Energy band diagram for solids, and

Formation of Energy bands in solids

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Energy band diagram for solids

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 Energy orbit

Nucleus
containing
nucleons
(protons & Electron
Neutrons)

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 What Are Energy Bands?

When two isolated atoms are brought together, the electrons in the
outer orbit of one of the atoms experiences a force from the atom
nearer to it. Because of this process, the energies of the electrons
change. This means that the energy levels will not be the same.
The value of the electrons is changed to a higher or lower energy
level than the original energy level of the electron.
Energy levels of the electrons in the same orbit are different every
time. When you group these varied energy levels the energy band is
formed. Energy levels of electrons of inner orbits are not affected by
the atoms which are nearer to them.

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Categorization of Energy Bands
Bohr’s hypothesis states that the shell of each atom contains a
different amount of energy at different levels. Electron
communication between the inner and outer shell is the main focus
of this theory. So, according to this theory the energy bands are
classified in three different types.

The categorization of the energy

bands are as follows: -

Valence Energy Band

Conduction Energy Band
Forbidden Energy Gap
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Valence Energy Band
The electrons travel in the atom at a fixed energy level. However, the
electron in the inner shell possesses greater energy while compared
to the electron in the outermost shell. The electrons which are found
in the outermost shell are called Valence Electrons. These valence
electrons are usually formed by a series of energy levels which in
turn makes the valence band. This valence band is known to have
the highest level of occupied energy.

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Conduction Energy Band
The electrons in the outer shell which are also called valence
electrons are connected loosely to the nucleus at a normal
temperature. Some of these valence electrons can depart the
energy band freely.
In this setting, these valence electrons flow towards the atoms
which are near them, these electrons are known as free electrons.
They are also called Conduction Electrons. The
conduction electrons conduct the current flow within the
conductor. The band in which the conduction electrons are
included is called conduction energy band. The energy occupied
by the conduction band is lower.

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Forbidden Energy Gap
There is a space between the conduction and valence band, this
space is prohibited. This prohibited space is known as the
forbidden gap. This band lacks energy which in turn doesn’t allow
this band to exist at all. This results in zero electron flow in this
band. This forbidden gap allows the electron to travel from the
valence to the conduction state. If this forbidden gap is larger, the
electrons in the valence band get closer and tightly packed to the
nucleus. Sometimes, external force is required to push out the
electrons from this band.

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Forbidden bad

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https://images.collegedunia.com/public/image/cfad1caac198b8aedcd71078bf1f10e7.gif

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Formation of Energy bands in solids

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How are Energy Bands Formed?
Molecules in gaseous substances are
arranged in a manner in which they
are not very close to each other.
While in the liquid substances, they
are closer to one another. The
electrons in every orbit contain a
specific amount of energy in a
single atom. In solids, all the atoms
are closely packed with each other.
This affects the energy level of
electrons of outer orbit because of
the surrounding atoms.
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If two identical atoms are very far apart, they do not interact and
their electronic energy levels can be considered to be those of
isolated atoms.
Suppose the two atoms are sodium, each having a lone 3s electron
that is in a well-defined quantum state.
As the two sodium atoms are brought closer together, their wave
functions begin to overlap.

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Intrinsic semi-conductor,
Extrinsic semi-conductor,
Electron hole pairs.

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