Delhi, a city of immense economic and cultural significance in India, has a central location that

has made it a preferred choice for rulers throughout its history, from ancient times to the British
colonial era. The city has expanded into a major urban center, sharing borders with neighboring
states like Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.

Geographically, Delhi is surrounded by the Indo-Gangetic plains in the north and east, the Thar
Desert in the west, and the Aravalli hills in the south. The city features a hilly area known as the
Ridge, which acts as a natural barrier against desert dust and winds. The Ridge also preserves
groundwater, prevents erosion, and supports biodiversity.

Delhi's primary water source is the Yamuna River, which flows to the west of the city, providing
drinking water and playing a significant role in religious rituals. Three canal systems - Agra
canal, Hindan canal, and western Yamuna canal - serve as additional water sources. Delhi's
expansion includes million-plus sub-cities like Rohini and Dwarka within the city limits and the
development of adjoining cities such as Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, and Noida as
million-plus cities beyond its boundaries.

Delhi's history is marked by different phases of growth and development, driven by its unique
geographical context. The planning of the city has been responsive to its environment and
ecological parameters. The expansion of Delhi historically moved from south to north to harness
cooler mountain breezes and avoid the constraints of the past. Different dynasties relied on
groundwater and surface water sources, shaping the city's water utilization patterns.

Post-independence development in Delhi witnessed a shift towards modern development. The

city's governance structure evolved, leading to the creation of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi
and the formulation of master plans. These master plans, starting with the 1962 plan, aimed to
balance development with the preservation of natural ecosystems and green spaces.

Lutyen's Delhi, planned during the British period, introduced a garden city concept with the
Ridge as a backdrop and the Yamuna River as a central element of design. This open-ended
city layout allowed for future expansion.

Delhi's urban extensions are divided into various zones, accommodating both urban and rural
growth. These zones include well-planned residential areas, industrial zones, and areas
dedicated to green belts and ecological significance. These developments reflect Delhi's
continued growth and its unique historical and geographical context.