Dr.

Shahnur Zinia Parvin

Bones
Bones are special type of highly vascular,constantly changing, specialized connective
tissue, which forms the structural framework of the body

Compositions of Bone
A) Cells:

➢ Osteo-progenitor cell

➢ Osteocyte

➢ Osteoblast

➢ Osteoclast

B) Fibers: type I collagen fibers (95%)

C) Ground substances: 1) Water : 25%

2) Solid : 75%---

i. Organic substances –(30%) –

Glycos-aminoglycans :

- Chondroitin Sulphate

- Keraten Sulphate

- Chondroitin - 4 Sulphate

- Chondroitin - 6 Sulphate

Glycoproteins :

- Osteocalcin

- Osteopontin

- Sialoprotein

ii. Inorganic substance - (45%)

- Calcium Sulphate - 80%

 - Calcium Carbonate - 20%

- Bicarbonate

- Hydroxy apatite crystal

- Calcium Phosphate

- Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium.

Classification / Types of bones-

A) According to Morphological classification (Size and Shape)

1. Long bone: eg.

➢ Typical long bone: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Femur, Tibia, Fibula.

➢ Atypical / Modified long bone: Clavicle.

➢ Miniature long bone: Metacarpal, Metatarsal, Phalanges

2. Short bone: e.g. Carpal and Tarsal bones

3. Flat bone : e.g. Scapula, Sternum, Ribs, Skull bone

4. Irregular bone: e.g. Vertebrae, Hip bone, Sacrum

5. Pneumatic bone: e.g. Maxilla, Spheonoid, Ethmoid.

6. Sesamoid bone: e.g. Patella, Pisiform bone of foot.

B) According to Position (location):

1) Axial bone: e.g. Skull, Ribs, Sternum, Vertebrae.

2) Appendicular bone: eg. Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Femur, Tibia, Fibula.

C) According to Site of development :

1) Somatic bone: e.g. Bones of limbs, Trunk etc.

2) Visceral bone: e.g. Mandible, Hyoid bone

D) According to the Process of development (Ossification):

1) Membranous bone: e.g. Flat bones

2) Cartilaginous bone: e.g. All the long bones.

E) According to Macroscopically :

1) Compact / Dense bone:

e.g. Shaft of long bone.

2) Spongy / Cancellous bone:

e.g. Each end of the long bone.

F) According to Histologically :

1) Immature/ primary / woven bone

2) Mature / secondary / lamellar bone.

Artery supply of Bones-

➢ Nutrient artery

➢ Epi-physeal artery

➢ Meta-physeal artery

➢ Peri-osteal artery

Functions of Bones-
1. It gives the structural framework of the body.

2. It transmit weight of the body.

3. Helps in the movement of the body.

4. Bones give attachment to the muscles, tendons & ligaments.

5. It protects vital / major organ of body. e.g. Brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs etc.

6. It contains bone marrow which helps in formation of blood cell.

7. Storage of mineral(Calcium and Phosphorus)and growth factors.

 Haversain System (Osteon)
It is the fundamental, cylindrical unit / structure of compact bone. It is about 250 micro-
meter in diameter.

Structures of Haversian sysytem

It is consists of the following structures-

1) Haversian canal 2) Lamellae 3) Lacuna

Functions of Haversian system

➢ It provides protection and strength to bones.

➢ Gives oxygen supply to the bones

➢ Gives blood supply to the bones

➢ Gives nutrition supply to the bones

➢ Helps in nerve supply.

Figure: Haversian System/ Osteon

 Appendicular Bones
Bones of Upper Limb / Superior Extremity

Total bones of upper limb are- 64 Bones

➢ Clavicle- 2

➢ Scapula- 2

➢ Humerus- 2

➢ Radius- 2

➢ Ulna- 2

➢ Carpal- 16 (8+8)

➢ Metacarpal- 10 (5+5)

➢ Phalanges- 28 (14+14)

Bones of Lower Limb / Inferior Extremity

Total bones of Lower limb are- 62 Bones

➢ Hip bone- 2

➢ Femur- 2

➢ Tibia- 2

➢ Fibula- 2

➢ Patella- 2

➢ Tarsal- 14 (7+7)

➢ Metatarsal- 10 (5+5)

➢ Phalanges- 28 (14+14)
 Axial Bones
1. Skull bones total- 28-

➢ Cranial – 8

➢ Facial- 14

➢ Ear ossicles- 6

2. Hyoid bone- 1

3. Vertebral column total-26-

➢ Cervical – 7

➢ Thoracic- 12

➢ Lumber- 5

➢ Sacral- 1 (5 bones fuse to form 1 bone)

➢ Coccygeal- 1(4 bones fuse to form 1 bone)

4. Sternum-1

5. Ribs- 24 (12+12)

Growing Long Bone / Growing End

➢ Epiphysis at each end of the growing bone is called growing long bone.

➢ The each ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage).

Parts of developing long bone:

➢ Epiphysis

➢ Diaphysis

➢ Epiphyseal cartilage

➢ Metaphysis
 Periosteum
➢ Periosteum is a layer of dense connective tissue which covers the external surface
of bone.

➢ It is absent in patella & articular surface of all bones.

Structure of Periosteum: Periosteum is composed of two layers-

1. Outer fibrous layer: It is composed of collagen fibers & fibroblasts.

2. Inner cellular layer: It is composed of fibroblast like cells (Osteo-progenitor cells).

Functions of Periosteum:

1. It gives attachment of muscles, tendons & ligaments.

2. It gives shape to the bone & protects the bone.

3. It is concerned for the blood supply of bone.

4. It helps in sub-periosteal bone growth & repair.

5. It gives nutrition to underlying bone.

6. It prevents overgrowth of the bone.

Bone Marrow
The soft, spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most
bones /spongy / cancellous portions of bone.

There are two types of bone marrow:

➢ Red bone marrow-Red bone marrow contains blood stem cells that can become
red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
➢ Yellow bone marrow- Yellow bone marrow is made up of fat and contains stem
cells.

Functions of Bone Marrow

1. Red bone marrow -It is involved in production of blood cells. Eg. Erythrocyte,
Granulocyte, Monocyte, Platelet.

2. Yellow marrow -It is important for fat storage

3. Destruction of old erythrocyte.