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Chapter 10
Personality Disorders
Section 1 Test Item File .......................................................................................................................... 451

Multiple-Choice Questions ................................................................................................................. 451
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions ................................................................................................................. 484
Short-Answer Questions ..................................................................................................................... 485
Essay Questions .................................................................................................................................. 489
Section 2 Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions ...................................................................... 491

End-of-Module Quiz ........................................................................................................................... 491
End-of-Chapter Quiz ........................................................................................................................... 502
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
449
TOTAL
ASSESSMENT Chapter 10
GUIDE Personality Disorders
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied
Learning Objective 10.1 Multiple Choice 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 3, 7
Fill in the Blank 116, 117, 118
Short Answer 126
Essay
Learning Objective 10.2 Multiple Choice 10, 11 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 13
18, 19
Fill in the Blank 119
Short Answer 129 127, 128
Essay
Learning Objective 10.3 Multiple Choice 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 21, 22 20, 24, 25, 30
31, 33, 34, 35
Short Answer 130, 131
Essay 138
Learning Objective 10.4 Multiple Choice 40, 44, 52, 53, 55, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 36, 37, 38, 45,
56, 58, 59, 62, 64, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 46, 57, 61, 63
65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 60, 67, 73
71, 72
Short Answer 132, 133, 134 135
Essay 139 140
Learning Objective 10.5 Multiple Choice 75, 77, 80, 83, 87, 74, 78, 81, 85, 86, 76, 79, 82, 84,
88, 90, 93 92, 94 89, 91
Short Answer 136
Essay
Learning Objective 10.6 Multiple Choice 95, 96 97
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Objective 10.7 Multiple Choice 100, 102 98, 99 101
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Objective 10.8 Multiple Choice 105, 106, 108, 103, 104, 114 107, 110,
109, 112, 113, 115 111
Short Answer 137
Essay 141 142
450
Chapter 10 Personality Disorders
Section 1 Test Item File

Multiple-Choice Questions
1. There is a general agreement among researchers that personality ________

a. is mainly learned.
b. can be characterized by five basic trait dimensions.
c. has an infinite number of possible trait dimensions.
d. is mainly genetic.
Answer: b. can be characterized by five basic trait dimensions.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 342
Skill: Remember the Facts
Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe the general features of personality disorders.
2. Individuals with personality disorders ________

a. comply with societal expectations.
b. reject societal expectations.
c. are unable to function adequately in society.
d. have a strong sense of self.
Answer: c. are unable to function adequately in society.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 342
3. Unlike disorders such as depression and PTSD, ________

a. personality disorders develop gradually.
b. multiple causal events can be identified when a personality disorder has developed.
c. those with personality disorders experience considerable subjective distress.
d. personality disorders are emotional disorders.
Answer: a. personality disorders develop gradually.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 343
Skill: Understand the Concepts
451
4. Which statement about personality disorders is accurate?
a. The category is broad and encompasses behavioral problems that vary widely in form and
severity.
b. Personality disorders are considered situation-specific problems in behaving.
c. Most personality disorders are extreme reactions to stressful life events.
d. Even the milder cases of personality disorder produce severe impairments in social and
occupational functioning.
Answer: a. The category is broad and encompasses behavioral problems that vary widely in form and
severity.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 343
5. Which of the following is one of the criteria for a personality disorder diagnosis?
a. The patient’s behavior must reflect a lack of impulse control.
b. The patient must experience mild irritability.
c. Signs of psychosis must be present.
d. The person’s behavior problems must cause them distress or impairment.
Answer: d. The person’s behavior problems must cause them distress or impairment.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 342-343
6. The “clusters” of personality disorders found in the DSM-5 are grouped based on ________
a. similar etiologies.
b. level of dysfunction.
c. symptom or feature similarities.
d. expected prognosis.
Answer: c. symptom or feature similarities.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 343
7. What do all of the Cluster A disorders have in common?

a. Lack of emotional expression
b. Oddness or eccentricity
c. Clear link to schizophrenia
d. Trust in other people
Answer: b. Oddness or eccentricity
Difficulty: 1
Page: 343
452
8. Which of the following is a Cluster B personality disorder?
a. Depressive
b. Schizoid
c. Paranoid
d. Borderline
Answer: d. Borderline
Difficulty: 1
Page: 343
9. Individuals who seem odd and eccentric to others may have personality disorders from ________
a. Cluster A.
b. Cluster B.
c. Cluster C.
d. diagnostic categories that are not yet established.
Answer: a. Cluster A.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 343
10. Personality disorders can be misdiagnosed more easily than other categories of disorder in part
because ________
a. criteria are not as sharply defined.
b. many people with personality disorder are inclined to file lawsuits.
c. conduct disorders are hidden by family members and employers.
d. maladaptive behavioral patterns are common in the general population.
Answer: a. criteria are not as sharply defined.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 345
Learning Objective: 10.2: Summarize the challenges of doing research on personality disorders.
11. Which of the following is one of the facets of the personality trait of neuroticism?
a. Assertiveness
b. Excitement seeking
c. Impulsivity
d. Activity
Answer: c. Impulsivity
Difficulty: 1
Page: 345
453
12. The behavioral patterns of individuals with personality disorders ________
a. tend to fluctuate over time.
b. tend to normalize with experience as an individual matures.
c. are thought to be relatively consistent over time, with little adaptation to new kinds of
experiences.
d. are remarkable in their tendency to shift dramatically from one kind of disorder to another.
Answer: c. are thought to be relatively consistent over time, with little adaptation to new kinds of
experiences.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 345
13. People find Adam difficult to be around. His behavior is unpredictable and erratic but most often is
annoying to others. He doesn’t seem to learn from his bad experiences, instead he keeps repeating
the same mistakes over and over. His family says Adam has been like this since at least junior high
school. Adam most likely has ________
a. a mood disorder.
b. an anxiety disorder.
c. a dissociative disorder.
d. a personality disorder.
Answer: d. a personality disorder.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 345
Skill: Apply What You Know
14. Within a dimensional approach, disordered personality traits are seen as ________ normal
personality traits.
a. identical to
b. pathological extremes of
c. the opposite of
d. irrelevant to
Answer: b. pathological extremes of
Difficulty: 1
Page: 345
15. Since there are substantial problems with reliability and validity of the diagnoses of personality
disorders, ________
a. they are rarely used in clinical practice.
b. it is less likely that research on a disorder will be able to be replicated by other researchers.
c. they are considered by clinicians only as suggestions and do not have an impact on treatment
decisions.
d. very little research or search for treatments is done.
Answer: b. it is less likely that research on a disorder will be able to be replicated by other researchers.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 345
454
16. The five-factor model is a ________
a. model of normal personality that includes an expanded description of the five basic personality
dimensions.
b. model that attempts to explain personality disorders by dividing them into five main categories.
c. model that explains the causes of personality disorders by describing the five most important
factors that lead to their development.
d. five-step model for the treatment of personality disorders.
Answer: a. model of normal personality that includes an expanded description of the five basic
personality dimensions.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 346
17. Which of the following is a factor that complicates determining the causes of personality disorders?
a. The high likelihood that an individual with one personality disorder may also have another
b. The availability of only prospective data
c. The wealth of biological data available
d. The inability to gather information from the patients themselves, due to the prevalence of
memory disorders among those with personality disorders
Answer: a. The high likelihood that an individual with one personality disorder may also have another
Difficulty: 2
Page: 346
18. The finding that temperament may play a role in the etiology of personality disorders suggests that
________
a. all personality disorders have a biological basis.
b. learning plays a significant role in the development of personality disorders.
c. the environment does not play a causal role in the development of mood disorders.
d. a susceptibility to the development of a personality disorder may be inherited.
Answer: d. a susceptibility to the development of a personality disorder may be inherited.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 347-348
19. The best description of the biological component of personality disorders is ________
a. they are directly inherited disorders.
b. they have no biological component, they are learned.
c. personality traits are inherited that predispose a person to developing a personality disorder.
d. people inherit the trait of anxiety, which underlies all of the personality disorders and
predisposes people to developing a personality disorder.
Answer: c. personality traits are inherited that predispose a person to developing a personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 348
455
20. Helen is suspicious and doubts the loyalty of even her friends. She is unwilling to forgive perceived
insults and never forgets a grudge. She is most likely to be diagnosed with ________ personality
disorder.
a. paranoid
b. histrionic
c. schizoid
d. schizotypal
Answer: a. paranoid
Difficulty: 1
Page: 348
Learning Objective: 10.3: List the three Cluster A personality disorders and describe the key clinical
features of each.
21. The best single-word description for the person with paranoid personality disorder is ________
a. delusional.
b. impulsive.
c. unemotional.
d. mistrustful.
Answer: d. mistrustful.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 349
features of each.
22. Unlike the person with paranoid schizophrenia, the person with paranoid personality disorder
________
a. becomes delusional in response to an actual betrayal or hurtful incident with another person.
b. has persistent loss of reality contact.
c. tends to confide in others and assume the loyalty of his or her friends.
d. is in contact with reality, although he or she may have transient psychotic symptoms.
Answer: d. is in contact with reality, although he or she may have transient psychotic symptoms.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 349
features of each.
23. Which basic personality traits from the five-factor model seem most important in the development
of paranoid personality disorder?
a. Introversion and openness to feelings
b. Excitement seeking and neuroticism
c. Antagonism and neuroticism
d. Fantasy proneness and tough mindedness
Answer: c. Antagonism and neuroticism
Difficulty: 2
Page: 349
features of each.
456
24. Sam shows little emotion and is a loner. He has no social relationships, other than his family, and he
seems to experience little pleasure, if any. What personality disorder might Sam have?
a. Paranoid
b. Schizoid
c. Borderline
d. Narcissistic
Answer: b. Schizoid
Difficulty: 1
Page: 349
features of each.
25. Greg has been diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder. Knowing this, which of the following
jobs would he be most likely to enjoy?
a. Night security guard who works alone
b. Receptionist at a busy dentist’s office
c. Insurance inspector who uncovers clues that criminal behavior has occurred
d. Elementary school teacher who works with children who have emotional problems
Answer: a. Night security guard who works alone
Difficulty: 2
Page: 350
features of each.
26. The central problem of schizoid personality disorder is ________
a. recurrent depression.
b. a marked disregard for the feelings of others.
c. cognitive and perceptual distortions.
d. an inability to form attachments to other people.
Answer: d. an inability to form attachments to other people.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 350
features of each.
of schizoid personality disorder?
a. Low agreeableness and high antagonism
b. High introversion and low openness to feelings
c. High introversion and low agreeableness
d. Low excitement seeking and high fantasy proneness
Answer: b. High introversion and low openness to feelings
Difficulty: 2
Page: 350
features of each.
457
28. Individuals with schizoid and paranoid personality disorders differ significantly in their ________
a. ability to function.
b. display of psychotic symptoms.
c. level of emotionality.
d. likelihood of recovery.
Answer: c. level of emotionality.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 350
features of each.
29. A cognitive explanation for schizoid personality disorder proposes that the individual with this
disorder believes that ________
a. he is basically alone.
b. few people can be trusted.
c. no one can live up to his or her expectations.
d. he is misunderstood.
Answer: a. he is basically alone.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 351
features of each.
30. Tom tells you that he can make his roommate take out the trash by simply thinking about his
roommate doing it. He agrees with you that this could sometimes just be a coincidence, but he
seems to truly believe he can sometimes get people to do things just by thinking about it. You find
him understandable when he talks, but sometimes hard to follow. His clothes are messy and don’t
match. Tom tells you not to tell anyone about his power, because he knows that other people don’t
like him because they are jealous and they would hurt him if they could. The best diagnosis for Tom
is ________
a. borderline personality disorder.
b. paranoid personality disorder.
c. schizotypal personality disorder.
d. schizoid personality disorder.
Answer: c. schizotypal personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 351
features of each.
458
31. Which of the following personality disorders is most likely to be mistaken for schizophrenia?
a. Avoidant
b. Borderline
c. Schizoid
d. Schizotypal
Answer: d. Schizotypal
Difficulty: 1
Page: 351
features of each.
32. While the individual with ________ personality disorder appears cool and aloof, the individual with
________ personality disorder is best described as odd.
a. avoidant; schizotypal
b. schizoid; schizotypal
c. schizoid; avoidant
d. schizotypal; avoidant
Answer: b. schizoid; schizotypal
Difficulty: 2
Page: 352
features of each.
33. Thought and speech oddities comparable to those seen in schizophrenia have been documented in
________ personality disorder.
a. paranoid
b. schizoid
c. schizotypal
d. borderline
Answer: c. schizotypal
Difficulty: 1
Page: 351
features of each.
34. Schizophrenic disorders seem to be most strongly linked genetically to ________ personality
disorder.
a. schizoid
b. schizotypal
c. avoidant
d. paranoid
Answer: b. schizotypal
Difficulty: 1
Page: 351
features of each.
459
35. Transient psychotic symptoms are seen in which of the following personality disorders?
a. Paranoid and schizoid
b. Schizotypal and schizoid
c. Schizoid and antisocial
d. Paranoid and schizotypal
Answer: d. Paranoid and schizotypal
Difficulty: 2
Page: 349, 351
features of each.
36. Lori is vain and self-centered. When she goes out, it is not at all uncommon for her to do things that
ensure she is the center of attention. Her close friends describe her as a “drama queen.” Assuming
that her behavior is sufficient to warrant a diagnosis, which of the following personality disorders is
she most likely to be diagnosed with?
a. Antisocial
b. Borderline
c. Histrionic
d. Narcissistic
Answer: c. Histrionic
Difficulty: 2
Page: 352-353
Learning Objective: 10.4: Describe the four Cluster B personality disorders and explain what common
features they share.
37. Luisa is a lively and emotional graduate student. She dresses provocatively and behaves in a very
seductive manner with her male professors. She has had a long string of short-lived, stormy
romances. Luisa is most likely to have a diagnosis of ________
a. histrionic personality disorder.
b. narcissistic personality disorder.
c. dependent personality disorder.
d. passive-aggressive personality disorder.
Answer: a. histrionic personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 352-353
460
38. Like many individuals with personality disorders, individuals with histrionic personality disorder are
rarely able to maintain relationships over time. Why?
a. Their extreme distrust makes lasting relationships impossible.
b. Their self-reliance leads them to feel that they do not need anyone else.
c. Their exaggerated sense of self-importance is generally off-putting.
d. Their need for attention and manipulation is likely to drive others away.
Answer: d. Their need for attention and manipulation is likely to drive others away.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 352
39. Histrionic personality disorder is most likely to be diagnosed in people who ________
a. are emotionally unexpressive and prefer living alone.
b. later develop schizophrenic symptoms.
c. are attention-seeking and overly emotional.
d. depend on others because they do not feel competent.
Answer: c. are attention-seeking and overly emotional.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 353
40. Which personality disorder may be disproportionally diagnosed in only one gender, based on the
influence of some form of sex bias?
a. Schizoid
b. Histrionic
c. Narcissistic
d. Dependent
Answer: b. Histrionic
Difficulty: 2
Page: 353
41. Which personality disorder is highly comorbid with borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, and
dependent personality disorders diagnoses, and was recommended for removal from DSM-5?
a. Histrionic
b. Schizoid
c. Paranoid
d. Avoidant
Answer: a. Histrionic
Difficulty: 1
Page: 353
461
42. Which of the following is most typical of the interpersonal attitudes and behaviors of someone with
histrionic personality disorder?
a. Vacillation between over-idealization and bitter disappointment
b. Excessive trust and dependence on others’ opinions
c. Cruel and callous exploitation of others for personal gain
d. Repeated manipulation of others to gain attention
Answer: d. Repeated manipulation of others to gain attention
Difficulty: 1
Page: 352-353
43. Which of the following core dysfunctional beliefs might explain the development of histrionic
personality disorder?
a. “I need a man to define me.”
b. “I am the only one I can trust.”
c. “I am completely helpless.”
d. “If I am not fun, they will abandon me.”
Answer: d. “If I am not fun, they will abandon me.”
Difficulty: 2
Page: 354
44. Which of the following traits associated with histrionic personality disorder are more common in
men than in women?
a. Vanity and seductiveness
b. Over-concern with physical appearance
c. High excitement seeking and low self-consciousness
d. Self-dramatization and exaggerated expression of emotion
Answer: c. High excitement seeking and low self-consciousness
Difficulty: 2
Page: 353
462
45. Hope believes that she is the “star” of her graduate class and that the other students dislike her
because they are jealous of her superior intelligence. She believes that she is entitled to be exempted
from an important exam because of her outstanding performance in class. Hope probably suffers
from ________
b. narcissistic personality disorder.
c. dependent personality disorder.
d. schizoid personality disorder.
Answer: b. narcissistic personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 354
46. Which of the following distinguishes narcissistic personality disorder from the other Cluster B
disorders?
a. Emotionality
b. Grandiosity
c. Impulsivity
d. Vanity
Answer: b. Grandiosity
Difficulty: 2
Page: 354
47. Some people always think that everyone is looking at them and talking about them, wishing to be
like them. This self-focused view of the world would be expected in someone with ________
personality disorder.
a. borderline
b. histrionic
c. narcissistic
d. paranoid
Answer: c. narcissistic
Difficulty: 1
Page: 354
463
48. What are the two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder?
a. Histrionic and paranoid
b. Antisocial and prosocial
c. Avoidant and dependent.
d. Grandiose and vulnerable.
Answer: d. They think they are nearly perfect and in no need of change.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 355
49. The histrionic seeks ________, while the narcissist needs ________.
a. attention; admiration
b. acceptance; admiration
c. admiration; attention
d. acceptance; approval
Answer: a. attention; admiration
Difficulty: 1
Page: 353-355
50. Parental overvaluation is associated with which personality disorder?

a. Antisocial
b. Borderline
c. Histrionic
d. Narcissistic
Answer: d. Narcissistic
Difficulty: 2
Page: 355
51. At a young age, children are not able to understand that the world that others experience is different
from their own. Children also tend to overestimate their own abilities. A failure to outgrow these
youthful characteristics might explain the development of ________ personality disorder.
a. antisocial
b. borderline
c. histrionic
d. narcissistic
Answer: d. narcissistic
Difficulty: 2
Page: 355
464
52. Early criminal behavior is most characteristic of ________
a. antisocial personality disorder.
b. borderline personality disorder.
c. schizoid personality disorder.
d. schizotypal personality disorder.
Answer: a. antisocial personality disorder.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 356
53. ________ personality disorder is much more common in men than women and involves the
exploitation of others without remorse.
a. Antisocial
b. Histrionic
c. Borderline
d. Paranoid
Answer: a. Antisocial
Difficulty: 1
Page: 356
antisocial personality disorder?
a. Vacillation between overidealization and bitter disappointment
c. Irritable and aggressive pattern of irresponsible behavior
Answer: c. Irritable and aggressive pattern of irresponsible behavior
Difficulty: 1
Page: 356
55. Children with an early history of ________ are most likely to later develop antisocial personality
disorder.
a. attention-deficit disorder
b. attachment disorder
c. oppositional defiant disorder
d. depression
Answer: c. oppositional defiant disorder
Difficulty: 1
Page: 358
465
56. Antisocial personality disorder differs from the other Cluster B disorders in that ________
a. a lack of concern for the feelings of others is not displayed.
b. a need for approval or attention is not displayed.
c. symptoms are only present after age 15.
d. it is seen equally on men and women.
Answer: b. a need for approval or attention is not displayed.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 356
57. Henry was a charming middle-aged man who came to the attention of authorities on bigamy
charges. He had a long history of courting and supposedly marrying elderly widows, then
absconding with their money. His diagnosis is most likely ________
a. narcissistic personality disorder.
b. borderline personality disorder.
c. histrionic personality disorder.
d. antisocial personality disorder.
Answer: d. antisocial personality disorder.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 356
58. What “border” did the term “borderline” in borderline personality refer to?
a. The border between mood and anxiety disorders
b. People with borderline personality disorder were thought to be on the brink of psychosis, on the
border between sanity and insanity.
c. Because people with borderline personality disorder behave normally much of the time, they
were thought to only be on the edge of mental illness.
d. The term was originally used to describe a condition on the “border” between neurotic and
psychotic disorders.
Answer: d. The term was originally used to describe a condition on the “border” between neurotic and
psychotic disorders.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 359
466
59. Impulsivity and extreme instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood best
characterize ________
b. antisocial personality disorder.
c. avoidant personality disorder.
d. borderline personality disorder.
Answer: d. borderline personality disorder.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 361
borderline personality disorder?
a. Vacillation between over-idealization and bitter disappointment
c. Cruel and callous exploitation of others for personal gain
Answer: a. Vacillation between over-idealization and bitter disappointment
Difficulty: 1
Page: 360
61. Loretta has a long history of first idealizing men and then feeling they have abandoned her. Feelings
of emptiness change into reckless acts of sexual promiscuity, gambling, and suicide attempts. She
feels that she has never had a sense of self. Loretta probably has ________ personality disorder.
a. narcissistic
b. histrionic
c. dependent
d. borderline
Answer: d. borderline
Difficulty: 1
Page: 360
467
62. Self-mutilation, such as is seen in borderline personality disorder, is ________
a. a form of suicidal behavior.
b. a form of self-punishment.
c. done to reduce depression.
d. associated with an increase in anxiety and depression.
Answer: b. a form of self-punishment.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 360
63. Glenna believed that Sam loved her and that she could not live without him. When he told her he did
not want to see her again, she became violently angry and manipulated him into staying with her by
threatening suicide. Which of the following personality disorder does Glenna’s behavior suggest she
might have?
a. Narcissistic
b. Histrionic
c. Dependent
d. Borderline
Answer: d. Borderline
Difficulty: 1
Page: 360
64. Transient psychotic and dissociative experiences can occur in ________ personality disorder.
a. borderline
b. antisocial
c. narcissistic
d. obsessive-compulsive
Answer: a. borderline
Difficulty: 1
Page: 361
of borderline personality disorder?
a. High extraversion and low fantasy proneness
b. High impulsivity and affective instability
c. High antagonism and low neuroticism
d. High agreeableness and low excitement seeking
Answer: b. High impulsivity and affective instability
Difficulty: 2
Page: 362
468
66. Neuroimaging studies suggest that ________ personality disorder is associated with increased
amygdala activation in emotion-inducing situations.
a. antisocial
b. narcissistic
c. schizoid
d. borderline
Answer: d. the central role of sexuality is not present.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 363
67. Which indicator of borderline personality disorder can also occur in people without the disorder.
a. Markedly and persistently unstable self-image
b. A pattern of unstable relationships that alternate between extremes of idealization and
devaluation
c. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior
d. Intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety.
Answer: c. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior
Difficulty: 2
Page: 361
68. According to Paris (2007), a key causal factor in borderline personality disorder seems to be
________
a. inconsistent or highly punitive discipline in childhood.
b. impulsivity and affective instability interacting with such factors as trauma or loss.
c. a negative attributional style.
d. an inability to empathize with other people.
Answer: b. impulsivity and affective instability interacting with such factors as trauma or loss.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 363
469
69. A significant portion of the individuals with borderline personality disorder also qualify for a
diagnosis of ________ at some time.
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. a mood disorder
d. histrionic personality disorder
Answer: c. a mood disorder
Difficulty: 1
Page: 362
70. In which of the following disorders is a comorbid diagnosis of depression most commonly seen?
a. Antisocial personality disorder
b. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
c. Borderline personality disorder
d. Histrionic personality disorder
Answer: c. Borderline personality disorder
Difficulty: 2
Page: 362
71. According to Paris’ multidimensional theory of borderline personality disorder (BPD), people with
high levels of impulsivity and affective instability ________
a. are likely to develop BPD in response to even minor stressors.
b. are likely to develop BPD if they are exposed to trauma.
c. come mainly from intact homes and are unlikely to develop BPD.
d. come to enjoy acting out.
Answer: b. are likely to develop BPD if they are exposed to trauma.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 363
470
72. The research on the association between borderline personality disorder and childhood sexual abuse
________
a. proves child sexual abuse is the leading cause of borderline personality disorder.
b. are problematic—the abuse most likely is occurring with other factors that might be more
important.
c. has shown that the reports of sexual abuse were mostly false reports.
d. suggests that some genetic component underlies both the disorder in the child and the parents’
tendency to abuse.
Answer: b. are problematic—the abuse most likely is occurring with other factors that might be more
important.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 363
73. Who is most likely to develop antisocial personality disorder?

a. A child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
b. A child with oppositional defiant disorder
c. A child with conduct disorder
d. A child with conduct disorder and either ADHD or oppositional defiant disorder
Answer: d. a child with conduct disorder and either ADHD or oppositional defiant disorder
Difficulty: 1
Page: 358
74. The individual with avoidant personality disorder behaves most similarly to someone with
________ personality disorder.
a. antisocial
b. borderline
c. schizoid
d. schizotypal
Answer: c. schizoid
Difficulty: 2
Page: 364
Learning Objective: 10.5: List the three Cluster C personality disorders and describe the clinical features
that are central to each.
471
75. The individual with avoidant personality disorder is unlikely to develop lasting relationships as a
result of his or her ________
a. callousness.
b. fear of rejection.
c. desire to control others.
d. lack of interest.
Answer: b. fear of rejection.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 364
76. Stu has no friends except his brother. He would desperately love to date women but is certain no
woman would be interested in him. He tried a dating service but was convinced that the secretary
was trying to get rid of him because he was such a poor candidate. The most likely diagnosis for Stu
is ________
a. avoidant personality disorder.
b. schizoid personality disorder.
c. paranoid personality disorder.
d. schizotypal personality disorder.
Answer: a. avoidant personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 365
77. Helena has avoidant personality disorder. She is likely to ________
a. engage in a series of intense, unstable relationships.
b. have no interest in social relationships.
c. avoid achievement situations where she might fail.
d. be hypersensitive to any sign of criticism or rejection.
Answer: d. be hypersensitive to any sign of criticism or rejection.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 364
78. In contrast to schizoid individuals, those with avoidant personality disorder ________
a. are emotional and dramatic.
b. are impulsive and self-destructive.
c. are extremely upset by their lack of social relationships.
d. are exploitive rather than compliant.
Answer: c. are extremely upset by their lack of social relationships.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 364
472
79. Sharon says, “I would love to be in an intimate relationship. My life is terribly boring and lonely.
But I am extremely shy and I would fall apart if any man criticized me in the slightest.” This
description best matches the symptoms of ________ personality disorder.
a. antisocial
b. dependent
c. avoidant
d. borderline
Answer: c. avoidant
Difficulty: 1
Page: 365
of avoidant personality disorder?
a. High extraversion and low openness to feelings
b. High introversion and high neuroticism
c. High antagonism and low neuroticism
d. High agreeableness and high angry hostility
Answer: b. High introversion and high neuroticism
Difficulty: 2
Page: 365
81. Avoidant personality disorder is extremely similar to and hard to distinguish from ________
a. generalized social phobia.
c. generalized anxiety disorder.
d. paranoid personality disorder.
Answer: a. generalized social phobia.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 364-365
473
82. Emily calls her husband every day at work to ask him what she should make for dinner. She spends
her days at her mother’s, because Emily worries that something will go wrong in her own home that
she won’t be able to handle. Even though she paints and draws well, Emily has never tried to take a
class or use her talent, because she says she knows she really isn’t good enough. Emily’s most likely
diagnosis is ________
a. borderline personality disorder.
b. dependent personality disorder.
c. schizoid personality disorder.
d. paranoid personality disorder.
Answer: b. dependent personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 365
83. Involvement in an abusive relationship (as the one who is abused) would be most expected of the
individual with ________ personality disorder.
a. antisocial
b. borderline
c. dependent
d. schizotypal
Answer: c. dependent
Difficulty: 1
Page: 365
84. Hattie has a dependent personality disorder. This means that she ________
a. experiences little distress in her life.
b. has difficulty in initiating relationships.
c. has acute discomfort when she is alone.
d. prefers being alone rather than being with people who might criticize her.
Answer: c. has acute discomfort when she is alone.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 365
474
85. People who lack self-confidence despite good skills, who panic at the possibility of being separated
from their spouse, and remain in abusive relationships have many of the symptoms of ________
personality disorder.
a. histrionic
b. dependent
c. avoidant
d. narcissistic
Answer: b. dependent
Difficulty: 1
Page: 366
86. The fear of abandonment is seen in both borderline and dependent personality disorder. What is the
key difference is the individual’s reaction to that fear?
a. The person with borderline personality disorder gets depressed, and the person with dependent
personality disorder gets angry.
b. The person with borderline personality disorder gets angry, and the person with dependent
personality disorder becomes submissive.
c. The person with borderline personality disorder goes to other people for a replacement, and the
person with dependent personality disorder stays alone and sad.
d. The person with borderline personality disorder tries to resolve the issues rationally, and the
person with dependent personality disorder is afraid to seek out new relationships.
Answer: b. The person with borderline personality disorder gets angry, and the person with dependent
personality disorder becomes submissive.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 366
of dependent personality disorder?
a. High neuroticism and high agreeableness
b. High introversion and low conscientiousness
c. High fantasy proneness and low neuroticism
d. High excitement seeking and low openness to feelings
Answer: a. High neuroticism and high agreeableness
Difficulty: 2
Page: 366
475
88. What core belief might explain the behavior of the individual with dependent personality disorder?
a. “I am helpless.”
b. “I don’t know who I am without you.”
c. “Unless I make people laugh, they will not like me.”
d. “Others exist to benefit me.”
Answer: a. “I am helpless.”
Difficulty: 1
Page: 366
89. John has a great need for order and perfectionism. He can’t leave the house until every hair is in
place, and he has been known to iron the same shirt over and over to ensure that he is wrinkle-free.
What personality disorder does John’s behavior suggest?
a. Avoidant
b. Dependent
c. Obsessive-compulsive
d. Narcissistic
Answer: c. Obsessive-compulsive
Difficulty: 1
Page: 367
90. The individual with ________ personality disorder is likely to be described as rigid and cold.
a. borderline
b. histrionic
c. obsessive-compulsive
d. dependent
Answer: c obsessive-compulsive
Difficulty: 1
Page: 367
91. Harold is perfectionistic and extremely concerned with maintaining a set routine. He probably
suffers from ________ personality disorder.
a. schizoid
b. obsessive-compulsive
c. dependent
d. avoidant
Answer: b. obsessive-compulsive
Difficulty: 1
Page: 367
476
92. What is the main difference between Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Obsessive
Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?
a. People with OCD are more perfectionistic than people with OCPD.
b. People with OCPD are less conscientious about their rituals than people with OCD.
c. People with OCPD do not have true obsessions or compulsions like people with OCD have.
d. People with OCD can do a compulsion once and feel better, people with OCPD never feel better
no matter how many times they do them.
Answer: c. People with OCPD do not have true obsessions or compulsions like people with OCD have.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 367
of obsessive compulsive personality disorder?
a. High conscientiousness and low compliance
b. High extraversion and high openness to feelings
c. High excitement seeking and low openness to feelings
d. High fantasy proneness and high agreeableness
Answer: a. High conscientiousness and low compliance
Difficulty: 2
Page: 368
94. Why does the person with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder have problems in interpersonal
relationships?
a. They have no interest in having relationships.
b. They have no time for relationships due to excessive devotion to work.
c. They are too emotionally expressive.
d. Their manipulative behavior tends to destroy relationships.
Answer: b. They have no time for relationships due to excessive devotion to work.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 368
477
95. According to the chapter, which of the following statements is correct?
a. There is more variance for personality disorders across cultures than within cultures.
b. There is more variance for personality disorders within cultures than between cultures.
c. There is no difference in variance for personality disorders across cultures and within cultures.
d. Personality disorders do not occur in cultures other than the United States.
Answer: b. There is more variance for personality disorders within cultures than between cultures.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 368
Learning Objective: 10.6: Explain the role that sociocultural factors might play in the prevalence of
personality disorders.
96. Which of the following personality disorders is more common in Western cultures?
a. Narcissistic.
b. Dependent.
c. Anti-Social
d. Schizoid.
Answer: a. Narcissistic.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 368
97. Paris (2001, 2007) has suggested that the ________ may be responsible for the increase in emotional
dysregulation and impulsive behavior that has been increasing since World War II.
a. increase in illicit drugs in the U.S.
b. unstable unemployment rates
c. changes in nutritional needs and diet
d. increased breakdown of the family unit
Answer: d. increased breakdown of the family unit
Difficulty: 1
Page: 369
98. Which of the following best explains why it is such a challenge to treat personality disorders?
a. They develop early in life.
b. The diagnostic criteria for these disorders is highly subjective.
c. Comorbid diagnoses are the norm, not the exception.
d. By definition, they are enduring patterns of thought and behavior.
Answer: d. By definition, they are enduring patterns of thought and behavior.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 369
Learning Objective: 10.7: Discuss the challenges associated with treating personality disorders and
summarize the approaches that are used.
478
99. Which of the following statements is not true of treating personality disorders?
a. Individuals with personality disorders from Clusters A and B are more difficult to treat because
of their interpersonal difficulties and reluctance to enter therapy.
b. Treatment for individuals with dependent personality disorder ought to be altered so that
excessive dependency is not fostered.
c. People with personality disorders have trouble establishing good therapeutic relationships with
their therapist.
d. People with both a personality disorder diagnosis and another type of disorder are easier to treat
than people with just a personality disorder because they have more distress.
Answer: d. People with both a personality disorder diagnosis and another type of disorder are easier to
treat than people with just a personality disorder because they have more distress.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 369
100. Why is the use of antidepressants for borderline personality disorder controversial?
a. Patients with BPD are never depressed.
b. SSRIs have never been used on patients with BPD so their effect is unknown.
c. There is no compelling evidence that they are effective unless patients have a comorbid mood
disorder
d. Antidepressants cause severe side effects in patients with BPD or ASPD,
Answer: c. There is no compelling evidence that they are effective unless patients have a comorbid mood
disorder
Difficulty: 2
Page: 371
101. Donna has borderline personality disorder. She is in therapy, but progress is slow. One problem is
that some days she thinks her therapist is the most wonderful person in the world. On other days, she
thinks he is worthless and untrustworthy. This type of thinking is called ________
a. dialectical.
b. splitting.
c. entitlement.
d. psychopathological.
Answer: b. splitting.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 370
479
102. Dialectical behavior therapy is ________
a. a promising, problem-focused treatment for borderline personality disorder.
b. a long-term therapy for borderline personality disorder that focuses on personality change.
c. an old, long-term therapy for borderline personality disorder that has been found to be
ineffective.
d. a short-term therapy for borderline personality disorder that involves medication and brief
hospitalization.
Answer: a. a promising, problem-focused treatment for borderline personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 370
103. Which of the following is a part of the clinical picture in antisocial personality and psychopathy?
a. Careful planning of future activities that will help their families.
b. Using charm to make a strong first impression.
c. Strong feelings of remorse after wronging others.
d. A total lack of desire to maintain friendships with others.
Answer: b. Using charm to make a strong first impression.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 372
Learning Objective: 10.8: Describe the clinical features of psychopathy and explain how it is similar to
and different from antisocial personality disorder.
104. Which of the following is true about the connection between psychopathy and antisocial personality
disorder?
a. Psychopathy is another name for antisocial personality disorder.
b. While there is overlap, ASPD is broader and psychopathy is more narrowly defined.
c. Psychopathy is a less severe form of antisocial personality disorder.
d. Psychopathy is a more easily treated form of antisocial personality disorder.
Answer: b. While there is overlap, ASPD is broader and psychopathy is more narrowly defined.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 372
105. Antisocial personality disorder differs from psychopathy in that antisocial personality disorder
________
a. is an older diagnosis.
b. focuses more on personality characteristics.
c. focuses more on criminality.
d. is a less severe and more treatable form of the disorder.
Answer: c. focuses more on criminality.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 372
480
106. The presence of psychopathy ________
a. is the single best predictor of future violence and crime recidivism.
b. means that a person also has antisocial personality disorder.
c. means a person is less likely to be violent and to repeat crimes.
d. is the single best predictor that treatment will be successful.
Answer: a. is the single best predictor of future violence and crime recidivism.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 373
107. An employee evaluation states: “He takes what he wants rather than earns it. He hates routine and
boredom more than anything else. Thrill-seeking and impulsive actions have gotten him fired from
this job. It will get him fired at many others.” What kind of disorder does the employee illustrate?
a. Histrionic personality disorder
b. Psychopathy
c. Borderline personality disorder
d. Substance abuse
Answer: b. Psychopathy
Difficulty: 1
Page: 373
108. Twins studies show that between 43 and 56 percent of the variance in the dimensions of
psychopathy can be attributed to ________
a. being a twin.
b. genetic factors.
c. shared environmental influences.
d. nonshared environmental influences.
Answer: b. genetic factors.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 376
109. In research studies, in addition to failing to learn to avoid punishment, psychopaths ________
a. did not cognitively understand the connection between a behavior and its consequence.
b. felt a great deal of anticipatory anxiety about punishment, leading to impulsive behaviors.
c. did not show normal fear-potentiated startle responses.
d. showed larger than normal fear-potentiatedstartle responses.
Answer: c. did not show normal fear-potentiated startle responses.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 378
481
110. Carl has psychopathy. You would expect him to ________
a. be very concerned about possible punishment and to try to avoid it as much as possible.
b. be very interested in rewards and to continue his behavior even when the rewards don’t come as
often as they did previously.
c. only be interested in rewards occasionally and change his behavior quickly if rewards don’t
come as often as they did previously.
d. be equally interested in rewards and punishments and do his best to get the first and avoid the
second.
Answer: b. be very interested in rewards and to continue his behavior even when the rewards don’t come
as often as they did previously.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 377
111. Which type of child is most likely to show the personality traits of a psychopath as an adult?
a. One who has fearlessness, low anxiety, and high callousness
b. One who has high fear and high callousness
c. One who has trouble regulating emotions and high levels of emotional reactivity, including
aggression
d. One who has high depression, high anxiety, and is quick to anger
Answer: a. One who has fearlessness, low anxiety, and high callousness
Difficulty: 2
Page: 379
112. Which of the following seems to have the most impact in decreasing criminal activities among
people with psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder?
a. Cognitive behavioral treatment
b. Medication
c. Growing older
d. Nothing has any impact
Answer: c. Growing older
Difficulty: 2
Page: 380
482
113. Which of the following is a common component of cognitive behavioral treatments for antisocial
personality?
a. Punishment
b. Relaxation
c. Self-critical thinking
d. Response-prevention training
Answer: c. Self-critical thinking
Difficulty: 2
Page: 380
114. One criticism of the DSM-5 is that the features of antisocial personality disorder do not fully map
onto the construct of psychopathy. Some researchers are concerned that ________
a. the psychopathy diagnosis was made reliable at the expense of the validity of the ASPD
diagnosis.
b. the psychopathy diagnosis was made reliable at the expense of the validity of the ASPD
diagnosis.
c. the ASPD diagnosis was made valid at the expense of the reliability of the psychopathy
diagnosis.
d. the ASPD diagnosis was made reliable at the expense of the validity of the psychopathy
diagnosis.
Answer: d. the ASPD diagnosis was made reliable at the expense of the validity of the psychopathy
diagnosis.
Difficulty: 3
Page: 372
115. As a corporate work colleague’s psychopathy scores increase, so too does his/her ________
a. ratings of being angry and disrespectful.
b. ratings of being a good communicator and strategic thinker.
c. potential for workplace violence.
d. probability of being married.
Answer: b. ratings of being a good communicator and strategic thinker.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 375
483
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
116. Cluster __________ personality disorders include schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 343
117. Cluster __________ personality disorders include histrionic and borderline personality disorders.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 343
118. Cluster __________ Personality disorders include avoidant and dependent personality disorders.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 343
119. The __________-factor model has been the most influential in integrating research on personality
disorders.
Answer: five
Difficulty: 1
Page: 345
120. People with __________ are usually unable to form social relationships and have little interest in
them.
Answer: schizoid personality disorder
Difficulty: 1
Page: 350
features of each.
121. People with __________ have excessive attention-seeking behaviors.

Answer: histrionic personality disorder
Difficulty: 1
Page: 352
484
122. People with __________ show extreme social inhibition and introversion.
Answer: avoidant personality disorder
Difficulty: 1
Page: 364
123. Histrionic personality disorder is __________ common in Asian cultures than in the United States.
Answer: less
Difficulty: 1
Page: 368-369
124. Of all the personality disorders, most clinical and research attention has been paid to the treatment
of_________.
Answer: borderline personality disorder
Difficulty: 1
Page: 370
125. People with __________ have more selfish, callous, and exploitative behaviors than those with
antisocial personality disorder.
Answer: psychopathy
Difficulty: 1
Page: 372
Short-Answer Questions
126. Briefly describe the general characteristics of a personality disorder.

Answer: A personality disorder involves personality traits and behavior patterns that are maladaptive,
inflexible, and not readily adaptive to new situations. The behavior patterns are stable and of long
duration. They do not stem from reactions to stress, but involve the gradual development of behavior
patterns. They usually significantly impair social or occupational functioning and in some cases cause a
good deal of subjective emotional distress.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 342
485
127. What complicates the diagnosis of personality disorders?
Difficulty: 3
Question ID: 10.2-1
Page: 345
Answer: Personality disorders are often not diagnosed or may be misdiagnosed.
Personality disorders may never be diagnosed or treated due to their basic nature—personality disorders
define the personality of the individual with the disorder, and it is difficult to determine when a
problematic personality becomes a disordered personality. Misdiagnosis is common as the diagnostic
criteria are not precise and lack objective behavioral standards. Diagnosis is vulnerable to subjective
interpretation of traits and behaviors as being maladaptive or not. The criteria for the disorders are not
exclusive of other diagnoses. While clinicians are likely to agree that an individual has a personality
disorder, there may not be agreement as to which disorder the individual has.
128. How does temperament relate to personality disorders?

Answer: Temperament is inherited and may predispose people to develop particular personality traits and
disorders. This can make personality disorders seem inherited, but it is the traits that predispose people to
the disorders that are inherited.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 347-348
129. What does the five-factor model tell us about personality disorders?
Answer: The five-factor model has perhaps been most influential in understanding personality disorders.
It builds on the five-factor model of normal personality to help researchers understand the commonalities
and distinctions among the different personality disorders by assessing how these individuals score on the
five basic personality traits
Difficulty: 2
Page: 345
130. Compare and contrast paranoid personality disorder and schizophrenia.

Answer: People with paranoid personalities are not usually psychotic. Most of the time they are in clear
contact with reality. During periods of high stress, however, they may experience transient psychotic
symptoms that last from a few minutes to a few hours (APA, 2013). People with schizophrenia share
some symptoms found in paranoid personality, but they have many additional problems including more
persistent loss of contact with reality, delusions, and hallucinations. Nevertheless, individuals with
paranoid personality disorder do appear to be at elevated liability for schizophrenia.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 349
features of each.
486
131. Which of the personality disorders appears to be most related to schizophrenia? What evidence is
there of this relationship?
Answer: While all of the Cluster A personality disorders are characterized by different features of
schizophrenia, schizotypal personality appears to be the most strongly related to schizophrenia. This
disorder is characterized by abnormalities in behavior that are often seen in those with schizophrenia, and
there is evidence that those with schizotypal personality disorder are at greater risk of developing
schizophrenia. A genetic relationship to schizophrenia has also long been suspected. In fact, this disorder
appears to be part of a spectrum of liability for schizophrenia and often occurs in some of the first-degree
relatives of people with schizophrenia.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 351
features of each.
132. Why is histrionic personality disorder more prevalent in women?

Answer: Many of the criteria for histrionic personality disorder involve maladaptive variants of traits that
are seen as female-related in our culture, such as overdramatization, vanity, seductiveness, and over-
concern with physical appearance. However, other histrionic personality traits are actually more common
in men (e.g., high excitement seeking and low self-consciousness). A recent careful analysis of the issue
suggests that the higher prevalence of histrionic personality in women actually would not be predicted
based on known sex differences in the personality traits prominent in the disorder. This does indeed
suggest the influence of some form of sex bias in the diagnosis of this disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 353
133. Why does the person with a narcissistic personality disorder have many “friends” but few intimate
relationships?
Answer: People with narcissistic personality disorder overestimate their own accomplishments and
underestimate others’. They need friends to gain admiration and seem important, but they eventually see
others as stupid or unworthy and reject them. Relationships do not last long because others become tired
of the narcissistic person’s lack of consideration.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 354
487
134. What are examples of dangerous behavior seen in borderline personality disorder?
Answer: Borderline personality disorder includes erratic and impulsive behaviors that can be self-
destructive. These include reckless driving, binges of gambling, drinking, and sex, as well as self-
mutilation and suicidal behavior. Self-mutilation is one of the most discriminating signs of BPD and is
sometimes associated with relief from anxiety and other negative emotions. Suicidal behavior is also
common and, while suicide attempts may be motivated by a desire to manipulate; it is estimated that as
many as 8 percent may complete a suicide.
Difficulty: 1
Page: 360
135. What is the main distinguishing factor between borderline and histrionic personality disorders?
Answer: Sexuality is central to histrionic personality disorder but not to borderline personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 353, 359
136. Compare and contrast avoidant and schizoid personality disorders.

Answer: While both disorders are characterized by a lack of social contact, the motivation behind the
exhibited social isolation differs. Avoidant individuals (Cluster C) are too frightened to initiate
relationships. Although alone, the avoidant personality very much wants to be with others but is afraid of
rejection. Schizoid individuals (Cluster A) are alone because they have no desire to be with others and are
emotionally uninvolved.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 350, 364
137. What are the two dimensions of psychopathy and the relationship to antisocial personality disorder?
Answer: Dimension 1: Affective and interpersonal traits—lack of remorse and empathy, superficial
charm, exaggerated self-worth, and pathological lying. Dimension 2: Behavior—deviant lifestyle,
impulsivity, and irresponsibility. The second dimension is more related to antisocial personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 372
488
Essay Questions
138. Describe and differentiate between the Cluster A personality disorders.

Answer: The Cluster A personality disorders are characterized by odd behavior. This cluster includes the
paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. All disorders share some common features with
schizophrenia, but it is thought that only schizotypal personality disorder is related to schizophrenia. The
paranoid personality is characterized by extreme suspicion and distrust. This is the individual who can’t
forgive even the smallest perceived slight. The paranoid personality is always on the lookout for someone
who has done him or her wrong, but he or she is not psychotic. Despite the prevalent paranoia, the
paranoid personality is firmly in touch with reality. The schizoid personality shows some of the negative
symptoms of schizophrenia, social withdrawal and flat affect. This is the loner, who prefers to be alone
and seems to take pleasure in nothing. The schizotypal personality is best described as odd and eccentric.
They may show some bizarre thinking, but are generally in touch with reality. GRADING RUBRIC: 12
points total. 3 for general description of Cluster A disorders and 3 each for the 3 disorders.
Difficulty: 3
Page: 348-352
features of each.
139. Discuss the two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder and the possible causes posited for each
subtype.
Answer: The two subtypes of narcissism are Grandiose and Vulnerable. A key research finding has been
that the grandiose and vulnerable forms of narcissism are associated with different causal factors. (1) The
grandiose presentation of narcissism is manifested by traits related to grandiosity, aggression, and
dominance, a strong tendency to overestimate their abilities and accomplishments while underestimating
the abilities and accomplishments of others. There is some evidence that grandiose narcissism is
associated with parental overvaluation. (2) Vulnerable narcissists have a very fragile and unstable sense
of self-esteem, and for them, arrogance and condescension is merely a façade for intense shame and
hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism. They may avoid interpersonal relationships due to fear of
rejection or criticism. Vulnerable narcissism has been associated with emotional, physical, and sexual
abuse, as well parenting styles characterized as intrusive, controlling, and cold. GRADING RUBRIC: 10
points, 5 points for each theory.
Difficulty: 3
Page: 355
489
140. Compare and contrast histrionic and narcissistic personality disorder.
Answer: Both disorders are characterized by a need for attention, but the motivation underlying this need
differs. The histrionic personality desires attention in order to feel valued and may use manipulative
means to get the attention he or she craves. The narcissistic personality appears to believe that he or she
has great value, but seeks admiration to confer this belief. While the histrionic desires any attention and
will do whatever is needed to get it, the narcissist desires admiration and praise. Both disorders are
characterized by vanity and a lack of concern for the emotions of others. These are personality types that
are needy, but in different ways. Histrionic personality disorder is a more common diagnosis for women,
while narcissism is more commonly diagnosed in men. GRADING RUBRIC: 8 points total. 2 points for
each of 2 similarities and 2 points for each of 2 differences.
Difficulty: 3
Page: 353-355
141. What are the research findings on psychopathy and learning?
Answer: Psychopaths show deficient avoidance learning. They have a lower than normal fear potential
startle response. They do not condition easily to fear. They have a deficient behavior inhibition system—
the neural system underlying anxiety. Their behavioral activation system is normal or over-reactive, so
they tend to focus on rewards. If caught, they focus on avoiding punishment. Their dominant response set
for rewards seems to interfere with their ability to use punishment as a cue to change behavior.
GRADING RUBRIC: 8 points. 2 points for each of 4 research findings.
Difficulty: 3
Page: 378
142. What are the two dimensions of childhood temperament related to antisocial personality disorder
and psychopathy, and what is the relationship?
Answer: 1. Difficulty regulating emotions plus high levels of emotional reactivity, including aggressive
behaviors when responding to stress and negative emotions like anger. This increases the risk of ASPD
and the antisocial dimension of psychopathy. 2. Few problems with regulating emotions, fearlessness, low
anxiety and callous-unemotional traits. These children show poor development of conscience, and their
aggressive behavior is more premeditated than reactive. This is correlated with the interpersonal
dimension of psychopathy. GRADING RUBRIC: 10 points, 4 for each dimension and 2 for their
relationship with the disorders.
Difficulty: 2
Page: 379
TOTAL
GUIDE Revel Multiple Choice Assessments
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied Analyze It
Learning Objective 10.1 EOM Q10.1.1 EOM Q10.1.2
EOC Q10.1 EOM Q10.1.3
EOC Q10.2
490
TOTAL
GUIDE Revel Multiple Choice Assessments
EOM Q10.2.2
EOM Q10.2.4
EOC Q10.3
EOC Q10.4
Learning Objective 10.3 EOM Q10.3.4 EOM Q10.3.1 EOM Q10.3.2
EOM Q10.3.5 EOM Q10.3.3 EOC Q10.5
EOC Q10.6
EOM Q10.4.2 EOC Q10.8
EOM Q10.4.5 EOC Q10.9
EOC Q10.7
EOM Q10.5.3 EOC Q10.11
EOC Q10.10
EOM Q10.6.2
EOC Q10.12
Learning Objective 10.7 EOM Q10.7.1 EOC Q10.13
EOM Q10.7.2
EOM Q10.7.3
EOM Q10.7.4
EOM Q10.8.4 EOM Q10.8.3
EOC Q10.15 EOM Q10.8.5
EOC Q10.14
Section 2 Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions

End-of-Module Quiz
EOM Q10.1.1
________ studies are designed to establish the prevalence (number of cases) of a a particular disorder in a
very large sample of people living in the community.
a. Epidemiological
b. Cross-sequential
c. Longitudinal
d. Cross-sectional
Answer: a. Epidemiological
Difficulty: 1
Learning Objective: 10.1 Describe the general features of personality disorders.
491
EOM Q10.1.2
Hannah has been diagnosed with a personality disorder. She has a tendency to be dramatic, emotional,
and erratic. What DSM cluster does Hannah’s pattern of behaviors fall under?
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
d. Cluster D
Answer: b. Cluster B
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.1.3
Patrick has difficulty getting along with others and is viewed by others as inflexible. Although intelligent,
he earns mediocre grades in college and seems unable to function effectively or meet the demands of
adult life. Patrick’s behavior patterns are most consistent with a diagnosis of ________
a. a personality disorder.
b. schizophrenia.
c. bipolar disorder.
d. generalized anxiety disorder.
Answer: a. a personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.2.1
In a prospective study, ________
a. groups of people are observed before a disorder appears and are followed over a period of time to
see which individuals develop problems.
b. groups of people given a particular diagnosis are observed over time to monitor the change in the
level of severity of problems.
c. treatment is administered to groups of people who have been given a psychiatric diagnosis. The
people are followed in order to monitor treatment effectiveness.
d. groups of people are observed after a disorder appears and are followed over a period of time to
observe changes in the individuals over time.
Answer: a. groups of people are observed before a disorder appears and are followed over a period of
time to see which individuals develop problems.
Difficulty: 2
Learning Objective: 10.2 Summarize the challenges of doing research on personality disorders.
492
EOM Q10.2.2
Most temperamental and personality traits have been found to have ________
a. low heritability.
b. moderate heritability.
c. high heritability.
d. undetermined heritability.
Answer: b. moderate heritability.
Difficulty: 1
EOM Q10.2.3
Henry has a personality disorder. His psychotherapist has suggested that Henry developed his personality
disorder during early childhood as the result of excessive gratification of his impulses by his parents.
Henry’s therapist has explained the development of Henry’s disorder using a _____________ theoretical
perspective.
a. psychodynamic
b. cognitive
c. learning-based habit pattern
d. trait-based
Answer: a. psychodynamic
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.2.4
Which of the traits identified in the five-factor model includes the following six facets: anxiety, angry-
hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability?
a. Neuroticism
b. Conscientiousness
c. Agreeableness
d. Extraversion
Answer: a. Neuroticism
Difficulty: 2
493
EOM Q10.3.1
Individuals diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder show high levels of ________ and score low on
_____________ when personality traits are assessed using the five-factor model.
a. introversion; two facets associated with openness to experience
b. neuroticism; conscientiousness
c. introversion; neuroticism
d. neuroticism; two facets associated with agreeableness
Answer: a. introversion; two facets associated with openness to experience
Difficulty: 2
Learning Objective: 10.3 List the three Cluster A personality disorders and describe the key clinical
features of each one.
EOM Q10.3.2
Frances is a college student majoring in Classics and the Greek language. She earns good grades and
works part-time. Frances is known to practice white magic. She participates in rituals and spell-casting
with a local coven. She can often be heard talking in elvish in an attempt to connect with characters from
Lord of the Rings. If Frances has a personality disorder, her behavior is most consistent with a diagnosis
of ________
a. schizotypal personality disorder.
b. schizoid histrionic personality disorder.
c. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
d. dissociative identity disorder.
Answer: a. schizotypal personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.3.3
Studies evaluating psychiatric patients and college students diagnosed with schizotypal personality
disorder have shown a deficit in the ability to track a moving target visually. This deficit is also found in
individuals diagnosed with ________
a. schizophrenia.
c. dissociative identity disorder.
d. bipolar disorder.
Answer: a. schizophrenia.
Difficulty: 2
494
EOM Q10.3.4
Symptoms of paranoid personality disorder are often found with individuals who chronically abuse
________
a. cocaine.
b. marijuana.
c. heroin.
d. benzodiazepines.
Answer: a. cocaine.
Difficulty: 1
EOM Q10.3.5
The heritability of schizoid personality disorder has been found to be around ________.
a. 70%
b. 55%
c. 30%
d. 25%
Answer: b. 55%
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.4.1
The diagnosis of ______ personality disorder has historically been associated with women, as it was felt
that the maladaptive traits identified in the diagnosis were observed more frequently in women.
a. histrionic
b. schizotypal
c. narcissistic
d. avoidant
Answer: a. histrionic
Difficulty: 2
Learning Objective: 10.4 Describe the four Cluster B personality disorders and explain what common
495
EOM Q10.4.2
Which of the following causal factors has been identified as contributing to the development of grandiose
narcissism?
a. Parental overvaluation
b. Childhood abuse
c. Intrusive parenting
d. Childhood neglect
Answer: a. Parental overvaluation
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.4.3
Rachel, who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD), is well-known by her peers
for her intense emotional responses to various environmental triggers. She recovers slowly from upsets
and her behavior is characterized by drastic and rapid shifts from one emotion to another. This observed
behavior pattern is called ________
a. affective instability.
b. transient emotional lability.
c. rapid-cycling mood.
d. event-related dissociation.
Answer: a. affective instability.
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.4.4
Individuals who deliberately damage their body tissue through actions such as cutting or burning but do
not express a desire to commit suicide or die are said to be engaging in ______________.
a. nonsuicidal self-injury
b. nonspecific self-injury
c. personal self-injurious behavior
d. transient psychotic formication
Answer: a. nonsuicidal self-injury
Difficulty: 1
496
EOM Q10.4.5
Neurologically, it has been shown that individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) exhibit
deficits in structure and function of the ________
a. prefrontal cortex.
b. basal ganglia.
c. left temporal region of the cortex.
d. caudate nucleus.
Answer: a. prefrontal cortex.
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.5.1
For both borderline and dependent personality disorders, fear of abandonment is prominent as a clinical
feature. However, the borderline personality _________________, while the dependent personality
_______________.
a. reacts with feelings of emptiness or rage; is submissive and urgently seeks out a new relationship to
fill the void
b. becomes immobilized with fear; quickly fills the void with family or other close relationships
c. is quick to engage in another relationship or may turn to family for support; may voice suicidal
ideation if a new source of support is not readily available
d. is able to quickly find new relationships; may enter a protracted period of mourning
Answer: a. reacts with feelings of emptiness or rage; is submissive and urgently seeks out a new
relationship to fill the void
Difficulty: 2
Learning Objective: 10.5 List the three Cluster C personality disorders and describe the clinical features
EOM Q10.5.2
Studies have identified overlap between avoidant personality disorder and ______, leading some
investigators to conclude that avoidant personality disorder may simply be a somewhat more severe
manifestation of the other.
a. generalized social phobia
b. generalized anxiety disorder
c. schizoid personality disorder
d. panic disorder
Answer: a. generalized social phobia
Difficulty: 1
497
EOM Q10.5.3
Persons with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) ________
a. are different from individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder in that those with
OCPD do not have true obsessions or compulsive rituals.
b. tend to engage in rituals focused on order and cleanliness.
c. engage in obsessions and compulsions in order to reduce feelings of anxiety.
d. often experience transient psychotic thinking.
Answer: a. are different from individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder in that those with
OCPD do not have true obsessions or compulsive rituals.
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.5.4
Using a cognitive perspective, which of the following statements typifies the type of maladaptive schema
someone with dependent personality disorder might hold?
a. “I can function only if I have access to somebody competent.”
b. “I can’t delegate these tasks. I am the only one at work that can do this correctly.”
c. “Relationships are messy and should be avoided.”
d. “Trust no one.”
Answer: a. “I can function only if I have access to somebody competent.”
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.6.1
Since World War II, there has been an increase in the diagnosis of emotional dysregulation and impulsive
behavior. It is hypothesized that this change could be the result of ________
a. the increased breakdown of the family and other traditional social structures.
b. an increase in the worldwide population.
c. an increase in immigration worldwide.
d. a growing reliance on devices such as computers for communication, which has resulted in less
face-to-face contact between human beings.
Answer: a. the increased breakdown of the family and other traditional social structures.
Difficulty: 2
Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain the role that sociocultural factors might play in the prevalence of
498
EOM Q10.6.2
Which culture would be expected to have the lowest rates of women diagnosed with histrionic personality
disorder?
a. Asian
b. Hispanic
c. African
d. Northern European
Answer: a. Asian
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.6.3
Research findings across cultures reveal that the five-factor personality traits are common ________.
a. to both Western and non-Western cultures, including Africa and Asia
b. only to cultures that are highly industrialized
c. to Western and non-Western cultures, but not to Africa and Asia
d. to all cultures with the exception of those cultures inhabiting island countries
Answer: a. to both Western and non-Western cultures, including Africa and Asia
Difficulty: 1
EOM Q10.7.1
For persons with severe personality disorders, treatment may be most effective in settings or situations
where ________
a. acting-out behaviors can be contained.
b. other patients with similar problems participate in the treatment and can identify and confront the
person about his or her maladaptive behavior.
c. the patient has the opportunity to disengage from the treatment process when it becomes too
confrontive.
d. acting-out behaviors can be fully expressed as a means of tension reduction.
Answer: a. acting-out behaviors can be contained.
Difficulty: 2
Learning Objective: 10.7 Discuss the challenges associated with treating personality disorders and
499
EOM Q10.7.2
The goal of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in the treatment of borderline personality disorder is for
the patient to ________
a. accept negative affect without resorting to self-destructive or other maladaptive behaviors.
b. come to terms with the loss of the object and consolidate better introjects.
c. develop healthy eating and exercise patterns as a means of coping with negative affect.
d. strategize ways of reconceptualizing past hurts.
Answer: a. accept negative affect without resorting to self-destructive or other maladaptive behaviors.
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.7.3
The primary goal of Kernberg’s transference-focused psychotherapy is ________
a. strengthening the weak egos of persons with borderline personality disorder, with a particular focus
on adapting their primitive defense mechanism of splitting.
b. helping patients with borderline personality disorder develop skills for tolerating negative affect.
c. healing the negative introjects that borderline personalities have incorporated into their core selves.
d. uncovering unconscious urges that may be fueling acting-out behaviors.
Answer: a. strengthening the weak egos of persons with borderline personality disorder, with a particular
focus on adapting their primitive defense mechanism of splitting.
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.7.4
Some studies suggest that treatment success may be most promising for ___________ personality
disorders.
a. avoidant and dependent
b. dependent and histrionic
c. narcissistic and borderline
d. avoidant and schizoid
Answer: a. avoidant and dependent
Difficulty: 2
500
EOM Q10.8.1
Robert Hare’s 20-item Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) provides clinicians with a way to
________
a. diagnose psychopathy on the basis of the Cleckley criteria.
b. monitor the risk of suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder.
c. assess the potential of violence with incarcerated persons diagnosed with antisocial personality
disorder.
d. identify children at risk for developing antisocial personality disorder.
Answer: a. diagnose psychopathy on the basis of the Cleckley criteria.
Difficulty: 1
Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the clinical features of psychopathy and explain how it is similar to
EOM Q10.8.2
Which of the following dimensions developed from Hare’s checklist reflects traits such as lack of remorse
or guilt, callousness/lack of empathy, shallow affect, and a failure to accept responsibility for one’s
behavior?
a. Affective
b. Lifestyle
c. Interpersonal
d. Antisocial
Answer: a. Affective
Difficulty: 2
EOM Q10.8.3
Which diagnosis appears to be the single best predictor of violence and recidivism of convicted and
imprisoned persons?
a. Psychopathy
b. Antisocial personality disorder
c. Dependent personality
d. Morally deficient temperament
Answer: a. Psychopathy
Difficulty: 2
501
EOM Q10.8.4
In a study looking at successful and unsuccessful psychopaths living in a community, _________ showed
greater heart rate reactivity under stress than other groups evaluated.
a. successful psychopaths
b. unsuccessful psychopaths
c. the control group
d. unemployed controls
Answer: a. successful psychopaths
Difficulty: 1
EOM Q10.8.5
When Patrick and colleagues (1993) compared the fear-potentiated startle response of psychopathic and
non-psychopathic prisoners while viewing pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral slides, they found that
________
a. the psychopathic prisoners did not show the startle effect, although non-psychopathic prisoners did.
b. the non-psychopathic prisoners did not show the startle effect, although psychopathic prisoners did.
c. the non-psychopathic prisoners showed slightly more of the startle effect compared to the
psychopathic prisoners.
d. no differences existed between the two groups in terms of amount of response to the stimulus.
Answer: a. the psychopathic prisoners did not show the startle effect, although non-psychopathic
prisoners did.
Difficulty: 2
End-of-Chapter Quiz
EOC Q10.1
Which of the DSM personality disorder clusters is the most prevalent in numbers of diagnosed
individuals?
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
d. Cluster D
Answer: c. Cluster C
Difficulty: 1
502
EOC Q10.2
What percentage of persons living in the United States has a diagnosable personality disorder?
a. 2-3%
b. 5-7%
c. 10-12%
d. 13-15%
Answer: c. 10-12%
Difficulty: 1
EOC Q10.3
The DSM-5 uses a dimensional approach in evaluating personality disorders. This approach assumes that
________
a. personality (and personality disorder) traits fall along a continuum of intensity.
b. personality features (and those of personality disorder) are considered to be distinct and separate.
c. traits and behaviors that define personality disorder can be scientifically verified.
d. not all aspects of personality (and personality disorder) can be categorized using the Big Five
typology.
Answer: a. personality (and personality disorder) traits fall along a continuum of intensity.
Difficulty: 2
EOC Q10.4
Misdiagnosis is more common with personality disorders than with other psychological disorders. This
may occur because with personality disorder, ________
a. criteria are defined by inferred traits or consistent patterns of behavior rather than by more objective
behavioral standards.
b. behavioral deviance is harder to detect as the behaviors are more subtle and individuals are less
debilitated by a personality than what is found with other disorders.
c. criteria are much more specific and limited than other diagnostic categories.
d. an entity is not fully accepted by many clinicians.
Answer: a. criteria are defined by inferred traits or consistent patterns of behavior rather than by more
objective behavioral standards.
Difficulty: 2
503
EOC Q10.5
Demetrius always questions the loyalty of his friends and is suspicious of the motives of others. He is
quick to hold a grudge and is easily angered. Demetrius’s behavior is most consistent with a diagnosis of
_________ personality disorder.
a. paranoid
b. schizoid
c. avoidant
d. histrionic
Answer: a. paranoid
Difficulty: 2
EOC Q10.6
When experiencing high levels of stress, individuals with paranoid personality disorder may ________
a. experience transient psychotic symptoms lasting from a few minutes to several hours.
b. dissociate and be unaware of their surroundings.
c. exhibit hypomanic behaviors.
d. report vivid visual and auditory hallucinations lasting for up to one month.
Answer: a. experience transient psychotic symptoms lasting from a few minutes to several hours.
Difficulty: 2
EOC Q10.7
With individuals diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder, cognitive theorists emphasize the
importance of maladaptive schemas revolving around ________
a. a need for attention to validate self-worth.
b. a strong need for dominance and control.
c. a core belief that relationships are complicated and should be avoided.
d. a belief that people cannot be trusted.
Answer: a. a need for attention to validate self-worth.
Difficulty: 2
504
EOC Q10.8
Emily tells her therapist that her husband is dishonest, conceited, arrogant, and demanding but also
frequently expresses feelings of shame and self-doubt. Based on these behaviors, Emily’s therapist feels
that her client is married to a ________
a. vulnerable narcissist.
b. dysthymic narcissist.
c. grandiose narcissist.
d. manic narcissist.
Answer: a. vulnerable narcissist.
Difficulty: 2
EOC Q10.9
Which child exhibits behaviors that might be predictive of an antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) as
an adult?
a. Craig, who at age 7 had few friends and was described as aloof and distant.
b. Andrew, who as a preschooler was easily overwhelmed, did not like preschool, and exhibited
sensitivity to textures, noise, and temperature.
c. Philip, a child known to have periodic temper tantrum “meltdowns” during his preschool years but
was generally compliant with adults.
Answer: a. Ben, who at age 6 was described as hyperactive, hostile, and defiant with authority figures.
Difficulty: 2
EOC Q10.10
Schizoid and avoidant personality disorders are similar in that, in the case of both diagnoses, people are
socially isolated. However, they are different in that the person with a diagnosis of schizoid personality
disorder _______, whereas the person diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder ___________.
a. has little desire to form close relationships; wants interpersonal contact but is hypersensitive to
criticism
b. is extremely suspicious of the motives of others; can appear too trusting and open with others
c. enjoys work that is solitary and analytical; prefers working in settings that involve contact with
others
d. often reports a childhood history of abuse; often reports a childhood history of neglect
Answer: a. has little desire to form close relationships; wants interpersonal contact but is hypersensitive to
criticism
Difficulty: 2
505
EOC Q10.11
Carrie becomes frantic when her husband goes out of town for a business trip. She is very passive and
submissive in her marriage and seems incapable of making independent decisions. Based on these
observations, what diagnosis best represents Carrie’s behaviors?
a. Dependent personality disorder
b. Avoidant personality disorder
c. Hstrionic personality disorder
d. Borderline personality disorder
Answer: a. Dependent personality disorder
Difficulty: 2
EOC Q10.12
In Western cultures, personal ambition and success are encouraged and reinforced. Consequently, the
percentage of persons diagnosed with ________ personality disorder is higher than in other, non-Western
cultures.
a. narcissistic
b. borderline
c. antisocial
d. paranoid
Answer: a. narcissistic
Difficulty: 2
EOC Q10.13
It has been suggested that individuals with personality disorders are less responsive to psychological
treatment because ________
a. people with personality disorders have rigid, ingrained personality traits that often lead to poor
therapeutic relationships.
b. symptoms of despair and hopelessness, which are key issues for personality disorder patients,
interfere with the momentum needed to make treatment an effective experience.
c. insurance companies are often not willing to reimburse for treatment with a personality disorder
diagnosis. Consequently, treatment is frequently too brief in duration to impact patients’ lives.
d. people with personality disorders are so flexible in their traits that it becomes difficult for the
therapist to pinpoint treatment goals.
Answer: a. people with personality disorders have rigid, ingrained personality traits that often lead to poor
therapeutic relationships.
Difficulty: 2
506
EOC Q10.14
In comparing the criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with that of an earlier diagnosis of
psychopathy, it has been agreed that the two diagnoses have a lot of overlap. However, the diagnosis of
ASPD _______________, whereas the diagnosis of psychopathy ____________.
a. is more inclusive and reflects a lot of criminality; is more narrow and much more focused on
personality structure
b. is more narrow and much more focused on personality structure; is more inclusive and reflects a lot
of criminality
c. limits its focus to observable behaviors; considers cognitive structures underlying observed
behaviors
d. considers cognitive structures underlying observed behaviors; limits its focus to observable
behaviors
Answer: a. is more inclusive and reflects a lot of criminality; is more narrow and much more focused on
personality structure
Difficulty: 2
EOC Q10.15
Which of the following modes of treatment for antisocial personality disorder have been least studied due
to the limited effectiveness noted in these methods?
a. Biological treatment
b. Cognitive treatment
c. Behavioral treatment
d. Psychodynamic treatment
Answer: a. Biological treatment
Difficulty: 1
507
Another random document with
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me,” says Brucker, “that the real reason was contempt for the
Christians, who were looked upon as illiterate.”
Of modern examples of this tendency one may be sufficient. In
the introduction to an American translation of the De Sera
Numinis Vindicta, the editor, after enumerating the arguments
against any connexion between Plutarch and Christianity,
concludes:—“Yet I cannot doubt that an infusion of Christianity
had somehow infiltrated itself into Plutarch’s ethical opinions and
sentiment, as into those of Seneca.” (“Plutarch on the Delay of
the Divine Justice,” translated, with an introduction and notes, by
Andrew P. Peabody, Boston, 1885.)
[101] See Dion: Ad Alexandrinos, p. 410 (Dindorf). See also p.
402. Cf. Philostratus: Vitæ Sophistarum, i. 6.
[102] E.g., Conjugalia Præcepta, 140 A.—“Those who do not
associate cheerfully with their wives, nor share their recreations
with them, teach them to seek their own pleasures apart from
those of their husbands.”
[103] Tibullus: Eleg., i. 1. Cf. Propertius: Eleg., iii. 15. “Dum
nos fata sinunt, oculos satiemus amore: Nox tibi longa venit, nec
reditura dies.”
[104] Tibullus: Eleg., i. 3. “Quod si fatales iam nunc
explevimus annos,” to the end of the Elegy.
[105] Tib. i. 3 (sub finem).
[106] Propertius: Eleg., ii. 13, 28; iv. 5, 23 sqq.; iv. 4.
[107] Tib., i. 10.
[108] Lucan: Pharsalia, i. 670.
[109] The basis of the work of Augustus, and of the religious
reforms inaugurated or developed by him, is laid in the
recognition of a fact noted by Balbus in Cic., De Nat. Deorum, lib.
ii. 3. “Eorum imperiis rempublicam amplificatam qui religionibus
paruissent. Et si conferre volumus nostra cum externis, ceteris
rebus aut pares aut etiam inferiores reperiemur; religione, id est,
cultu deorum, multo superiores.” Cf. Horace: Od., iii. 6, vv. 1-4;
Livy, xlv. 39.
[110] Hor.: Od., iii. 6.
[111] See Boissier: Religion Romaine, vol. i. cap. 5.—Le
Sixième Livre de l’Enéide. St. Augustine must surely have felt the
religious influence of the Æneid when he experienced the
emotion which he describes in the well-known passage in the
First Book of the Confessions—plorare Didonem mortuam
(cogebar), quia se occidit ob amorem: cum interea meipsum
morientem, Deus Vita mea, siccis occulis ferrem miserrimus. (Lib.
i. cap. xiii.)
[112] Ovid: Fasti, 4, 203; cf. Meta., i. sec. 8.
[113] See the Life of Persius, included, with the Lives of
Terence, Horace, Juvenal, Lucan, and Pliny the Elder, in the
writings of Suetonius.
[114] Macleane’s Persius.—Introduction.
[115] Persius: Sat., v. 62-64.—At te nocturnis juvat
impallescere chartis, Cultor enim juvenum purgatas inseris aures
Fruge Cleanthea.
[116] Pharsalia, ix. 554-555.
[117] Pharsalia, ix. 570. We have not been able to refrain from
quoting these—as other—well-known verses in the text. They are
the highest expression of the Stoic Pantheism. “Virtus” has the
appearance of a rhetorical climax; but has it been noticed that the
great modern poet of Pantheism—for what else was Wordsworth?
—also makes humanity the highest embodiment of that “presence
... Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns, And the round
ocean and the living air, And the blue sky, and in the mind of
man?”
[118] Quis labor hic superis, &c., vi. 490, et passim.
[119] Felices errore suo, &c., i. 459.
[120] Scrutabitur scholas nostras, et obiiciet philosophis
congiaria, amicas, gulam: ostendet mihi alium in adulterio, alium
in popina, alium in aula.—Seneca: Epist., i. 29.
[121] Philostratus, i. 7. The quaint turn of the version in the
text is from Blount’s 1681 translation of the Life of Apollonius.
[122] Dion: Oratio 32, pp. 402-3 (Dindorf).
[123] See Dion: De Cognitione Dei (pp. 213-4) for an
interesting comparison between the owl and the philosopher on
the one hand, and the sophist and the peacock on the other. (Cf.
Ad Alexandrinos, p. 406, where the sufferings of the faithful
philosopher are in implied contrast to the rewards that await the
brilliant sophist.)
[124] Iliad, ix. 312-3 (Chapman’s translation). This actual text is
quoted in Philostratus’ Lives of the Sophists (i. 25) as a
criticism on some of the false and fantastic exercises of the
Sophists. The “distant lapse” referred to in the text is constantly
evident in the dramas of the best Athenian period. And history
shows that there was a strong tendency in the Hellenic character
agreeing with that indicated by the evidence of the dramatists,
notwithstanding the outcry raised when Euripides summed up the
whole matter in his famous line in the Hippolytus (Hipp. 612).
[125] Philostratus: Vitæ Sophistarum, lib. i. sec. 24.
[126] E.g., De Stoic. Repug., 1033 A, B; De Audiendo, 43 F.
[127] See frequent passages in Seneca’s letters to Lucilius, e.g.
Ep. i. 16, 20. Cf. De Vita Beata, cap. 18, where Seneca defends
himself and other philosophers against the charge “aliter loqueris:
aliter vivis.” He will not be deterred from the pursuit of virtue by
any truth human weakness may have to admit in the charge.
This note is well marked in both Aurelius and Epictetus (ii. 19.
Cf. Aulus Gellius, xvii. 19). The praise of Ulysses at the end of
the De Deo Socratis of Apuleius is couched in the same strain.
[128] Catullus, xvi. 4, 5; Ovid: Tristia, ii. 353-4; Martial, i. 5.
[129] Pliny: Ep. v. 3. Plutarch, also, is legitimately offended at
the loose language of the founders of Stoicism (see De Stoic.
Repug., 1044 B), and his expressions, as are those of Pliny’s
friends, are quite in harmony with the modern attitude on the
question. Apuleius defends himself against a similar charge to
that brought against Pliny by a similar display of great names.
—“Fecere tamen et alii talia” (De Deo Socratis).
[130] Horace: Ep. i. 1, 14.
[131] Epictetus: Encheir., 49; Discourses, iii. 2; i. 17.
[132] Seneca: Epist. ad Lucilium, i. 21. Here are a few of the
egregia dicta which Seneca takes from the teachings of Epicurus,
or Metrodorus, or alicujus ex illa officina.—“Honesta res est læta
paupertas,” “Satis magnum alter alteri theatrum sumus,”
“Philosophiæ servias oportet ut tibi contingat vera libertas,” “Si cui
sua non videntur amplissima, licet totius mundi dominus sit,
tamen miser est,” “Quid est turpius, quam senex vivere
incipiens?” “Is maxime divitiis fruitur, qui minime divitiis indiget,”
“Immodica ira gignit insaniam,” “Sic fac omnia, tanquam spectet
Epicurus,” “Initium est salutis, notitia peccati,” &c. Yet Seneca was
the acerrimus Stoicus of Lactantius (Div. Inst., i. 5).
[133] Fragment 120 in Bergk’s third edition, 144 in his fourth
edition, and 107 in Böckh’s edition. W. Christ includes it in his
selections—ἐξ ἀδήλων εἰδῶν (No. 4).
[134] Iliad, ix. 498; xi. 3, 73; iv. 440.
[135] Amatorius, 763 C, sqq.; cf. De Placitis Philosoph., lib. i.
879-880 A. This tract cannot be quoted as authority for Plutarch’s
views; it is in several places distinctly, even grossly, anti-Platonic,
and in other places even more distinctly Epicurean. As an
example of the reverence with which Plutarch constantly alludes
to Plato, the first conversation in the Eighth Book of the
Symposiacs may be quoted. The conversation arises out of a
celebration of Plato’s birthday, and Plutarch gives a sympathetic
report of the remarks of Mestrius Florus, who is of opinion that
those who impute the philosopher’s paternity to Apollo do not
dishonour the God. Cf. this and hundreds of other similar
examples with the bitterly contemptuous expressions in the De
Placitis, 881 A, a section which concludes with an emphatic
exposition of that Epicurean view which Plutarch exerts himself so
strenuously to confute in the De Sera Numinis Vindicta.
Bernardakis “stars” the De Placitis, though Zimmerman quotes it
as evidence against the sincerity of Plutarch’s piety (Epistola ad
Nicolaum Nonnen, cap. 7: “aperte negat providentiam”).
Wyttenbach says the De Placitis was “e perditis quibusdam
germanis libris compilatum.” Christopher Meiners (Historia
Doctrinæ de Vero Deo, p. 246) attacks the boldness of the writer,
“quâ deorum numen et providentiam impugnavit, quæque a
Plutarchi pietate et moribus longe abhorret.” Corsini seems to
think that the incredible labour involved in the compilation makes
it worthy of Plutarch. His edition, with notes, translation, and
dissertations, makes a very handsome quarto, which is a
monument of combined industry and simplicity. He makes no
comment on the anti-Platonic expressions alluded to above
(Corsinus: Plutarchi De Placitis Philosophorum, libri v., Florence,
1759), nor does Mahaffy either, who regards the De Placitis as
genuine, though he calls it jejune. I have been unable to see a
copy of Beck’s 1787 edition, which Volkmann highly praises. It
may be observed with regard to the passage referred to at the
head of this note that Plutarch would never have limited the
contribution of philosophy to the knowledge of God to τὸ φυσικόν.
Dion Chrysostom (De Dei Cognitione, 393, sqq.) mentions the
same three sources of the knowledge of the Divine nature as
Plutarch, but also postulates a primeval and innate cognition of
God.
[136] Cf. the Pseudo-Plutarchic De Placit. Phil., 880 A.
[137] Λόγον ἐκ φιλοσοφίας μυσταγωγὸν ἀναλαβόντες. De Iside
et Osiride, 378 A, B. “Un lien pieux se formait entre le myste et
son mystagogue, lien qui ne pouvait plus se rompre sans
crime.”—Maury, vol. ii. cap. xi. For the saying of Theodorus about
“taking with the left hand what is offered with the right,” see De
Tranquillitate Animi, 467 B.
[138] De Iside et Osiride, and De Superstitione, passim.
[139] Cf. Diog. Laert. vii. 134 (Ritter and Preller, sect.
404).—“God, by transformation of His own essence, makes the
world.”—Grant’s Aristotle, Essay vi., “The Ancient Stoics.” Cf.
Plut: De Stoic. Repugn. 1053.
[140] De Ε apud Delphos, 388 F.
[141] Quomodo Adulator, 78 E. Cf. Eunapius on Historians of
Philosophy. “No one has written any careful account of the lives
of philosophers, among whom we count not only Ammonius,
teacher of divinest Plutarch, but also Plutarch himself, the darling
and delight of all Philosophy.” Eunapius thinks that the Parallel
Lives were Plutarch’s finest work, but adds that “all his writings
are thickly sown with original thoughts of his own, as well as with
the teachings of his Master.”
[142] 393 E.
[143] Plutarch elsewhere comments upon the εὑρησιλογία of
the Stoics in finding explanations of the various names of the
popular Deities (Quomodo Adolescens, 31 E). Cicero (De Natura
Deorum, iii. 24) represents Cotta as charging the Stoics with
supporting the crudest superstitions of the popular faith by the
skill which they displayed in finding a mysterious significance in
the current names and legends:-“Atque hæc quidem et ejusmodi
ex vetere Græcia fama collecta sunt; quibus intelligis resistendum
esse, ne perturbentur religiones. Vestri autem non modo hæc non
repellunt, verum etiam confirmant, interpretando quorsum
quidque pertineat.”
[144] Iliad, xv. 362-4.
[145] In another place Plutarch expresses the view that the
original Creator of the world bestowed upon the stuff of the
phenomenal world a principle of change and movement by which
that stuff often dissolves and reshapes itself under the operation
of natural causes without the intervention of the original Creator
(De Defectu Orac., 435-6).
[146] Plutarch, in this Essay, distinctly places himself in
opposition to Plato, whose views, for the purposes of contrast,
may be summarized from two well-known passages of the
Republic. In 337 B, C, the greater part of the myths current in the
popular poets are repudiated. Then, after that famous series of
criticisms applied to particular passages taken from Homer and
Hesiod and other poets, after his analysis of the various kinds of
“narration,” and his implicit inclusion of the great poets of Greece
among the masters of that kind of imitative narration which a man
will the more indulge in, the more contemptible he is, Plato
concludes with that ironical description of the reception which a
Homer or a Hesiod would have to meet in a state founded on the
Platonic ideal. “We shall pay him reverence as a sacred,
admirable, and charming personage; we shall pour perfumed oil
upon his head and crown him with woollen fillets; but we shall tell
him that our laws exclude such characters as he, and shall send
him away to some other city than ours.”—398 A, B (Davies and
Vaughan’s translation). Plutarch, however, takes the world as it is.
He admits that poetry is a siren, but refuses to stop the ears of
the young people who listen to her fascinating strains. Lycurgus
was mad in thinking he could cure drunkenness by cutting down
the vineyards; he should rather have brought the water-springs
nearer to the vines. It is better to utilize the vine of poetry by
checking and pruning its “fanciful and theatrical exuberance” than
to uproot it altogether. We must mingle the wine with the pure
water of philosophy, or, to use another image, poetry and
philosophy must be planted in the same soil, just as the
mandragora, which moderates the native strength of the wine, is
planted in vineyards (Quomodo Adolescens, 15 E).
August Schlemm, in his De fontibus Plutarchi Commentationum
De Aud. Poetis et de Fortuna (Göttingen, 1893), subjects the
structure of the De Audiendis to a very close and careful analysis,
and comes to the conclusion that the main sources of Plutarch’s
material are to be found in the writings of Stoic and Peripatetic
philosophers. He notes that Plutarch’s examples are taken from
the same Homeric, verses as Plato’s, and adds, “Quæ cum ita
sint, quomodo hæ Plutarchum inter et Platonem similitudines
ortæ sint dubium jam esse non potest. Plutarchus, ut in eis quæ
antecedunt, ita etiam hic, usus est libro Peripatetici cujusdam,
qui, ut criminationes a Platone poetis factas repelleret, hujus modi
fictiones in natura artis poeticæ positas esse demonstravit et
commentationi suæ inseruit poetarum versus a Platone
vituperatos.” Chrysippus had composed a work on How to study
Poetry, Zeno one entitled On Poetical Study, and Cleanthes
another, called On the Poet.
The opinion of so conscientious a scholar on Plutarch’s
“appropriations” is worth quoting:—“tenendum est ... Plutarchum
non eum fuisse qui more compilatorum libros aliorum ad verbum
exscriberet sed id egisse ut ea quæ legisset atque collegisset
referret, sed ita ut modo sua intermisceret, modo nonnulla
omitteret vel mutaret.”
[147] De Iside et Osiride, 353 E.
[148] De Ε apud Delphos, 393 D. Cf. De Defectu, 433 E.
Ammonius is here evidently referring to a remark made (386 B)
by “one of those present” to the effect that “practically all the
Greeks identify Apollo with the Sun.” The words of Ammonius
quoted in the text are strikingly similar in spirit to the famous
verses in the “In Memoriam:”—
“O thou that after toil and storm

May’st seem to have reached a purer air,
Whose faith has centre everywhere,
Nor cares to fix itself to form,
“Leave thou thy sister when she prays,

Her early Heaven, her happy views;
Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse
A life that leads melodious days.
“Her faith through form is pure as thine,

Her hands are quicker unto good:
Oh, sacred be the flesh and blood
To which she links a truth divine!”
[149] Consolatio ad Apollonium, 102 A.—“He was a very sage

and virtuous youth, conspicuous for the reverence which he paid
to the gods, to his parents, and to his friends.” This is nearly the
old Hellenic ideal as expressed, e.g., in the lines from the
“Antiope” of Euripides, preserved by Stobæus, “On Virtue”—
“There be three virtues for thy practice, child:

Honour the gods, revere thy loving parents,
Respect the laws of Greece.”
[150] Amatorius, 756 B.

[151] Amatorius, 762 A.
[152] De Defectu Orac., 435 E.
[153] Consolatio ad Uxorem, 612. Cf. De Defectu Orac., 437 A.
[154] Supplying, as Bernardakis does after Wyttenbach, καὶ οὐκ
ἀγνοῶ ὁτι ταῦτα πολλὰς ἔχει ἀπορίας.
[155] De Pythiæ Orac., 409 C. Cf. De Rep. Ger., 792 F.
[156] Plutarch puts these words into the mouth of Theon, a
literary man, and a most intimate friend of his own. But Theon is
here a mere modest disguise of Plutarch, just as “Lamprias” is in
the De Defectu Oraculorum. The argument is, in any case, not
affected—the statement is clearly Plutarch’s own. (See the note
on that dialogue in a subsequent chapter.)
[157] De Pythiæ Orac., 409 B.
[158] The antiquarian regret of Propertius for the old simple
worships of Rome—“Nulli cura fuit externos quærere divos Cum
tremeret patrio pendula turba sacro” (Eleg., v. 1)—touched a
chord which very few Romans would have responded to in
Plutarch’s time.
[159] De Exilio, 602 E. This recognition of the sacred character
of the Emperor does not preclude criticisms of individual rulers,
e.g., Nero: De Sera Num. Vindicta, 567 F; and Vespasian:
Amatorius, 771 C.
[160] De Pythiæ Orac., 408 B.
[161] Cf. the fate of Chæroneia under Antony, as told by
Plutarch’s grandfather (see Life of Antony, 948 A, B).
[162] 814 A.
[163] Præcepta Reip. Ger., 813, et passim:—He insists,
however (814 E, F), that subservience must not go too far, and he
is also careful to point out such brilliant openings for political
ambition as are left by the peculiar conditions of the time (805 A,
B).
[164] Plutarch states that the aim of his political advice is to
enable a man not only to become “a useful citizen,” but also “to
order his domestic affairs with safety, honour, and justice” (De
Unius in Repub., &c., 826 C).
[165] Præcepta Reip., 824 C.
[166] Præcepta Reip., 813 F.
[167] Propertius, iv. 11. “Hæc Di condiderant, hæc Di quoque
mœnia servant.” Plutarch’s essay reads like an exposition of this
text of the Roman poet.
[168] “Et hoc verbo monere satis est, Τύχης nomine contineri
omnem rerum actionumque efficientiam, quæ a Virtute disjuncta,
nec in hominis potestate posita est; sive illa ut casus et temeritas,
sive ut divina providentia informetur.”—Wyttenbach. Schlemm
says that this tract and the De Alexandri sive virtute sive fortuna
are “meræ exercitationes rhetoricæ in quibus certam quandam
philosophiam persequi in animo non habebat.” Yet the rhetoric of
the De Fortuna Romanorum is in wonderful harmony with
Plutarch’s mature opinion as deliberately expressed in the De
Republica Gerenda.
[169] Virgil: Georgics, ii. 534; Plut: De Fortuna Romanorum,
316 E. This may be a conscious reminiscence of Virgil’s line. If
Plutarch had not read Virgil, he may have heard so famous a
verse quoted by his friends at Rome. He himself translates a
passage from “the poet Flaccus” in his Life of Lucullus (518 C—
Horace: Ep., i. 6, 45). The question of Plutarch’s acquaintance
with Latin is very important for investigations into the historical
sources of his “Lives;” but it lies beyond our present limits. It is
fully dealt with by Weissenberger in his Die Sprache Plutarchs
(1895). He exculpates Plutarch from some of the grosser
mistakes in Latinity imputed to him by Volkmann.
[170] 317 B, C.
[171] Cicero: Quæst. Tusc., i. 23.
[172] Amatorius, 762 A.
[173] One need scarcely go so far as Professor Lewis
Campbell, who says that the main result of the “Ethics” of
Plutarch is to show “how difficult it was for a common-sense man
of the world to form distinct and reasonable opinions on matters
of religion in that strangely complicated time” (Religion in Greek
Literature, 1898). But Professor Campbell is also of opinion that
“the convenient distinction between gods and demons, which he
(i.e. Plutarch) and others probably owed to their reading of Plato,
is worth dwelling on because it was taken up for apologetic
purposes by the early Christian fathers.” Surely its religious value
to an age which did not anticipate the coming of “the early
Christian fathers” makes the distinction worth study from a point
of view quite different from that represented in Christian
apologetics.
[174] See Maury, vol. i. p. 352.—“Pythagore admet l’existence
de démons bons et mauvais comme les hommes, et tout ce qui
lui paraissait indigne de l’idée qu’on devait se faire des dieux, il
en faisait l’œuvre des démons et des héros.” (For a fuller
discussion of this question see the chapters on Dæmonology.)
[175] Plutarch devotes so much of his work to an exposition of
his views of the Divine character, that one feels inclined to regard
him less as a philosopher in the general sense than as a
theologian. A kindly piece of description of his own (see De
Defectu Orac., 410 A), in which he mentions Cleombrotos of
Lacedemon as “a man who made many journeys, not for the sake
of traffic, but because he wished to see and to learn,” and says
that as a result of his travels and researches he was compiling a
practically complete corpus of philosophical material, the end and
aim of philosophy being, as he used to put it, “Theology”—may be
spoken with equal truth of Plutarch himself. We cannot, perhaps,
do better than apply the term Θεόσοφος to him, and support the
appellation with an interesting passage from M. Maury, in which
he deals with the distinction between theosophs and philosophers
in the early stages of Greek philosophy and religion:—“Les uns
soumettant tous les faits à l’appréciation rationelle, et partant de
l’observation individuelle, pour expliquer la formation de l’univers
substituaient aux croyances populaires un système créé par eux,
et plus ou moins en contradiction avec les opinions du vulgaire:
c’étaient les philosophes proprement dits. Les autres acceptaient
la religion de leurs contemporains, ... ils entreprenaient au nom
de la sagesse divine, dont ils se donnaient pour les interprètes,
non de renverser mais de réformer les notions théologiques et les
formes religieuses, de façon à les mettre d’accord avec leurs
principes philosophiques” (Maury, vol. i. p. 339). Cf. C. G.
Seibert, De Apologetica Plutarchi Theologia (1854):-“Finis autem
ad quem tendebat ipsa erat religio a majoribus accepta, qua
philosophiæ ope purgata æqualium animos denuo implere
studebat.” He thinks Plutarch was a theologian first and a
philosopher after. (In the passage quoted above from the De
Defectu it is difficult not to regard Mr. Paton’s emendation of
φιλόθεος μὲν οὖν καὶ φιλόμαντις as more in accordance with the
character of Cleombrotos than the φιλοθεάμων καὶ φιλομαθής of
Bernardakis’ text, although, of course, he was a great traveller
and an ardent student.)
[176] De E, 392 A. Cf. Plato: Laches, 240 C.
[177] 393 A-D.
[178] 394 C.
[179] De Defectu, 413 D.
[180] 433 D, E.
[181] 426 B.
[182] 1051 E.
[183] 1052 E.
[185] Æschylus: Prometheus Vinctus, 210.
[186] De Iside et Osiride, 352 A. We need not here trouble with
Plutarch’s fanciful philology, almost as fanciful as that of some
modern Aryanists. His meaning is clear—Absolute Being is the
object of the worship of Isis—cf. Max Müller: Selected Essays,
vol. i. p. 467: “Comparative philologists have not yet succeeded in
finding the true etymology of Apollo.” (Plato’s derivations are
given in the Cratylus, 266 C.)
[187] Iliad, xiii. 354. (Chapman’s translation.)
[188] De Iside et Osiride, 351 E.
[189] Neoplatonism, by C. Bigg, D.D. (“Chief Ancient
Philosophies”), p. 216.
[190] Cf. the De Placitis Philosophorum, 881 B.
[191] De Ε apud Delphos, 384 F.
[192] 386 E.
[193] Alluding to Hesiod—Works and Days, 735 sq.
[194] De Sera Numinis Vindicta, 562 B.
[195] De Ε, 393 A.
[196] De Ε, 387 B, C.
[197] Plato: Philebus, 39 E.
[198] Aristotle: Ethics, viii. 12.
[199] De Superstitione, 167 E.
[201] Plutarch on The Delay of the Deity in Punishing the
Wicked: revised edition, with notes, by Professors H. B. Hackett
and W. S. Tyler. (New York, 1867.)
[202] Sur les Délais de la Justice Divine dans la punition des
coupables, par le Comte Joseph de Maistre. (Lyons et Paris,
1856.)—“J’ai pris,” says de Maistre, “j’ai pris quelques libertés
dont j’espère que Plutarque n’aura point se plaindre;” and,
speaking of the jeunesse surannée of Amyot’s style, he adds:
“Son orthographe égare l’œil, l’oreille ne supporte pas ses vers:
les dames surtout et les étrangers le goûtent peu.” Another
French critic justly remarks on these “liberties” of de Maistre:
“C’est trop de licence. Plutarque n’est pas un de ces écrivains qui
laissent leurs pensées en bouton” (Gréard, p. 274). Yet it is upon
de Maistre’s “paraphrase” that Gréard bases his own analysis!
[203] Wyttenbach: De Sera Numinis Vindicta (Præfatio). It is
pleasant to repeat the praise which Christian writers have poured
on this tract. “Diese Schrift” says Volkmann, “gehört meines
Erachtungs unbedingt mit zu dem schönsten, was aus der
gesammten nachclassischen Litteratur der Griechen überhaupt
auf uns gekommen ist.” (Volkmann, vol. ii. p. 265.) One may
wonder a little, perhaps, at the limitation conveyed in the nach of
nachclassischen.—Trench says that some of Plutarch’s
arguments “would have gone far to satisfy St. Augustine, and to
meet the demands of his theology.”
[204] The Epicurean author of the De Placitis, still inveighing
against “that tall talker, Plato,” is bitterly emphatic on this point.
—“If there is a God, and human affairs are administered by His
Providence, how comes it that bareness prospers, while the
refined and good fall into adversity?” And he instances the murder
of Agamemnon “at the hands of an adulterer and an adultress,”
and the death of Hercules, that benefactor of humanity, “done to
death by Dejaniras drugs.” (881 D.)
[205] Symposiacs, 642 C, 700 E.
[206] Symposiacs, 654 C.
[207] Thucyd., iii. 38. Cleon’s famous speech on the
Mytilenean question.
[208] “Hujus rei aut omnino Lycisci ne vestigium quidem uspiam
reperi.”—Wyttenbach.
[209] In allusion, of course, to the famous verse of an unknown
poet:—
Ὀψὲ θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι, ἀλέουσι δὲ λεπτὰ.
[210] 540 E.
[211] Deleting ἢ after ῥάδιον with Bernardakis. 549 F.
[212] Note the change of number: θεῶν—εἰδὼς.
[213] Cf. the well-known passage in the Timæus (Timæus, 29
C, D).
[214] 550 D. “Etsi hæc sententia disertis verbis in Platone, quod
sciam, non exstet, ejus tamen ubique sparsa sunt vestigia.”
Wyttenbach adds: “Summam autem hominum virtutem et
beatitudinem in eo consistere, ut imitatione Deorum eis similes
evadant, communis fere omnium Philosophorum fuit sententia.”
[215] Plutarch has another well-known passage of the Timæus
in his memory here.—Timæus, 29 D.
[216] “Neque hoc disertis verbis in Platone legere me memini;
sed cum variis locis ... confer.”—Wytt.
[217] 551 D.
[218] 553 A, 553 F.
[219] Laws, 728 C. The reference is to Hesiod: Works and
Days, 265, 266, though Plutarch quotes verse 265 in a form
different from the vulgate. Goettling (Ap. Paley) thinks
Plutarch’s version “savours more of antiquity.” Aristotle:
Rhetoric, iii. 9, quotes the vulgate.
[220] 554 D. Literally, “they were not punished when they grew
old, but grew old in punishment.”
[221] 555 E, F.
[222] Stobæus: Anthologion, Tit. 79, 15.
[223] 557 D. Cf. the sarcasm of the Academic Cotta in the De
Natura Deorum, iii. 38: “Dicitis eam vim Deorum esse ut, etiam si
quis morte pœnas sceleris effugerit, expetantur eæ pœnæ a
liberis, a nepotibus, a posteris. O miram æquitatem Deorum!”
[224] 558 F.
[225] 559 E.
[226] 560 C. Wyttenbach quotes Lucretius, iii. 437 and 456:
“Ergo dissolvi quoque convenit omnem animai Naturam ceu
fumus in altas aeris auras.” He might have added, iii. 579, sqq.:
“Denique, cum corpus nequeat perferre animai Discidium, quin id
tetro tabescat odore, Quid dubitas quin ex imo penitusque coörta,
Emanarit uti fumus diffusa animæ vis?” Plutarch is probably
thinking of Plato’s “intelligent gardener” (Phædrus, 276 B),
although, as Wyttenbach says, “Horti Adonidis proverbii vim
habent.” The English reader will think of Shakespeare’s beautiful
lines—
“Thy promises are like Adonis’ gardens,

That one day bloom’d, and fruitful were the next.”
Henry VI., Pt. 1, act i. sc. 6.
[227] 560 F.
[228] 561 A.
[229] 564 C.
[230] Cf. Timon of Athens, act iii. sc. 1: “Let molten coin be thy
damnation.”
[231] 561 A.—In the long extract, preserved by Stobæus, from
Plutarch’s De Anima (Anthologion: Tit. 120, 28.—The Tauchnitz
edition of 1838, however, ascribes this passage to Themistius,
perhaps by confusion with extract No. 25), Plutarch allows his
imagination to play freely with the fortunes of the soul in the
afterworld. In a beautiful passage, Timon compares death to
initiation into the Great Mysteries—an initiation in which gloom
and weariness and perplexity and terror are followed by the
shining of a wondrous light, which beams on lovely meadows,
whose atmosphere resounds with sacred voices that tell us all the
secret of the mystery, and whose paths are trod by pure and holy
men. Timon concludes with Heraclitus that, if the soul became
assuredly convinced of the fate awaiting it hereafter, no power
would be able to retain it on earth. But Plutarch himself is not
convinced: he is charmed and seduced, but Reason holds him
back from accepting as certainties the “airy subtleties and wingy
mysteries” of Imagination. Under the stress of a desire to console
his wife for the loss of her little daughter, he reminds her that the
“hereditary account” and the Mysteries of Dionysus—in which, he
says, both of them were initiated—equally repudiate the notion
that the soul is without sensation after death (Consolatio ad
Uxorem, 611 D). In his polemic against the Epicureans he chiefly
emphasizes the emotional aspect of the desire for immortality;—
the Epicurean denial of immortality destroys “the sweetest and
greatest hopes of the majority of mankind”—one of these
“sweetest and greatest hopes” being that of seeing retribution
meted out to those whose wealth and power have enabled them
to flout and insult better men than themselves; it robs of its
satisfaction that yearning of the thoughtful mind for unstinted
communion with the great masters of contemplation; and deprives
the bereaved heart of the pleasant dream of meeting its loved and
lost ones in another world (Non posse suav., 1105 E). There is no
doubt that Plutarch wished to believe in the immortality of the
soul, but the evidence is not conclusive that he did; at the most it
is with him a “counsel of perfection,” not an “article of faith.”
[232] “It it not clear from the writings of Plutarch to what extent
he was a monotheist.” This is the opinion of Charles W. Super,
Ph.D., LL.D., and it is supported by the irrefragable proof that
Plutarch “uses θεὸς both with and without the article.” This
judgment is given, of all places in the world, at the conclusion of a
translation (a very indifferent one, by the way) of the De Sera
Numinis Vindicta. (“Between Heathenism and Christianity:—Being
a Translation of Seneca’s De Providentia and Plutarch’s De Sera
Numinis Vindicta.” by Charles W. Super, Ph.D., LL.D., Chicago,
1899.)
[233] Plutarch himself is ignorant of its origin, and does not
know whether it was Magian, Orphic, Egyptian, or Phrygian. (De
Defectu Orac., 415 A. Cf. Isis and Osiris, 360 E, “following the
Theologians of old.”) Those who believed, like Rualdus, that Plato
had read the Old Testament (see note, page 45), had no difficulty
in assigning the doctrine of Dæmons to a Jewish source. Wolff,
speaking of the systematic dæmonology constructed by the neo-
Platonists, alludes to this passage in Plutarch, and says:—“Hæc
omnia artificiosa interpretatione ex Platonis fluxerunt fabulis; ex
oriente fere nihil assumebatur. Namque Judæi aliis principiis, ac
reliqui, profecti decem dæmonum genera constituerant; Chaldæi
vetustiores non dæmonum genera, sed septem archangelos
planetis præfectos colebant; nec credendum Plut., De Defectu
Orac., 415 A. Studebat enim Plutarchus, præsertim in Comm: de
Iside et de Socratis dæmonio, Græcorum placita ad Ægypti
Asiæque revocare sapientiam, et quum ab Orpheo et Atti sancta
quædam mysteria dicerentur profecta esse, arcanis his ritibus
summam de diis doctrinam significari suspicabatur” (Wolff, op.
cit.).—Volkmann, who had carefully studied Plutarch’s relationship
both to his philosophical predecessors and to foreign forms of
religious faith, had previously arrived at a different conclusion
from that embodied in the words italicized above.—“Er war darum
kein Eklektiker oder Synkretist, und was man nun gar von seiner
Vorliebe für Orientalische Philosophie und Theologie gesagt hat
gehört ledeglich in das Gebiet der Fabel. Plutarchs philosophisch-
allegorische Auslegung aber der Ægyptischen Mythen von Isis
und Osiris geht von der ausdrücklichen Voraussetzung aus dass
diese Gottheiten wesentlich Hellenische sind” (Volkmann, vol. ii.
p. 23). But these varying views are simply two different ways of
regarding the real fact, which is that Plutarch regards foreign
myths and Greek alike as different expressions of the conception
of Divine Unity—such Unity not being either Hellenic or Egyptian,
but simply absolute (see subsequent analysis of the De Iside et
Osiride).
[234] Diogenes Laertius, viii. 32. Ritter and Preller also
refer to Apuleius’ De Deo Socratis: “Atenim Pythagoricos mirari
oppido solitos, si quis se negaret unquam vidisse Dæmonem,
satis, ut reor, idoneus auctor est Aristoteles.” (Below this passage
in my edition of Apuleius (the Delphin, of 1688) appears the note
“Idem scribit Plutarch, in libello περὶ θαυμασίων ἀκουσμάτων.”
This libellus I cannot identify with any enumerated in the
catalogue of Lamprias.)
[235] “Plato, ne Anaxagoræ aut Socratis modo impietatis reus
succumberet, præterea ne sanctam animis hebetioribus
religionem turbaret, intactos reliquit ritus publicos et communem
de diis dæmonibusque opinionem; quæ ipse sentiat, significat
quidem, sed, ut solet in rebus minus certis et a mera dialectica
alienis, obvoluta fabulis” (Wolff, De Dæmonibus, loc. cit.). Is it
permissible to suppose that the third consideration—that
expressed in the italicized words—operated more strongly on
Plato than either or both of the first two? Aristotle, at any rate,
takes up a much firmer attitude in face of the popular mythology,
which he regards as fabulously introduced for the purpose of
persuading the multitude, enforcing the laws, and benefiting
human life (Metaphysics, xi. (xii.) 8, T. Taylor’s translation). This
famous passage is as outspoken as Epicureanism.
[236] Plato: Politicus, 271 D. A similar “dispensation” is
provided in the Laws, 717 A.
[237] Plato: Symposium, 202 E.
[238] Herodotus: ii. 53.
[239] De Defectu Orac., 415 B.
[240] Hesiod: Works and Days, 122-125 (Elton’s translation).
[241] Works and Days, 253. Cf. the beautiful fragment from
Menander preserved by Plutarch, De Tranquillitate Animi, 474 B:
—
“By every man, the moment he is born,

There stands a guardian Dæmon, who shall be
His mystagogue through life.”
[242] Works and Days, 141-2.

[243] De Defectu Oraculorum, 445 B.—Pluto, too, though
perhaps not quite with the innocent purpose of Homer, gives
“dæmons” as an alternative to “gods”—Timæus, Sec. 16. (A
passage charged with the most mordant irony against the national
religious tradition.)
[244] De Defectu Orac., 416 C.
[245] Cf. Wolff: “Neque discrepat hac in re communis religio:
multi enim dæmones mali Græcorum animos terrebant, velut
Acco, Alphito, Empusa, Lamia, Mormo, sive Mormolyce,” &c.—
Considering the numerous references made to the subject of
Dæmonology by Greek poets and philosophers from Hesiod and
Empedocles downwards, with all of which, as is clear from the
citations made in our text, Plutarch is perfectly familiar, Prof.
Mahaffy’s note on this point is a little mysterious.—“Mr. Purser
points out to me that Plutarch rather popularized than originated
this doctrine, and himself refers it to various older philosophers.”
(Mahaffy, p. 313.)—It needs no very close study of Plutarch to see
for one’s self that he does not claim to have originated the
doctrine, and that he knows himself to be dealing with a long-
standing and widespread tradition.
[246] For a similar process, cf. the quotation from Dr.
Jackson’s Treatise on Unbelief, given by Sir Walter Scott in
Demonology and Witchcraft, p. 175, note: “Thus are the Fayries,
from difference of events ascribed to them, divided into good and
bad, when it is but one and the same malignant fiend that
meddles in both.”
[247] Cf. Götte: Das Delphische Orakel: “In Zeiten, wo
dasselbe keine Bedeutung mehr hatte, wo es nur dazu dienen
konnte, den finstersten Aberglauben fortzupflanzen und zu
erhalten, und die Menschen über die wahre Leitung der Dinge in
der Welt, über die wahren Mittel, durch welche sich Jeder sein
Glück bereitet, zu täuschen, wurde das Orakelwesen von den
frommen Vätern unserer Kirche für die Ausgeburt des Teufels
angesehen,” &c.—Cf. also, 1 Corinthians x. 20-22.
[248] See, for these illustrations, Scott’s Demonology and
Witchcraft, Pater’s Apollo in Picardy, and Heine’s Gods in Exile.
(“Unter solchen Umständen musste Mancher, dessen heilige
Haine konfisciert waren, bei uns in Deutschland als Holzhäcker
taglöhnern und Bier trinken statt Nektar.”)
[249] 361 A. sqq.
[250] The author of the De Placitis (882 B.) gives a very vague
and slight account of the history of Dæmonology, probably from
motives of Epicurean contempt, if one may judge from the curt
sentence which concludes his brief note:—“Epicurus admits none
of these things.”—He merely says that Thales, Pythagoras, Plato,
and the Stoics asserted the existence of spirits called “Dæmons,”
and adds that the same philosophers also maintained the
existence of Heroes some good, some bad. The distinction
between good and bad does not apply to the Dæmons. The
identical words of this passage in the De Placitis are used by
Athenagoras (Legat: pro Christ., cap. 21) to express a definite
statement about Thales, who is asserted to have been the first
who made the division into God, dæmons, heroes.
[251] Plutarch has here preserved some very beautiful verses
of Empedocles, in which this punishment is described. Another
fragment of verse from Empedocles (De Exilio, 607 C) depicts
with equal force and beauty the punishment by the Dæmons of
one who has been handed over to them to atone for his crimes.
[252] Here should be noted the tendency to assimilate the good
Dæmons to the gods—a tendency to which reference has already
been made.
[253] De Defectu Orac., 419 A.
[254] De Defectu Orac., 419 A.
[255] 419.—Mrs. Browning could hardly have read the De
Defectu when she stated that her fine poem “The Dead Pan” was
“partly founded on a well-known tradition mentioned in a treatise
of Plutarch (‘De Oraculorum Defectu’), according to which, at the
hour of the Saviour’s agony, a cry of ‘Great Pan is dead!’ swept
across the waves in the hearing of certain mariners,—and the
oracles ceased.” (It was one of the mariners who uttered the cry,
“The great Pan is dead!” having been thrice requested by a
supernatural voice to do so. But such errors of detail are
unimportant in view of the fact that the whole spirit of the story is
misunderstood by the poetess.)
[256] So one may conjecture from the description given by
Demetrius, who “sailed to the least distant of these lonely islands,
which had few inhabitants, and these all held sacred and
inviolable by the Britons.” Plutarch’s Demetrius has been
identified with “Demetrius the Clerk” who dedicated, “to the gods
of the imperial Palace,” a bronze tablet now in the Museum at
York.—See King’s translation of the Theosophical Essays in the
“Bohn” series, p. 22.
[257] 420 B.
[258] 360 D.
[259] 361 E. We shall see elsewhere that, just as a good
Dæmon may be promoted to the rank of a god, so a good man
may be lifted to the status of a Dæmon, like Hesiod’s people of
the Golden Age. (De Dæmonio Socratis, 593 D. Cf. De Defectu
Orac., 415 B.)
[260] 361 F. 364 E.
[261] Cf. Apuleius, De Deo Socratis.—“Neque enim pro
majestate Deûm cælestium fuerit, ut eorum quisquam vel Annibali
somnium pingat, vel Flaminio hostiam conroget, vel Accio Nævio
avem velificet, vel sibyllæ fatiloquia versificet, etc. Non est operæ
Diis superis ad hæc descendere. Quad cuncta” (he says
elsewhere) “cælestium voluntate et numine et auctoritate, sed
Dæmonum obsequio et opera et ministerio fieri arbitrandum est.”
[262] De Ε apud Delphos, 394 A.
[263] De Fato, 572 F, sqq.—Bernardakis “stars” this tract as
doubtfully Plutarch’s. But the passage quoted, at any rate, is not
discrepant from Plutarch’s views elsewhere, though expressing
them more concisely, and with more appearance of system than
usual with him. The similarity to Plato’s tripartite division of the
heavenly powers in the Timæus is, of course, evident, but the text
has a note of sincerity which is lacking in the Platonic passage.
[264] De Defectu, 417 C. (For the verse quoted in the original,
cf. W. Christ’s Pindar, p. 232.)
[265] 417 D.
[266] The nearest approach to this identification is made by the
mysterious stranger whom Cleombrotus finds near the Red Sea,
who appeared once every year among the people living in that
neighbourhood, and who gave the pious traveller much
information concerning Dæmons and their ways; which he was
well fitted to do, as he spent most of his time in their company
and that of the pastoral nymphs. He said that Python (whom
Apollo slew) was a dæmon; that the Titans were dæmons; that
Saturn may have been a dæmon. He then adds the significant
words, “There is nothing to wonder at if we apply to certain
Dæmons the traditional titles of the gods, since a Dæmon who is
assigned to a particular god, deriving from him his authority and
prerogatives, is usually called by the name of that same god” (421
E). But this somewhat daring testimony is, we are not surprised to
find, preceded by a hint that in these matters we are to drink from
a goblet of mingled fact and fancy.—(421 A.)
[267] De Defectu Orac., 426 D.
[268] Isis and Osiris, 360 E.
[269] Isis and Osiris, 360 F.
[270] Isis and Osiris, 361 C. The passage in the “Banquet”
referred to has been already quoted (see p. 123).
[271] It would be otiose to illustrate by examples the universal
and splendid fame of the Delphic oracle. One may perhaps be
given which is not commonly quoted. Pliny the elder, who in one
passage sneeringly includes the oraculorum præscita among the
fulgurum monitus, auruspicum prædicta, atque etiam parva dictu,
in auguriis sternutamenta et offensiones pedum, by means of
which men have endeavoured to discover hints of divine
guidance, nevertheless, in another passage, quotes two wise

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Section 1 Test Item File .......................................................................................................................... 451

Section 2 Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions ...................................................................... 491

Section 1 Test Item File

1. There is a general agreement among researchers that personality ________

2. Individuals with personality disorders ________

3. Unlike disorders such as depression and PTSD, ________

7. What do all of the Cluster A disorders have in common?

50. Parental overvaluation is associated with which personality disorder?

73. Who is most likely to develop antisocial personality disorder?

121. People with __________ have excessive attention-seeking behaviors.

126. Briefly describe the general characteristics of a personality disorder.

128. How does temperament relate to personality disorders?

130. Compare and contrast paranoid personality disorder and schizophrenia.

132. Why is histrionic personality disorder more prevalent in women?

136. Compare and contrast avoidant and schizoid personality disorders.

138. Describe and differentiate between the Cluster A personality disorders.

Section 2 Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions

“O thou that after toil and storm

“Leave thou thy sister when she prays,

“Her faith through form is pure as thine,

[149] Consolatio ad Apollonium, 102 A.—“He was a very sage

“There be three virtues for thy practice, child:

[150] Amatorius, 756 B.

Ὀψὲ θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι, ἀλέουσι δὲ λεπτὰ.

“Thy promises are like Adonis’ gardens,

Henry VI., Pt. 1, act i. sc. 6.

“By every man, the moment he is born,

[242] Works and Days, 141-2.

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