Question Answer

What elements are carbohydrates primarily B) Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

composed of? Explanation: Carbohydrates are primarily composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and
A) Carbon and Nitrogen oxygen, which are essential for their structure and function in biological systems.
B) Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
C) Oxygen and Nitrogen
D) Hydrogen and Oxygen
E) Carbon and Oxygen

What does the term 'carbohydrate' literally mean? B) Hydrates of carbon

A) Carbon compounds Explanation: The term 'carbohydrate' literally means 'hydrates of carbon', reflecting their
B) Hydrates of carbon composition of carbon and water in a general sense, as well as their significance in biological
C) Oxygen compounds processes.
D) Hydrogen compounds
E) Organic compounds

How are carbohydrates defined based on their C) Polyhydroxyaldehydes or ketones

hydrolysis? Explanation: Carbohydrates may be defined as polyhydroxyaldehydes or ketones, or
A) Polysaccharides compounds which produce them on hydrolysis, highlighting their structural and functional
B) Monosaccharides characteristics.
C) Polyhydroxyaldehydes or ketones
D) Disaccharides
E) Oligosaccharides

What is the term applied to carbohydrates that are E) Sugars

soluble in water and sweet to taste? Explanation: The term 'sugar' is applied to carbohydrates that are soluble in water and sweet
A) Monosaccharides to taste, indicating their distinct properties and culinary significance.
B) Polysaccharides
C) Disaccharides
D) Oligosaccharides
E) Sugars

What is the most abundant dietary source of energy C) Carbohydrates

for all organisms? Explanation: Carbohydrates are the most abundant dietary source of energy (4 Cal/g) for all
A) Proteins organisms, underscoring their vital role in providing energy for various biological processes.
B) Fats
C) Carbohydrates
D) Vitamins
E) Minerals

What is the general formula for monosaccharides? A) Cn(H2O)n

A) Cn(H2O)n Explanation: Monosaccharides have the general formula Cn(H2O)n, which indicates the ratio
B) CnH2nO of carbon and water molecules in their structure, defining their basic composition.
C) CnH2n
D) Cn
E) Cn(H2O)2n

What are monosaccharides with an aldehyde A) Aldoses

functional group known as? Explanation: Monosaccharides with an aldehyde functional group are known as aldoses, such
A) Aldoses as glyceraldehyde and glucose, which is a key characteristic used in their classification.
B) Ketoses
C) Trioses
D) Tetroses
E) Pentoses

What are oligosaccharides further subdivided into B) Disaccharides

based on the number of monosaccharide units Explanation: Oligosaccharides are further subdivided into disaccharides, trisaccharides, etc.,
present? based on the number of monosaccharide units present, highlighting their diverse composition
A) Monosaccharides and structure.
B) Disaccharides
C) Trisaccharides
D) Polysaccharides
E) Tetrasaccharides

What are polysaccharides of high molecular weight C) Non-sugars

usually classified as? Explanation: Polysaccharides of high molecular weight are usually classified as non-sugars,
A) Sugars indicating their tasteless nature and their ability to form colloids with water, distinguishing
B) Colloids them from monosaccharides and oligosaccharides.
C) Non-sugars
D) Sweet
E) Crystalline

What type of polysaccharides are B) Complex

homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides? Explanation: Polysaccharides are of two types - homopolysaccharides and
A) Simple heteropolysaccharides, which are classified as complex polysaccharides due to their
B) Complex composition of multiple monosaccharide units and their diverse structures.
C) Sweet
D) Tasteless
E) Colloids
Question Answer

What is the defining characteristic of stereoisomers? B) Same structural formulae

Explanation: Stereoisomers are compounds that have the same structural formulae but differ
A) Same molecular weight in their spatial configuration, making this the defining characteristic of stereoisomers.
B) Same structural formulae
C) Same boiling point
D) Same color
E) Same density

When is a carbon considered asymmetric? C) When it is attached to four different atoms

A) When it is attached to two different atoms Explanation: A carbon is said to be asymmetric when it is attached to four different atoms or
B) When it is attached to three different atoms groups, indicating its unique spatial configuration and potential for stereoisomerism.
C) When it is attached to four different atoms
D) When it is attached to five different atoms
E) When it is attached to six different atoms

How is the number of possible isomers of a B) Equal to 2n, where n is the number of asymmetric carbon atoms
compound determined? Explanation: The number of possible isomers of a compound is determined by the formula 2n,
A) Equal to the number of carbon atoms where n represents the number of asymmetric carbon atoms, showcasing the relationship
B) Equal to 2n, where n is the number of asymmetric between asymmetric carbon and isomerism.
carbon atoms
C) Equal to the molecular weight
D) Equal to the number of hydrogen atoms
E) Equal to the number of oxygen atoms

How many asymmetric carbon atoms does glucose C) 4

contain? Explanation: Glucose contains 4 asymmetric carbon atoms, resulting in 16 possible
A) 2 stereoisomers, highlighting the complexity and diversity of this monosaccharide.
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Why has glyceraldehyde been chosen as the C) Due to its simplicity and one asymmetric carbon atom
reference carbohydrate to represent the structure of Explanation: Glyceraldehyde has been chosen as the reference carbohydrate to represent the
all other carbohydrates? structure of all other carbohydrates due to its simplicity and possession of one asymmetric
A) Due to its sweetness carbon atom, making it an ideal model for understanding carbohydrate structure.
B) Due to its abundance in nature
C) Due to its simplicity and one asymmetric carbon
atom
D) Due to its complex structure
E) Due to its role in energy storage

What is the role of the substance in the structure of E) It is widespread as a constituent of RNA and nucleotides
RNA and nucleotides? Explanation: The substance is widely present as a constituent of RNA and nucleotides,
A) It is an intermediate in uronic acid pathway playing a crucial role in their structure and function.
B) It is an important metabolite in hexose
monophosphate shunt
C) It is an important metabolite in glycolysis
D) It is an intermediate in the structure of
polysaccharides
E) It is widespread as a constituent of RNA and
nucleotides

Where is the substance found as a constituent? C) In both plant polysaccharides and animal glycoproteins
A) Only in animal glycoproteins Explanation: The substance is found as a constituent in both plant polysaccharides and
B) Only in plant polysaccharides animal glycoproteins, highlighting its widespread presence and importance in biological
C) In both plant polysaccharides and animal structures.
glycoproteins
D) Only in fruits
E) Only in heart muscle

What is the substance's role in the function of C) It is involved in the function of glycoproteins
glycoproteins? Explanation: The substance plays a role in the function of glycoproteins, indicating its
A) It is an intermediate in uronic acid pathway significance in the biological activity and structure of these molecules.
B) It is an important metabolite in hexose
monophosphate shunt
C) It is involved in the function of glycoproteins
D) It is an intermediate in the structure of
polysaccharides
E) It is an important metabolite in glycolysis

What happens if there is a failure to convert the C) It leads to galactosemia

substance to glucose? Explanation: Failure to convert the substance to glucose leads to galactosemia, underscoring
A) It is excreted in urine in essential pentosuria the physiological impact of its metabolism and the potential health implications of its
B) It is excreted in urine in diabetes processing.
C) It leads to galactosemia
Question Answer

D) It is an intermediate in the structure of

polysaccharides
E) It is an important metabolite in glycolysis

What is the biochemically important role of B) It is an intermediate in hexose monophosphate shunt

D-Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate? Explanation: D-Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate serves as an intermediate in the hexose
A) It is a constituent of cane sugar monophosphate shunt, playing a crucial role in this metabolic pathway.
B) It is an intermediate in hexose monophosphate
shunt
C) It is a product of starchy hydrolysis
D) It is an exclusive carbohydrate source to
breastfed infants
E) It is an important intermediate in the digestion of
starch

Which disaccharide is most commonly used as table A) Sucrose

sugar and supplies calories? Explanation: Sucrose, as a constituent of cane sugar and beet sugar, is the most commonly
A) Sucrose used table sugar that supplies calories, highlighting its widespread use and nutritional
B) Lactose significance.
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
E) Fructose

What is the exclusive carbohydrate source to B) Lactose

breastfed infants? Explanation: Lactose is the exclusive carbohydrate source to breastfed infants, emphasizing
A) Sucrose its vital role in infant nutrition and development.
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
E) Fructose

What condition is associated with lactase deficiency C) Diarrhea and flatulence

(lactose intolerance)? Explanation: Lactase deficiency (lactose intolerance) leads to diarrhea and flatulence,
A) Diabetes underscoring the digestive symptoms associated with this condition.
B) Hypertension
C) Diarrhea and flatulence
D) Anemia
E) Osteoporosis

How are D- and L-configurations of sugars primarily D) On the structure of glyceraldehyde

based? Explanation: The D- and L-configurations of sugars are primarily based on the structure of
A) On the structure of glucose glyceraldehyde, highlighting the foundational basis for determining the configurations of
B) On the structure of fructose sugars.
C) On the structure of sucrose
D) On the structure of glyceraldehyde
E) On the structure of maltose

What determines whether a sugar is a D- or C) The spatial orientation of -H and -OH groups on the carbon atom
L-isomer? Explanation: The spatial orientation of -H and -OH groups on the carbon atom adjacent to the
A) The number of carbon atoms terminal primary alcohol carbon determines whether the sugar is a D- or L-isomer, providing a
B) The presence of a primary alcohol group key characteristic for distinguishing between the two isomers.
C) The spatial orientation of -H and -OH groups on
the carbon atom
D) The presence of a ketone group
E) The type of glycosidic bond

Which series does glucose belong to if the -OH A) D-series

group is on the right side? Explanation: Glucose belongs to the D-series if the -OH group is on the right side, indicating
A) D-series the specific orientation that classifies it as a D-isomer.
B) L-series
C) M-series
D) X-series
E) Z-series

What is the term used for glucose in solution in B) Dextrose

medical practice? Explanation: In medical practice, the term dextrose is used for glucose in solution due to the
A) Levulose dextrorotatory nature of glucose, highlighting its specific designation in medical contexts.
B) Dextrose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose
E) Maltose

What is the characteristic feature of compounds with C) Optical activity

an asymmetric carbon atom? Explanation: Optical activity is a characteristic feature of compounds with an asymmetric
A) High solubility in water carbon atom, leading to the rotation of polarized light and the designation of dextrorotatory
B) Low reactivity with other molecules and levorotatory activities.
Question Answer

C) Optical activity
D) Low melting point
E) High stability

What is depicted in the representation of Killiani B) The configuration of possible D-aldoses

Fischer synthesis? Explanation: The representation of Killiani Fischer synthesis depicts the configuration of
A) The structure of glucose possible D-aldoses, illustrating the process of increasing the chain length of an aldose by one
B) The configuration of possible D-aldoses carbon at a time.
C) The formation of disaccharides
D) The enzymatic reactions of monosaccharides
E) The classification of carbohydrates

Which aldohexose predominantly occurs in nature? A) Glucose

A) Glucose Explanation: Among the aldohexoses, D-glucose is the only one that predominantly occurs in
B) Mannose nature, making it a key component in various physiological processes and biological systems.
C) Galactose
D) Fructose
E) Sucrose

What is the configuration of D-ketoses derived from B) Five keto-sugars

dihydroxyacetone? Explanation: Starting from dihydroxyacetone, there are five physiologically important
A) Four keto-sugars keto-sugars, as indicated in the provided content. These keto-sugars play crucial roles in
B) Five keto-sugars various biological processes.
C) Six keto-sugars
D) Three keto-sugars
E) Seven keto-sugars

What are epimers in the context of B) Isomers with different configurations around a specific carbon atom
monosaccharides? Explanation: Epimers are monosaccharides that differ in their configuration around a specific
A) Isomers with the same configuration around a carbon atom, other than the anomeric carbon. This distinction is important in understanding
specific carbon atom the structural and functional differences between monosaccharides.
B) Isomers with different configurations around a
specific carbon atom
C) Isomers with the same arrangement of -OH
groups
D) Isomers with different arrangements of -OH
groups
E) Isomers with the same arrangement of -COOH
groups

In what way do glucose and galactose differ from D) Carbon 4 configuration

each other? Explanation: Glucose and galactose are epimers with regard to carbon 4, as they differ in the
A) Carbon 1 configuration arrangement of -OH groups at this specific carbon. This structural difference is significant in
B) Carbon 2 configuration understanding their distinct physiological roles.
C) Carbon 3 configuration
D) Carbon 4 configuration
E) Carbon 5 configuration

What is the significance of the interconversion of E) It contributes to the structural and functional diversity of monosaccharides
epimers? Explanation: The interconversion of epimers contributes to the structural and functional
A) It leads to the formation of disaccharides diversity of monosaccharides, allowing for the generation of distinct monosaccharide isomers
B) It results in the production of polysaccharides with unique properties and roles in biological processes.
C) It allows for the conversion of glucose to fructose
D) It facilitates the conversion of galactose to
mannose
E) It contributes to the structural and functional
diversity of monosaccharides

What is the structural relationship between C) They are all mirror images of each other
D-aldoses shown in Fischer projection? Explanation: The structural relationship between D-aldoses shown in Fischer projection
A) They are all linear structures indicates that they are mirror images of each other, highlighting their stereochemical
B) They are all cyclic structures arrangement and the concept of enantiomers.
C) They are all mirror images of each other
D) They are all enantiomers
E) They are all epimerases

What distinguishes the members of each pair of A) The configuration around C2

D-aldoses in Fischer projection? Explanation: The members of each pair of D-aldoses in Fischer projection are distinguished
A) The configuration around C2 by the configuration around C2, which plays a key role in differentiating between the members
B) The configuration around C1 of the pair and is crucial in understanding their structural relationship.
C) The number of carbon atoms
D) The presence of double bonds
E) The presence of functional groups

What type of reaction is catalyzed by a group of D) Epimerization

enzymes called epimerases? Explanation: A group of enzymes called epimerases catalyze the reaction of epimerization,
Question Answer

A) Hydrolysis which is a process that involves the conversion of one epimer into another, highlighting the
B) Oxidation significance of these enzymes in altering the stereochemistry of molecules.
C) Reduction
D) Epimerization
E) Isomerization

What term is used to represent stereoisomers that C) Diastereomers

are not mirror images of each other? Explanation: The term diastereomers is used to represent the stereoisomers that are not
A) Enantiomers mirror images of each other, emphasizing the distinction between this type of stereoisomerism
B) Epimerases and enantiomers.
C) Diastereomers
D) Isomerization
E) Fischer projection

What are the two members designated as for a B) D- and L-sugars

better understanding of glucose structure? Explanation: The two members are designated as D- and L-sugars for a better understanding
A) Alpha and Beta of glucose structure, indicating the specific nomenclature used to differentiate between the
B) D- and L-sugars enantiomers of glucose.
C) Enantiomers and Diastereomers
D) Ketones and Aldehydes
E) Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

What are hemiacetals and hemiketals produced C) Aldehydes and Ketones

from? Explanation: Hemiacetals and hemiketals are produced when an aldehyde or a ketone reacts
A) Alcohols and Aldehydes with alcohol, highlighting the chemical process that leads to their formation.
B) Ketones and Alcohols
C) Aldehydes and Ketones
D) Sugars and Proteins
E) Fats and Oils

What type of sugars are the majority of sugars in A) D-type

higher animals, including man? Explanation: The majority of sugars in higher animals, including man, are of D-type, as
A) D-type depicted in Fig.2.5'1, indicating the prevalence of this specific sugar type in physiological
B) L-type contexts.
C) Alpha-type
D) Beta-type
E) Monosaccharides

What are the structures depicted in Fig.2.3? D) Ketoses

A) Monosaccharides Explanation: The structures depicted in Fig.2.3 are ketoses of physiological importance,
B) Disaccharides providing a visual representation of these specific types of sugars and their significance in
C) Polysaccharides physiological processes.
D) Ketoses
E) Aldoses

What are enantiomers of glucose? B) Isomers with different spatial arrangement

A) Isomers with the same spatial arrangement
B) Isomers with different spatial arrangement
C) Isomers with the same chemical properties
D) Isomers with different chemical properties
E) Isomers with the same functional groups
Explanation: Enantiomers of glucose are isomers with different spatial arrangement, as
indicated in the context, highlighting the specific structural characteristic of these glucose
isomers.

What is the process by which the hydroxyl group of E) Cyclization

monosaccharides can react with its own aldehyde or Explanation: The process described is the cyclization of monosaccharides, where the hydroxyl
keto functional group to form hemiacetal and group reacts with its own aldehyde or keto functional group to form hemiacetal and hemiketal,
hemiketal? leading to the formation of cyclic structures such as pyranose and furanose.
A) Glycosylation
B) Esterification
C) Mutarotation
D) Isomerization
E) Cyclization

How is the configuration of glucose conveniently C) By both Fischer formulae and Haworth projection formulae
represented? Explanation: The configuration of glucose is conveniently represented either by Fischer
A) By Fischer formulae only formulae or by Haworth projection formulae, providing different visual representations of its
B) By Haworth projection formulae only structure.
C) By both Fischer formulae and Haworth projection
formulae
D) By Ball-and-stick model
E) By Lewis structure

What are the cyclic forms of glucose known as?
A) a-D-glucopyranose and c-D-glucofuranose
B) a-D-glucopyranose and p-D-glucofuranose
C) a-D-glucopyranose and b-D-glucofuranose
D) a-D-glucofuranose and b-D-glucopyranose
A) a-D-glucopyranose and c-D-glucofuranose
Explanation: The cyclic forms of glucose are known as a-D-glucopyranose and
c-D-glucofuranose, which are depicted by a six-membered ring pyranose and a
five-membered ring furanose, respectively.
Question Answer

E) a-D-glucofuranose and c-D-glucopyranose

What is the definition of mutarotation?
A) The change in the specific optical rotation
representing the interconversion of a and p anomers
B) The conversion of glucose to fructose
C) The formation of glycosidic bonds
D) The conversion of pyranose to furanose
E) The intermolecular hydrogen bonding of glucose
molecules
A) The change in the specific optical rotation representing the interconversion of a and p
anomers
Explanation: Mutarotation is defined as the change in the specific optical rotation representing
the interconversion of a and p anomers of glucose, which have different optical rotations and
differ in certain physical and chemical properties.

What is the structure of D-Glucose? A) H-C-OH

A) H-C-OH Explanation: D-Glucose has the chemical structure H-C-OH, which is a key characteristic of
B) HO-C-H this monosaccharide and is essential for its function in various biological processes.
C) H-C:O
D) cH2oH
E) H-C-Cl

What are glucose and galactose classified as? A) Co-epimers

A) Co-epimers Explanation: Glucose and galactose are classified as co-epimers, as indicated in the provided
B) C2-epimers content. This classification highlights their structural relationship and is important in
C) Enantiomers understanding their biochemical properties.
D) Isomers
E) Diastereomers

What is the aldehyde form of D-Glucose? C) H-C:O

A) H-C-OH Explanation: The aldehyde form of D-Glucose is represented by the chemical structure H-C:O,
B) cH2oH which is a significant aspect of its molecular configuration and reactivity.
C) H-C:O
D) HO-C-H
E) H-C-Cl

What is the cyclic form of D-Glucose called? A) D-GlucoPYranose

A) D-GlucoPYranose Explanation: The cyclic form of D-Glucose is referred to as D-GlucoPYranose, which is a
B) L-Glucose crucial structural form with implications for its biological function and interactions.
C) D-Mannose
D) D-Galactose
E) D-Fructose

What is the process exhibited by fructose known as? C) Mutarotation

Explanation: Fructose exhibits mutarotation, a process in which a change between the
A) Isomerization pyranose ring (six-membered) and furanose ring (five-membered) occurs, leading to a change
B) Polymerization in optical rotation. This process is significant in understanding the structural dynamics of
C) Mutarotation fructose.
D) Hydrolysis
E) Oxidation

What is the result of mutarotation in fructose? C) Change in optical rotation

A) Formation of a hexose ring
B) Formation of a pentose ring
C) Change in optical rotation
D) Increase in solubility
E) Decrease in acidity
Explanation: Mutarotation in fructose results in a change in optical rotation, which is a key
characteristic used to identify and understand the structural changes between the pyranose
and furanose forms of fructose.

What is the term for the two forms of glucose shown B) Anomers
in Fig. 2.6? Explanation: The two forms of glucose shown in Fig. 2.6 are referred to as anomers, which
A) Isomers are a specific type of epimer that differ in configuration only at the anomeric carbon.
B) Anomers Understanding these forms is crucial in comprehending the structural and functional properties
C) Polymers of glucose.
D) Monomers
E) Dimers

What is the term for the structure of glucose shown A) Pyranose form
in Fig. 2.7? Explanation: The structure of glucose shown in Fig. 2.7 represents the pyranose form, which
A) Pyranose form is a six-membered ring structure. Understanding the distinction between pyranose and
B) Furanose form furanose forms is essential in comprehending the structural diversity of carbohydrates.
C) Aldehyde form
D) Ketone form
E) Ester form

What is the term for the process shown in Fig. 2.6? C) Mutarotation
A) Isomerization Explanation: The process shown in Fig. 2.6 is mutarotation, which involves the
B) Polymerization interconversion between the alpha and beta anomers of a sugar. Understanding this process
C) Mutarotation is crucial in elucidating the dynamic nature of carbohydrate structures.
D) Hydrolysis
E) Oxidation
Question Answer

What is mutarotation in the context of glucose?
A) The conversion of glucose to fructose
B) The interconversion of glucose anomers in an
equilibrium mixture
C) The conversion of glucose to sucrose
D) The conversion of glucose to furanose
E) The linear form of glucose
B) The interconversion of glucose anomers in an equilibrium mixture
Explanation: Mutarotation in the context of glucose refers to the interconversion of glucose
anomers (s and p forms) in an equilibrium mixture, leading to a balanced distribution of these
forms. This process is depicted in Figure 9.2.6 and is a significant aspect of glucose
chemistry.

What is the predominant form of glucose in aqueous C) The p form due to its stability
solution and why? Explanation: In aqueous solution, the p form of glucose is more predominant due to its stable
A) The linear form due to its stability conformation. This stability leads to a higher proportion of the p-anomer in the equilibrium
B) The furanose form due to its stability mixture, as mentioned in the provided content.
C) The p form due to its stability
D) The s form due to its stability
E) The open chain form due to its stability

What is the specific optical rotation of fructose at B) -92°

equilibrium? Explanation: Fructose has a specific optical rotation of -92° at equilibrium, indicating its
A) +92° characteristic behavior in terms of optical activity. This value is a key aspect of fructose's
B) -92° mutarotation, as described in the provided text.
C) +52.7°
D) -52.7°
E) +18.7°

What is tautomerization in the context of
monosaccharides?
A) The conversion of glucose to fructose
B) The interconversion of glucose anomers in an
equilibrium mixture
C) The conversion of glucose to sucrose
D) The process of shifting a hydrogen atom from one
carbon atom to another to produce enediols
E) The conversion of glucose to furanose
D) The process of shifting a hydrogen atom from one carbon atom to another to produce
enediols
Explanation: Tautomerization in the context of monosaccharides refers to the process of
shifting a hydrogen atom from one carbon atom to another to produce enediols. This process
is significant in the chemistry of sugars, particularly in alkaline solutions, as mentioned in the
provided content.

What type of ring conversion occurs in fructose A) Conversion from six-membered to five-membered ring
during mutarotation? Explanation: During mutarotation, fructose undergoes a conversion from a six-membered
A) Conversion from six-membered to five-membered pyranose ring to a five-membered furanose ring until an equilibrium is attained. This ring
ring conversion is a notable aspect of fructose's mutarotation, as outlined in the provided content.
B) Conversion from five-membered to six-membered
ring
C) Conversion from pyranose to furanose ring
D) Conversion from furanose to pyranose ring
E) Conversion from alpha to beta form

What is the reducing property of sugars attributed A) Free aldehyde or keto group of anomeric carbon
to? Explanation: The reducing property of sugars is attributed to the free aldehyde or keto group
A) Free aldehyde or keto group of anomeric carbon of anomeric carbon, which allows them to act as reducing agents in various chemical
B) Presence of oxygen atoms reactions.
C) High salinity content
D) Alkaline pH level
E) Presence of reducing agents

What is the result of the Lobry de Bruyn-von C) Formation of a common intermediate enediol
Ekenstein transformation when applied to glucose, Explanation: The Lobry de Bruyn-von Ekenstein transformation results in the formation of a
fructose, and mannose? common intermediate, known as enediol, for glucose, fructose, and mannose, demonstrating
A) Formation of gluconic acid a shared chemical reaction among these sugars.
B) Production of glucuronic acid
C) Formation of a common intermediate enediol
D) Reduction of cupric ions
E) Formation of a yellow precipitate

What is the reducing action of sugars attributed to in E) Free aldehyde or keto group of anomeric carbon
the laboratory tests? Explanation: In laboratory tests, the reducing action of sugars is attributed to the free
A) Presence of reducing agents aldehyde or keto group of anomeric carbon, which is the basis for employing tests such as
B) High temperature Benedict's, Fehling's, and Barfoed's to identify this property.
C) Alkaline medium
D) Formation of gluconic acid
E) Free aldehyde or keto group of anomeric carbon

What is the role of enediols in reducing cupric ions of E) Reduction of cupric ions
copper sulphate? Explanation: Enediols reduce cupric ions (Cu2+) of copper sulphate to cuprous ions (Cu+),
A) Formation of a yellow precipitate resulting in the reduction of the cupric ions, which is a chemical reaction that forms a yellow
B) Production of glucuronic acid precipitate.
C) Formation of gluconic acid
D) Formation of a common intermediate enediol
E) Reduction of cupric ions
Question Answer

What is the process by which the aldehyde or keto E) Reduction

group of a monosaccharide is reduced to the Explanation: The aldehyde or keto group of a monosaccharide is reduced to the
corresponding alcohol? corresponding alcohol through the process of reduction, as indicated by the general formula
A) Esterification provided in the text.
B) Glycoside bond formation
C) Phosphorylation
D) Oxidation
E) Reduction

What pathological conditions can be caused by the C) Cataract and peripheral neuropathy
accumulation of sorbitol and dulcitol in tissues? Explanation: The accumulation of sorbitol and dulcitol in tissues can lead to pathological
A) Hypertension conditions such as cataract, peripheral neuropathy, and nephropathy, as mentioned in the text.
B) Diabetes
C) Cataract and peripheral neuropathy
D) Osteoporosis
E) Asthma

What is the role of mannitol in medical treatment? C) Reducing intracranial tension

A) Reducing blood sugar levels Explanation: Mannitol is useful in reducing intracranial tension through forced diuresis, as
B) Lowering cholesterol stated in the text.
C) Reducing intracranial tension
D) Preventing osteoporosis
E) Treating asthma

What is the common reaction in metabolism C) Phosphorylation

involving the esterification of carbohydrates with Explanation: The esterification of carbohydrates with phosphoric acid is a common reaction in
phosphoric acid? metabolism, with examples such as glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate, as
A) Glycoside bond formation mentioned in the text.
B) Oxidation
C) Phosphorylation
D) Reduction
E) Hydrolysis

What type of bond formation is indicated in the text E) Glycosidic bond

as 'glycoside bond formation'? Explanation: The text refers to 'glycoside bond formation' which involves the formation of
A) Ester bond glycosidic bonds, a key concept in the enzymatic reactions of carbohydrates.
B) Peptide bond
C) Hydrogen bond
D) Covalent bond
E) Glycosidic bond

What is the chemical basis of the Molisch test for C) Condensation with phenolic compounds
carbohydrates? Explanation: The Molisch test for carbohydrates is based on the condensation of furfurals,
A) Formation of furfurals formed from the dehydration of monosaccharides, with phenolic compounds, resulting in the
B) Dehydration of monosaccharides formation of colored products.
C) Condensation with phenolic compounds
D) Osazone formation
E) Hydrolysis of polysaccharides

What is the result of the dehydration of hexoses A) Formation of hydroxymethyl furfural

when treated with concentrated sulfuric acid? Explanation: Hexoses undergo dehydration with concentrated sulfuric acid, resulting in the
A) Formation of hydroxymethyl furfural formation of hydroxymethyl furfural, as a chemical reaction product.
B) Formation of furfural
C) Formation of osazones
D) Formation of glycosides
E) Formation of reducing disaccharides

What is the role of phenylhydrazine in acetic acid B) Formation of osazones

when boiled with reducing sugars? Explanation: When boiled with reducing sugars, phenylhydrazine in acetic acid forms
A) Formation of furfurals osazones, as part of a reaction that involves the first two carbons of the sugars.
B) Formation of osazones
C) Formation of glycosides
D) Formation of polysaccharides
E) Formation of hydroxymethyl furfural

What characteristic properties of monosaccharides A) Needle-shaped

are exhibited by osazones formed from glucose, Explanation: Osazones formed from glucose, fructose, and mannose exhibit the characteristic
fructose, and mannose? property of being needle-shaped, which is a distinguishing feature of these monosaccharides.
A) Needle-shaped
B) Sunflower-shaped
C) Powder
D) Mutarotation
E) Hydrolysis

What are glycosides formed from in carbohydrates? E) Hemiacetal or hemiketal forms

A) Hexoses Explanation: Glycosides are formed when the hemiacetal or hemiketal forms of carbohydrates
Question Answer

B) Furfurals react with other compounds, resulting in the formation of glycosidic bonds.
C) Osazones
D) Polysaccharides
E) Hemiacetal or hemiketal forms

What is the bond formed when the hemiketal B) Glycosidic bond

hydroxyl group of an anomeric carbon in a Explanation: The bond formed when the hemiketal hydroxyl group of an anomeric carbon in a
carbohydrate reacts with a hydroxyl group of another carbohydrate reacts with a hydroxyl group of another carbohydrate or a non-carbohydrate is
carbohydrate or a non-carbohydrate? known as a glycosidic bond. This bond is essential in holding monosaccharides together to
A) Ester bond form di-, oligo-, or polysaccharides.
B) Glycosidic bond
C) Peptide bond
D) Hydrogen bond
E) Ionic bond

What is the non-carbohydrate moiety referred to A) Aglycone

when present in a glycosidic bond? Explanation: In the context of a glycosidic bond, the non-carbohydrate moiety, when present,
A) Aglycone is referred to as aglycone. This term is used to describe the non-carbohydrate component of a
B) Glycone glycoside.
C) Glycoside
D) Carboxylate
E) Alkoxide

What is the nomenclature of glycosidic bonds based B) Linkages between the carbon atoms and the status of the anomeric carbon
on? Explanation: The nomenclature of glycosidic bonds is based on the linkages between the
A) Linkages between the nitrogen atoms carbon atoms and the status of the anomeric carbon. For example, the bond between C1 of
B) Linkages between the carbon atoms and the ²-galactose and C4 of glucose is named as ²(1!’4) glycosidic bond.
status of the anomeric carbon
C) Linkages between the phosphate groups
D) Linkages between the sulfur atoms
E) Linkages between the oxygen atoms

Which natural substance imparts vanilla flavor and is A) Glucovanillin

classified as a physiologically important glycoside? Explanation: Glucovanillin, also known as vanillin-D-glucoside, is a natural substance that
A) Glucovanillin imparts vanilla flavor. It is considered a physiologically important glycoside.
B) Streptomycin
C) Ouabain
D) N-Acetylneuraminic acid
E) Cardiac glycosides

Which antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis A) Streptomycin

is classified as a glycoside? Explanation: Streptomycin, an antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis, is classified as
A) Streptomycin a glycoside. It is an important example of a glycoside with medical and clinical significance.
B) Digoxin
C) Ouabain
D) N-Acetylneuraminic acid
E) Glucovanillin

What is the most important deoxysugar due to its B) D-2-Deoxyribose

structural role in DNA? Explanation: D-2-Deoxyribose is the most important deoxysugar as it is a structural
A) D-ribose constituent of DNA, in contrast to D-ribose which is found in RNA. This distinction highlights
B) D-2-Deoxyribose its significance in genetic material.
C) L-Ascorbic acid
D) Glucuronic acid
E) Sorbitol

What is formed when the primary alcohol group of a A) Sugar acids

monosaccharide is oxidized? Explanation: The oxidation of the primary alcohol group in a monosaccharide results in the
A) Sugar acids formation of sugar acids, such as gluconic acid from glucose and glucuronic acid from the
B) Sugar alcohols oxidation of the primary alcohol group (C6). This process leads to the production of
C) Alditols physiologically important derivatives.
D) Amino sugars
E) Deoxysugars

Which type of disaccharide has no free aldehyde or C) Sucrose

keto group? Explanation: Non-reducing disaccharides, such as sucrose, do not have a free aldehyde or
A) Maltose keto group. This characteristic distinguishes them from reducing disaccharides and is a key
B) Lactose feature of their chemical structure.
C) Sucrose
D) Trehalose
E) Glucuronic acid

What are the products formed when one or more D) Amino sugars
hydroxyl groups of monosaccharides are replaced by Explanation: Amino sugars, such as D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine, are formed when
amino groups? one or more hydroxyl groups of monosaccharides are replaced by amino groups. These
A) Sugar acids amino sugars are important constituents of heteropolysaccharides, highlighting their
Question Answer

B) Sugar alcohols physiological significance.

C) Alditols
D) Amino sugars
E) Deoxysugars

What is the structural role of L-Ascorbic acid (vitamin D) Water-soluble vitamin

C)? Explanation: L-Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin with a
A) Component of DNA structure closely resembling that of a monosaccharide. Its significance lies in its role as a
B) Component of RNA vitamin rather than a structural component of nucleic acids.
C) Amino sugar
D) Water-soluble vitamin
E) Structural constituent of DNA

What is the chemical formula for glycerol? C) HO-C-H

A) H-C-OH Explanation: Glycerol is represented by the chemical formula HO-C-H, which distinguishes its
B) H-C-OH structure as a polyol compound commonly found in lipids and used in various applications
C) HO-C-H such as food and pharmaceuticals.
D) H-C-OH
E) COOH

Which compound is represented by the chemical D) D-Glucosamine

formula H3C-C--HN? Explanation: The chemical formula H3C-C--HN corresponds to D-Glucosamine, which is an
A) D-Glucuronic acid amino sugar and a derivative of glucose, playing essential roles in the structure and function
B) D-2-Deoxyribose of various biomolecules.
C) Glycerol
D) D-Glucosamine
E) myo-Inositol

What is the structure of N-Acetylneuraminic acid? E) COOH

A) H-C-OH Explanation: N-Acetylneuraminic acid is characterized by the structure COOH, which is a key
B) HOH component of glycoproteins and glycolipids, contributing to various biological functions such
C) H NHz as cell recognition and signaling.
D) H3C-C--HN
E) COOH

How is maltose hydrolyzed to liberate glucose B) By the enzyme maltase

molecules? Explanation: Maltose can be hydrolyzed by dilute acid or the enzyme maltase to liberate two
A) By dilute acid molecules of ±-D-glucose, highlighting the process by which maltose is broken down into
B) By the enzyme maltase glucose molecules.
C) By sunlight
D) By the enzyme sucrase
E) By the enzyme lactase

What type of glycosidic linkage holds the glucose B) (1!’6) glycosidic linkage
units together in isomaltose? Explanation: In isomaltose, the glucose units are held together by (1!’6) glycosidic linkage,
A) (1!’4) glycosidic linkage distinguishing its structural arrangement from other disaccharides.
B) (1!’6) glycosidic linkage
C) (1!’2) glycosidic linkage
D) (1!’3) glycosidic linkage
E) (1!’5) glycosidic linkage

What is the composition of sucrose? E) ±-D-glucose and ²-D-fructose

A) ±-D-glucose and ²-D-glucose
B) ±-D-glucose and ±-D-fructose
C) ²-D-glucose and ²-D-fructose
D) ²-D-glucose and ±-D-fructose
E) ±-D-glucose and ²-D-fructose
Explanation: Sucrose is made up of ±-D-glucose and ²-D-fructose, forming a glycosidic bond
(±1!’²2) between C1 of ±-glucose and C2 of ²-fructose, which distinguishes its composition
and structure.

Why is sucrose considered a non-reducing sugar? C) It cannot form osazones

A) It has a high sweetness level Explanation: Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because it cannot form osazones, due to the
B) It is found in fruits fact that the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in the glycosidic bond,
C) It cannot form osazones highlighting its unique chemical properties.
D) It is easily hydrolyzed
E) It has a low glycemic index

What is the disaccharide found in milk? C) Lactose

A) Maltose Explanation: Lactose is more commonly known as milk sugar and is the disaccharide found in
B) Sucrose milk, composed of ²-D-galactose and ²-D-glucose held together by (1!’4) glycosidic bond,
C) Lactose distinguishing it as a key component of milk.
D) Isomaltose
E) Cellobiose

What is the process called when sucrose changes C) Inversion

from dextrorotatory to levorotatory? Explanation: The process of change in optical rotation from dextrorotatory (+) to levorotatory
A) Transformation (-) is referred to as inversion, as described in the provided content.
B) Conversion
Question Answer

C) Inversion
D) Transition
E) Alteration

What is the most important carbohydrate in the E) Lactose

nutrition of young mammals? Explanation: Lactose of milk is the most important carbohydrate in the nutrition of young
A) Glucose mammals, as stated in the provided text. It is hydrolyzed by the intestinal enzyme lactase to
B) Fructose glucose and galactose.
C) Sucrose
D) Galactose
E) Lactose

What is the product of the hydrolysis of sucrose by A) Glucose and fructose

the enzyme sucrase? Explanation: The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase liberates one molecule each of
A) Glucose and fructose glucose and fructose, as mentioned in the provided content.
B) Glucose and galactose
C) Glucose and lactose
D) Fructose and lactose
E) Galactose and lactose

What is the name of the hydrolyzed mixture of C) Invert sugar

sucrose containing glucose and fructose? Explanation: A hydrolyzed mixture of sucrose, containing glucose and fructose, is known as
A) Maltose invert sugar, as explained in the provided text.
B) Lactose
C) Invert sugar
D) Galactose
E) Fructose

What enzyme hydrolyses lactose to glucose and C) Lactase

galactose? Explanation: Lactose of milk is hydrolyzed by the intestinal enzyme lactase to glucose and
A) Sucrase galactose, as mentioned in the provided content.
B) Invertase
C) Lactase
D) Dilute acid
E) Glucosidase

What are polysaccharides primarily concerned with? A) Energy production and storage
A) Energy production and storage Explanation: Polysaccharides primarily serve two important functions: structural support and
B) Protein synthesis storage of energy, making them crucial for energy production and storage in living organisms.
C) Nucleic acid formation
D) Lipid metabolism
E) Enzyme activation

What distinguishes the structure of polysaccharides A) They are linear and branched polymers
from proteins and nucleic acids? Explanation: Unlike proteins and nucleic acids, polysaccharides exhibit both linear and
A) They are linear and branched polymers branched polymer structures, which is a key distinction in their composition and arrangement.
B) They are only linear polymers
C) They are only branched polymers
D) They are composed of different monomers
E) They are not polymers

What is the primary carbohydrate reserve of plants? C) Starch

A) Sucrose Explanation: Starch serves as the carbohydrate reserve of plants and is the most important
B) Cellulose dietary source for higher animals, including humans, highlighting its significance in the plant
C) Starch kingdom and as a dietary component.
D) Glycogen
E) Fructose

What are the two components of starch? C) Amylose and amylopectin

A) Amylose and cellulose Explanation: Starch consists of two polysaccharide components: water-soluble amylose and
B) Glucose and fructose water-insoluble amylopectin, which are crucial in understanding the composition and
C) Amylose and amylopectin properties of starch.
D) Sucrose and maltose
E) Lactose and galactose

What is the composition of amylose and amylopectin C) Amylose has a (1 + 4) glycosidic linkages and amylopectin has a (1 -> 6) glycosidic bonds
in terms of glycosidic linkages? at the branching points
A) Amylose is branched and amylopectin is linear Explanation: Amylose is a long unbranched chain with (1 + 4) glycosidic linkages, while
B) Both are linear polymers amylopectin is a branched chain with (1 -> 6) glycosidic bonds at the branching points,
C) Amylose has a (1 + 4) glycosidic linkages and illustrating their structural differences and functional roles.
amylopectin has a (1 -> 6) glycosidic bonds at the
branching points
D) Amylose has a (1 -> 6) glycosidic bonds at the
branching points and amylopectin has a (1 + 4)
glycosidic linkages
E) Both are branched polymers
Question Answer

What is the main chain of the amylopectin molecule D) Glucose units

composed of? Explanation: The main chain of the amylopectin molecule is composed of glucose units,
A) Glucose and fructose forming a branched tree structure with 20-30 glucose units per branch, which is a
B) Glucose and galactose characteristic feature of this polysaccharide.
C) Glucose and maltose
D) Glucose units
E) Fructose and maltose

What enzyme hydrolyses starches to liberate B) Amylase

dextrins, maltose, and glucose units? Explanation: Starches are hydrolyzed by amylase (pancreatic or salivary) to liberate dextrins,
A) Protease maltose, and glucose units, highlighting the specific role of this enzyme in carbohydrate
B) Amylase digestion and metabolism.
C) Lipase
D) Maltase
E) Sucrase

On which type of glycosidic bonds does amylase act C) (1 -> 4) glycosidic bonds
specifically? Explanation: Amylase acts specifically on (1 -> 4) glycosidic bonds, which are present in
A) (1 -> 2) glycosidic bonds starch and are crucial for the hydrolysis of this polysaccharide into dextrins, maltose, and
B) (1 -> 3) glycosidic bonds glucose units.
C) (1 -> 4) glycosidic bonds
D) (1 -> 5) glycosidic bonds
E) (1 -> 6) glycosidic bonds

What are the breakdown products of starch by the C) Dextrins

enzyme amylase or dilute acids called? Explanation: Dextrins are the breakdown products of starch by the enzyme amylase or dilute
A) Maltose acids, representing an intermediate stage in the hydrolysis of starch into maltose and glucose
B) Glucose units.
C) Dextrins
D) Fructose
E) Sucrose

What are the various intermediates in the sequential B) Iodine colouration

hydrolysis of starch identified by? Explanation: The various intermediates in the sequential hydrolysis of starch, such as soluble
A) pH level starch, amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, and achrodextrin, are identified by iodine colouration,
B) Iodine colouration providing a visual indication of the different stages of starch breakdown.
C) Temperature
D) Enzyme activity
E) Molecular weight

What is the function of inulin in the body? B) Assesses kidney function

A) Energy storage Explanation: Inulin is used for assessing kidney function through the measurement of
B) Assesses kidney function glomerular filtration rate (GFR), making it a valuable tool in evaluating kidney health and
C) Structural support function.
D) Cell communication
E) Hormone regulation

Where is glycogen primarily found in animals? C) Liver

A) Brain Explanation: Glycogen is present in high concentration in the liver, making it the primary
B) Muscle storage site for this carbohydrate reserve in animals, and is followed by its presence in muscle
C) Liver and other organs.
D) Kidneys
E) Heart

What is the structure of glycogen similar to? D) Amylopectin

A) Cellulose Explanation: The structure of glycogen is similar to that of amylopectin, but with a greater
B) Starch number of branches, highlighting its structural similarity to another important polysaccharide.
C) Amylose
D) Amylopectin
E) Chitin

What type of bonds join glucose units together in C) (1 + 4) glycosidic bonds

glycogen? Explanation: Glucose is the repeating unit in glycogen joined together by (1 + 4) glycosidic
A) (1 + 2) glycosidic bonds bonds, and (1 + 6) glycosidic bonds at branching points, which are crucial for its structure and
B) (1 + 3) glycosidic bonds function as a carbohydrate reserve.
C) (1 + 4) glycosidic bonds
D) (1 + 5) glycosidic bonds
E) (1 + 6) glycosidic bonds

What is the primary function of chitin in C) Structural support

invertebrates? Explanation: Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of some
A) Energy storage invertebrates, providing them with essential structural support and protection, making it a vital
B) Assesses kidney function component of their physiology.
C) Structural support
D) Cell communication
E) Hormone regulation
Question Answer

What is the most abundant organic substance in the B) Cellulose

plant kingdom? Explanation: Cellulose is the most abundant organic substance in the plant kingdom and is a
A) Starch predominant constituent of plant cell walls. It is exclusively found in plants and plays a crucial
B) Cellulose role in their structure and function.
C) Glycogen
D) Fructose
E) Sucrose

What type of organisms contain microorganisms in B) Herbivorous animals

the gut that can produce enzymes to cleave Explanation: Certain herbivorous animals contain microorganisms in the gut that can produce
p-glycosidic bonds in cellulose? enzymes capable of cleaving p-glycosidic bonds in cellulose, allowing them to digest this
A) Carnivorous animals abundant plant material.
B) Herbivorous animals
C) Omnivorous animals
D) Marine animals
E) Insectivorous animals

Why can cellulose not be digested by mammals,
including humans?
A) Due to lack of cellulase enzyme
B) Due to lack of amylase enzyme
C) Due to lack of lipase enzyme
D) Due to lack of protease enzyme
E) Due to lack of maltase enzyme
A) Due to lack of cellulase enzyme
Explanation: Cellulose cannot be digested by mammals, including humans, due to the lack of
the enzyme cellulase, which is required to break the p-glycosidic bonds present in cellulose.
This inability to digest cellulose highlights its importance as a major constituent of fiber in
human nutrition.

What is the disaccharide yielded by the hydrolysis of D) Cellobiose

cellulose? Explanation: The hydrolysis of cellulose yields the disaccharide cellobiose, which is then
A) Maltose further broken down into P-D glucose. This process highlights the chemical breakdown of
B) Lactose cellulose and its relevance in the digestive system of certain animals.
C) Sucrose
D) Cellobiose
E) Fructose

What are mucopolysaccharides made up of? B) Repeating units of sugar derivatives

A) Repeating units of amino acids
B) Repeating units of sugar derivatives
C) Repeating units of nucleotides
D) Repeating units of fatty acids
E) Repeating units of vitamins
Explanation: Mucopolysaccharides are composed of repeating units of sugar derivatives,
specifically amino sugars and uronic acids, which are also known as glycosaminoglycans
(GAG), highlighting their structural composition and biological significance.

What contributes to the acidity of C) Presence of sulfate and carboxyl groups

mucopolysaccharides? Explanation: The presence of sulfate and carboxyl groups in mucopolysaccharides contributes
A) Presence of water molecules to their acidity, leading to the classification of some mucopolysaccharides as acid
B) Presence of nitrogen atoms mucopolysaccharides, highlighting their chemical properties and structural characteristics.
C) Presence of sulfate and carboxyl groups
D) Presence of carbon dioxide
E) Presence of oxygen atoms

What are mucoproteins composed of? B) 95% carbohydrate and 5% protein

A) 100% carbohydrate Explanation: Mucoproteins may contain up to 95% carbohydrate and 5% protein, highlighting
B) 95% carbohydrate and 5% protein their high carbohydrate content and their role as essential components of tissue structure.
C) 50% carbohydrate and 50% protein
D) 80% protein and 20% carbohydrate
E) 100% protein

What are the essential components of tissue D) Glycosaminoglycans and mucoproteins

structure? Explanation: Glycosaminoglycans and mucoproteins are essential components of tissue
A) Collagen and elastin structure, particularly in the extracellular spaces of tissues such as connective tissue,
B) Carbohydrates and lipids cartilage, skin, and blood vessels, emphasizing their crucial role in maintaining tissue integrity
C) Nucleic acids and proteins and function.
D) Glycosaminoglycans and mucoproteins
E) Amino acids and vitamins

What are mucopolysaccharides found in combination B) Proteins

with to form mucoproteins? Explanation: Mucopolysaccharides are found in combination with proteins to form
A) Carbohydrates mucoproteins, which may contain up to 95% carbohydrate and 5% protein, highlighting the
B) Proteins association between these two components in the formation of essential tissue structures.
C) Nucleic acids
D) Lipids
E) Vitamins

What is the ground substance predominantly E) Glucuronic acid

composed of? Explanation: The ground substance is predominantly composed of glucuronic acid, which is a
A) Elastin fibers key component of the matrix where elastin fibers are embedded, and is also found in
B) Hyaluronic acid important mucopolysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4-sulfate, heparin,
C) Chondroitin 4-sulfate dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.
Question Answer

D) Heparin
E) Glucuronic acid

Where is hyaluronic acid found in the body? C) Joints and eyes

A) Blood Explanation: Hyaluronic acid is found in the ground substance of synovial fluid in joints and
B) Lungs vitreous humor of eyes, where it serves as a lubricant and shock absorbent, highlighting its
C) Joints and eyes importance in these specific areas of the body.
D) Liver
E) Stomach

What role does hyaluronic acid serve in joints? B) Lubricant and shock absorbent
A) Energy production Explanation: Hyaluronic acid serves as a lubricant and shock absorbent in joints, contributing
B) Lubricant and shock absorbent to the smooth movement and cushioning of the joint structures, which is essential for proper
C) Structural support joint function.
D) Immune defense
E) Waste removal

Which is the most important energy source of C) Glucose

carbohydrates? Explanation: Glucose is identified as the most important energy source of carbohydrates,
A) Fructose playing a crucial role in providing energy for various cellular processes and metabolic
B) Galactose functions.
C) Glucose
D) Sucrose
E) Maltose

What is the primary form in which dietary D) Glucose

carbohydrate (starch) is absorbed into the body? Explanation: The bulk of dietary carbohydrate (starch) is digested and absorbed as glucose
A) Fructose into the body, serving as the primary form in which dietary carbohydrate is utilized for energy
B) Galactose and metabolic processes.
C) Sorbitol
D) Glucose
E) Maltose

Which carbohydrate is frequently used in medical E) Dextrose

practice in the form of glucose in solution in Explanation: Dextrose, which is glucose in solution in dextrorotatory form, is commonly
dextrorotatory form? utilized in medical practice, highlighting its significance in various medical applications.
A) Fructose
B) Maltose
C) Galactose
D) Sorbitol
E) Dextrose

What is the primary function of fructose found in the D) Energy source for sperms
semen? Explanation: Fructose found in the semen is abundantly utilized by the sperms for energy,
A) Energy storage emphasizing its crucial role in providing energy for the motility and function of sperms.
B) Hormone production
C) Cell structure
D) Energy source for sperms
E) Blood clotting

Which pathological conditions may be caused by the B) Cataract and nephropathy

accumulation of sorbitol and dulcitol in the tissues? Explanation: Accumulation of sorbitol and dulcitol in the tissues may cause certain
A) Diabetes mellitus pathological conditions such as cataract and nephropathy, highlighting the potential adverse
B) Cataract and nephropathy effects of carbohydrate accumulation in the body.
C) Glycogen storage diseases
D) Galactosemia
E) Tuberculosis

What is the primary role of cellulose in human C) Decreasing the intestinal absorption of glucose and cholesterol, and increasing bulk of
nutrition? feces to avoid constipation
A) Energy storage Explanation: Cellulose plays a significant role in human nutrition by decreasing the intestinal
B) Hormone production absorption of glucose and cholesterol, and increasing the bulk of feces to prevent
C) Decreasing glucose absorption constipation, underscoring its importance in digestive health and overall well-being.
D) Increasing cholesterol absorption
E) Preventing constipation

What is the major constituent of various mammalian C) Chondroitin 4-sulfate

tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and heart Explanation: Chondroitin 4-sulfate is a major constituent of various mammalian tissues,
valves? including bone, cartilage, tendons, heart valves, skin, and cornea. Its structural similarity to
hyaluronic acid makes it an important component in these tissues.

What is the function of hyaluronidase of bacteria in A) Better penetration of sperm into the ovum
animal tissues? Explanation: Hyaluronidase of bacteria aids in the invasion of animal tissues, facilitating better
penetration of sperm into the ovum. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the reproductive
process.
Question Answer

What is the role of heparin in the body? B) Prevents blood clotting

Explanation: Heparin is an anticoagulant that occurs in various body parts and prevents blood
clotting. It also assists in the release of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which aids in clearing
the turbidity of lipemic plasma.

What is the structural similarity between chondroitin E) Comparable structure

4-sulfate and hyaluronic acid? Explanation: Chondroitin 4-sulfate is structurally comparable to hyaluronic acid, highlighting
their similarity in composition. This structural resemblance contributes to the important role of
chondroitin 4-sulfate in various mammalian tissues.

Where does dermatan sulfate mostly occur? D) In the skin

Explanation: Dermatan sulfate mostly occurs in the skin, as indicated by its name. Its
structural relation to chondroitin emphasizes its significance in the skin's composition and
function.

What is the function of Hyaluronic acid in the body? B) Serves as a lubricant and shock absorber
A) Acts as an anticoagulant Explanation: Hyaluronic acid functions as a lubricant and shock absorber in the body,
B) Serves as a lubricant and shock absorber contributing to the maintenance of tissue structure and promoting joint health.
C) Promotes wound healing
D) Helps to maintain the structure of blood vessel
walls
E) Keeps cornea transparent

Where is Chondroitin sulfate primarily found in the B) Cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels
body? Explanation: Chondroitin sulfate is primarily found in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels,
A) Blood vessel valves playing a key role in maintaining the structural integrity of these tissues.
B) Cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels
C) Connective tissue, synovial fluid, vitreous humor
D) Heart valves
E) Cartilage, cornea, connective tissues

What is the main function of Heparin in the body? A) Acts as an anticoagulant

A) Acts as an anticoagulant Explanation: Heparin acts as an anticoagulant in the body, preventing the formation of blood
B) Serves as a lubricant and shock absorber clots and maintaining the normal flow of blood.
C) Promotes wound healing
D) Helps to maintain the structure of blood vessel
walls
E) Keeps cornea transparent

Where is Keratan sulfate predominantly located in E) Cartilage, cornea, connective tissues

the body? Explanation: Keratan sulfate is predominantly located in cartilage, cornea, and other
A) Blood vessel valves connective tissues, contributing to the maintenance of their structural integrity and
B) Cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels transparency.
C) Connective tissue, synovial fluid, vitreous humor
D) Heart valves
E) Cartilage, cornea, connective tissues

What is the primary function of Dermatan sulfate in E) Maintains the shapes of tissues
the body? Explanation: Dermatan sulfate primarily maintains the shapes of tissues such as blood vessel
A) Acts as an anticoagulant valves, heart valves, and skin, contributing to their structural integrity and function.
B) Serves as a lubricant and shock absorber
C) Promotes wound healing
D) Helps to maintain the structure of blood vessel
walls
E) Maintains the shapes of tissues

What is the difference between keratan sulfate and
chondroitin sulfate?
A) Different sugar composition
B) Different sulfate content
C) Different protein content
D) Different temperature requirements
E) Different geographical distribution
A) Different sugar composition
Explanation: The difference between keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate lies in their sugar
composition. Keratan sulfate consists of alternating units of D-galactosamine and
N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate, while chondroitin sulfate consists of repeating units of
N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid 4-sulfate.

What is the primary composition of keratan sulfate? B) Galactose and N-acetylglucosamine

A) Mannose and fructose Explanation: Keratan sulfate primarily consists of alternating units of D-galactosamine and
B) Galactose and N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate, with small amounts of mannose, fructose, and sialic acid.
C) Glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid
D) N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid
4-sulfate
E) Xylose and L-fucose

Which glycosaminoglycan has an inversion in the C) Keratan sulfate

configuration around C5 of D-glucuronic acid? Explanation: Keratan sulfate has an inversion in the configuration around C5 of D-glucuronic
A) Chondroitin sulfate acid to form L-iduronic acid, distinguishing it from other glycosaminoglycans.
B) Heparan sulfate
Question Answer

C) Keratan sulfate
D) Dermatan sulfate
E) Hyaluronic acid

What are the primary components of glycoproteins? C) N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine

A) Glucose and fructose Explanation: The primary components of glycoproteins include N-acetylglucosamine,
B) Mannose and galactose N-acetylgalactosamine, mannose, galactose, L-fucose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic
C) N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine acid).
D) Xylose and L-fucose
E) Glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid

What is the importance of N-acetylneuraminic acid D) It acts as a sialic acid

(NANA) in glycoproteins? Explanation: N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) is an important sialic acid found in
A) It provides antifreeze properties glycoproteins, contributing to various biological functions such as cell recognition and
B) It enhances temperature tolerance signaling.
C) It increases protein stability
D) It acts as a sialic acid
E) It promotes cellular respiration

What are proteins covalently bound to carbohydrates B) Glycoproteins

referred to as? Explanation: Proteins covalently bound to carbohydrates are referred to as glycoproteins. The
A) Lipoproteins carbohydrate content of glycoproteins can vary widely, ranging from 10% to 90% by weight,
B) Glycoproteins and they are widely distributed in cells, performing various functions.
C) Nucleoproteins
D) Glucoproteins
E) Proteoglycans

What term is used for glycoproteins with a A) Mucoprotein

carbohydrate concentration of more than 4%? Explanation: The term mucoprotein is used for glycoproteins with a carbohydrate
A) Mucoprotein concentration more than 4%, distinguishing them based on their higher carbohydrate content.
B) Lipoprotein
C) Glucoprotein
D) Proteoglycan
E) Glycolipid

What are some functions of glycoproteins? E) All of the above

A) Energy storage Explanation: Glycoproteins perform a variety of functions, including their role as enzymes,
B) Structural support hormones, transport proteins, structural proteins, defense against infection, and more, making
C) Hormone regulation them versatile and widely distributed in cells.
D) Cell defense
E) All of the above

What is the role of glycoproteins in blood group D) Determining blood group types
antigens? Explanation: The carbohydrate content of glycoproteins plays a determinant role in blood
A) Energy production group antigens, contributing to the determination of blood group types.
B) Cell communication
C) Structural support
D) Determining blood group types
E) Hormone regulation

What is the role of antifreeze glycoproteins in fish? B) Lowering the freezing point of water
A) Enhancing swimming ability Explanation: Antifreeze glycoproteins in fish lower the freezing point of water and interfere
B) Lowering the freezing point of water with the crystal formation of ice, allowing the fish to survive in cold environments.
C) Promoting crystal formation of ice
D) Regulating body temperature
E) Improving oxygen absorption

How are carbohydrates broadly classified? A) Into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides
Explanation: Carbohydrates are broadly classified into three groups: monosaccharides,
oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, based on their molecular structure and complexity.

What is the simplest carbohydrate used as a C) Glyceraldehyde

reference for writing the configuration of all other Explanation: Glyceraldehyde, a triose, is the simplest carbohydrate and is chosen as a
monosaccharides? reference to write the configuration of all other monosaccharides, specifically the D- and L-
forms, making it a fundamental component in carbohydrate chemistry.

What is the term used for two monosaccharides that E) Epimers

differ in their structure around a single carbon atom? Explanation: When two monosaccharides differ in their structure around a single carbon atom,
they are known as epimers, highlighting a specific type of structural relationship between
monosaccharides.

What is the most predominant naturally occurring D) D-Glucose

aldohexose monosaccharide? Explanation: D-Glucose is the most predominant naturally occurring aldohexose
monosaccharide, existing as ± and ² anomers with different optical rotations, making it a key
component in carbohydrate biochemistry.
Question Answer

What are the most common reducing disaccharides A) Lactose and maltose
among oligosaccharides? Explanation: Among the oligosaccharides, the most common reducing disaccharides are
lactose (milk sugar) and maltose (malt sugar), which are important components in various
biochemical reactions and metabolic processes.

What are polysaccharides composed of? B) Polymers of monosaccharides or their derivatives, held together by glycosidic bonds
Explanation: Polysaccharides are composed of polymers of monosaccharides or their
derivatives, held together by glycosidic bonds, which are crucial for the structural and
functional properties of various biological molecules.

What are the carbohydrate reserves of plants and C) Starch and glycogen
animals respectively? Explanation: Starch and glycogen are the carbohydrate reserves of plants and animals
respectively, serving as essential energy storage molecules and playing a vital role in the
metabolism of these organisms.

What are mucopolysaccharides essential D) Tissue structure

components of? Explanation: Mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) are the essential components of
tissue structure, providing the matrix or ground substance of extracellular tissue spaces, in
which collagen and elastin fibers are embedded, contributing to the structural integrity of
tissues.

What are glycoproteins covalently bound to? E) Protein

Explanation: Glycoproteins are a group of biochemically important compounds with a variable
composition of carbohydrate (7-90%), covalently bound to protein, and are involved in various
biological functions such as hormone activity, structural support, and cellular recognition.