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Answer Key
Chapter 6
Telecommunications
Introduction
Telecommunications and the PSTN

Test Your Understanding
1. a) What is the name of the worldwide telecommunications network?
The public switched telephone network (PSTN).
b) Does the PSTN handle only telephone traffic? Explain.
No. It handles other services as well, such as video.
c) Why are we looking at the PSTN in this chapter?
It takes us outside the corporate walls.
Wide area networks for data use the public switched telephone network for
transmission.
The Four Elements of the PSTN

2. What are the four technical elements in the PSTN?
The four technical elements in the PSTN are customer premises equipment,
access, transport, and signaling.
3. a) What is customer premises equipment?
Customer premises equipment is equipment owned by the customer, including
PBXs, internal wiring, and telephone handsets.
b) What is the purpose of the PBX?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6-1

The PBX works like an internal telephone switch. It routes internal calls between
handsets at the site, and it routes calls between the firm and the PSTN.
c) What type of wiring does business telephony use for building wiring?
4-pair UTP wiring.
d) What is the most expensive part of customer premises equipment to purchase and
install?
Wiring.
4. a) What is the local loop?
The local loop is another name for the collection of access lines that run from the
customer premises to the PSTN’s central transport core.
b) What is the function of the transport core?
The transport core carries traffic between end office switches.
c) What are the two elements of the transport core?
The two elements of the transport core are trunk lines and switches.
d) Which is changing more rapidly—the access system or the transport core?
The transport core is changing more rapidly.
e) Explain why.
The transport core is changing more rapidly because changing the transport core
represents a smaller investment than changing the access system.
Also, changes in the transport core can save carriers a great deal of money.
5. a) What is signaling?
Signaling is the controlling of calling, including setting up a path for a
conversation through the transport core, maintaining and terminating the
conversation path, collecting billing information, and handling other supervisory
functions.
b) In telephony, distinguish between transport and signaling.
Transport is the actual transmission of voices. Signaling is the supervision of the
PSTN, including connections.
Who Owns the PSTN?

6. a) What are the three tiers of carriers in the PSTN?
Local carriers, providing access lines and handling transport within a city or other
small area.
Long-distance domestic (within a country) carriers, that transport traffic between
different local areas.
International carriers, that transport traffic between countries.
b) What are connection points between carriers called in the PSTN?

Points of presence (POPs).
Circuit Switching
Circuits
Voice versus Data Traffic
Dial-Up Circuits
Leased Line Circuits

7. a) What is circuit switching?
Circuit switching is switching in which capacity for a conversation is reserved on
every switch and trunk line end-to-end between the two subscribers.
b) Why does circuit switching make sense for voice communication?
Circuit switching makes sense for voice communication because voice traffic is
fairly constant.
c) What does it mean that data transmission is bursty?
By saying that data transmission is bursty, one means that it has short, high-speed
bursts separated by long silences.
d) Why is burstiness bad for circuit switching?
Burstiness is bad for circuit switching because circuit switching provides constant
reserved capacity, much of which will go unused with bursty transmission. The
user has to pay for reserved capacity whether or not it is used.
8. a) What are the differences between dial-up and leased line circuits?
Dial-up circuits only exist for the duration of a call. Also, modem-based data
transmission over a dial-up telephone circuit is very slow.
In contrast, leased line circuits are set up long before the call, are always on, and
carry data much faster than dial-up circuits. Also, leased line circuits can
multiplex calls.
b) What is multiplexing in the context of telephone calls and leased lines?
Multiplexing is carrying several voice calls simultaneously.
c) What method do leased lines use to ensure that every call never gets less than a fixed
amount of capacity? d) In TDM, distinguish between frames and slots. e) How are slots
assigned in TDM? f) How many calls can a T1 circuit provide? Explain. g) Explain why

TDM leads to 64 kbps per channel. h) Explain why TDM leads to T1’s 1.544 Mbps
speed.
The Access System
The Local Loop

9. a) Compare the 4-pair UTP wiring used in corporate buildings and the UTP wiring in the
residential local loop.
The 4-pair UTP telephone wiring used in business has four pairs of wires in the
cord. These are high-quality wires designed to carry data very rapidly.
The residential local loop consists of a single pair of voice-grade UTP not
designed to carry data at high speeds.
b) Distinguish between the UTP wiring in the residential local loop and the UTP wiring
used for lower-speed leased lines (under about 2 Mbps).
The residential local loop consists of a single pair of voice-grade UTP not
designed to carry data at high speeds.
Lower-speed leased lines use 2-pair data-grade UTP.
c) What technology do the highest-speed leased lines use?
The highest-speed leased lines use two-strand optical fiber cords to the customer
premises.
d) What is provisioning?
Provisioning is installing and setting up a 2-pair data-grade UTP access line.
The End Office Switch

10. What is an end office switch?
An end office switch is the nearest switch of the telephone company to the
customer premises. It terminates the local loop.
Analog–Digital Conversion for Analog Local Loops

11. a) Distinguish between analog and digital signals.
An analog signal rises and falls in intensity smoothly, with no clock cycles and no
limited numbers of states as in digital signaling.
b) What parts of the telephone system are largely digital today?

The parts of the telephone system that are largely digital today are almost all of
the switches and trunk lines in the PSTN transport core.
Large businesses even get digital access lines for their local loop communication.
c) What parts of the telephone system are largely analog today?
The residential local loop is the only part of the telephone system that is largely
analog today. (Of course phones are analog too.)
d) What is the role of the codec in the end office switch?
The codec in the end office switch converts between the analog local loop signals
and the digital signals of the end office switch.
e) When a customer signal arrives on the access line to the end office switch, does the
codec perform ADC or DAC? Explain.
The incoming signal is analog. The codec must translate this into a digital signal
that can travel through the telephone system’s core. So analog-to-digital
conversion is needed.
Begin the box, “Codec Operation”
Codec Operation
12. a) Explain why bandpass filtering is done.
Bandpass filtering is done to limit voice bandwidth.
b) Explain how the ADC generates 64 kbps of data for voice calls when it uses PCM.
The codec ADC samples the bandpass-filtered voice signal 8,000 times per
second (in order to sample at twice the highest frequency in the signal, thus
reproducing the signal with no loss of information).
During each sampling period, the codec measures the intensity of the signal. The
ADC represents the intensity of each sample by a number between 0 and 255. If
you multiply 8 bits per sample times 8,000 samples per second, you get 64,000
bits per second, or 64 kbps.
c) Why do we need DACs?
We need digital-to-analog converters (DACs) to convert transmissions from the
digital telephone network’s core to signals on the analog local loop.
d) How do DACs work?
As the DAC reads each sample, it puts a signal on the local loop that has the
intensity indicated for that sample. It keeps the intensity the same for 1/8000 of a
second. If the time period per intensity level is very brief, the amplitude changes
will sound smooth to the human ear.
End the box, “Codec Operation”

Cellular Telephony
Cellular Service
Cells
13. a) In cellular technology, what is a cell?
In cellular technology, a cell is a small geographical area, a subdivision of a
metropolitan service area.
b) What is a cellsite?
A cellsite is the site near the middle of each cell, containing a transceiver and
supervising each mobile phone’s operation.
c) What are the two functions of the MTSO?
The mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) connects cellular customers to
one another and to wired telephone users. It also controls what happens at each of
the cellsites, determining what to do when people move from one cell to another,
including which cellsite should handle a caller when the caller wishes to place a
call.
Why Cells?
14. a) Why does cellular telephony use cells?
Cellular telephony uses cells for channel reuse. The number of channels permitted
by regulators is limited, and subscriber demand is heavy. Cellular telephony uses
each channel multiple times, in different cells in the network.
b) What is the benefit of channel reuse?
The benefit of channel reuse is that it multiplies the effective channel capacity,
allowing more subscribers to be served with the limited number of channels
available.
c) If I use Channel 3 in a cell, can I reuse that same channel in an adjacent cell with
traditional cellular technology?
With traditional cellular technology, you cannot reuse Channel 3 in adjacent cells.
d) Can I reuse Channel 3 in adjacent cells if the cellular system uses CDMA
transmission?
If the cellular system uses code division multiple access (CDMA), you can reuse
Channel 3 in adjacent cells.

Handoffs versus Roaming

15. a) Distinguish between handoffs and roaming in cellular telephony.
A handoff is when a subscriber moves from one cell to another within a system
and his or her call is transferred (handed off) from one cellsite to another.
Roaming is when a subscriber leaves a metropolitan cellular system and goes to
another city or country. Roaming requires the destination cellular system to be
technologically compatible with the subscriber’s mobile. It also requires
administration permission from the destination cellular system.
b) Distinguish between handoffs and roaming in 802.11 wireless LANs.
They mean the same thing.
Voice over IP (VoIP)
Basics
16. a) What is VoIP?
VoIP is the transmission of telephone signals over IP internets instead of over
circuit-switched networks.
b) What is the promise of VoIP?
The promise of VoIP is to reduce telephone costs by switching from circuit
switching to more efficient packet switching.
c) What two devices can be used by VoIP callers?
IP telephones and multimedia PCs.
d) What is the purpose of a media gateway?
A media gateway connects a VoIP network to the public switched telephone
network.
e) Why is having a media gateway in a VoIP system important?
Without a media gateway, VoIP users could only talk to one another.
VoIP Signaling
17. a) What are the two major protocols for VoIP signaling?
H.323 and the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
b) Which of these protocols is growing rapidly?

SIP
c) Describe how SIP initiates a communication session.
One VoIP phone sends an INVITE message to its own SIP proxy survey.
The sender’s proxy gateway passes the INVITE to the called party’s proxy
survey.
The called party’s proxy server passes the INVITE to the called party.
VoIP Transport
IP Television (IPTV)
18. a) What is the purpose of a VoIP codec?
To translate between the person’s speech and hearing and the VoIP network.
b) Some codecs compress voice more. What do they give up in doing so?
Sound quality.
c) In a VoIP transport packet, what is the application message?
A group of codec packets.
d) Does a VoIP transport packet use UDP or TCP? Explain why.
UDP. There is no time to wait for TCP’s retransmissions of lost or damaged
packets.
e) What two problems with UDP does RTP fix?
First, UDP does not guarantee that packets will be delivered in order. RTP adds a
sequence number so the application layer can put packets in the proper sequence.
Second, VoIP is highly sensitive to jitter, which is variable latency in packet
delivery. Jitter literally makes the voice sound jittery. RTP contains a time stamp
for when its package of octets should be played relative to the octets in the
previous packet. This allows the receiver to provide smooth playback.
f) List the headers and messages in a VoIP transport packet, beginning with the first
packet header to arrive at the receiver.
IP header – UDP header – RTP header – Octet stream
Corporate VoIP Alternatives

19. a) If a company already has a multisite PBX network installed for site-to-site voice
service, what must it add for site-to-site VoIP?
The company must add a VoIP module to each PBX.
b) Do many carriers offer VoIP services to business customers?

Yes.
c) Can a company save more money with long-distance VoIP or with VoIP within the
company’s sites? Explain.
It can save more money with long-distance VoIP because existing long-distance
telephony is very expensive, while LAN transmission costs are low.
Also, VoIP phones must be purchased and installed, and the wired LAN may have
to be upgraded to handle increased traffic and, hopefully, quality of service
improvements.
d) What is the main advantage of VoIP within sites?
The main advantage is the possibility of developing integrated voice and data
applications.
e) Is it easier to implement VoIP on wired LANs or WLANs? Explain.
It is easier to implement VoIP on wired LANs because WLANs have too much
latency and jitter.
f) What carriers provide VoIP service?
Traditional telephone companies, cable television companies, ISPs, and
companies that provide service over any ISP.
Telecommunications Staff Concerns with VoIP

20. What two concerns do corporate telecommunications staffs have about VoIP?
The two main concerns are whether VoIP will really save money and how to
maintain voice quality and availability.
Rebuilding the Last Mile

21. a) What is the last mile?
The access line from the subscriber.
b) What access line do telephone companies already have installed to most customer
premises?
One-pair voice-grade UTP.
Telephone Service and Cable TV

22. a) What transmission medium do cable television companies primarily use?
Coaxial cable.

b) Distinguish between the cable television trunk cable and drop cable.
The thick trunk cable carries signals from the head end past the subscriber’s
house. The thin drop cable runs from the trunk cable into the home.
c) What was the traditional division of market dominance between telephone companies
and cable television companies?
The telephone companies dominated the market for telephone service, while cable
television companies dominated the wired television deliver market.
Data Transmission
23. a) What does a telephone modem do?
Telephone modems receive digital signals from a computer, convert the digital
signals into analog signals, and transmit the analog signals over the subscriber’s
access line to the end office switch. When signals come back from the computer
at the other end of the line, the modem converts the incoming analog signal into
digital signals that the computer can use.
b) Why is the telephone company’s use of existing access lines important in ADSL
service?
There is no need to lay new wires to the subscriber to provide high-speed service.
c) In ADSL service, what does the DSLAM do?
It receives and sends digital signals over the existing 1-pair VG access line.
It sends telephone signals to the telephone network and data signals on to a data
network.
d) Do telephone modems tie up your telephone line when you use them to carry data? Do
DSL modems? Explain.
Yes and no. Telephone modems send data signals as if they were voice signals.
DSL modems transit data at a higher frequency range higher than the voice range,
so the signals do not interfere. The DSLAM sends the voice signal to the proper
destination and the DSL signal to the proper destination.
e) In DSL, what must be plugged into each telephone outlet?
A splitter.
f) Why is residential DSL service called ADSL service?
The speed is asymmetric, with a higher downstream speed than upstream speed.
Wireless Access Services

24. a) Distinguish between 2G and 3G cellular service for data transmission.

Second-generation (2G) cellular service offers voice, texting, and camera picture
transmission. You can use a cellular modem to work with 2G cellular telephones,
but the rates at which data can be sent and received is very slow (only 10 kbps).
Third-generation (3G) cellular service can move data faster than 2G service.
Today, 3G services generally have the same throughput as low-end ADSL lines.
b) What may limit 3G cellular’s acceptance?
3G cellular’s acceptance may be limited by the fact that it is expensive and
operates at somewhat sluggish speeds.
c) Do WiMAX carriers primarily use licensed or unlicensed bands? Why?
WiMAX carriers primarily use licensed bands. This is because it is only really
possible to offer good service in regulated bands.
d) What are WiMAX profiles, and why are they important?
WiMAX profiles are important because they ensure that companies can design
their systems for interoperability. In addition, by limiting interoperability profiles,
they allow vendors to focus on parts of the market that other vendors will be
operating in.
e) What four advanced technologies does WiMAX use?
Scalable OFDM, MIMO, adaptive antennas systems (AAS), and cellular
organization.
f) How does WiMAX ensure that each customer gets its his or her air share of
transmission speed?
WiMAX ensures that each customer gets his or her fair share of transmission
speed by using TDM in downstream links. TDM guarantees a time slot in each
frame for each subscriber.
g) What is the biggest problem for satellite access service?
The biggest problem for satellite access service is that it has relatively low speeds
and definitely high costs.
The Triple Play

25. a) What do companies call the “triple play”?
The triple play is offering telephone service, data access, and television in an
integrated package.
b) Which aspect of the triple play requires a huge increase in bandwidth?
Television (video).
c) What technology will bring speeds of 100 Mbps or more to subscribers?
Fiber to the home (FTTH).
d) What is the backhaul issue, and why is it important?

The backhaul issue is the fact that the entire carrier backbone plant has to be able
to handle the much higher speeds that customer premises generates.
The International Situation

26. a) Is the U.S. the leader in broadband speeds? Explain.
No. In late 2007, U.S subscribers had a median download speed of 1.9 Mbps. In
comparison, Canada had a median download speed of 7 Mbps, France had a
median download speed of 17 Mbps, South Korea had a median download speed
of 45 Mbps, and Japan had a median download speed of 61 Mbps. The U.S.
ranked in 16th place in speed and high-speed availability.
b) What two countries, according to the figures given, are the leaders in broadband
service?
South Korea and Japan.
c) What is the advantage of being a leader in broadband service?
The advantage of being a leader in broadband services is that the higher speeds do
not come at a significant price premium.
Conclusion
Synopsis
End-of-Chapter Questions
Thought Questions
1. Trace the path of a call between a cellular subscriber and a wireline (normal telephone)
subscriber. There are several devices along the path. This requires you to think through
what you have learned in this chapter.
The call goes from the mobile phone to the nearest cellsite. It goes from the
cellsite to the MTSO, from the MTSO to the POP, and from the POP to the
wireline carrier.
2. (If you read the box, “codec operation.”) Beings of the planet Zamco can hear
frequencies up to 30 kHz. However, they can only hear two loudness levels—soft and
deafening. The Zamconian telephone system uses PCM codecs. a) How many bits per
second will a Zamconian telephone call generate? Do your work in Excel, and copy and
paste your results into your answer page. b) How many bytes will it take to store an hour
of a Zamconian telephone conversation? (Hint: The answers to a) and b) are 60 bps and
26 MB, respectively.)

Bandwidth 30 kHz
Samples/second (x2
bandwidth) 60 samples/second
Bits per sample 1 bps
Data rate/channel 60 bps
Data per minute (x60) 3,600 bits/minute
Data rate per hour (x60) 216,000 bits/hour
Bytes per hour (/8 bits/byte) 27,000 bytes/hour
Kilobytes/hour (/1,024) 26 kB
3. (If you read the box, “codec operation.”) In this chapter, you saw how PCM generates 64
kbps of data when it digitizes voice. For music CDs (which store information digitally), a
PCM-like algorithm was used. However, instead of cutting off sounds above 3.4 kHz,
music digitization uses a 20 kHz cutoff in order to capture the higher-pitched sounds of
musical instruments. Music digitization also uses 16 bits per sample, instead of the 8 bits
per sample used by voice, in order to give more precise volume representation.
Furthermore, music is presented in stereo, so there are two 20 kHz channels to digitize.
Audio CDs were designed to store one hour of digitized music. Compute how big audio
CDs need to be. Remember to convert your bit rates into bytes per second, and remember
that there are 1024 bytes in a kilobyte and 1024 kilobytes in a megabyte. (Hint: The first
CD-ROM disks, which were designed on the basis of audio disk technology, had 550 MB
of capacity. You should get a number reasonably close to this.) Calculate your answer in
a spreadsheet. Copy and paste the spreadsheet into your answer page.
Bandwidth 20 kHz
Samples/second (x2
bandwidth) 40 samples/second
Bits per sample 16 bps
Data rate/channel 640,000 bps
Channels 2 channels
Total data rate 1,280,000 bps
Data per minute (x60) 76,800,000 bits/minute
Data rate per hour (x60) 4,608,000,000 bits/hour
Bytes per hour (/8 bits/byte) 576,000,000 bytes/hour
Kilobytes/hour (/1,024) 562,500 kB/hour
Megabytes/hour (/1,024) 549 MB/hour
4. Telephone modems convert analog signals to digital signals and digital signals to analog
signals. Codecs convert analog signals to digital signals and digital signals to analog
signals. How are modems different from codecs?
Modems convert digital computer signals into analog signals that can travel down
the telephone line to the end office switch. (And vice versa)
Codecs convert analog signals arriving from subscribe homes into digital signals
that can travel over the PSTN digital core. (And vice versa)

5. Another residential Internet access method is the communication satellite. Unfortunately,

launching satellites is extremely expensive, so satellite Internet access service tends to be
costly for the speed it provides. Another issue is delay, which causes problems for FTP.
Acknowledgements take a long time, so the sender often times out and resends before an
acknowledgement arrives. Geosynchronous satellites orbit about 36,000 km above the
earth, but they appear to be stationary in the sky. So users can employ dish antennas that
point in a fixed direction. Low-earth orbit satellites orbit about 500 km above the earth,
allowing the use of omnidirectional antennas, but still requiring high signal length. The
speed of light is 300,000,000 meters per second. a) What is the two-way (up, then down)
latency (time delay) for geosynchronous satellites? b) For low earth orbit satellites?
Calculate your answer in a spreadsheet program. Copy and paste the spreadsheet into
your answer page.
GEO: about half a second.
LEO: imperceptible
GEO LEO
Distance (meters) 36,000,000 500,000
Speed of light (m/sec) 300,000,000 300,000,000

Time one way (seconds) 0.12 0.0017
Time two way (seconds) 0.24 0.0033
Hands-On Exercises
1. How fast is your Internet connection? See for yourself by going to
http://www.pcpitstop.com/internet/default.asp, http://reviews.cnet.com/7004-7254_7-
0.html, and http://speedmatters.org. All three provide a test of your Internet download
speed. a) How were you connected to the Internet (telephone modem connection, cable
modem connection, DSL connection, lab at school)? b) What was your download speed
in each of the three services? c) What speeds were cited for different countries at
http://speedmatters.org?
Answers will vary.
Perspective Questions
1. What was the most surprising thing you learned in this chapter?
2. What was the most difficult material for you in this chapter?
Projects
1. Look up speed and price alternatives in your area for ADSL, cable modem service, 3G
telephony, and WiMAX.
2. Do a report on Verizon’s FiOS fiber-to-the-home service.

Getting Current
Go to the book website’s New Information and Errors pages for this chapter to get new
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Schleuder der Wambugwe 185.
Schisu 48, 50.
Schröpfen 173.
Schweinitz, Graf 105, 145.
Schwesinger, Dr. 105.
Schmiede 207, 232.
— der Wataturu 172.
— der Massai siehe Elkonono.
— in Usinja 72, 211.
Schmuck der Wafiomi 174.
— der Wanyamwesi 229.
Schmuck der Warundi 218.
Seliman bin Masud 105.
Semu-Fluss 63.
Serengeti 35, 142.
Sesam 198.
Sewah-Haji 3.
Shaw 103.
Sike 105, 107, 237.
—, Stammtafel des 234.
Simangori-Berg 27, 136.
Simbiti 64, 139.
Simityek 168, 171.
Simiyu 37, 61, 66, 141.
Singisa-See 111, 138, 189.
Sklaven 179, 242.
— am Tanganyika 94 ff.
Sklavenhandel 57, 58, 243, 244,
245.
Sklaverei 187.
— bei Massai 164.
— bei Wanyamwesi 237.
— bei Wataturu 173.
— in Urundi 224.
Sogonoi 19, 135.
Soïebus 175.
Sonyo 157.
Sorghum siehe Kulturpflanzen.
Sotik 174.
Sprache der Wafiomi 174.
— der Waschaschi 196, 202.
— der Wasinja 210.
— der Watussi 205.
Sprachen 193.
Speer 178, 185, 186, 190, 192.
— der Massai 161.
— der Waha 226.
— der Wandorobo 167.
— der Warundi 220.
— der Waschaschi 203.
Speke 74, 144, 148, 207, 214, 227.
Speke-Golf 143.
Spring, Kapt. 46, 51.
Stammesmarke der Wambugwe
182, 186.
Stanley 48, 73, 76, 110, 145, 147,
148.
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163.
Stockkämpfe 202.
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Stokes, Mr. 45, 73, 74, 106.
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Stuhlmann Dr. 73, 110, 111, 143,
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Suess 133, 136, 137.
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Suguti 141.
Suguti-Bach 52.
Sunguisi 108.
Swahíli-Soldaten 6.
— -Träger 124.
T.
Tabak 171, 178, 184, 198, 199,
219, 231, 251.
Tabora 104, 105, 234, 242.
— -Handel 242.
Talama 126.
Tambarale 106, 107.
Tandala 181.
Tanga 1, 8.
— -Insel 1.
— -Leute 125.
Tanganyika 91, 152, 153.
Tanz der Warundi 79, 81.
Tänze der Warundi 224.
Tarangire 123.
Tatoga s. Wataturu.
Tauben 226, 231.
— -schläge 102.
Tauschwaaren 3.
Telekesa 14.
Tembebau, Entstehung des 175.
Temben 171.
— der Wambugwe 182.
— der Wanyaturu 189.
— der Warangi 183, 184.
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Tembe, unterirdisches 177.
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Tippo-Tip 93, 244.
Tod 163.
Töpfe 184.
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— der Warundi 219, 220, 221.
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Wanyaturu.
Tusso-Kette 14.
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Uakilinda 76.
Uanekera 55.
Uaschi 56, 142.
Uassi 115, 137, 181.
Uduhe 65, 66.
Ufiomi 116, 121, 249.
— -Berge 28, 137.
Uganda 208.
— bei Ujiji 152.
Ugulula 71.
Uha 76, 99.
Uhemba 142.
Ujiji 153, 243.
Ukara 47, 48, 143, 197, 208.
Ukerewe 208.
—, Insel 46.
—, Wataturu von 169, 170.
Ulembera 98.
Umba-Nyika 14.
Umbugwe 18, 21, 117, 137, 249.
Ungroïme s. Ngoroïne.
Unguu 125.
Unyambeïu 169.
Unyamwesi 249.
—, Granit-Plateau von 134, 141 ff.
Unyamwesi, Name von 227.
Unyanganyi 111, 138, 191.
Unyange 89.
Unyanyembe, Häuptlinge von 234.
Urambo 102.
—, Watussi in 204.
Urigi-See 75.
Urin 171, 185.
Urundi 77, 78 ff, 151, 249.
Urungu 59.
Usagali 104.
Usagara 242.
Usambára 1, 13, 260.
Usegua 126.
Usenye 39, 142.
Usige 96.
Usinja 69 ff, 249.
Usmau 66.
Ussandaui 111, 112, 138, 249.
Ussongo 108, 169.
Ussui 73 ff, 209, 236.
Ussure 110, 139.
Usukuma 249.
— (im engeren Sinne) 67.
Utavuka 91.
Uthungu 74.
Ututwa 59.
Uyogoma 76.
Uyui 106.
V.
Vali von Tanga 8.
Verpflegung der Expedition 14.
— der Mannschaften 11.
Victoria Nyansa 40, 143.
—, Dampfer am 43.
—, Gezeiten im 42, 46, 143.
—, Kanus am 44.
Viehseuche 36, 135, 165, 251
Viehzucht 177, 183, 192, 251.
— der Waha 226.
— der Warundi 219.
— der Wataturu 171, 172.
— der Watussi 206.
W.
Wabondeï 38.
Wabwa 187.
Wachdienst 12.
Wadigo 13, 125.
Wadi-Halfa 149.
Wafioma 209, 228.
Wafiomi 173 ff, 194, 195.
—, Aeusseres der 174.
—, Charakter der 175.
—, Sprache der 174.
—, Wohnungen der 175 ff.
Waffen der Massai 16.
Waffeneinfuhr 252.
Waganda 203, 205.
Wagaya 197.
Wagogo 180, 186, 194.
Waha 225 ff.
Wahuma siehe Watussi.
Wahumba 165.
Wahutu 88.
Wakara 49, 189, 197, 198, 200,
202, 208.
—, Pflanzungen der 198.
Wakerewe 208.
Wakonongo 228.
Wakuavi 157, 175.
Wakwaya 52.
Wald 154.
Wambugwe 157, 180 ff.
Wanderungen der Massai 157.
— der Nilquell-Völker 237.
— der Stämme 194.
Wandorobo 20, 32, 35, 124, 166 ff.
Wanege 63, 167, 191, 193, 194.
Wangoni 227.
Wangoroïne 197.
Wanonega 168.
Wanyairamba 194, 197, 238.
Wanyamwesi 227 ff, 238.
Wanyamwesi, Eigenschaften als
Träger 125.
— -Kolonie in Umbugwe 122.
— -Kolonien 111, 112, 253.
Wanyaturu 188 ff, 194, 197, 202,
238.
Wanyoro 203, 205.
Warangi 180 ff.
Warongo 207.
Warundi 203, 215, 216 ff, 238.
—, Begeisterung der 86.
Waruri 197.
Waschaschi 37, 188, 196 ff, 238.
—, Befestigungen der 51, 56.
—, Felsdörfer der 55.
Wasinja 203, 208 ff.
Wassandaui 191 ff.
Wassegeju 125, 157.
Wassekera 165.
Wasserscheide 98.
Wasumbwa 228.
Wasukuma 59, 228.
Watakama 228.
Wataturu 46, 168 ff, 194, 208.
—, Aeusseres der 170.
—, Gebräuche der 172.
—, Geräthe der 171.
—, Körperbau der 169.
— von Meatu 61.
—, Nahrung der 171.
—, Niederlassungen der 171.
—, Sprache der 170.
— von Ukerewe 169.
—, Wanderungen der 169.
Watindiga s. Wanege.
Watussi 203 ff, 238.
—, Kämpfe mit 88, 90, 96.
Watuta s. Wangoni.
Watwa 82, 98, 215, 237.
Wegweiser 9, 15, 29, 75, 97.
Weiber bei Wataturu 172, 173.
— der Karawane, 65.
— der Wafiomi 178, 179.
Weizen 250.
Welse 104.
Wembere 63, 64, 109.
— -Graben 139.
Werther, Lieutenant 61, 138.
Wild 20, 27, 31, 35, 41, 123, 135,
140, 155.
— in Ussui 76.
Wilson 48.
Windermere 145.
Wise, Mr. 44.
Wolf, Eugen 65, 253.
Wuruhukiro 89.
Y.
Yavigimba 76, 77, 209.
Yuma, Insel 44.
Z.
Zahlworte 193.
Zauberdoktor bei Wanyamwesi
235.
— der Wafiomi 179.
— der Wambugwe 187.
Zähne 167, 172, 174, 178, 190,
209, 228.
— bei Waschaschi 197.
Zelewsky 70.
Zuchtwahl 160.
Zulu 227, 238.
Zwerge siehe Pygmäen.
Zwillinge 190.
Zwischenseen-Völker 194, 238.
— siehe auch Nyansa-Völker.
Druckfehler-Berichtigung.
Seite 17 Zeile 13 von oben lies »Globetrotter« statt

»Globetrodder«.
Seite 51 Zeile 8 von unten (und Illustrationstitel) lies »Irera«
statt »Irea«.
Seite 98 Zeile 5 von oben (und Illustrationstitel) lies
»Kiyonso« statt »Kiyonzo«.
Seite 140 Zeile 6 von oben lies »Tura« statt »Turu«.
Seite 142 Zeile 15 von oben lies »Krystallinisches Schiefer-
Gestein« statt »Krystallinisches Gestein«.
Seite 195 Zeile 3 von unten lies »Fulbe« statt »Fuebe«.
Seite 209 Zeile 8 von oben lies »Wafioma« statt »Wafiomi«.
Seite 222 Abbildung lies »Klapper der Zauberdoktoren in
Urundi« statt »Klapper der Zauberdoktoren in Warundi«.
Seite 238 letzte Zeile lies »konnte« statt »konnten«.
Seite 262 Zeile 3 lies »No. 111« statt »No. 110«.
Gedruckt bei OTTO ELSNER, Berlin S.,
Oranienstrasse 58.
Berichtigung.
Durch ein Versehen des Herrn Dr. Hassenstein wurden dem Autor
keine Korrekturabzüge der Farbenplatten der Karte zugesandt,
wodurch einige störende Fehler stehen geblieben sind. Dieselben
werden nachfolgend richtig gestellt:
Auf der ethnographischen Skizze, Zeichenerklärung, sind die »Bantu
mit nordsüdlicher Wandertendenz« mit g r ü n e m Ton, die »mit
südnördlicher Wandertendenz« mit b la u sch r a ffir te m Ton statt
umgekehrt zu lesen. Auf derselben Skizze ist die Landschaft
Burunge mit dem Ton der »Hamiten mit hamitischer Sprache«, also
r o t h p u n kt i r t, zu bezeichnen. Auf dem geologischen Karton ist das
Alluvium des Wembere-Grabens auf die Sohle dieses Grabens zu
beschränken, und nördlich vom Manyara-See eine kleine Kalkzone
anzubringen.
Dr. Oscar Baumann.
KARTE
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Data Communications and Computer Networks A Business

Telecommunications and the PSTN

The Four Elements of the PSTN

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Who Owns the PSTN?

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Points of presence (POPs).

Voice versus Data Traffic

Leased Line Circuits

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The Access System

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Handoffs versus Roaming

Voice over IP (VoIP)

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Corporate VoIP Alternatives

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Telecommunications Staff Concerns with VoIP

Rebuilding the Last Mile

Telephone Service and Cable TV

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Wireless Access Services

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The Triple Play

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The International Situation

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5. Another residential Internet access method is the communication satellite. Unfortunately,

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