤ 2 5 0 °C b a s e d o n fl u id g e o th e rm o m e tr y . T h is u p fl o w is th o u g h t to b e
s tr u c tu r a lly f o c u s e d b u t u ltim a te ly r e la t e d to a n in tr u s io n h e a t s o u r c e
w ith s o m e m a g m a tic c o n tr ib u tio n (h ig h -c h lo r id e , h ig h e s t 3 H e / 4 H e
is o to p e c o m p o s itio n ) . A ll A p a d w e lls a n d H 1 h a v e r e s e r v o ir
C l > 1 2 0 0 p p m ( F ig . 1 3 ) w ith r e la tiv e ly s im ila r g e o th e r m o m e tr y ( T N K C ,
T Q tz ) r a n g in g fr o m 2 3 8 t o 2 5 0 °C . G e o th e r m o m e tr y o f w e ll A 1 s h o w s t h e
m o s t e q u ilib r a te d fl u id ( T N K C = T Q tz = 2 5 0 °C ) , s u g g e s tin g it is c lo s e s t t o
a n u p fl o w . T h is w e ll is d e v ia te d to th e S E a n d h a s a m in o r r e v e r s a l n e a r
b o tto m . T h u s th e N E u p fl o w w a s p la c e d to th e w e s t o f th e w e ll a t a
p o s s ib le fa u lt in t e r s e c t io n , r a th e r th a n n e a r its b o tto m ( F ig . 1 5 ) .
M e a n w h ile A 3 a n d A 4 g e o t h e r m o m e tr y ( T m e a s. < T Q tz < T N K C ) s u g g e s t s
th a t th e s e w e lls a r e n e a r e r th e r e s e r v o ir m a r g in . H 1 fl u id h a s a n N E
upflow c o m p o sitio n w ith so m e m ix in g w ith c o o le r fl u id
( T Q tz < T m e a s. < T N K C ) .
U p fl o w te m p e r a tu r e fo r th e S W r e se r v o ir c o m p a r tm e n t is in e x c e ss
o f 3 0 0 °C , p o ssib ly a s so c ia te d w ith in tr u s io n a n d y o u n g v o lc a n ic v e n ts
o f A n a k P S . W e lls c o m p le t e d to th e S W ( H 2 R D , H 3 , a n d H 4 ) h a v e r e -
s e r v o ir c h lo r id e o f 4 0 0 – 5 0 0 p p m ( m a x im u m in H 2 O H is 9 0 0 p p m )
c o n fi r m in g a d iff e r e n t fl u id s o u r c e th a n A P a d a r e a ( F ig . 1 5 ) . A ll w e lls
d r ille d to t h e S W h a v e lo w e r g e o th e r m o m e tr y ( e x c e p t T Q tz ) t h a n m e a -
s u r e d te m p e r a tu r e s a n d in f e r r e d m a jo r fe e d z o n e s . T h e m o s t r e c e n t H 3
m e a s u r e d te m p e r a tu r e , h o w e v e r , is a lm o st e q u a l to g e o th e r m o m e try
( T Q tz ) , s u g g e s t in g a n e a r b y u p fl o w a t ∼ 3 0 0 °C . T h e lo w c h l o r id e c o n -
c e n tr a tio n a n d h ig h t e m p e r a tu r e s u g g e s t h e a tin g o f d e e p ly c ir c u la te d
m e te o r ic fl u id w ith little o r n o m a g m a tic in p u t.
D u r in g th e n u m e r ic a l m o d e l m a tc h in g p r o c e s s , lo c a tio n s o f th e S W
u p fl o w (s ) h a d to b e m o v e d c lo s e r to b o tto m h o le lo c a tio n s o f H 2 R D , H 3
a n d H 4 to b e tte r m a tc h m e a s u r e d w e ll te m p e r a tu r e s th a n o r ig in a lly
e n v is io n e d in th e c o n c e p tu a l m o d e l (S itu m o r a n g , p e r s . c o m m ., 2 0 1 8 ).
T h is is g e o lo g ic a lly r e a s o n a b le b e c a u s e a ll H w e lls d r ille d S W e n -
c o u n te r e d e n tr ie s r e la te d t o in tr u s iv e d a m a g e z o n e s , in d ic a tin g y o u n g
m a g m a tis m ( S tim a c e t a l., 2 0 1 9 ) ; a n d th e b o tto m o f th e w e lls w e r e
b e lo w th e r e la tiv e ly y o u n g A n a k P S v o lc a n ic v e n ts .
T h e c u r re n t c o n c e p tu a l m o d e l o f th e s y ste m is sh o w n in F ig . 1 5 .
D r illin g r e s u lts in d ic a te th a t r e s e r v o ir fl u id b e n e a th th e N E a r e a m a in ly
o u tfl o w s to S M sp r in g s a lo n g d e e p -r o o te d stru c tu r e s ( n a r r o w c o r rid o r
b e tw e e n fa u lts F 1 3 a n d F 2 ) . L im ite d fl u id m a y a ls o m ig r a te s o u th to H 1
b a s e d o n th e c h e m is tr y a n d te m p e r a tu r e o f th is w e ll. S o m e o f th e fl u id
fro m th e S W se c to r is a ssu m e d to o u tfl o w to P a d A th ro u g h a w e a k
c o n n e c tio n , lik e ly lo c a te d n e a r H 3 . T h a t o u tfl o w in g fl u id fr o m th e S W
m ix e s a n d r e -e q u ilib r a te s w ith u p fl o w fl u id fr o m P a d A .
J . S tim a c , e t a l.

T a b le 3
R e p r e s e n t a tiv e w e ll fl u id c h e m ic a l d a ta .
W e ll D a te F C V (% ) C o n c e n tra tio n (b r in e ) N C G (w t% in s tm ) S a m p le P ( b a r g ) E n th a lp y (K j/ k g ) N o te s

pH TDS S iO 2

M L -A 1 08 Apr 2018 100 6 .8 7 3820 547 0 .4 5 1 1 .0 0 1314

M L -A 1 14 Apr 2018 100 6 .8 9 3790 533 0 .4 5 1 0 .8 0 1310 D u rin g F P T
M L -A 1 15 Apr 2018 30 6 .6 5 3730 530 0 .5 2 1 4 .1 0 1329
M L -A 1 15 Apr 2018 10 6 .2 4 3530 507 0 .6 7 2 1 .0 0 1714
M L -A 2 08 Ju l 2017 100 2 .1 0 1 1 .3 0 2800
M L -A 2 07 Jan 2018 100 0 .4 9 8 .5 4 2800
M L -A 2 16 Feb 2018 100 0 .4 7 8 .4 6 2800
M L -A 3 11 Aug 2018 100 7 .2 7 3680 531 0 .9 0 9 .3 0 1069 D u rin g F P T
M L -A 3 14 Aug 2018 20 7 .1 9 3790 539 0 .9 4 7 .2 0 1059
M L -A 3 14 Aug 2018 3 7 .2 8 4050 593 1 .1 0 2 .9 0 1193
M L -A 3 03 O ct 2018 100 7 .4 4 3810 565 0 .4 2 8 .8 0 1084
M L -A 3 18 O ct 2018 100 6 .3 6 3840 565 0 .4 8 9 .5 0 1201
M L -A 3 09 Dec 2017 100 6 .8 5 3960 553 0 .3 6 9 .9 0 1371 D u rin g F P T
M L -A 3 10 Dec 2017 25 6 .4 5 3680 514 0 .4 4 1 8 .3 0 1524
M L -A 3 10 Dec 2017 4 5 .7 9 2940 409 0 .4 5 2 5 .1 0 2568
M L -A 3 16 Feb 2018 100 5 .9 5 4040 558 0 .2 0 9 .0 0 1137
M L -A 4 12 Sep 2017 100 6 .7 3 3780 542 0 .5 9 1 0 .2 0 1208
M L -A 4 19 Sep 2017 100 7 .0 1 3780 551 0 .5 0 1 0 .2 0 1213
M L -A 4 12 Nov 2017 100 6 .5 0 3760 499 0 .4 8 9 .9 3 2184
M L -A 4 25 Jan 2018 100 6 .8 8 3930 570 0 .2 8 1 0 .6 0 1328 D u rin g F P T
M L -A 4 27 Jan 2018 20 6 .3 7 3640 478 0 .3 5 1 8 .3 0 1467
M L -A 4 27 Jan 2018 5 6 .1 0 3100 410 0 .3 9 2 4 .8 0 2500
M L -H 2RD 23 Nov 2017 100 8 .3 5 2020 748 0 .4 3 3 .5 1 1612
M L -H 2RD 08 Dec 2017 100 8 .2 6 3030 951 0 .2 1 2 .2 4 1920
M L -H 3 28 Jan 2017 100 7 .3 6 1900 843 0 .2 9 1 1 .8 0 1273
M L -H 3 10 Jan 2018 100 7 .0 9 1860 816 0 .3 9 1 1 .6 0 1334
M L -H 3 01 Feb 2018 100 7 .3 1 1920 851 0 .7 7 1 1 .7 0 1287 D u rin g F P T
M L -H 3 03 Feb 2018 25 6 .7 7 1810 788 0 .8 7 1 8 .4 0 1268
M L -H 3 03 Feb 2018 1 3 .3 6 .3 4 1700 769 0 .9 5 2 7 .5 0 1250
M L -H 4 18 Feb 2018 100 6 .6 3 1930 758 1 .0 0 9 .5 0 1169
M L -H 4 07 Apr 2018 100 6 .8 3 2010 974 0 .7 4 1 2 .7 0 1312
M L -H 4 22 Apr 2018 100 6 .8 0 1980 956 0 .7 5 1 2 .6 0 1303 D u rin g F P T
M L -H 4 22 Apr 2018 30 6 .3 6 1950 946 0 .8 6 1 5 .8 0 1283
M L -H 4 23 Apr 2018 10 6 .0 9 1770 867 1 .2 5 3 1 .3 0 1299

N o te s : F C V ( fl o w c o n tro l v a lv e o p e n in g ), T D S a n d S iO 2 in m g / k g . T D S , t o ta l d is s o lv e d s o lid s ; F C V , fl o w c o n tr o l v a lv e ; N C G , n o n -c o n d e n s ib le g a s ; F P T , fl o w
p e rfo rm a n c e te st.

C u r r e n t u n d e r s ta n d in g a n d in te r p r e ta tio n b a s e d o n th e a v a ila b le is in d ic a te d b y te m p e r a tu r e p r o fi le s in w e lls E 1 , E 2 , a n d C 1 , b u t th e s e

d a ta su g g e st th a t m o st o u tfl o w e d fl u id fr o m th e S W a r e a e x its th e d e sc e n d in g fl u id s m u s t b e s e p a r a te d fr o m th e d r ille d r e se r v o ir b y s e a le d
s y s te m to th e S W in s te a d o f S o f P a d H , b a s e d o n th e fo llo w in g o b - fa u lts . T h is in fi ltr a tio n is lik e ly m o r e w id e s p r e a d th a n s h o w n , b u t a r e
s e r v a tio n s : 1 ) d is tr ib u tio n o f c o n d u c tiv e la y e r ( a n d lik e ly r e m o v a l o f th e s u p p o r te d b y s o m e w e ll d a ta fo r th e s e p a r tic u la r lo c a t io n s .
c o n d u c to r b y c r a te r fo r m a tio n ); 2 ) S u rfa c e a lte ra tio n fo u n d in sid e th e
c r a te r in d ic a tin g h y d r o th e r m a l a c tiv ity a fte r th e c o lla p s e ; a n d 3 ) th e
3 .6 .1 . S ta b le iso to p e s
c h a r a c te r is tic s o f P S fu m a r o le , lo c a te d in th e s o u th o f th e fi e ld , a r e
S ta b le is o to p e d a ta in d ic a te th a t m e t e o r ic w a te r is th e d o m in a n t
in c o n s is te n t w ith it b e in g o u tfl o w fr o m P a d H fl u id s ( P S fu m a r o le is
c o m p o n e n t o f r e s e r v o ir fl u id , w ith a ll w e ll s a m p le s p lo ttin g n e a r th e
h ig h e r in N 2 ). B u t th e se fe a tu r e s d o n o t p r e c lu d e th e e x iste n c e o f e x -
m e te o r ic w a te r lin e ( F ig . 1 6 ) . T h e fl u id ( to ta l d is c h a r g e ) o f S W w e lls
p lo ita b le r e s e r v o ir in th e c r a t e r a r e a ( s e e S tim a c e t a l., 2 0 1 9 ) .
in d ic a te s a lm o s t n o p o s itiv e o x y g e n s h ift, w h ile th e fl u id o f N E w e lls
T h e sig n ifi c a n t to p o g ra p h y a r o u n d M u a ra L a b o h p o te n tia lly in fl u -
e x h ib its a p o s itiv e s h ift a b o u t 1 .5 p e r m il. T h is s m a ll s h ift is lik e ly r e -
e n c e s th e p a tte rn s o f r e c h a r g e a n d d is c h a r g e . P o s s ib le s o u r c e s o f in -
la te d to a h ig h e r d e g r e e o f w a te r -r o c k in te r a c tio n fo r th e N E r e s e r v o ir
fi ltr a tin g d e e p m e te o r ic r e c h a rg e sh o w n in F ig . 1 5 in c lu d e S W o f th e P S
fl u id , a ls o c o n s is te n t w ith th e h ig h e r C l c o n c e n tr a tio n o f th is s e c to r . T h e
C r a te r , a lo n g F 1 0 , a n d E o f F 2 n e a r w e ll B 1 . A d d itio n a l c o o l in fi ltr a tio n
d iff e r e n c e in lith o lo g y o f r e s e r v o ir r o c k , c r y s ta llin e g r a n o d io r ite in th e

F ig . 1 3 . C l-S O 4 − H C O 3 te r n a r y p lo t ( le ft) a n d B v e r s u s C l p lo t ( r ig h t) in d ic a te d is tin c t fl u id c h e m is tr y b e tw e e n th e N E a n d S W r e s e r v o ir s e c to r s .

J . S tim a c , e t a l.
F ig . 1 4 . C l-T N K C p lo t, s h o w in g d iff e re n t c h lo rid e c o n c e n tra tio n s b e tw e e n N E a n d S W s e c to r s.
S W a n d in te r m e d ia te to s ilic ic v o lc a n ic s (p r o b a b ly r ic h e r in g la s s y
m a te r ia l) in t h e N E , w o u ld b e o n e im p o r ta n t fa c to r in th e d iff e r e n c e in
fl u id c h e m istr y b e tw e e n th e se se c to r s.
3 . 6 .2 . G a s c h e m is t r y
T h e h e liu m iso to p ic c o m p o sitio n (R / R a ) in g e o th e r m a l fl u id s r e -
fl e c ts a v a r ia t io n in t h e h e a t s o u r c e , w it h A v e r a g e C r u s t ( R / R a ∼ 0 .0 2 )
a s o n e e n d -m e m b e r a n d th e m a n tle (M O R B , R / R a ∼ 7 -8 ) a s th e o th e r.
M O R B -lik e h e liu m is o to p ic c o m p o s itio n s , su c h a s fo u n d a t T h e G e y se r s,
L a s s e n , C o s o , C e r r o P r ie to , S te a m b o a t, a n d L o n g V a lle y , in d ic a te s a
r e c e n tly o r p r e s e n t ly a c tiv e m a g m a tic h e a t s o u r c e , w h e r e a s lo w e r m o r e
c r u s ta l lik e h e liu m is o to p ic c o m p o s itio n s , s u c h a s fo u n d a t D ix ie V a lle y ,
in d ic a te s a s o u r c e o f h e a t th a t is p r e d o m in a n tly c r u s ta l (K e n n e d y ,
2 0 0 2 ) . T h is s u g g e s ts m o r e d e e p ly c ir c u la te d m e te o r ic w a t e r s a lo n g fa u lt
sy ste m s in r e g io n s o f e le v a te d h e a t fl o w .
T h e r a n g e o f h e liu m is o to p e v a lu e s ( R / R a ) in M u a r a L a b o h is
1 .1 2 – 3 .1 4 ( M u s s o fa n , 2 0 1 8 ) , r a th e r lo w c o m p a r e d to o th e r s u b d u c t io n -
r e la te d g e o th e r m a l s y s te m s ( ty p ic a lly b e tw e e n 4 – 7 ) o r s u b d u c tio n -r e -
la te d v o lc a n ic g a s (ty p ic a lly ≥ 7 ) . T h e s e lo w H e is o to p ic v a lu e s m a y
in d ic a t e c o n tr ib u t io n s o f n e a r -s u r fa c e c r u s t a l fl u id s ( e .g . H e d e r iv e d
fr o m u r a n iu m a n d th o r iu m d e c a y in c r u sta l r o c k s). M ix in g b e tw e e n
m a n tle a n d c r u s ta l fl u id s o u r c e s se e m s re a s o n a b le sin c e th ic k s ilic ic
v o lc a n ic a n d g r a n itic in tr u s iv e ro c k s o f M e s o z o ic a n d T e r tia r y a g e s a r e
w id e ly d is tr ib u te d in M u a r a L a b o h . T h e h ig h e s t H e is o to p e v a lu e is
fr o m IM fu m a r o le ( 3 .1 4 ) c o m p a r e t o P S ( 1 .9 5 ) fu m a r o le . T h is in d ic a te s
th a t I M h a s a h ig h e r “ m a n t le ” c o m p o n e n t to its g a s . S M h a s a lo w v a lu e
o f 1 .1 2 w h ic h is c o n s is te n t w ith m e te o ric c o n tr ib u tio n s in o u tfl o w
fe a tu r e s (F ig . 1 7 ). O n e p o ss ib le e x p la n a tio n fo r th e h ig h e r H e iso to p e
v a lu e o f IM fu m a r o le is th a t is it lo c a te d in a n a r e a o f r e c e n t e x te n s io n
th a t la c k s o r h a s a th in n e r u n d e rly in g M e s o z o ic to T e r tia r y b a se m e n t
F ig . 1 5 . M a p v ie w o f c o n c e p tu a l m o d e l s h o w in g r e s e rv o ir se c to r s
( S W in g r e e n , N E in o r a n g e a n d p in k la b e lle d P a d A a n d H 1 ( N E ) ) ,
p r o v e n r e s e r v o ir a r e a ( p u r p le d a s h e d lin e ) , lik e ly u p fl o w r e g io n s
(r e d d a s h e d lin e s) , o u tfl o w s (o ra n g e a n d p in k r e g io n s w ith b lu e
a r r o w s s h o w in g fl o w d ir e c tio n ) , a n d r e c h a r g e lo c a tio n s ( lig h t b lu e
d a s h e d c ir c le s ) a n d d ir e c tio n s r e la tiv e to m a jo r s t r u c tu r e s
( n u m b e r F 1 t o F 2 0 in d a r k b lu e ) a n d v o lc a n ic v e n t s ( b la c k t r ia n -
g le s ) . S M C l s p r in g lie s N o f D 1 O H o ff m a p . M R s ig n ifi e s a r e a s o f
k n o w n ( fr o m w e ll p r o fi le s ) a n d in fe r r e d d o w n w a r d in fi ltr a tio n o f
m e te o ric w a te r r e c h a rg e . Q u e stio n m a rk s in d ic a te a h ig h e r d e g r e e
o f u n c e r ta in ty w ith th e m o d e l e le m e n t. ( F o r in te r p r e ta t io n o f t h e
r e fe r e n c e s to c o lo u r in th is fi g u r e le g e n d , t h e r e a d e r is r e fe r r e d to
th e w e b v e r s io n o f th is a r tic le .)
J . S tim a c , e t a l.
F ig . 1 6 . S t a b le is o t o p e p lo t fo r s e le c t e d M u a r a L a b o h w e ll s a m p le s w ith W o r ld
M e te o r ic W a te r L in e s h o w n fo r re fe r e n c e .
F ig . 1 7 . H e liu m is o to p e c o m p o s itio n o f M u a r a L a b o h c o m p a r e d to o th e r g e o -
th e rm a l sy ste m s .
se c tio n r e la tiv e to th e h e a v ily in tr u d e d c o r r id o r a lo n g th e so u th e r n
s tr a n d o f th e G r e a t S u m a tr a F a u lt. D e e p fa u lt p e n e tr a tio n o f th is e x -
te n d e d c r u s ta l s e c tio n w o u ld a llo w d ik e in tr u s io n a n d g a s e s e m a n a t in g
fr o m d e e p m a n tle c o n tr ib u t io n s to d o m in a te o v e r c r u s ta lly -d e r iv e d
g a s e s . A lte r n a tiv e ly , th e r e is m o r e r e c e n t in tr u s io n w ith a h ig h e r m a n tle
g a s c o m p o n e n t a ss o c ia te d w ith th e N E u p fl o w th a t is re a c h in g th e P S
fu m a ro le .
3 .6 .3 . T ra c e r te s t
L iq u id - a n d s te a m -p h a se tr a c e r te s ts w e r e c o n d u c te d to u n d e r s ta n d
p o te n tia l c o n n e c tiv ity b e tw e e n in je c tio n w e ll E 1 a n d th e p r o d u c tio n
w e lls A 2 , A 3 , a n d A 4 ( A lfi a d y , 2 0 1 8 ) . T h e tr a c e r s a n d a m o u n ts u s e d
w e r e 1 0 0 k g o f 1 , 6 N a p h th a le n e D i S u lfo n a te A c id ( N D S A ) fo r liq u id
a n d 2 5 k g o f P e r-F lu o r -C a r b o n (P F C ) fo r ste a m . T h e se tr a c e r s w e r e in -
je c te d in to w e ll E 1 o n O c to b e r 5 , 2 0 1 7 , d u r in g th e p e r io d o f p a r a lle l
p r o d u c tio n te s tin g o f A 3 a n d A 4 w e lls . T ra c e r s w e r e in je c te d u s in g th e
P T T h e r m o c h e m R a p id In je c tio n P u ls e S k id to d e liv e r a h ig h ly c o n -
c e n tr a te d p u ls e o f tr a c e r s o lu tio n to th e r e s e r v o ir . T h e v a p o r tr a c e r ,
P F C , w a s in je c te d a s a n e m u ls ifi e d s o lu tio n u s in g a p e r is ta ltic p u m p .
A f te r tr a c e r s w e r e in je c t e d , s a m p le s w e r e ta k e n fr o m A 2 , A 3 a n d A 4
w e lls d u r in g p r o d u c tio n te s ts o f e a c h w e ll. F o r th e fi r s t 1 0 d a y s a fte r th e
tr a c e r s w e r e in je c te d , fl u id s a m p le s w e r e ta k e n fr o m e a c h w e ll e v e r y
d a y . T h e s a m p lin g fr e q u e n c y w a s r e d u c e d to e v e r y tw o d a y s a fte r th a t.
M o n ito r in g w a s a ls o c o n d u c te d in th e th e r m a l m a n if e s ta tio n s , S M
c h lo rid e sp r in g , a n d IM fu m a r o le . L iq u id tr a c e r sa m p le s w e r e a n a ly z e d
b y T h e r m o c h e m la b o ra to r y in S a n ta R o sa U S A , w h e r e a s th e ste a m
F ig . 1 8 . L iq u id tr a c e r r e tu rn p a tte r n s fo r A 3 a n d A 4 v e r su s tim e . T ra c e r re tu r n s
w e re d e te c te d a fte r 6 4 d a y s fo r A 4 a n d 6 6 d a y s fo r A 3 .
F ig . 1 9 . V a p o r tra c e r P F C a n a ly s e s v e r su s tim e . N o r e tu rn s o f P F C o b s e rv e d in
A 3, A 4, and A 2.
sa m p le s w e r e a n a ly z e d b y th e T h e r m o c h e m la b o r a to r y in B a n d u n g .
W e ll A 2 d id n o t h a v e liq u id tr a c e r d a ta b e c a u s e it p r o d u c e s 1 0 0 %
s te a m . F o r th e s te a m tr a c e r s a m p le s , a to ta l o f 2 8 , 3 1 , a n d 3 7 s a m p le s
w e r e c o lle c te d fr o m A 2 , A 3 , a n d A 4 , a n d fo u r s a m p le s fr o m IM , b u t
th e r e w e r e n o r e tu r n s o f th e v a p o r tr a c e r in e ith e r th e w e lls o r th e
fu m a r o le (F ig . 1 8 ) . F o u r N D S A s a m p le s w e r e c o lle c te d fr o m S M h o t
sp rin g s b u t n o tr a c e r re tu r n s w e r e d e te c te d .
T h e s e r e s u lts sh o w th a t th e re is c o n n e c tiv ity b e tw e e n p r o d u c tio n
w e lls ( P a d A ) a n d in je c tio n w e ll E 1 w ith in th e liq u id z o n e . T h e s a m p le s
fr o m A 3 y ie ld e d o n e p o s itiv e tr a c e r r e tu r n 6 6 d a y s a fte r tra c e r in je c tio n .
T h e sa m p le s fr o m A 4 h a d th e fi r st p o sitiv e r e tu r n s 6 4 d a y s a fte r in -
je c tio n ( F ig . 1 9 ) . T h e la s t s a m p le s fr o m A 3 a n d A 4 h a v e th e h ig h e s t
N D S A c o n c e n tra tio n s , a n d th e c u r v e d o e s n o t ta il-o ff , su g g e s tin g th a t
tr a c e r w a s b e in g p r o d u c e d w h e n th e fl o w te st w a s te r m in a te d . D a ta
a v a ila b le fro m th e te st is u n fo r tu n a te ly n o t s u ffi c ie n t to p r o v id e a
q u a n tita tiv e a n a ly sis. T h e r e is a n in te r e stin g o b se r v a tio n th a t N D S A in
A 4 a r r iv e d tw o d a y s e a r lie r th a n A 3 w h ic h is c lo s e r to in je c tio n w e ll E 1 .
T h e s e r e s u lts c o n fi r m th a t th e r e is c o n n e c tiv ity b e tw e e n p r o d u c tio n
w e lls ( A p a d ) a n d in je c tio n w e ll E 1 . H o w e v e r , th is is a r e la tiv e ly lo n g
in te r v a l fo r fi r s t a r r iv a l, in d ic a tin g th a t th e in je c te d fl u id w ill h a v e tim e
to th e r m a lly e q u ilib r a te a s it m ig r a te s to w a r d th e p r o d u c tio n fi e ld .
E x p e r ie n c e in o th e r fi e ld s h a s in d ic a te d th e r m a l b r e a k t h r o u g h ( c o o lin g
r e la te d to in je c tio n r e tu r n s ) is v e r y u n lik e ly in M u a r a L a b o h in th e s h o r t
te r m g iv e n t h is r e tu r n in te r v a l ( e .g ., V ic e d o e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ) . A d d itio n a l
lo n g e r -te r m tr a c e r te s ts a r e p la n n e d o n c e th e fi e ld r e a c h e s fu ll p r o -
d u c tio n to b e tte r a s s e s s c o n n e c tiv ity b e tw e e n in je c tio n w e lls ( E 1 , E 2 ,
D 1 , D 2 ) a n d P a d A p r o d u c e r s . E x c e s s b r in e in je c tio n c a p a c ity a llo w s
s o m e fl e x ib ility in th e u s e o f e a c h in je c to r.
3 .7 . R e s e r v o ir p r e s s u r e , te m p e r a tu r e a n d p e r m e a b ility
R e v ie w o f w e ll t e m p e r a tu r e , p r e s s u r e , a n d fl u id c h e m is tr y d a ta in -
d ic a te th e fi e ld lie s o n a s in g le p r e ss u r e g ra d ie n t. In je c tio n a n d p r o -
d u c tio n P T S a n d P T s u r v e y s p r o v id e c o n s tr a in ts o n w e ll fe e d z o n e lo -
c a tio n s ( F ig . 2 0 ) . T h e y illu s tr a te th a t th e P a d A a r e a h a s th e s h a llo w e s t
r e se r v o ir to p a n d a th in in itia l sta te ste a m c a p fr o m a b o u t 8 0 0 m to
6 2 0 m a s l. T h is fl u id le v e l is s lig h tly lo w e r th a n th e S M c h lo r id e s p r in g s
J . S tim a c , e t a l.

F ig . 2 0 . F e e d -z o n e lo c a tio n s a n d p h a s e c o n d it io n s b a s e d o n w e ll te s tin g . C o lo r e d b o x e s s h o w w e lls in t h e s te a m c a p a r e a ( r e d ) , a d ja c e n t N E s e c to r ( b lu e ) , a n d d e e p

S W se c to r (g r e e n ). ( F o r in te r p r e ta tio n o f th e r e fe r e n c e s to c o lo u r in th is fi g u r e le g e n d , th e r e a d e r is r e fe r r e d to th e w e b v e r s io n o f th is a r tic le .)

o f th e s y ste m in te r p r e te d a s th e m a in o u tfl o w o f th e sy ste m (F ig . 2 1 , P a d s d e fi n e th e S W se c to r ( F ig . 1 5 a n d T a b le 1 ) w h ic h h a s m o r e d ilu te

a ls o s e e F ig . 4 ) . W e lls F 1 S T a n d H 1 a p p e a r to b e lo c a te d a t th e m a r g in s
o f th e A P a d sh a llo w c a p a n d n o sh a llo w ste a m w a s e n c o u n te re d .
F u r th e r to th e S W , w e lls F 2 a n d o th e r H w e lls e n c o u n te r e d lim ite d
p e r m e a b ility u n til a b o u t s e a le v e l. P e r m e a b ility is f o u n d in m o s t w e lls
fr o m s e a le v e l to 8 0 0 m b s l 1 3 0 0 m b s l in th e d e e p e s t w e ll.
4 . R e s e r v o ir c o n c e p tu a l m o d e l
T h e s y s te m c o n c e p tu a l m o d e l w a s r e v is e d a ft e r d e v e lo p m e n t d r il-
lin g a n d w e ll te s tin g ( F ig s . 1 5 a n d 2 2 ) . M o s t w e lls d r ille d fr o m H a n d F
fl u id , a d e e p e r r e s e r v o ir to p , a n d h ig h e r te m p e r a tu r e (2 6 0 to > 3 1 0 °C ).
T h e N E r e s e r v o ir s e c to r is d e fi n e d b y F 1 S T , H 1 , a n d A P a d w e lls ,
w h e r e a s th e s y s te m o u tfl o w is d e fi n e d b y w e lls d r ille d fr o m P a d E a n d
D . T h e r e s e r v o ir b o u n d a ry w a s c o n fi r m e d to e x te n d fu r th e r so u th w e st
a n d s o u th a n d to g r e a te r d e p th th a n p r e v io u sly th o u g h t, b u t to th e N E it
w a s p r o v e n to b e m o r e r e s tr ic te d th a n a n tic ip a te d fr o m e x p lo r a tio n .
R e v ie w o f w e ll te m p e r a tu r e , p r e s s u r e , a n d fl u id c h e m is tr y d a ta in d ic a te
th a t a lth o u g h th e fi e ld lie s o n a s in g le p r e s s u r e g r a d ie n t, it h a s tw o
d istin c t r e se rv o ir c o m p a r tm e n ts in th e S W a n d N E in te r m s o f d e p th ,
te m p e ra tu r e , a n d sa lin ity . In p a r tic u la r , d iff e r e n c e s in fl u id c h e m istr y

F ig . 2 1 . M a p a n d c r o s s s e c tio n ( n o te b e n d ) o f r e s e r v o ir t o p ( T O R ) a n d t e m p e r a t u r e d is tr ib u tio n b a s e d o n d r ille d w e lls . T h e S M s p r in g lie s o u t o f s e c t io n to th e N N E o f

th e lin e . T h e r e s e r v o ir b o u n d a r y to th e s o u th is u n c e r ta in .
J . S tim a c , e t a l.
F ig . 2 2 . N N E -tr e n d in g s lic e o f 3 D m o d e l s h o w in g te m p e r a tu r e is o s u r fa c e s , p a d s a n d w e lls , m a in th e r m a l fe a tu r e s , a n d t o p o g r a p h y . T h e s y s te m o r a n a d ja c e n t s y s te m
p r o b a b ly e x te n d s to th e P S fu m a r o le b u t is n o t s h o w n .
in d ic a te th a t th e r e is little c o n n e c tiv ity b e tw e e n th e s e s e c to r s in its
c u r r e n t s ta te . F u r th e r in f o r m a tio n o n th is is s u e w ill b e a v a ila b le a s m o r e
w e lls a r e s im u lta n e o u s ly fl o w e d d u r in g p la n t s ta r t-u p a n d o p e r a tio n .
T h e S W s e c to r is th o u g h t to b e la r g e in e x te n t a n d r e p r e s e n ts th e
m a in a r e a fo r fu tu r e d e v e lo p m e n t, a lth o u g h its e x te n t to th e S a n d S W is
c o n str a in e d m a in ly b y g e o lo g ic a n d g e o p h y s ic a l c o n s id e r a tio n s w ith
c o n sid e r a b le u n c e r ta in ty . F o r th e se r e a s o n s , c o n se r v a tiv e a ssu m p tio n s
r e g a r d in g r e s e r v o ir e x te n t a n d fr a c tu re p e r m e a b ility w e r e m a d e in th e
u n d r ille d p o r tio n o f th e S W s e c to r . T h e N E s e c to r h o s ts a h ig h ly
p e r m e a b le s h a llo w s te a m c a p o f lim ite d e x te n t a tta c h e d to a lo n g liq u id
o u tfl o w to th e N N W . T h is s e c to r h a s m o d e r a te te m p e r a tu re
( 2 3 2 – 2 4 5 °C ) a n d s a lin ity a n d lo w g a s c o n c e n tr a tio n c o n s is te n t w ith a
r e c e n t lo s s o f s te a m . T h e w a te r le v e l o b s e r v e d in th e P a d A a r e a is
c u r r e n t ly a t a b o u t 6 2 0 m a s l a n d th e r e s e r v o ir to p a t a b o u t 8 0 0 m a s l.
T h e d is ta l S M c h lo r id e s p r in g , c o n s id e r e d th e m a in d is c h a r g e o f th e
sy ste m , is a t a b o u t 7 9 5 m a sl, b u t o th e r s p r in g s in th e S M u a r a L a b o h
g r o u p r a n g e u p to 8 8 7 m a s l. T h e S W r e s e r v o ir m a y o u tfl o w to th e w e s t
o r to th e fa r N M u a r a L a b o h sp r in g s, c o n sis te n t w ith th e d e e p e r r e -
s e r v o ir to p a n d lo w e r s p r in g e le v a tio n ( F ig . 2 ) , b u t th is c a n n o t b e
c o n fi r m e d a t th is tim e .
5 . D is c u s s io n
It is lik e ly th a t m a n y g e o th e r m a l s y s te m s in S u m a tra w ill s h a r e s o m e
c o m m o n fe a tu re s w ith th e M u a r a L a b o h s y ste m . T h e re fo r e its d e v e l-
o p m e n t w e ll d a ta a n d c o n c e p tu a l m o d e l p r o v id e u s e fu l in fo r m a tio n fo r
fu tu r e e x p lo r a tio n is ts a n d d e v e lo p e r s . S u m a tr a a p p e a r s to h a v e a h ig h e r
fr a c tio n o f s ilic ic v o lc a n ic c e n te r s o f Q u a te r n a r y a n d P le is to c e n e a g e
th a n m o s t o th e r is la n d s in In d o n e sia th a t a r e d o m in a te d b y a n d e s ite .
S ilic ic in tr u s iv e c o m p le x e s te n d to h a v e la r g e v o lu m e a n d lo c a lly
s h a llo w m a g m a e m p la c e m e n t th a t m a y d r iv e g e o th e r m a l c ir c u la tio n .
T h e lo c a liz a t io n o f Q u a te r n a r y v e n ts o f a n d e s itic to r h y o litic c o m p o s i-
tio n a lo n g th e S iu la k s e g m e n t o f th e G S F a t M u a r a L a b o h p o te n tia lly
p r o v id e s a w id e r d is tr ib u tio n o f s h a llo w m a g m a e m p la c e m e n t a n d h e a t
e n e rg y th a n is ty p ic a l in a r e a s d o m in a te d b y a n d e s itic str a to v o lc a n o e s
w ith o u t c o m p le x s tr u c tu r e s o r s ig n ifi c a n t s a te llite v e n ts ( F ig . 1 ) . L in e a r
a r r a y s o f v o lc a n ic v e n ts a n d u n d e r ly in g in tr u sio n s a lso e n c o u r a g e d e -
v e lo p m e n t o f m u ltip le h y d r o th e r m a l u p fl o w s , a s a p p e a r to o c c u r a t
M u a r a L a b o h . D r illin g r e su lts in d ic a te a t le a s t tw o a re a s o f u p fl o w fo r
th e M u a r a L a b o h sy ste m , a c c o u n tin g fo r d iff e r e n c e in fl u id c h e m is tr y
b e tw e e n th e N E a n d S W r e s e r v o ir s e c to r s . It is p o s s ib le a d d itio n a l u p -
fl o w is a ls o o c c u r r in g to th e S o r S E o f t h e d r ille d a r e a .
A t M u a r a L a b o h , w e ll s tr a tig r a p h ic e v id e n c e c o n fi r m s th e im -
p o r ta n c e o f r h y o litic v o lc a n is m fr o m th e P lio -P le is to c e n e u n til a b o u t
0 .5 M a , m o s t ly in th e fo r m o f ig n im b r it e s th a t p o n d e d in t h e d e v e lo p in g
b a s in ( M u s s o fa n e t a l., 2 0 1 8 ; S tim a c e t a l., 2 0 1 9 ) . T h is in d ic a te s t h a t
p u ll-a p a r t b a s in s d o n o t n e c e s s a r ily in h ib it v o lc a n is m , a s s u g g e s te d b y
M u r a o k a e t a l. (2 0 1 0 ). In s te a d th e v o lc a n is m th a t o c c u r s t h e r e is
c o m m o n ly s ilic ic , a n d fo r m s c a ld e r a o r g r a b e n -ty p e d e p r e s s io n s r a th e r
th a n ta ll e d ifi c e s . T h is s e e m s to b e tr u e a t R a n a u ( B e llie r a n d S é b r ie r ,
1 9 9 4 ) a n d , p o s s ib ly S u o h a s w e ll. In th e s e c a s e s , d ila tio n a l jo g s a t G S F
ste p o v e rs h a v e c lo se ly a s so c ia te d m a g m a tic sy ste m s, b o th a c tiv e a n d
d o r m a n t. O n c e m a g m a tis m b e c o m e s e s ta b lis h e d in a n a r e a o f e x te n s io n ,
in tr u sio n s m a y re a c h a h ig h c r u sta l le v e l a n d e v o lv e to m o r e silic ic
c o m p o sitio n w ith tim e . T h is r e su lts in h e a tin g a n d so fte n in g o f th e
u p p e r a n d m id d le c r u s t, w ith a c o n c o m ita n t lo s s o f s tr e n g th . D u c tile
d e fo r m a tio n a n d b a llo o n in g o f n a r r o w fa u lt z o n e s a t d e p th a c c o m -
m o d a te s d ila tio n a n d a s s u r e s b r ittle e x te n s io n a b o v e . M e te o r ic w a te r s
d e s c e n d in g fr o m a b o v e a n d a lo n g th e b r itt le m a r g in s o f d u c tile z o n e s
a re h e a te d a n d a sc e n d n e a rb y a s g e o th e rm a l u p fl o w p lu m e s .
M u r a o k a e t a l. ( 2 0 1 0 ) h ig h lig h te d th e im p o r ta n c e o f p u ll-a p a r t
b a sin s in h o stin g S u m a tr a n g e o th e r m a l s y ste m s. T h e M u a r a L a b o h
g e o th e r m a l s y s te m is lo c a liz e d in o n e o f 1 3 s u c h p u ll-a p a r t b a s in s
fo r m e d in a r ig h t s te p o v e r o f th e G S F (M u s s o fa n e t a l., 2 0 1 8 ). S tr u c tu r e s
s u b p a r a lle l to t h e G S F a n d o r ie n te d r o u g h ly p e r p e n d ic u la r to it a r e
lo c a lly p e r m e a b le a n d p r o v id e p a th w a y s fo r fl u id c ir c u la tio n in th e
b a sin . P a le o z o ic b a se m e n t r o c k s a r e p r e se n t o n th e N E sid e o f th is b a sin
b u t h a v e n o t b e e n d o c u m e n te d b e n e a th it. It is t h e r e f o r e p o s s ib le th a t
th e w e s te r n e d g e o f th e P a le o z o ic c r u s ta l b lo c k is lo c a te d o n th e e a s te r n
m a r g in o f th e b a sin a n d h a s r e m a in e d a z o n e o f w e a k n e s s a n d in tr u sio n
s in c e a t le a s t M e s o z o ic tim e . T h is z o n e m a y h a v e e v e n tu a lly a c c o m -
m o d a te d tr a n s fo r m fa u ltin g a n d in tr u s io n r e la te d to o b liq u e s u b d u c tio n
th a t h a s b e e n o n g o in g s in c e a t le a s t th e M io c e n e ( S tim a c e t a l., 2 0 1 9 ) .
T h e M u a r a L a b o h g e o th e r m a l s y ste m h a s c h a ra c te ris tic s o f b o th
in tr u s iv e a n d fa u lt-c o n tr o lle d g e o th e r m a l s y s te m s . F r a c tu r in g a n d h ig h
te m p e ra tu r e u p fl o w in th e d e e p S W r e s e r v o ir se e m s to b e a sso c ia te d
w ith r e la tiv e ly r e c e n t in tr u s io n b e lo w A n a k P S v e n ts . R e la tiv e ly d ilu te
fl u id , lo w g a s, a n d lo w e r te m p e r a tu re ( < 2 4 0 °C ) su g g e st th e im -
p o r ta n c e o f fa u lt c ir c u la tio n in th e N E s e c to r a n d its m a in o u tfl o w .
T h e s e fe a tu r e s u n d e r sc o r e th e n e e d fo r c a u tio u s r e s o u r c e c a p a c ity e s -
tim a tio n , a s p e r m e a b ility m a y b e m o r e lo c a liz e d , lim itin g r e s e r v o ir
v o lu m e c o m p a r e d to m o r e d istr ib u te d s y ste m s. O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e
c o m b in a tio n o f r e la tiv e ly h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s a n d h ig h fra c tu r e p e r m e -
a b ilit y c a n d e liv e r u n u s u a lly h ig h p o w e r d e n s it y lik e a t S ila n g k ita n g
( D r e s ta n ta e t a l., 2 0 1 8 ) .
T h e o p e n fra c tu re tr e n d s o b se r v e d a t M u a r a L a b o h a r e sim ila r to
th o se in fe r re d a t o th e r g e o th e r m a l a r e a s in c e n tr a l a n d so u th S u m a tr a .
F o r e x a m p le , N u r s e to e t a l. ( 2 0 1 5 ) id e n tifi e d s e v e r a l m a jo r lin e a m e n t s
J . S tim a c , e t a l.
in th e U lu b e lu g e o th e r m a l a r e a . A c c o r d in g to th e ir in te r p re ta tio n , th e s e
s tr u c tu r e s tr e n d N W -S E a n d W N W -E S E , w h ile a s s o c ia t e d s u b s id ia r y
fa u lts tr e n d N N W -S S E . T h e N W -S E fa u lts a r e s y n th e tic to th e S e m a n g k o
fa u lt ( d e x tr a l s e n s e o f s lip ) a n d fo r m e d p r io r to th e P lio c e n e o r e a r ly
P le isto c e n e . S im ila r to M u a r a L a b o h w e lls n e a r th e S iu la k fa u lt, b o r e -
h o le im a g e lo g s fr o m w e lls U B L -3 a n d U B L -2 6 in d ic a te o p e n , p r o d u c tiv e
fr a c tu r e s th a t s tr ik e N W -S E a n d d ip m a in ly to th e S W . A fe w o p e n
fr a c t u r e s a ls o s h o w N E - S W a n d N – S s t r ik e s ( N u r s e to e t a l., 2 0 1 5 ) .
B a s e d o n im a g e lo g a n d c u ttin g s in te r p r e ta tio n a t M u a r a L a b o h , w e
c o n c lu d e th a t d ik e s a n d r e la te d fr a c tu r e s p la y a n im p o r ta n t r o le in
p e r m e a b ility in th e d e e p S W r e s e r v o ir. It is w e ll d o c u m e n te d th a t d ik in g
g e n e r a te s a v a r ie ty o f fra c tu r e s a t th e d ik e tip a n d a lo n g its p a th th a t
c o u ld lo c a lly e n h a n c e p e r m e a b ilit y ( D e r in g e t a l., 2 0 1 9 ) . S e is m ic it y
a s s o c ia te d w ith d ik in g e v e n t s a ls o s h o w s m o r e c o m p le x p a tte r n s ( lo -
c a tio n s , fo c a l m e c h a n is m s ) th a n w o u ld b e e x p e c te d fo r s im p le e x te n s io n
a t a d ik e tip , in c lu d in g s h e a r fa ilu r e o n p la n e s p a r a lle l to th e in fl a tin g
d ik e ( e .g ., W h ite e t a l., 2 0 1 1 ) . U s in g d e t a ile d m a p p in g o f w e ll e x p o s e d
d ik e sw a r m s, D e r in g e t a l. (2 0 1 9 ) h a v e s h o w n th a t th e n u m b e r o f fa u lts
a n d jo in ts in c r e a s e s to w a rd s th e d ik e s w a r m in d ic a tin g t h e y fo r m e d in
th e s a m e e v e n t. T h e y a r g u e th a t fa u lts a n d s h e a r f r a c tu r e s fo r m a d a -
m a g e z o n e a r o u n d th e d ik e s e v e n th o u g h th e d ik e s o c c u p y M o d e I e x -
te n sio n fra c tu r e s. T h is is c o n siste n t w ith th e o b se r v a tio n th a t m a n y
g e o th e r m a l s y s te m s a p p e a r to b e r e la te d to d ik e s a n d a r e e lo n g a te in th e
m o s t lik e ly d ir e c tio n o f d ik e p r o p a g a tio n ( e .g ., D u b t i, E t h io p ia – s e e
S tim a c e t a l., 2 0 1 4 ) o r a r e in p a r t a b o v e o r a s tr id e s ilic ic d o m e s th a t a r e
lik e ly f e d b y d ik e s s u c h a s E a s t S a la k (S tim a c e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ) , W iy a n g
W in d u ( B o g ie e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ) , a n d B u la lo ( V ic e d o e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ) .
A c c o r d in g to D e r in g e t a l. ( 2 0 1 9 ) , c h a r a c te r is tic s o f d a m a g e z o n e s
r e la te d to d ik e e m p la c e m e n t ( “ d ik e c o r r id o r s ” ) d iff e r fr o m d a m a g e
z o n e s r e la te d to m a jo r fa u lt s . T h e d is tr ib u tio n o f m a c r o fr a c tu r e in -
te n sity a c r o ss d ik e c o r rid o rs is n o t o r g a n iz e d a r o u n d a h ig h str a in z o n e
su c h a s a fa u lt c o r e , a n d th e r e is n o la r g e a s so c ia te d fa u lt. In ste a d , a
r e la tiv e ly b r o a d c o r r id o r o f in c r e a s e d fr a c tu r in g is r e la te d to th e e m -
p la c e m e n t o f a d ik e s w a r m it s e lf ( D e la n e y e t a l., 1 9 8 6 ; D e r in g e t a l.,
2 0 1 9 ).
D ilu te fl u id c h e m istr y , lo w N C G , a n d 3 H e / 4 H e r a tio s s u g g e s t th a t
th e h e a t so u r c e s fu e lin g th e M u a r a L a b o h g e o th e r m a l sy s te m a r e m o s tly
c r y sta lliz e d , a n d n o t c o n tr ib u tin g a s ig n ifi c a n t m a ss c o m p o n e n t to fl u id
c ir c u la tio n . In s te a d s h a llo w m e te o r ic a n d s te a m -h e a te d b ic a r b o n a te
w a te rs , in fi ltr a tin g a lo n g d e e p fa u lts a n d fr a c tu r e s a n d in y o u n g b a sin
se d im e n ta r y a n d v o lc a n ic se q u e n c e s a p p e a r to m a in ly b e e x tr a c tin g a n d
r e c ir c u la tin g h e a t. T h e N E u p fl o w a n d s h a llo w c u lm in a tio n o f th e r e -
se r v o ir a t a b o u t 7 0 0 m d e p th a n d 2 3 7 °C , a n d its c o o le r o u tfl o w a p p e a r
to b e c o n tr o lle d b y N to N E -tr e n d in g fa u lts in th e c e n tr a l p a rt o f th e
b a s in , a n d p o s s ib ly a lo n g a h o r s t b lo c k ( M u s s o fa n e t a l., 2 0 1 8 ) . T h is
p a r t o f th e s y s te m b e a r s s o m e fe a tu r e s ty p ic a l o f f a u lt-c o n tr o lle d s y s -
te m s , b u t fr a c tu re p a tte r n s a n d g a s c h e m is tr y in d ic a te d e e p e r m a g m a tic
c o n tr o ls a s w e ll.
T h e u n e x p e c te d d e e p e n in g o f th e re se r v o ir to p in S W M u a r a L a b o h
is r e la te d to in fi llin g o f fr a c tu r e s w ith la t e -s ta g e m in e r a ls a s th e s y s te m
e v o lv e d a n d c o o le d in th a t a r e a ( B a r o e k e t a l., 2 0 1 8 ; S tim a c e t a l.,
2 0 1 9 ). B a se d o n m in e r a l p a r a g e n e sis , b o ilin g a n d la te r in g r e ss o f c o o le r
w a te r s in to t h e s y s te m a t s h a llo w le v e ls le d to d e e p e n in g o f th e r e -
s e r v o ir to p . S e c to r c o lla p s e o f th e P S v o lc a n o , p r o b a b ly s h o r tly b e f o r e
3 4 to 4 1 k a tu ff e r u p tio n s m a y h a v e p la y e d a n im p o r ta n t r o le in p r e s -
s u r e d r o p a n d b o il d o w n o f th e s y s te m . A s im ila r s e c t o r c o lla p s e is
im p lic a te d in th e e x tr e m e b o ild o w n o f th e K a r a h a T e la g a B o d a s g e o -
th e r m a l s y s te m ( M o o r e e t a l., 2 0 0 2 ) . In th a t s y s te m , c h a lc e d o n y w a s
fo r m e d a t h ig h te m p e ra tu r e a n d is in te r p r e te d a s h a v in g r e su lte d fr o m
r a p id d e p r e s s u r iz a tio n a n d b o ilin g . H ig h -te m p e r a tu r e c h a lc e d o n y is
lo c a lly p r e s e n t in th e s e a le d p r o p y litic in te r v a l a t M u a r a L a b o h , b u t it
d o e s n o t a p p e a r to b e w id e s p r e a d . I t is th e r e fo r e p o s s ib le th a t s e a lin g a t
M u a r a L a b o h to o k p la c e m o r e g r a d u a lly a n d o v e r a lo n g e r tim e in te r v a l,
o r th e s y s te m w a s le ss w e ll se a le d fro m so u r c e s o f m e te o r ic re c h a r g e .
6 . C o n c lu s io n s
T h e M u a ra L a b o h g e o th e rm a l sy ste m h a s b e e n r e c e n tly d e v e lo p e d
fo r 8 0 M W e o f p o w e r g e n e r a tio n , s c h e d u le d fo r c o m m is s io n in g in la te
2 0 1 9 . S ix e x p lo r a tio n w e lls (o n e la te r r e d r ille d ) a n d e le v e n d e v e lo p -
m e n t w e lls w e r e c o m p le te d ( T a b le 1 ) , a n d a lo n g w ith d a ta fr o m s u r fa c e
e x p lo r a tio n a n d g e o p h y sic a l su r v e y s p r o v id e th e b a s is fo r a r e v is e d
c o n c e p tu a l u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e e x p lo ita b le r e s e r v o ir . T h e s y s te m h o s ts
tw o s o u r c e s o f h o t u p fl o w w ith d istin c t fl u id c o m p o sitio n s a n d te m -
p e r a t u r e s . T h e p r im a r y u p fl o w , id e n tifi e d in d e e p S W w e lls
( 2 7 0 – 3 1 0 ° C ) , h a s a m o r e d ilu te c h e m is tr y . A s e c o n d u p fl o w w ith h ig h e r
s a lin ity a n d lo w e r te m p e r a tu r e ( ≤ 2 5 0 °C ) fe e d s a s h a llo w s te a m z o n e in
th e N E n e a r th e IM fu m a r o le . T h e b u lk o f o u tfl o w is c h a n n e le d a lo n g N -
S to N N W tr e n d in g str u c tu r e s a n d r e a c h e s th e su r fa c e a t th e S M s p r in g .
A d d itio n a l u n ta p p e d r e se r v o ir m a y e x te n d fr o m th e p r o v e n H a n d F P a d
a r e a fu r th e r to th e S W a n d S to w a r d th e P S fu m a r o le w h ic h is lo c a te d in
a y o u n g s e c to r c o lla p s e o f P S v o lc a n o . A lte r n a tiv e ly , th e r e c o u ld b e a
lim ite d z o n e o f re se r v o ir a lo n g th e F 2 fa u lt e x te n d in g fr o m n e a r th e P S
fu m a r o le to w a r d H 1 a n d A P a d b a se d o n lo w e r r e s istiv ity in th is a r e a
(F ig . 1 0 ).
R e s e r v o ir r o c k s r a n g e in a g e fr o m P lio -P le is to c e n e t o L a t e
C r e ta c e o u s . A lte r n a tin g s e q u e n c e s o f a n d e s it ic la v a s a n d tu ff , a n d s ilic ic
a s h -fl o w tu ff s a n d r e la te d d e p o s it s fi lle d a n e x p a n d in g te c to n ic b a s in th a t
fo r m e d in a r ig h t s te p o v e r o f th e G S F . F r a c tu r e s p r o d u c in g g e o th e r m a l
fl u id s a r e m o s tly s u b p a r a lle l to t h e G S F in th e S W ( N W to N N W ) , a n d
m o s t ly N t o N E in th e b a s in in te r io r , s im ila r to o th e r p u ll-a p a r t b a s in s in
S u m a tr a . F r a c tu r e p e r m e a b ility is h ig h e s t in th e s h a llo w s te a m c a p
w h e r e fo r m a tio n c o n ta c ts m a y a ls o p la y a r o le in fl u id c ir c u la tio n .
M a tr ix p o r o s ity a n d p e r m e a b ility a r e g e n e r a lly m o d e r a t e to lo w , v a r y in g
a s a fu n c tio n o f r o c k ty p e , d e p th , a n d sa m p le a lte r a tio n h is to r y .
H y d r o th e r m a l a lte r a tio n a s s e m b la g e s a r e ty p ic a l o f n e u tr a l-C l g e o -
th e r m a l s y s te m s , w ith a p h y llic a s s e m b la g e ( illite / s e r ic ite -q u a r tz -
p y r it e ) m o r e p r e v a le n t in s ilic ic r o c k s , a n d a p r o p y litic a s s e m b la g e
(e p id o te -c h lo r ite -q u a r tz -p y rite ) in in te r m e d ia te v o lc a n ic s a n d in -
tr u s iv e s . S e a lin g o f th e u p p e r p a r t o f th e p r o p y litic z o n e h a s r e d u c e d
p e r m e a b ility in th e a r e a o f F a n d H p a d s, r e su ltin g in a r e se r v o ir to p
th a t is d e e p e r th a n w o u ld b e a n tic ip a te d fr o m e x p lo r a tio n su r v e y s.
W a ir a k ite is th e d o m in a n t v e in m in e r a l c u r r e n tly fo r m in g in th e s h a l-
lo w e st p a r t o f th e re se r v o ir w h e r e te m p e r a tu r e s a p p e a r to b e to o lo w to
su p p o r t fo rm a tio n o f e p id o te .
T h e M u a r a L a b o h g e o th e r m a l s y s te m a p p e a r s to h a v e h a d a lo n g
h is to r y , w ith th e S W a n d N E se c to r s b e in g b e tte r c o n n e c te d in th e p a s t.
S e a lin g o f th e u p p e r p r o p y litic z o n e in th e S W a n d fo r m a tio n o f a
s h a llo w s te a m c a p in th e N E m ig h t b o th r e fl e c t r e s p o n s e o f th e s y s te m
to r e la tiv e ly r e c e n t s e c to r c o lla p s e o f th e P a ta h S e m b ila n v o lc a n o ,
w h ic h e x c a v a te d th e c la y c a p in th a t a r e a .
A c k n o w le d g m e n ts
M a n y th a n k s to S u p r e m e E n e rg y M u a r a L a b o h a n d its p a rtn e rs fo r
p e r m issio n to p u b lish th is w o rk . D isc u ss io n s w ith th e R e so u r c e T e a m a t
S u p r e m e , in c lu d in g I r e n e W a llis a n d A n n a C o lv in w e r e m o s t h e lp fu l.
C o n s tr u c tiv e r e v ie w s b y D a v id S u s s m a n a n d E r ik L a y m a n a r e a ls o
g r e a tly a p p r e c ia te d .
R e fe re n c e s
A c o c e lla , V ., B e llie r , O ., S a n d r i, L ., S é b r ie r , M ., P r a m u m ijo y o , S ., 2 0 1 8 . W e a k te c to n o -
m a g m a tic r e la tio n s h ip s a lo n g a n o b liq u e ly c o n v e r g e n t p la te b o u n d a r y : S u m a tr a ,
In d o n e s ia . F r o n t. E a r th S c i. 6 , 3 .
A lfi a d y , 2 0 1 8 . M u a r a L a b o h R e s u lt o f T ra c e r T e s t ( R T T ), U n p u b lis h e d S u p r e m e E n e r g y
R e p o r t D a te d A p ril 1 3 , 2 0 1 8 .
B a ro e k , M ., S tim a c , J ., S ih o ta n g , A .M ., P u tr a , A .P ., M a r tik n o , R ., 2 0 1 8 . F o rm a tio n a n d
fr a c tu r e c h a ra c te r iz a tio n o f th e M u a r a L a b o h g e o th e r m a l s y s te m , S u m a te r a ,
In d o n e s ia . G e o th e r m a l R e s o u r c e C o u n c il T r a n s . 4 2 .
J . S tim a c , e t a l.
B e llie r , O ., S é b r ie r , M ., 1 9 9 4 . R e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n te c to n is m a n d v o lc a n is m a lo n g th e
G r e a t S u m a tr a n F a u lt Z o n e d e d u c e d b y S P O T im a g e a n a ly s is . T e c to n o p h y s ic s 2 3 3 ,
215–231.
B o g ie , I ., K u s u m a h , Y .I ., W is n a n d a r y , M .C ., 2 0 0 8 . O v e r v ie w o f t h e W a y a n g W in d u g e o -
th e r m a l fi e ld , W e s t J a v a , In d o n e s ia . G e o th e r m ic s 3 7 , 3 4 7 – 3 6 5 .
D e r in g , G .M ., M ic k le th w a ite , S ., C r u d e n , A .R ., B a r n e s , S .J ., F io r e n tin i, M .L ., 2 0 1 9 .
E v id e n c e fo r d y k e -p a r a lle l s h e a r d u r in g s y n -in tr u s io n fr a c tu r in g . E a r th P la n e t. S c i.
L e tte rs 5 0 7 , 1 1 9 – 1 3 0 .
D r e s t a n ta , Y .S ., S o e d a , Y ., D r a k o s , P ., A s tr a , D ., L o b a to , E .M .L ., 2 0 1 8 . B u ild in g a 3 D e a rth
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