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UNIT V IOT SYSTEM DESIGN

Basic building blocks of an IoT device – Raspberry Pi – Board – Linux on Raspberry Pi –
Interfaces – Programming with Python – Case Studies: Home Automation, Smart Cities,
Environment and Agriculture.

• The term “Internet of Things” or IoT was first coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999. But it was only
when Gartner added IoT to its list of new emerging technologies in 2011, that it started to gain
global momentum. As of 2021, there were 21.7 billion active connected devices in the world
today, out of which more than 11.7 billion (54 percent) are IoT devices. This means that there are
more IoT devices in the world than there are non-IoT devices.

What is IoT?
• IoT is an umbrella term that refers to the billions of physical objects or “things” connected to the
Internet, all collecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet.

While IoT has been in existence since the 90s, recent advances in a number of different technologies
have made it more practical, such as:
• Access to affordable and reliable sensors
• Increase in the availability of cloud computing platforms
• Advances in machine learning and AI technologies.
IoT devices can range from small ordinary household cooking appliances to sophisticated industrial
tools. Each IoT component has a Unique Identifier (UID) and they can also transmit data without the
assistance of humans.

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Types of IoT
• The networking, communication and connectivity protocols depend largely on
the specific IoT application deployed. Just as there are many different IoT devices,
there are many types of IoT applications based on their usage. Here are some of
the most common ones:
• Consumer IoT - Primarily for everyday use. Eg: home appliances, voice assistance,
and light fixtures.
• Commercial IoT - Primarily used in the healthcare and transport industries. Eg:
smart pacemakers and monitoring systems.
• Military Things (IoMT) - Primarily used for the application of IoT technologies in
the military field. Eg: surveillance robots and human-wearable biometrics for
combat.
• Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) - Primarily used with industrial applications,
such as in the manufacturing and energy sectors. Eg: Digital control systems,
smart agriculture and industrial big data.
• Infrastructure IoT - Primarily used for connectivity in smart cities. Eg:
infrastructure sensors and management systems.

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Basic Building blocks of IoT

1.Sensors
• The front end of the IoT devices. These are the so-called “Things” of the system.
• The main purpose is to collect data from its surroundings (sensors) or give out data to its surrounding
(actuators).
• Uniquely identifiable devices with a unique IP address so that they can be easily identifiable over a large
network.
• Able to collect real-time data. These can either be autonomous in nature or user-controlled.
• Examples of sensors are gas sensors, water quality sensors, moisture sensors, etc.

2.Actuators
• Both sensors and actuators are transducers, which means they’re responsible for converting signals from one
form to another.
• Actuators are responsible for performing actions.
• Sensors and actuators work together to remotely monitor and control physical processes or systems.
• Sensors and actuators are only endpoints that connect physically to the environment, whereas analysis of the
information they collect actions in a control layer, is referred to as an IoT gateway

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2. Processors:
• Processors are the brain of the IoT system.
• Processors are primarily real-time devices that can be readily manipulated by software.
• These are also in charge of data security, which includes data encryption and decryption.
• The Main function is to process the data captured by the sensors.
• Extract the valuable data from the huge amount of raw data collected (intelligence to the data).
• Processors mostly work on a real-time basis and are easily controlled by applications.
• Also responsible for securing the data – perform encryption and decryption of data.
Embedded hardware devices, microcontrollers, etc process the data
Electronic Conversion:
• An analog to digital converter (ADC) on a printed circuit board (PCB) translates information from the pressure sensor
into a format that can be digitally transmitted.
• Without diving into the details, in this example the pressure sensor has a signal output of 4 volts which the ADC
recognizes as the integer number 40, which corresponds to a value of 40 psi, which is then represented in binary form
as 101000 (machine language)
Transmission:
• The binary value captured from the sensor is encrypted for security reasons (or should be) and is sent from the on-
site computer network via the Internet to a remote cloud computing or data center.
• Data transmission most often takes place at regular time intervals based on the application needs, or sometimes only
when there is a significant change in the sensor’s value.

3. Gateways:
• Gateway is a device that’s used for the basic analysis of data coming from connected sensors.
• Gateways are responsible for routing the processed data and sending it to proper locations for its (data)
proper utilization.
• Work as decision points, sending certain control commands to actuators which, in turn, perform
appropriate actions.
• Gateway helps in to and from the communication of the data.
• It provides network connectivity to the data.
• Network connectivity is essential for any IoT system to communicate.
• Lan, wan, pan, etc are examples of network gateways.
• Both microcomputers and microprocessors can be used as gateways for IoT applications.

4. Applications:
 Applications are essential for proper utilization of all the collected data.
• These are cloud-based.
• Responsible for rendering the effective meaning to the data collected. Applications are controlled by users
and are a delivery point of particular services.
• Examples of applications are home automation apps, security systems, industrial control hubs, etc.

5. Data Storage:
 After reaching its final destination, the sensor value is typically stored in a computer database that can
easily serve other systems (hence the name “server”).
• Datastore on the server which may be either local or cloud and both.

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Raspberry PI

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Abbreviation
• HDMI-High-Definition Multimedia Interface
• DVI- Digital Visual Interface
• PAL-Phase Alternate Line
• NTSC-National Television Standards Committee
• RCA- Radio Corporation of America
• SATA- Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

Information about the board

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Linux on Raspberry Pi

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Raspberry Pi Frequently used commands

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GPIO. BCM -- Broadcom chip-specific pin numbers

Other IOT Devices

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