1.

Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by
personifying a nation. In other words, they represented a country as if it
were a person. Nations were then portrayed as female figures. The
female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for
any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract
idea of the nation a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an
allegory of the nation. During the French Revolution artists used the
female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the
Republic. These ideals were represented through specific objects or
symbols. The attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain,
while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of
weighing scales. Female allegories were invented by artists in the
nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France, she has
christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the
idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of
Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.
Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public
of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps. Similarly,
Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual
representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German
oak stands for heroism.
i. Which of the following is an allegory for liberty?

a) Olive Branch

b) Crown of Oak

c) Sword

d) Red Cap

ii. What does a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing

scales symbolise?

a) Peace

b) Justice

c) Equality
 d) Liberty

iii. Which of the following is not true with respect to Allegory?

a) It is an idea expressed through a person or a thing.

b) An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and

one symbolic.

c) Artist became an allegory of a nation.

d) It is a symbol representing an abstract idea.

iv. Why were Female allegories invented by artists?

a) Representation of heroism.

b) Representation of Imperialism.

c) Representation of the modern state.

d) Representation of the nation.

v. What did the broken chain attribute to?

a) Republic

b) Justice

c) Liberty

d) Freedom

vi. Who painted Germania?

a) Lorenz Clasen

b) Philip Veit

c) Karl Kaspar Fritz

 d) Delacroix

2. In which century nationalism emerged in Europe?

a) 17th century

b) 16th century

c) 19th century

d) 20th century

3. Which one was not included in the Balkan Region?

a) Serbia

b) Spain

c) Croatia

d) Bosnia-Harzegovina

4. The term absolutist is referred to:

a) A vision

b) None of these

c) Monarchical government

d) Abstract theory

5. Which region was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in

1801?

a) Sweden

b) Hungary

c) Austria
 d) Ireland

6. The big power rivalry in the late 19th century was over

a) Territories and naval might

b) Both Trade and colonies and Naval supremacy and military might

c) Naval supremacy and military might

d) Trade and colonies

7. Assertion (A): Nationalism in early-nineteenth-century Europe can be

allied to the ideology of liberalism.
Reason (R): Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality
of all before the law.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants
and workers in many European countries in the year 1848, a revolution
led by the educated middle classes was underway. Events of February
1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a
republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. In
other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist
– such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men
and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for
constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage of the
growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a
nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the
press and freedom of association. In the German regions, a large
number of political associations whose members were middle-class
professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in
the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National
Assembly. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a
festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament
convened in the Church of St Paul. They drafted a constitution for the
German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.
When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich
Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to
oppose the elected assembly. While the opposition of the aristocracy
and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded. The
parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the
demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In
the end, troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.
i. Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail to achieve its goal?

a) It did not have the support of the peasants

b) Women were excluded from the membership

c) Kaiser William refused to accept the crown and opposed

the assembly

d) None of these

ii. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle-classes

in Europe during the 19th century?

a) Demands of constitutionalism with national unification

b) Demands of a unified economic province

c) All of these

d) Demands of new commercial classes

iii. Which of the following is not true with respect to the "Frankfurt
Parliament"?
i. A large number of political associations decided to vote
for an all-German National Assembly
ii. The Frankfurt parliament convened in the church of St
Paul
iii. The opposition of the aristocracy and military to the
parliament grew stronger
 iv. The social basis of parliament eroded because it was
dominated by the prosperous artisans

a) Option (i)

b) Option (iii)

c) Option (ii)

d) Option (iv)

iv. Which of the following title best describes the given extract?

a) The Revolution of the Liberals

b) The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class

c) A New Conservatism after 1815

d) Nationalism and Imperialism

v. A nation-state on parliamentary principles will have which of

the following things?

a) All of these

b) Freedom of association

c) A constitution

d) Freedom of the press

vi. In which of the following options, independent nation-states

did exist?

a) Italy

b) Germany

c) Poland
 d) France

2. ________ was a cultural movement which sought to develop a

particular form of nationalist sentiment.

a) Liberalism

b) Conservatism

c) Romanticism

d) Patriotism

3. Romanticism refers to ________.

a) cultural movement

b) political movement

c) religious movement

d) literary movement

4. Given are some statements pertaining to the functions of Zollverein.

Choose the function not performed by Zollverein.

a) It abolished tariff barriers

b) It gave right to vote to women

c) It reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two

d) It created a network of railways

5. Choose the correctly matched pair from the following:

a) Bourbon Kings - Italy

b) Giuseppe Garibaldi - France

c) Napoleon - Spain
 d) Otto Von Bismarck - Germany

6. Name the religious composition of Ireland.

a) Catholics and Protestants

b) Buddhists and French

c) Protestants and Buddhists

d) Catholics and French

7. Assertion (A): Women and non-propertied men organized movements

throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Reason (R): They were demanding equality before the law.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many
liberal-nationalists undergrounds. Secret societies sprang up in many
European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be
revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical
forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight
for liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the
creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for
freedom. One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe
Mazzini. Born in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the secret
society of the Carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in
1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded
two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and
then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young
men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. Mazzini
believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of
mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states
and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a
wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of
Italian liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set up in
Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s relentless
opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened
the conservatives. Metternich described him as the most dangerous
enemy of our social order.
i. Which of the following is incorrect with respect to views of
Giuseppe Mazzini?
i. He believed that nations are natural units of mankind.
ii. In his view, the creation of nation-states is a necessary
part of the struggle for freedom.
iii. He believed in the creation of small states and
kingdoms and wanted to further disintegrate them.
iv. He believed that unification is the basis of Italian liberty.

a) Option (iv)

b) Option (i)

c) Option (ii)

d) Option (iii)

ii. Which one of the following statements is not true about

Giuseppe Mazzini?

a) He wanted a united Italian Republic.

b) He founded an underground society called "Young Italy'.

c) He was exiled for attempting a revolution in Liguria.

d) He wanted Italy to be a monarchy.

iii. Most of the revolutionaries saw the creation of nation-

states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. A
nation-state is a state ________.

a) where the nation has its own emblem and flag

 b) which has a non-contiguous territory

c) where people of all groups enjoy equal rights

d) where people develop a sense of identity and share a

common history

iv. Which of the following title best describes the given extract?

i. Visualising the Liberals.

ii. The Revolutionaries.
iii. The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling.
iv. Visualising the Nation.

a) Option (iii)

b) Option (i)

c) Option (ii)

d) Option (iv)

v. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train

revolutionaries and spread their ideas:

a) spread the revolutionary ideas

b) to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas

c) to oppose monarchical forms

d) to train revolutionaries

vi. What was it like to be revolutionary during this time?

a) To aim to create nation-states

b) All of these

c) To oppose monarchical forms

 d) To fight for liberty and freedom

2. The Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code,

established ________.

a) Abolished the feudal system

b) Equality before the law

c) Secured the right to property

d) All of these

3. Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in which region(s)?

i. Habsburg dominions
ii. Russia
iii. Prussia

a) ii only

b) i , ii and iii

c) i only

d) i and ii

4. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were ________.

a) socialist

b) democratic

c) autocratic

d) republic

5. In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four

prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ________.

a) democratic and social republics

 b) absolutist and democratic

c) communal-it and social republics

d) majority and minority

6. Socially and politically which was the dominant class on the continent?

a) Aristocracy

b) Nobility

c) Clergy

d) Common Citizens

7. Assertion (A): Greek war of independence mobilized nationalist feeling

among the educated elite across Europe.
Reason (R): Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of
European civilization.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.