 Factors prompting Pakistan to join the group of nations fighting against terrorism:

Pakistan's decision to join the global coalition against terrorism, particularly in the aftermath of
the 9/11 attacks, was influenced by several factors:

 International Pressure: Following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States,
there was immense international pressure on Pakistan to cooperate in the fight against
terrorism, given its proximity to Afghanistan and historical ties to militant groups
operating in the region.
 Security Concerns: Pakistan faced significant internal security threats from militant
groups like the Taliban and al-Qaeda, which also posed a threat to regional stability.
 Strategic Interests: Aligning with the international coalition allowed Pakistan to
enhance its strategic relations with the United States and other Western powers, which
provided economic and military support.
 Domestic Stability: Fighting terrorism was seen as crucial for Pakistan's own stability
and to combat extremism within its borders.

 Indo-Israeli defense ties in the Line of Control scenario:

 Indo-Israeli defense ties primarily focus on intelligence sharing, counter-terrorism

cooperation, and defense technology exchanges.
 In the context of the Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan, these ties could
involve intelligence support related to cross-border infiltrations and terrorist activities.
 Both countries have shared concerns regarding terrorism and could potentially
collaborate in areas like border security, surveillance, and counter-insurgency operations.
 However, specifics on operational details in the LoC scenario are generally not disclosed
publicly due to sensitivities and diplomatic considerations.

 Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT) and Pakistan's participation:

 The GICNT is an international partnership aimed at preventing nuclear terrorism through

cooperation, information sharing, and capacity building.
 Pakistan's participation in GICNT demonstrates its commitment to global non-
proliferation efforts and securing nuclear materials against terrorist threats.
 Impact of Pakistan's participation includes enhancing international confidence in its
nuclear security measures, improving transparency, and fostering closer cooperation with
other member states.
 Participation also helps Pakistan align with international norms and standards on nuclear
security, which is crucial for its international standing and security.

 Main factors of Pakistan's foreign policy during recent years:

 Security Concerns: Addressing regional security challenges, especially related to

Afghanistan and India.
 Economic Diplomacy: Seeking foreign investment and economic partnerships to boost
development.
  Strategic Alliances: Balancing relations between traditional allies like China and new
partnerships with countries like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
 Diplomatic Outreach: Engaging with multilateral forums to advocate for its interests,
such as on Kashmir and nuclear issues.
 Cultural Diplomacy: Promoting Pakistan's cultural heritage and soft power
internationally.

 Tribes and warlords in Southern Afghanistan (1980-2005) and their influence:

 During this period, Southern Afghanistan was characterized by the dominance of Pashtun
tribes and warlords who exerted significant influence.
 Tribes like the Durrani and Ghilzai played key roles in local governance and conflict
resolution.
 Warlords, often aligned with different factions during the Afghan Civil War, controlled
territories and resources, contributing to instability.
 Their influence extended beyond the south, impacting national politics and security
dynamics.

 Role of invading forces in Iraq and causes of recent insurgencies and sectarian violence:

 The 2003 invasion of Iraq by a US-led coalition aimed to depose Saddam Hussein,
dismantle his regime, and eliminate perceived weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
capabilities.
 Causes of subsequent insurgencies and sectarian violence include:
o Political Instability: Collapse of state institutions and power vacuums.
o Ethnic and Sectarian Divisions: Marginalization of Sunni Arabs post-Saddam
and Shia-Sunni tensions.
o Insurgency: Resistance to foreign occupation and radicalization of local groups.
o Regional Dynamics: Influence of neighboring countries and external actors
exacerbating internal conflicts.

 Causes and factors responsible for the situation in southern Sudan:

 Southern Sudan's conflict was driven by multiple factors:

o Ethnic and Religious Divisions: Between Arabs in the north and African tribes
in the south, exacerbated by historical grievances.
o Resource Competition: Particularly over oil-rich regions.
o Political Marginalization: Southern Sudanese felt marginalized by the central
government in Khartoum.
o Civil War: Long-standing conflict between the Sudanese government and
southern rebels seeking autonomy and later independence.
o International Involvement: Various external actors supported different sides,
prolonging the conflict.