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Chapter 6
Rational Expressions and Equations

14. 5 x  10  0
5 x  10
Exercise Set 6.1 x  2
1. A rational expression can be written as a quotient of
two polynomials. 15. x 2  25
2
x  3x  28
2. A rational expression is undefined when the Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x:
denominator is zero.
x 2  3 x  28  0
3. A rational expression is simplified when the  x  4 x  7   0
numerator and the denominator have no factors (other
x40 or x  7  0
than 1) in common.
x  4 or x7
4. When we cancel, we remove a factor equal to 1. The expression is undefined for x  4 and x  7.
5. t  1  0 when t  1 and t  4  0 when t  4, so
16. p 2  7 p  10  0
choice (a) is correct.
( p  2)( p  5)  0
6. 2t  1  0 when t  1 and 3t  4  0 when t   4 p = 2 or p = 5
2 3
so choice (c) is correct. 17. t 2  t  20
2t 2  11t  6
7. a 2  a  12  (a  4)( a  3); a  4  0 when a  4 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t:
and a  3  0 when a  3, so choice (d) is correct. 2t 2  11t  6  0
(t  6)(2t  1)  0
8. m 2  2m  15  (m  5) (m  3); m  5  0 when t60 or 2t  1  0
m  5 and m  3  0 when m  3, so choice (b) is t  6 or 2t  1
correct. t  6 or t1
2
9. 18
11x The expression is undefined for t  6 and t  1 .
2
We find the real number(s) that make the denominator
0. To do so we set the denominator equal to 0 and 18. 3 x 2  x  14  0
solve for x: ( x  2)(3 x  7)  0
11x  0
x0 x  2 or x  7
3
The expression is undefined for x  0.
2
10. 0 19. 50a b3
40ab
y3 Factoring the numerator and
11.
y5  5a2 10ab denominator. Note the common
4b  10ab factor of 10ab.
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for y:
y5 0 Rewriting as a product of two
 5a2  10ab
y  5 4b 10ab rational expressions
The expression is undefined for y  5.  5a2  1 10ab  1
4b 10ab
12. 10  5a2 Removing the factor 1
4b
13. t 5
3t  15 2 4
24 x 4 y 3 4 y  6 x y 4 y 2
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t: 20. 7
  3
3t  15  0 6x y x3  6 x 4 y x
3t  15
6 (t  2) (t  2)
t5 21. 6t  12  
The expression is undefined for t  5. 6t  18 6 (t  3) (t  3)
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Set 6.1 247
5 (n  6) n  6 Check: Let x  2 .
22. 5n  30  
5n  5 5 (n  1) n  1 2 y  6 2  2  6
  2  1
8 y 8  2 16 8
7 (3t  1) 7 y  3 2  3 1 1
23. 21t  7     
24t  8 8 (3t  1) 8 4y 42 8 8
The answer is probably correct.
5 (2n  5) 5
24. 10n  25   30. 4 x  12 
4( x  3) 2  2( x  3) 2( x  3)
 
8n  20 4 (2n  5) 4 6x 6x 2  3x 3x
Check: Let x  1.
25. a 2  9  (a  3)(a  3)
2
a  4a  3 (a  3)(a  1) 4 x  12  4( 1)  12  16  8
6x 6( 1) 6 3
 a3 a 3
a  3 a 1 2( x  3) 2( 1  3) 8 8
  
 1 a  3 3x 3( 1) 3 3
a 1 The answer is probably correct.
 a3
a 1 2 3 a (2a  1) 3(2a  1)
31. 6a2  3a  
2 (a  3) (a  2) a  2 7 a  7 a 7 a (a  1) 7(a  1)
26. a 2 5a  6   Check: Let a  1.
a 9 ( a  3) (a  3) a  3
6a 2  3a  6  12  3  1  6  3  9
8 3 5 7 a 2  7 a 7  12  7  1 7  7 14
27. 36 x5  2 x  185x 3(2a  1) 3(2  1  1) 3  3 9
54 x 3  18 x   
3 5 7(a  1) 7(1  1) 7  2 14
 2 x  18 x5
3 18 x The answer is probably correct.
3

 x2 2 4m ( m  1)
3 32. 4m2  4m   m 1
Check: Let x = 1. 8m  12m 4m (2m  3) 2m  3
36 x8  36  18  36  2 Check: Let m  1.
54 x5 54  15 54 3 4m 2  4m  4  12  4  1  4  4  0  0
2 x3  2  13  2 8m 2  12m 8  12  12  1 8  12 4
3 3 3 m 1  11  0  0
The answer is probably correct. 2m  3 2  1  3 1
4 4
28. 45a 6  3 2 15a 4  3 2
30a 2a  15a 2a 33. t 2  16  (t  4)(t  4)
2
Check: Let a = 1. t  t  20 (t  5)(t  4)
45a 4  45  14  45  3  t 4t4
t 5 t 4
30a 6 30  16 30 2
3  3 3  t  4 1
t 5
2a 2 2  12 2
 t4
The answer is probably correct. t 5
Check: Let t  1.
2 y  6 2( y  3)
29. 
8 y 2  4 y t 2  16  12  16  15  3
 y 3 t  t  20 12  1  20 20 4
2
 2 t  4  1 4  3
2 4 y
t  5 1 5 4
y 3
 1 The answer is probably correct.
4y
y3

4y

248 Chapter 6: Rational Expressions and Equations
34. a 2  4  (a  2)(a  2) 2
37. x 2 8 x  16 
( x  4)( x  4)
2
a  5a  6 (a  2)(a  3) x  16 ( x  4)( x  4)
 a2a2  x4 x4
a2 a3 x4 x4
 1 a  2  x  4 1
a3 x4
 a2  x4
a3 x4
Check: Let a  1. Check: Let x  1.
a 2  4  12  4  3   1 x 2  8 x  16  12  8  1  16  1  8  16  9   3
a  5a  6 12  5  1  6 12
2 4 x 2  16 12  16 1  16 15 5
a  2  1  2  1   1 x  4  1 4   3
a  3 1 3 4 4 x  4 1 4 5
The answer is probably correct. The answer is probably correct.
2 3(a 2  3a  4) x 2  25  ( x  5) ( x  5)  x  5
35. 3a2  9a  12  38.
6a  30a  24 6(a 2  5a  4) 2
x  10 x  25 ( x  5) ( x  5) x  5
3(a  4)(a  1) Check: Let x  1.

3  2(a  4)(a  1)
3(a  1) a  4 x 2  25  12  25  24
  2 2
x  10 x  25 1  10  2  25 1  10  25
3(a  1) 2(a  4)
 24  2
 1 a  4 36 3
2(a  4) x  5  1  5  4  2
 a4 x  5 1 5 6 3
2( a  4) The answer is probably correct.
Check: Let a  2.
2 (t  1)(t  1)
3a 2  9a  12  3  22  9  2  12  18   3 39. t  1 
t 1 t 1
6a 2  30a  24 6  22  30  2  24 12 2
a4  24  6  3  t 1 t 1
t 1 1
2(a  4) 2  2  4 4 2
 1 t  1
The answer is probably correct. 1
 t 1
2
36. 2t 2  6t  4  2(t  3t  2) Check: Let t  2.
4t  12t  16 4(t 2  3t  4)
2
t 2  1  22  1  3  1
2(t  2)(t  1) t 1 2 1 3

2·2(t  4)(t  1) t 1  2 1  1
2(t  1) t  2 The answer is probably correct.
 
2(t  1) 2(t  4) 2 ( a  1)(a  1)
40. a  1 
 1 t  2 a 1 a 1
2(t  4)
 a 1 a 1
 t2 a 1 1
2(t  4)
 1 a  1
Check: Let t  1. 1
2
 a 1
2t 2  6t  4  2( 1)  6( 1)  4  12   1 Check: Let a  2.
4t 2  12t  16 4( 1) 2  12( 1)  16 24 2
a 2  1  22  1  3  3
t  2  1  2  3   1 a 1 2 1 1
2(t  4) 2( 1  4) 6 2 a 1 2 1 3
y2  4
41. cannot be simplified.
y2
Neither the numerator nor the denominator can be
factored.

2 2 (2 x  3)(2 x  3)
42. m  9 cannot be simplified. 47. 4 x 2  12 x  9 
m3 10 x  11x  6 (2 x  3)(5 x  2)
Neither the numerator nor the denominator can be  2 x  3  2x  3
factored. 2x  3 5x  2
 1 2 x  3
2 2
5( x 2  4) 1·5 ·( x  4) 1 5x  2
43. 5 x 2  20     2x  3
10 x  40 10( x 2  4) 2·5 ·( x 2  4) 2 5x  2
Check: Let x  1. Check: Let t  1.
5 x 2  20  5  12  20  25  1 4 x 2  12 x  9  4  12  12  1  9  1   1
10 x 2  40 10  12  40 50 2 10 x 2  11x  6 10  12  11  1  6 7 7
11 2 x  3  2  1  3  1   1
2 2 5x  2 5 1  2 7 7
2 (2 x  1)(2 x  1) 2 x  1
2
44. 6 x 2  54 
2  3( x 2  9) 48. 4 x2  4 x  1  
4 x  36 2  2( x 2  9) 6 x  5 x  4 (2 x  1)(3x  4) 3x  4
2( x 2  9) 3 Check: Let x  1.
  4 x 2  4 x  1  4  12  4  1  1  1
2( x 2  9) 2
6 x 2  5 x  4 6  12  5  1  4 7
 1 3 2 x  1  2 1  1  1
2
3x  4 3  1  4 7
3
2 The answer is probably correct.
Check: Let x  1.  ( x  10) 1 x  10
49. 10  x     1  1  1
6 x 2  54  6  12  54  60  3 x  10 x  10 1 x  10
4 x 2  36 4  12  36 40 2 Check: Let x  1.
The answer is probably correct. 10  x  10  1  9  1
x  10 1  10 9
y2  6 y y ( y  6)
45. 2
 The answer is probably correct.
2 y  13 y  6 (2 y  1)( y  6)

y

y6 50. x  8  x  8  1  x  8  1  1  1
2y 1 y  6 8  x 1( x  8) 1 x  8
y Check: Let x  1.
 1
2y 1 1  8  7  1
y 8 1 7

2y 1 The answer is probably correct.
Check: Let y  1 . 7(t  2)
51. 7t  14 
y2  6 y 12  6  1 2t  (t  2)
  7 1
2 y  13 y  6 2(1) 2  13  1  6 21 3
2
 7 t2
y 1 t  2
 1 1  7 1
2 y  1 2 1  1 3 1
The answer is probably correct.  7
Check: Let t  1.
t 2  2t  t (t  2)
46. 7t  14  7  1  14  7  7
2t 2  t  6 (2t  3)(t  2) 2t 2 1 1
 t t2 The answer is probably correct.
2t  3 t  2
 t 1 52. 3  n  1(n  3)  1
2t  3 5n  15 5( n  3) 5
 t
2t  3 Check: Let n  1.
Check: Let t  1. 3  n  3  1  2  1
5n  15 5  1  15 10 5
t 2  2t  12  2  1  3  1
2t 2  t  6 2  12  1  6 3
t  1  1  1
2t  3 2  1  3 1

ab  ab 60. Writing Exercise. The degree of the denominator is at

53.
4b  4a 4(a  b) least 2 since x  5 and x  3 are both factors of the
 1 ab denominator.
4 a  b
 1 1 61. 3x3  15 x 2  x  5  3 x 2 ( x  5)  ( x  5)
4  ( x  5)(3 x 2  1)
 1
4
62. 3x 2  16 x  5  (3x  1)( x  5)
Check: Let a  2 and b  1.
a  b  2 1  1   1 63. 18 y 4  27 y 3  3 y 2  3 y 2 (6 y 2  9 y  1)
4b  4a 4  1  4  2 4  8 4
The answer is probably correct. 64. 25a 2  16b 2  (5a  4b)(5a  4b)
2 p  2q 2(q  p )
54.   2 65. m3  8m 2  16m  m(m 2  8m  16)
q p (q  p)
Check: Let p  1 and q  1.  m(m  4)2
2 p  2q 2  1  2( 1) 2  2 4
    2 66. 5 x 2  35 x  60  5( x 2  7 x  12)
q p 1  1 2 2  5( x  4)( x  3)
67. Writing Exercise. Although a rational expression has
3 x 2  3 y 2 3( x 2  y 2 ) been simplified incorrectly, it is possible that there are
55. 
2 y 2  2 x 2 2( y 2  x 2 ) one or more values of the variable(s) for which the
two expressions are the same. For example,
3( x 2  y 2 )
 x 2  x  2 could be simplified incorrectly as x  1 ,
2( 1)( x 2  y 2 )
x2  3x  2 x2
x2  y2
 3  2 but evaluating the expressions for x  1 gives 0 in
2( 1) x  y 2
each case. (The correct simplification is x  1 .)
 3 1 x 1
2( 1)
 3 68. Writing Exercise. Show that (a  b)  (b  a )  0.
2
Check: Let x  1 and y  2. 16 y 2  x 4
69.
3 x 2  3 y 2 3  12  3  22 9 ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
   3 (4 y 2  x 2 )(4 y 2  x 2 )
2 y 2  2 x 2 2  22  2  12 6 2 
The answer is probably correct. ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
(4 y 2  x 2 )(2 y  x)(2 y  x)
2 2 7(a 2  b 2 ) 2 2 
56. 7 a2  7b2  2 2
 7  a2  b2   7 ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
3b  3a 3( a  b ) 3 a  b 3
( x  4 y 2 )(2 y  x)( 1)( x  2 y )
2
Check: Let a  1 and b  2. 
( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
7 a 2  7b 2  7  12  7  22  21   7 ( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) (2 y  x)( 1)
2
3b 2  3a 2 3  22  3  12 9 3  2 
( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) 1
The answer is probably correct.  2 y  x, or  x  2 y or  (2 y  x)
2 2
57. 7 s 2 28t 2 ( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1)
28t  7 s 70.
Note that the numerator and denominator are ( x 2  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 4  2 x 2  1)
opposites. Thus, we have an expression divided by its ( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1)
 2
opposite, so the result is –1. ( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 2  1) 2
2 2 ( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)( x  1)( x  1)
58. 9m2  4n 2  2
4 n  9m ( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)
Note that the numerator and denominator are ( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )  1
opposites. Thus, we have an expression divided by its 
opposite, so the result is –1. ( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1)
 1
59. Writing Exercise. Simplifying removes a factor equal x 1
to 1, allowing us to rewrite an expression a  1 as a.

5 3 2 x3 ( x 2  2)  4( x 2  2) 10 x 2  10 10( x 2  1)
71. x7  2 x 4  4 x 3  8  4 3 76.  2
x  2 x  4 x  8 x ( x  2)  4( x3  2) 3 2
5 x  30 x  5 x  30 5 x ( x  6)  5( x  6)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 10( x  1)( x  1)
 3 
( x  2)( x 4  4) ( x  6)(5 x 2  5)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 10( x  1)( x  1)
 3 
( x  2)( x 2  2)( x 2  2) 5( x  6)( x 2  1)
10( x  1)( x  1)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 
 5( x  6)( x  1)( x  1)
2
( x3  2)( x 2  2) ( x  2) 10 ( x  1) ( x  1)

 x3  4 5( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  1)
( x3  2)( x 2  2)
 2
3
x6
4 3
72. 10t  8t  15 t  12  2t (5t  4)  3(5t  4)
2
8  10t  12t  15t 3
2(4  5t )  3t 2 (4  5t ) ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  2 xy  y 2 )
77.
(5t  4)(2t 3  3) ( x  y ) 2 ( x 2  4 xy  5 y 2 )
 ( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
(4  5t )(2  3t 2 ) 
(5t  4) (2t 3  3) ( x  y )( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
 ( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
( 1) (5t  4) (2  3t 2 ) 
( x  y )( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
(2t 3  3) 3
 2
, or 2t 23 , ( x  y )3
(2  3t ) 2  3t 
3 ( x  y )2 ( x  5 y )
or 2t  3
2  3t 2
x 4  y 4 ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  y 2 )
78. 
(t 4  1)(t 2  9)(t  9)2 ( y  x)4 [  ( x  y )]4
73.
(t 4  81)(t 2  1)(t  1) 2 ( x  y 2 )( x  y ) ( x  y )
2

(t 2  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  3)(t  3)(t  9)(t  9) ( 1) 4 ( x  y ) ( x  y )3

(t 2  9)(t  3)(t  3)(t 2  1)(t  1)(t  1) ( x 2  y 2 )( x  y )

(t 2  1) (t  1) (t  1) (t  3) (t  3) (t  9)(t  9) ( x  y )3

(t 2  9) (t  3) (t  3) (t 2  1) (t  1) (t  1) 79. Writing Exercise.
(t  1)(t  9)(t  9) (t  1)(t  9) 2 5(2 x  5)  25 10 x  25  25 10 x
 , or   x
(t 2  9)(t  1) (t 2  9)(t  1) 10 10 10
You get the same number you selected.
(t  2)3 (t 2  2t  1)(t  1) (t  2)3 (t  1)2 (t  1) A person asked to select a number and then perform
74.  these operations would probably be surprised that the
(t  1)3 (t 2  4t  4)(t  2) (t  1)3 (t  2)2 (t  2)
result is the original number.
(t  2)3 (t  1)3
 1
(t  1)3 (t  2)3
Exercise Set 6.2
3 2 x 2 ( x  6)  4( x  6)
75. x  26 x  4 x  24  1. To simplify a rational expression, remove a factor
x  4 x  12 ( x  6)( x  2) equal to 1. Choice (d) is correct.
( x  6)( x 2  4) 2. To multiply rational expressions, multiply numerators

( x  6)( x  2) and multiply denominators. Choice (c) is correct.
( x  6)( x  2)( x  2)
 3. To find a reciprocal, interchange the numerator and
( x  6)( x  2) denominator. Choice (a) is correct.
( x  6) ( x  2) ( x  2)
 4. To divide by a rational expression, multiply by its
( x  6) ( x  2) reciprocal. Choice (b) is correct.
 x2
5. x  5  5 x Choice (d).
2 y 2y
y xy
6. x  5  x   Choice (c).
2 y 2 5 10

7. x  5  5x Choice (a). 3x 2 y 4 3  x  x  y  2  2 6x
y y 20.    2
2 xy 3 2  x  y  y2 y
8. x  y  x  1  x Choice (e).
2 2 y 2y y 2  16 y  3 ( y  4)( y  4)( y  3)
21.  
4 y  12 y  4 4( y  3)( y  4)
y xy
9. x  5  x   Choice (b). ( y  4) ( y  4) ( y  3)
y 1 5 5 
4 ( y  3) ( y  4)
y4
10. 5  x  5  2  10 Choice (f). 
y 2 y x xy 4
3 x( x  2) 2 2 (m  n)(m  n)(m  n)
11. 3x  x  2  22. m  n  m  n 
8 5 x  1 8(5 x  1) 4 m  4n m  n 4(m  n)(m  n)
( m  n) ( m  n ) ( m  n )
2 x(3 x  5) 
12. 2 x  3 x  5  4 ( m  n) ( m  n)
7 x 1 7( x  1)
 m  n
(a  4)(a  2) (a  4)( a  2) 4
13. a  4  a  2  , or
a  6 a  6 (a  6)(a  6) ( a  6) 2 2 ( x 2  3 x  10)( x  2)
23. x  3 x 210  x  2 
( x  2) x5 ( x  2) 2 ( x  5)
(a  3)(a  3) (a  3) 2
14. , or ( x  5)( x  2)( x  2)
(a  6)(a  1) (a  6)(a  1) 
( x  2)( x  2)( x  5)
(n  4)(n  4) ( x  5) ( x  2) ( x  2)
15. n2  4  n2  4  2 
n  4 n  4 ( n  4)(n 2  4) ( x  2) ( x  2) ( x  5)
 x2
(t  3)(t  3) (t  3) 2 x2
16. , or
(t 2  2)(t 4  4) (t 2  2)(t 2  4)
2 (t  2) (t  2) (t  3)
3 24. t  2  t  5t 2 6 
17. 8t  3 t  2 (t  2) (t  2) (t  2) (t  2)
5t 4t
3 Multiplying the numerators and  3
t
 8t  3 t2
5t  4t the denominators
2  4  t  t  t 3 Factoring the numerator 2 (n 2  6n  5)(n  6)

and the denominator 25. n  6n  5  n2  6 
5t  4t n6 n  36 (n  6)(n 2  36)
2  4  t  t  t  3 Removing a factor (n  5)( n  1)( n  6)
 
5 t  4  t equal to 1
(n  6)(n 2  36)
 6t
(No simplification is possible.)
5
2 (a  2)(a 2  4)
2 6  3  2  a2 26. a  2  2 a  4 
18. 185  2a   124 a  2 a  5a  4 (a  2)(a  4)( a  1)
a 3a a3  a 2  3  a a
2 (a  3)( a  3)  7  a
27. a  9 7a 
19. 3c2  8d3 a2 a 2  a  12 a  a (a  4)(a  3)
d 6c (a  3) (a  3)  7  a
Multiplying the numerators and 
 32c  8d3 a  a (a  4) (a  3)
d  6c the denominators
3  c  2  4 d Factoring the numerator 7(a  3)
 
d  d 3 2 c c c and the denominator a (a  4)
3  c  2 4 d

d d  3  2  c cc 2 3 ( x  1) ( x  11)  x  x 2
28. x  10 x  11  x 
 24 9x x  11 9  x  ( x  11)
c d
x 2 ( x  1)

9

2 2
y2  y y ( y  1)( y  4) 38. x 2  7 x  12  24  x
29.   y  4 
2
y  5y  4 ( y  4)( y  1) x  6x  8 x  x  6
( x  3)( x  4)(2  x)(2  x)
y ( y  1) ( y  4) 
 ( x  2)( x  4)( x  3)( x  2)
( y  4) ( y  1)
( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  2) ( 1) ( x  2)
y ( y  1) 
 ( x  2) ( x  4) ( x  3) ( x  2)
y 1
 1
2  n  3 n(n  4) n(n  4)
30.  n  3  2n  4n   2 2
39. t 2 4t  4  22t  7t  15
n  5n  6 (n  2)(n  3) n2
2t  7t  6 t  10t  25
(t 2  4t  4)(2t 2  7t  15)
2 (4v  8)15v 2 
31. 4v  8  2 15v  (2t 2  7t  6)(t 2  10t  25)
5v 4v  16v  16 5v(4v 2  16v  16)
(t  2)(t  2)(2t  3)(t  5)
4 (v  2)  5  3  v  v 
 (2t  3)(t  2)(t  5)(t  5)
5 v  4 (v  2) (v  2) (t  2) (t  2) (2t  3) (t  5)

 3v (2t  3) (t  2) (t  5)(t  5)
v2
(t  2)(t  5)

4a 2
2
3a  6  4a (3)(a  2)  2a (t  5)2
32. 
3a 2  12a  12 2a 3(a  2)(a  2)2a a  2
5 y2  4 y  1 y2  6 y  9
2 2
40. 
2 2 (t  2t  3)(t  3t  10) 3 y 2  5 y  12 y 2  2 y  1
33. t 2  2t  3  t 2  3t  10  2
t  4t  5 t  5t  6 (t  4t  5)(t 2  5t  6) (5 y  1) ( y  1) ( y  3) ( y  3)

(t  3)(t  1)(t  5)(t  2) (3 y  4) ( y  3) ( y  1) ( y  1)

(t  5)(t  1)(t  3)(t  2) (5 y  1)( y  3)
(t  3) (t  1) (t  5) (t  2) 
 (3 y  4)( y  1)
(t  5) (t  1) (t  3) (t  2)
2
 5
t 41. (10 x 2  x  2)  4 x2  8 x  3
t5 10 x  11x  6
(10 x 2  x  2)(4 x 2  8 x  3)
2 2 
34. x 2  5 x  4  x 2  5 x  14 (10 x 2  11x  6)
x  6x  8 x  8x  7 (5 x  2) (2 x  1)(2 x  1) (2 x  3)
( x  4) ( x  1) ( x  7) ( x  2) 
 (5 x  2) (2 x  3)
( x  4) ( x  2) ( x  7) ( x  1)
 (2 x  1) 2
 x4
x4 2
42. 2 x 2  5 x  3  (6 x 2  13 x  2)
2
12 y  12 3 y  75 (12 y  12)(3 y  75) 2 6x  5x  1
35.   (2 x  3) ( x  1) (6 x  1) ( x  2)
5 y  25 8 y 2  8 (5 y  25)(8 y 2  8) 
3  4 ( y  1) 3 ( y  5) ( y  5) (6 x  1) ( x  1)
  (2 x  3)( x  2)
5 ( y  5) 2  4 ( y  1) ( y  1)
9( y  5) 2 2

10( y  1) 43. 49 x  25  6 x  13 x  28
4 x  14 28 x  20
(7 x  5)(7 x  5)(3 x  4)(2 x  7)
2 
36. 9t 2  900  5t  10 2(2 x  7)  4(7 x  5)
5t  20 3t  30 (7 x  5) (7 x  5) (3x  4) (2 x  7)
3 (3) (t  10) (t  10) (5) (t  2) 
 2 (2 x  7)  4 (7 x  5)
5 (t  2) (t  2) (3) (t  10)
(7 x  5)(3 x  4)
3(t  10) 
 8
t2
44. 9t 2  4  10t  5  (3t  2)(3t  2)  5(2t  1)
2 2 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2
37. x  4 x 2 4  x  2 x 2 1 
2
1 8t  10t  3 3t  2 (2t  1)(4t  3)(3t  2)
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2 5(3t  2)

4t  3

45.
8 x 2  14 xy  15 y 2 3x  y
 55. t  3  t  1  t  3  8
6 8 6 t 1
3 x3  x 2 y 4 xy  3 y 2 (t  3)(8)
(2 x  5 y )(4 x  3 y )(3 x  y ) 
 6  (t  1)
x 2 (3 x  y )  y (4 x  3 y ) (t  3)  4  2
(2 x  5 y ) (4 x  3 y ) (3 x  y ) 
 2  3(t  1)
x 2 (3x  y )  y (4 x  3 y ) 4(t  3)

2x  5 y 3(t  1)

x2 y
56. 10  15  10  a
2
2 x  xy 2
9 x  6 xy  8 y 2 a  3 a a  3 15
46.  2  5 (a)
6 x 2  7 xy  2 y 2 3xy  4 y 2   2a
3  5 (a  3) 3(a  3)
x(2 x  y )(3 x  2 y )(3 x  4 y )

(2 x  y )(3x  2 y )  y (3x  4 y ) 4 y  8 y  2 4 y  8 y2  4
x(2 x  y ) 57.   
 y  2 y2  4 y2 y2
y (2 x  y )
(4 y  8)( y 2  4)

( y  2)( y  2)
47. The reciprocal of 2 x is 9 because 2 x  9  1.
9 2x 9 2x 4 ( y  2) ( y  2) ( y  2)

2 ( y  2) ( y  2) (1)
48. x  4  4( y  2)
3 x
2 2
49. The reciprocal of a 4  3a is 1 because 58. x  1  x  1  x  1  2 x  2
a 4  3a x 2x  2 x x 1
( x 2  1)(2 x  2)
a 4  3a  1  1. 
1 a 4  3a x( x  1)
( x  1)( x  1)2( x  1)

50. a 2  b 2 x( x  1)
x  1 2( x  1)( x  1)
 
51. x  5 x 1 x
4 x 2( x  1) 2
Multiplying by the reciprocal of 
 xx x
4 5 the divisor
 x x 59. a  b  a ba
45 ab ba ab b
2
x a (b  a )
20 
(a  b)(b)
a ( 1) (a  b)
52. 5  x  5  12  602 
x 12 x x x (a  b) (b)
5 2 5  a   a
53. a4  a  a4  b2 b b
b b b a
5 x y yx x y
 a4  b2 60.    3  1  1
b a 6 3 6 y  x 2 2
2 3
 a  3a  b2 2 (n 2  5n  6) (n  3)
bb a 61. (n 2  5n  6)  n  4   2
2 3 n3 1 n 4
 a 2b  a3 2
a b b (n  5n  6)(n  3)
3 
 a3 n2  4
b (n  3) (n  2) (n  3)

(n  2) ( n  2)
5 2 5 y x5  y x 2  x3  y x 2 y x3
54. x 2  x  x 2  2  2 2   2  (n  3)2
y y y x y x y  y  x2 x y y 
3 n2
 x
y

2 2
(v  1)(v  3) (v 2  1) (v 2  9) 68. 2m2  59m  30  2m 2  21m  10
62. (v 2  1)   
2
v 9 1 (v  1)(v  3) m  10m  25 m  m  30
2 2
(v  1) (v  1)(v 2  9)  2m2  59m  30  m2  m  30
 m  10m  25 2m  21m  10
(v  1) (v  3)
(2m  1) (m  30)( m  6) (m  5)
(v  1)(v 2  9) 
 (m  5) (m  5) (2m  1) ( m  10)
v3 (m  30)( m  6)

( m  5)(m  10)
63. a  2  3a  6  a  2  a  5
a 1 a  5 a  1 3a  6
2
( a  2)(a  5) 69. c 2  10c  21  (5c 2  32c  21)

(a  1)(3a  6) c  2c  15
2
(a  2)( a  5)  c 2  10c  21  2 1

(a  1)  3  ( a  2) c  2c  15 5c  32c  21
(a  2) (a  5) (c 2  10c  21)  1
  2
(a  1)  3  ( a  2) (c  2c  15)(5c 2  32c  21)
(c  7)(c  3)
 a5 
3(a  1) (c  5)(c  3)(5c  3)(c  7)
(c  7)(c  3) 1
 
64. t  3  4t  12  t  3  t  1 (c  7)(c  3) (c  5)(5c  3)
t2 t 1 t  2 4t  12 1

(t  3) (t  1) (c  5)(5c  3)
  t 1
(t  2)(4) (t  3) 4(t  2)
2
70. z 2 2 z  1  (4 z 2  z  3)
2 2 z 1
65. (2 x  1)  2 x 211x  5  2 x  1  24 x  1 2
4x  1 1 2 x  11x  5  z 2 2 z  1  2 1
(2 x  1)(4 x 2  1) z 1 4z  z  3
 ( z  1) ( z  1)  1
1  (2 x 2  11x  5) 
(2 x  1)(2 x  1)(2 x  1) ( z  1) ( z  1) (4 z  3) ( z  1)
 1
(2 x  1)( x  5) 
(2 x  1) (2 x  1)(2 x  1) ( z  1)(4 z  3)

(2 x  1) ( x  5)
71. 3  3 x  x  1  3 x  3  5
(2 x  1)(2 x  1) 16 5 16 x  1
 (3 x  3)  5
x5 
16( x  1)
2 2
66. (a  7)  3a 2  14a  49  a  7  a2  8a  7 3( x  1)  5

a  8a  7 1 3a  14a  49 16( x  1)
(a  7) (a  7)(a  1) 3 ( x  1)  5
 
(3a  7) (a  7) 16 ( x  1)
(a  7)( a  1)
  15
3a  7 16
72. 4  2 x  x  2  4  2 x  3
2 2
67. w 2 14w  49  3w2  20 w  7
2 w  3w  14 w  6w  16 15 3 15 x2
2 2 2 ( x  2)  3
 w 2 14 w  49  w 2  6w  16 
2 w  3w  14 3w  20w  7 3  5 ( x  2)
( w2  14 w  49)( w2  6 w  16)  2

(2 w2  3w  14)(3w2  20 w  7) 5
( w  7) ( w  7) ( w  8) ( w  2)

(2 w  7) ( w  2) (3w  1) ( w  7)
( w  7)( w  8)

(2 w  7)(3w  1)

2 80. Graph 3x  2 y  12.

73. x  1  1  x2  x  1  4  x
x2 4 x x  2 1 x
( x  1)(4  x 2 )

( x  2)(1  x)
( x  1) ( x 2  4)

1( x  2) ( x  1)
81. Graph 3( x  1)  4.
2 2
  x  4 or  x  4
x2 x2
74. 12  4 x  6  2 x  12  4 x  6

12 6 12 6  2x
4( x  3)  2  3

4  3  2  1  ( x  3) 82. Graph y  2  ( x  4).
 1
x y x2  y 2
75. 
x 2  2 xy  y 2 x 2  5 xy  4 y 2
x y x 2  5 xy  4 y 2
 2 2

x  2 xy  y x2  y 2 83. Graph 3 y  5 x.
( x  y ) ( x  y )( x  4 y )

( x  y )( x  y )( x  y ) ( x  y )
( x  y )( x  4 y )

( x  y )3
76. a 2  b2 2
 a  3ab  2b
2
84. Graph 1 y  2.
2
a  4ab  4b 2 a  2b 2
2 2
 2 a b  a  2b
a  4ab  4b 2 a 2  3ab  2b 2
(a  b) ( a  b) (a  2b)

(a  2b) ( a  2b) (a  b) (a  2b)
 ab 2 85. Writing Exercise. Yes; consider the product
(a  2b) a  c  ac . The reciprocal of the product is bd .
b d bd ac
77. Writing Exercise. Parentheses are required to ensure
This is equal to the product of the reciprocals of the
that numerators and denominators are multiplied
correctly. That is, the product of ( x  2) and (3 x  1) two original factors: b  d  bd .
a c ac
and the product of (5 x  7) and ( x  4) in the
denominator. 86. Writing Exercise. The quotient is undefined for x  5,
x  1, and x  7 because x  3 is undefined for
78. Writing Exercise. The first step in dividing x by 7 x5
3 x
x  5, x  7 is undefined for x  1, and x  1 (the
is to multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. That is, x 1 x7
x  7  x  x  x  x  x2 reciprocal of x  7 ). is undefined for x  7. It is
3 x 3 7 3  7 21 x 1
defined for x  3 because the dividend, the divisor,
79. Graph y  1 x  5. and the reciprocal of the divisor are all defined for
2 x  3.
87. The reciprocal of 2 1 x is

3
1  1  1  7 x  1 3  3 .
2 1 x 7x 3 7x 7x
3 3
88. The reciprocal of 7.25x is 1 , or 4 .

7.25x 29x

2 2 4 2 3
89. ( x  2a )  a 2x  4a3  x  2a  a2 x2  2a 4 (t  2)3 t 2  4t  4 t  1
94.  
a x  2a 1 a x  4a (t  1)3 t 2  2t  1 t  2
( x  2a )(a 2 x 2  2a3 ) (t  2)3 t 2  2t  1 t  1
   
( a 2 x 2  4a 4 ) (t  1)3 t 2  4t  4 t  2
( x  2 a ) a 2 ( x  2a ) (t  2)(t  2)(t  2)(t  1)(t  1)(t  1)
 
a 2 ( x  2 a ) ( x  2a ) (t  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  2)(t  2)(t  2)
1
1
a 4  81b 4 2
 a2  3b 2  a  6ab  29b
2
3x 2  2 xy  y 2 95.
90.  (3 x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2 2 2
a c  6abc  9b c a  9b (a  3b)
x2  y2
( a 2  9b 2 )(a  3b)(a  3b) a  3b (a  3b) 2
3 x 2  2 xy  y 2 1   2 
  c( a  3b) 2 a  9b 2 (a  3b) 2
x2  y 2 (3 x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2
( a 2  9b 2 ) (a  3b) ( a  3b) a  3b (a  3b) 2
( 3 x  y )( x  y )  1   

( x  y )( x  y )( 3x  y )(3 x  y )( x  y )( x  y ) c (a  3b)2 a 2  9b 2 (a  3b) 2
 1  a  3b
( x  y )3 (3 x  y ) c
2 2 3 y3  6 y 2 y2  y y2  5 y  6
91. 3a  5ab  12b  (3b 2  ab) 2 96.  
3ab  b 2 y 2  y  12 y 2  2 y  8 y2
3 2 2 2
3 a 2
 5ab  12b 2  1 3y  6 y y  2y  8 y  5y  6
  2  
3ab  4b 2 (3b 2  ab) 2 y  y  12 y2  y y2

 3a  4b a  3b  3  y 2 ( y  2) ( y  4) ( y  2) ( y  3) ( y  2)
b(3a  4b)  [b(3b  a)]2 
( y  4) ( y  3) ( y )( y  1) ( y 2 )
(3a  4b)( 1)(3b  a )
 3( y  2)3
b(3a  4b)(b 2 )(3b  a )(3b  a ) 
(3a  4b) (  1) (3b  a) y ( y  1)

b (3a  4b) (b 2 ) (3b  a ) (3b  a ) xy  2 x  y  2 xy  y  4 x  4
97. 
 3 1 ,or 3 1 xy  4 x  y  4 xy  y  2 x  2
b (3b  a ) b ( a  3b ) x( y  2)  ( y  2) y ( x  1)  4( x  1)
 
2 2 2
x( y  4)  1( y  4) y ( x  1)  2( x  1)
92. a2  3b  a 2  2b  a 2  2b 
( y  2)( x  1)( x  1)( y  4)
a  2b a  3b a  3b ( y  4)( x  1)( x  1)( y  2)
2 2
Note that a2  3b  a 2  2b is the product of 
( y  2) ( x  1)( x  1) ( y  4)
a  2b a  3b ( y  4) ( x  1)( x  1) ( y  2)
reciprocals and thus is equal to 1. Then the product in
( x  1) 2
2 
the original exercise is the remaining factor, a 2  2b . ( x  1) 2
a  3b
2 2 2 2
2 ( z  4)5 3 z  12 98. ab  2b  a  2  ab  3b  a  3
93. z 2  8 z  16   ab  a  3b  3 ab  a  2b  2
z  8 z  16 ( z  4)5 z 2  16
b 2 (a  2)  ( a  2) b 2 (a  3)  (a  3)
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 ( z  4)( z  4)  
   a(b  1)  3(b  1) a(b  1)  2(b  1)
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 3( z  4)
(a  2)(b 2  1)(a  3)(b  1)(b  1)
( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 )2 ( z  4)3 ( z  4 )( z  4 ) 
 (b  1)(a  3)(b  1)(a  2)
( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 )2 ( z  4 )( z  4) 2 (3)( z  4 ) 2
 b 1
( z  4)3

3( z  4) 2

2 2
99. 3 x 2  12 x  bx  4b  3bx  b 2  6 x  2b 103. Enter y1  x  1  x 2  1 and
4 x  16 x  bx  4b 4bx  b  8 x  2b x  2 x  1 x2  5x  4
2
3x( x  4)  b( x  4) 4bx  b 2  8 x  2b 2
  y2  x  5 x 3 4 , display the values of y1 and y2 in
4 x( x  4)  b( x  4) 3bx  b 2  6 x  2b ( x  1)
( x  4)(3x  b) b(4 x  b)  2(4 x  b) a table, and compare the values. (See the Technology
 
( x  4)(4 x  b) b(3x  b)  2(3 x  b) Connection in the text.)
( x  4) (3 x  b) (4 x  b)(b  2)
 
( x  4) (4 x  b) (3 x  b)(b  2) Exercise Set 6.3
(3x  b)(4 x  b)(b  2)
 1. To add two rational expressions when the
(4 x  b)(3x  b)(b  2)
denominators are the same, add numerators and keep
(3x  b) (4 x  b) (b  2) the common denominator.

(4 x  b) (3 x  b) (b  2)
2. When a numerator is being subtracted, use
1 parentheses to make sure to subtract every term in that
numerator.
2 x 2 y  xy 2  6 x 2  3 xy 2 x3  x 2 y  8 x 2  4 xy
100. 
3 y 2  xy  9 y  3 x 3 xy  x 2  6 y  2 x 3. The least common multiple of two denominators is
2 2
usually referred to as the least common denominator
x(2 xy  y  6 x  3 y ) 3 xy  x  6 y  2 x and is abbreviated LCD.
 
3 y 2  xy  9 y  3 x x  2 x 2  xy  8 x  4 y 
4. The least common denominator of two rational
x  y (2 x  y )  3(2 x  y ) x(3 y  x)  2(3 y  x) expressions must contain every factor that is in either
 
y (3 y  x)  3(3 y  x) x  x(2 x  y )  4(2 x  y ) denominator.
x(2 x  y )( y  3)(3 y  x)( x  2)
 5. 3  5  8 Adding numerators
(3 y  x)( y  3) x(2 x  y )( x  4) t t t
x (2 x  y ) ( y  3) (3 y  x) ( x  2)

(3 y  x) ( y  3) x (2 x  y ) ( x  4) 6. 102
y
 2
x
x4
7. x  2 x  5  3 x  5 Adding numerators
2 2 2 12 12 12
101. 8n 2  10n  3  6n 2  5n  6  12n 2  17 n  6
4n  4n  3 6 n  7 n  5 6n  7 n  5 4(a  1)
2 2 2
8. 4a  4 
 8n 2  10n  3  6n2  5n  6  6n2  7 n  5 7 7
4n  4n  3 6n  7 n  5 12n  17 n  6
9. 4  5  9
2 2 6n 2  7 n  5
 n 2  10n  3  6n  5n  6 
8 a3 a3 a3
4n  4n  3 6n  7 n  5 12n 2  17 n  6
2
(2n  1)(4n  3)(2n  3)(3n  2) 10. 13

 x2
(2n  3)(2n  1)(4n  3)(3n  2)
(2n  1) (4n  3) (2n  3) (3n  2) 11  3  8
 11. Subtracting numerators
(2n  3) (2n  1) (4n  3) (3n  2) 4x  7 4x  7 4x  7
(2n  1)(3n  2)
 12. 9  5  4
(2n  1)(3n  2) 2x  3 2x  3 2x  3
2 p 2  p  6 12 p 2  13 p  35 12 p 2  43 p  35 3y  8 y  1
102.   13. 
16 p 2  25 4 p 2  12 p  9 2 p2  p  6 2y 2y
3 y  8  ( y  1)
2 p 2  p  6 12 p 2  13 p  35 2 p2  p  6 
   2y
16 p 2  25 4 p 2  12 p  9 12 p 2  43 p  35 3y  8  y  1
(2 p  3)( p  2) (4 p  5)(3 p  7) (2 p  3)( p  2)  Removing parentheses
 2y
(4 p  5)(4 p  5) (2 p  3)(2 p  3) (3 p  7)(4 p  5) 2y  7
( p  2)2 
 2y
(4 p  5) 2
14. 5  3t  2t  1  5  3t  2t  1  t  4
4t 4t 4t 4t

15. 5 x  7  x  11 24.
y 2  6 y 2 y  12 y 2  8 y  12
 
x3 x3 y2 y2 y2
 6 x  18 Adding numerators ( y  6)( y  2 )
x3   y6
6( x  3) y2
 Factoring
x3
6 ( x  3) 25. x6  9  x3
 Removing a factor equal to 1
x3 x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6
6  x3
( x  3)( x  2)
5 ( x  1) x3
16. 3x  4  2 x  9  5 x  5  5 
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 ( x  3 )( x  2)
 1
5 x  7  ( x  11) x2
17. 5 x  7  x  11 
x3 x3 x3
x5  2 x3
 5 x  7  x  11 26. 
x2  4 x  3 x2  4 x  3 x2  4 x  3
x3
x3
 4x  4   1
x3 ( x  3) ( x  1) x  1
4( x  1)

x3 3a 2  14  2
27. 2 2
13a  3a 2  14  13a
a  5a  6 a  5a  6 a  5a  6
18. 3x  4  2 x  9  3 x  4  2 x  9  x  13 (3a  7)( a  2)
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 
(a  6)(a  1)
19. a 2  a  20  a 2  a  20
a4 a4 a4 28. 2a 2  15  11a 2
 2a2  15  11a
2 2
( a  5)(a  4) a  7 a  12 a  7 a  12 a  7 a  12

a4 (a  3) (2a  5)

( a  5) (a  4) (a  3) (a  4)

a4  a5
2
 a5 a4
x 2  7 x  10  x 2  7 x  10  ( x  5) ( x  2)  x  2 29. t 2  5t  4t  12  t 2  t  12
20.
x5 x5 x5 x5 t  6t  9 t 2  6t  9 t 2  6t  9
2
(t  4)(t  3)

5 y  14 y   5 y  14 (t  3) 2
2
y2
21.   (t  4) (t  3)
y2 y2 y2 
2
y  5 y  14 (t  3) (t  3)

y2  4
t
 y  7  y  2 t3

y2 y2  7 y 6 y  20 y 2  y  20
 y  7   y  2 30. 2
 2  2
 y  8 y  16 y  8 y  16 y  8 y  16
y2 ( y  5) ( y  4)
 y7 
( y  4) ( y  4)
y 5
22. t 2  8t  15  t 2  8t  15 
t 3 t 3 t 3 y4
(t  3) (t  5)
 2 y2  3y y2  4 y  6
t 3 31. 
 t 5 y 2  7 y  12 y 2  7 y  12
2 y 2  3 y  ( y 2  4 y  6)
2 2 
23. t  5t  5t  t y 2  7 y  12
t 1 t 1
2 y2  3y  y2  4 y  6
Note that the numerators are opposites, so their sum is 
y 2  7 y  12
0. Then we have 0 , or 0.
t 1

y2  y  6 37. 15  3  5
 36  2  2  3  3
y 2  7 y  12
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180
( y  3)( y  2)

( y  3)( y  4) 38. 18  2  3  3
( y  3 )( y  2) 30  2  3  5
 LCM  2  3  3  5  90
( y  3 )( y  4)
y2 39. 8  2  2  2

y4 9  3 3
LCM  2  2  2  3  3, or 72
32. 3a 2  7  7  3a 2
a  2a  8 a 2  2a  8
2 40. 12  2  2  3
Note that we are subtracting an expression from itself. 15  3  5
Thus the difference is 0. LCM  2  2  3  5, or 60
3  2x  7  3 x 41. 6  2  3
33.
x 2  6x  8 x 2  6 x  8 12  2  2  3
15  3  5
 210  5x
x  6x  8 LCM  2  2  3  5  60
5(2  x)
 42. 8  2  2  2
( x  4)( x  2)
32  2  2  2  2  2
5( 1)( x  2)
 50  2  5  5
( x  4)( x  2) LCM  2  2  2  2  2  5  5  800
5( 1)( x  2 )

( x  4)( x  2 ) 43. 18t 2  2  3  3  t  t
 5 , or  5 , or 5 6t 5  2  3  t  t  t  t  t
x4 x4 4 x
LCM  2  3  3  t  t  t  t  t  18t 5
34. 1  2t  4  3 t  5  5t
t 2  5t  4 t 2  5 t  4 t 2  5t  4 44. 8 x5  2  2  2  x  x  x  x  x
5(  1  t ) 5 (t  1) 24 x 2  2  2  2  3  x  x
 
(t  4)(t  1) (t  4) (t  1) LCM  2  2  2  3  x  x  x  x  x  24 x5
 5 , or  5 , or 5 45. 15a 4b7  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
t4 t4 4t
10a 2b8  2  5  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
x  9  2x  5 LCM  2  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b,
35.
x 2  3x  4 x 2  3 x  4  30a 4b8
x  9  (2x  5)

x 2  3x  4 46. 6a 2b7  2  3  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
 2 9  2x  5
x 
9a5b 2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b
x  3x  4
LCM  2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b,
 2 x  4
x  3x  4  18a5b7
 ( x  4)
 47. 2(y  3)  2  (y  3)
( x  4)( x  1)
6(y  3)  2  3  (y  3)
1( x  4) LCM  2  3  (y  3)  6(y  3)

( x  4) (x  1)
48. 4(x  1)  2  2  (x  1)
 1 , or  1 , or 1
x 1 x 1 1 x 8(x  1)  2  2  2  (x  1)
LCM  2  2  2  (x  1)  8(x  1)
36. 5  3x  x  1  5  3x  x  1
x 2  2x  1 x 2  2 x  1 x 2  2x  1 49. x 2  2x  15  ( x  5)( x  3)
4(  1  x)
 24  4x  x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3)
x  2x  1 ( x  1) 2 LCM  ( x  5)( x  3)( x  3)
4 ( x  1)
  4 , or  4 , or 4
( x  1) ( x  1) x  1 x 1 1 x 50. t 2  4  (t  2)(t  2)
t 2  7t  10  (t  2)(t  5)
LCM  (t  2)(t  2)(t  5)

51. t 3  4t 2  4t  t (t 2  4t  4)  t (t  2)(t  2) 62. 9 x3  9 x 2  18 x  9 x( x 2  x  2)

t 2  4t  t (t  4)  3  3  x( x  2)( x  1)
LCM  t (t  2)(t  2)(t  4)  t (t  2) 2 (t  4) 6 x5  24 x 4  24 x3  6 x3 ( x 2  4 x  4)
 2  3  x  x  x( x  2)( x  2)
52. y 3  y 2  y  y ( y  1) LCM  2  3  3  x  x  x( x  2)( x  2)( x  1)
y 4  y 2  y  y ( y  1)( y  1)  18x3 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1)
LCM  y  y ( y  1)( y  1)  y 2 ( y  1)( y  1)
63. 6t 4  2  3  t  t  t  t
53. 6xz 2  2  3  x  z  z 18t 2  2  3  3  t  t
8x 2 y  2  2  2  x  x  y The LCD is 2  3  3  t  t  t  t , or 18t 4 .
15y 3 z  3  5  y  y  y  z 5  3  15 and
LCM  2  2  2  3  5  x  x  y  y  y  z  z  120 x 2 y 3 z 2 6t 4 3 18t 4
s  t 2  st 2
54. 12s 3t  2  2  3  s  s  s  t 18t 2 t 2 18t 4
15sv 2  3  5  s  v  v
64. 10 y 2  2  5  y  y
6t 4v  2  3  t  t  t  t  v
5y 6  5  y  y  y  y  y  y
LCM  2  2  3  5  s  s  s  t  t  t  t  v  v  60 s 3t 4v 2
The LCD is 2  5  y  y  y  y  y  y, or 10 y 6 .
55. a  1  a  1 4 4
7  y  7y
(a  1) 2  (a  1)(a  1) 2 4
10 y y 10 y 6
a 2  1  (a  1)(a  1) x  2  2x
LCM  (a  1)(a  1)(a  1)  (a  1)(a  1) 2 5 y 6 2 10 y 6
56. x  2  x  2
65. 3x 4 y 2  3  x  x  x  x  y  y
( x  2) 2  ( x  2)( x  2)
9xy 3  3  3  x  y  y  y
x 2  4  ( x  2)( x  2)
The LCD is 3  3  x  x  x  x  y  y  y, or 9x 4 y 3.
LCM  ( x  2)( x  2)( x  2)  ( x  2)( x  2) 2
7 3y 21 y
4 2
  4 3 and
57. 2n  n  1   2n  1 n  1
2 3x y 3 y 9x y
2n 2  3n  2   2n  1 n  2 4  x3  4 x3
LCM   2n  1 n  1 n  2 9 xy 3 x3 9 x 4 y 3
58. m 2  2m  3   m  3 m  1 66. 2a 2b  2  a  a  b

2m2  3m  1   2m  1 m  1 8ab 2  2  2  2  a  b  b
LCM   2m  1 m  1 m  3 The LCD is 2  2  2  a  a  b  b, or 8a 2b 2 .
3  4b  12b and
59. t  3  t  3
t3t 3 2a 2b 4b 8a 2b 2
7  a  7a
t 2  9  (t  3)(t  3) 8ab 2 a 8a 2b 2
LCM  (t  3)(t  3)
67. x 2  4  ( x  2)( x  2)
60. a  5  a  5
x 2  5x  6  ( x  3)( x  2)
a 2  10a  25  (a  5)(a  5)
LCD is ( x  3)( x  2)( x  2)
LCM  (a  5)(a  5)  (a  5) 2
2x  2x  x3
x 2  4 ( x  2)( x  2) x  3
61. 6x3  24x 2  18x  6x( x 2  4x  3) 2 x( x  3)
 2  3  x( x  1)( x  3) 
( x  2)( x  2)( x  3)
4x5  24x 4  20 x3  4x3 ( x 2  6x  5) 4x  4x x2
 2  2  x  x  x( x  1)( x  5) x 2  5 x  6 ( x  3)( x  2) x  2
LCM  2  2  3  x  x  x( x  1)( x  3)( x  5) 4 x( x  2)

 12x3 ( x  1)( x  3)( x  5) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  2)

68. x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3) 76. 2  3( x  7)  15

2  3 x  21  15
x 2  11x  24  ( x  3)( x  8)
3 x  23  15
LCD is ( x  3)( x  3)( x  8)
3 x  8
5x  5x  x8 x8
x 2  9 ( x  3)( x  3) x  8 3
5 x( x  8)
 77. Writing Exercise. The polynomials contain no
( x  3)( x  3)( x  8)
common factors other than constants.
2x  2x  x3
x 2  11x  24 ( x  3)( x  8) x  3 78. Writing Exercise. The binomial is a factor of the
2 x( x  3) trinomial.

( x  3)( x  8)( x  3) 3(2 x  5) 3(2 x  3)
79. 6 x  1  
69. Writing Exercise. If the numbers have a common x 1 x 1 x 1
 6 x  1  6 x  15  6 x 9
factor, their product contains that factor more than the
x 1
greatest number of times it occurs in any one
factorization. In this case, their product is not their  18 x  5
x 1
least common multiple.
70. Writing Exercise. The numbers have no common 80. 2 x  11  3  1  6 x  3
x3 x4 4 x x3
factors. 3(2 x  11) 1(6 x  3)
 
71. 2 x  7  5 x  3 ( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)( x  3)
7  3 x  3 3(2 x  11)  1(6 x  3)

10  3 x ( x  3)( x  4)
 10  x  6 x  33  6 x  3
3 ( x  3)( x  4)
30
The solution is  10 . 
3 ( x  3)( x  4)
72. 1 x  2 x 1
81. x2  2x  1
3 5 2
3x  5 x  2 3x  1 x  2
  
15 x  15 2 x  1
1
3 5   x2  2x
(3x  1)( x  2) (3 x  1)( x  2)
5 x  6 x  15
 x  15  x2  2 x
x  15 (3x  1)( x  2)
 x x  15 , or 15,   x ( x  2)

(3x  1) ( x  2)
73. x 2  8 x  20  x
x 2  8 x  20  0 3x  1
( x  2)( x  10)  0 x y x y
82.  2  2x
x20 or x  10  0 2
x y 2
x  y 2 x2  y 2
x  2 or x  10 x  y  x  y  2x
The solutions are –2 and 10. 
x2  y2
74.  x  16  x  2 0
2 x  16 x  y2
x  8 0
 x x  8 , or  , 8 83. The smallest number of strands that can be used is the
LCM of 10 and 3.
75. 2 x2  4 x  2  0 10  2  5
2( x 2  2 x  1)  0 33
LCM  2  5  3  30
2( x  1)2  0
The smallest number of strands that can be used is 30.
x 1 0
x  1
The solution is –1.

84. The smallest number of strands that can be used is the 92. The number of years after 2020 in which all three
LCM of 4, 6, and 8. appliances will need to be replaced at once is the
4  22 LCM of the average numbers of years each will last.
6  23 9  33
8  222 12  2  2  3
LCM  2  2  2  3  24 strands 15  3  5
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180
85. If the number of strands must also be a multiple of 4, All three appliances will need to be replaced
we find the smallest multiple of 30 that is also a 180 years after 2020, or in 2200.
multiple of 4.
1  30  30, not a multiple of 4 93. Writing Exercise. Evaluate both expressions for some
2  30  60  15  4, a multiple of 4 value of the variable for which both are defined. If the
results are the same, we can conclude that the answer
The smallest number of strands that can be used is 60. is probably correct.
86. 80  2  2  2  2  5 94. Writing Exercise. The LCD can be found regardless
96  2  2  2  2  2  3 of the factorization selected, because it will be
108  2  2  3  3  3 multiplied by any factors of the other denominator(s)
LCM  2  2  2  2  2  3  3  3  5  4320 that it lacks. However, if the factorization selected
contains the other factorizations, then no
87. 4 x 2  25  (2 x  5)(2 x  5) multiplication is required to find the LCD.
6 x 2  7 x  20  (3x  4)(2 x  5)
(9 x 2  24 x  16) 2   (3x  4)(3 x  4)
2
Exercise Set 6.4
 (3 x  4)(3 x  4)(3 x  4)(3 x  4)
1. To add or subtract when denominators are different,
LCM  (2 x  5)(2 x  5)(3x  4) 4
first find the LCD.
88. 9n 2  9  32 (n  1)(n  1) 2. Multiply each rational expression by a form of 1 made
(5n 2  10n  5)2  [5(n  1)(n  1)]2  52 ( n  1) 4 up of the factors of the LCD that are missing from
15n  15  3  5(n  1) that expression’s denominator.
LCM  32  52 (n  1)(n  1)4  225(n  1)(n  1) 4 3. Add or subtract the numerators, as indicated. Write
the sum or difference over the LCD.
89. The first printer prints 24 pages per minute, which is
4. Simplify, if possible.
24  2 page per second. The second printer prints
60 5
5. 32  5  3  5 LCD  x  x, or x 2
15 pages per minute, which is 15 , or 1 page per x x x x x
60 4  3  5x
second. The time it takes until the machines begin x x x x
printing a page at exactly the same time again is the   25 x
3
LCM of their copying rates, 5 and 4. x
It takes 20 seconds. 6. LCD  x 2
90. The time it takes to replace both the vitamin D3 and 6  7  6  x  7  6x  7
fish oil bottles is the LCM of the times it takes to x x2 x x x2 x2
empty each bottle. Two vitamin D3 pills are taken
each day, so use 18  2  9. Four fish oil pills are
taken each day, so use 120  4  30.
7.
6r  2  3  r

8r  2  2  2  r
LCD  2  2  2  3  r , or 24r
9  33 1  3  1 4  3 3
30  3  5 6 r 8r 6 r 4 8r 3
LCM  3  3  5  90  9
4
24r
It takes 90 days.
 5 , or  5
91. The number of minutes after 5:00 A.M. when the 24r 24r
shuttles will first leave at the same time again is the 8. LCD  18t
LCM of their departure intervals, 15 minutes and 25 4  7  4  2  7  3  8  21  13 , or  13
minutes. 9t 6t 9t 2 6t 3 18t 18t 18t
15  3  5
25  3  5 9. uv 2  u  v  v  3 2
LCM  3  5  5  75  LCD  u  u  u  v  v, or u v
u 3v  u  u  u  v
Thus, the shuttles will leave at the same time 75
minutes after 5:00 A.M., or at 6:15 A.M. 3  4  3  u 2  4  v  3u 2  4v
uv 2 u 3v uv 2 u 2 u 3v v u 3v 2

10.
cd 2  c  d  d 
 LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d
c 2 d  c  c  d 
2 2 16.
22
4  22 
LCD  4
a2  a4  a22  a4

8  1  8 c  1 d
2 4 2 2 4
cd 2 c 2 d cd 2 c c 2 d d
 2a  4  a  4
 8c2 2d 4 4
c d 2a  4  (a  4)

4
11. 3xy 2  3  x  y  y  LCD  3  x  x  y  y  y, 2 a  4  a4
 
x 2 y 3  x  x  y  y  y  or 3 x 2 y 3 4
2  6  2  xy  6  3  2 xy  18  a8
4
3xy 2 x 2 y 3 3 xy 2 xy x 2 y 3 3 3x 2 y3
2  xy  9  15a  3  5  a  2
 17.  LCD  5  3  a  a, or 15a
3x2 y3 3a 2  3  a  a 
a  3  2 a  1  a  3  a  2a  1  5
9t 3  3  3  t  t  t  3 15a 3a 2 15a a 3a 2 5
12. 2  LCD  2  3  3  t  t  t , or 18t 2
6t  2  3  t  t   a  3a  10 a5
8  5  8  2  5  3t 15a 2
2
9t 3 6t 2 9t 3 2 6t 2 3t  a  13a2  5
 16  15t 15a
18t 3
2 
18. 2a  2  a  a  LCD  2  3  a  a, or 6a 2
13.
8  222
6  23 
LCD  2  2  2  3, or 24 6a  2  3  a 
5a  1  a  2  5a  1  3  a  2  a
x3  x2  x33  x 2 4 2a 2 6a 2a 2 3 6a a
8 6 8 3 6 4 3(5a  1)  a (a  2)
3( x  3)  4( x  2) 
 6a 2
24 2
 15a  3  2a  2a
 3x  9  4 x  8 6a
24 2
a  17 a3
 7x  1 
24 6a 2
14.
9  33
12  2  2  3 
LCD  2  2  3  3, or 36 19.
3z  3  z

4z  2  2  z
LCD  2  2  3  z , or 12 z
x4  x5  x44  x53 4 z  9  3z  8  4 z  9  4  3z  8  3

9 12 9 4 12 3 3z 4z 3z 4 4z 3

4( x  4)  3( x  5)  16 z  36  9 z  24
36 12 z 12 z
16 z  36  (9 z  24)
 4 x  16  3 x  15 
36 12 z
16 z  36  9 z  24
 7x  1 
36 12 z
 7 z  12
15.
6  23
33 
LCD  2  3, or 6
12 z
x  2  x 1  x  2  x 1  2
6 3 6 3 2
20.
xx 
4x  2  2  x
LCD  4x
x  1  2x  3  x  1  2x  3  4
 x  2  2x  2
6 6 4x x 4x x 4

x  2  (2x  2)  x  1  8 x  12
6 4x 4x
x  1  (8 x  12)
 x  2  2x  2 
6 4x
  x  4 , or
 ( x  4)  x  1  8 x  12
6 6 4x
 7 x  13
4x

cd 2  c  d  d  25. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is

2 2
21.  LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d their product, ( x  2)( x  2).
c 2 d  c  c  d 
3  3  3  x2 3  x2
3c  d  c  d  3c  d  c  c  d  d x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
cd 2 c 2d cd 2 c c 2 d d 3( x  2)  3( x  2)
c(3c  d )  d (c  d ) 
 ( x  2)( x  2)
c 2d 2 3 x  6  3x  6
2 2 
 3c  cd2 2cd  d ( x  2)( x  2)
c d  6x
 3c 2
 2 cd  d 2 ( x  2)( x  2)
2 2
c d
(3c  d )(c  d ) 26. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is
 their product, ( x  1)( x  1).
c 2d 2
5  5  5  x 1  5  x 1
u 2v  u  u  v  2 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
22.  LCD  u  u  v  v, or u v 5( x  1)  5( x  1)
uv 2  u  v  v  
( x  1)( x  1)
u  v  2u  v  u  v  v  2u  v  u
 5 x  5  5x  5
u 2v uv 2 u 2v v uv 2 u ( x  1)( x  1)
v(u  v)  u (2u  v)
  10 x
u 2v 2 ( x  1)( x  1)
2 2
 uv  v 2 22u  uv
u v 27. t  1 LCD  (t  3)(t  1)
2
 2u  22 uv  v2 t  3 t 1
u v2  t  t 1  1  t  3
t  3 t 1 t 1 t  3
3xt 2  3  x  t  t  2 2  t2  t  t 3
23.  LCD  3  x  x  t  t , or 3 x t (t  3)(t  1) (t  3)(t  1)
x 2t  x  x  t 
t 2  t  (t  3)
4 x  2t  5 x  3t  4 x  2t  x  5 x  3t  3t 
(t  3)(t  1)
3xt 2 x 2t 3 xt 2 x x 2t 3t 2
 4 x 2
 2 tx  15 xt  9t 2  t t 3
t
3x t2 2 2 2
3x t (t  3)(t  1)
2 (t  3)(t  1)

4 x 2  2tx  (15 xt  9t 2 )  t  2t  3 
(t  3)(t  1) (t  3)(t  1)
3x 2t 2
2
 4 x  2tx 215 xt  9t 2 (Although t 2  2t  3 can be factored, doing so will
2 not enable us to simplify the result further.)
3x t
2
 4 x  13 xt  9t 2
2 2 28. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is
3x t their product, ( y  1)( y  1).
(Although 4 x 2  13xt  9t 2 can be factored, doing so y
will not enable us to simplify the result further.)  12 LCD (y  3)(y  4)
y 3 y 4
y y4 y 3
2 x 2 y  2  x  x  y  2 2    12 
24.  LCD  2  x  x  y  y, or 2 x y y 3 y 4 y 4 y 3
xy 2  x  y  y  y (y  4) 12(y  3)
 
5 x  3 y 3x  4 y 5 x  3 y y 3x  4 y 2 x (y  3)(y  4) (y  3)(y  4)
    
2 x2 y xy 2 2x2 y y xy 2 2x y 2  4 y  12 y  36
2 2 
5 xy  3 y 6 x  8 xy (y  3)(y  4)
 
2x2 y2 2 x2 y 2 y 2  16 y  36 ( y  2)( y  18)
 
5 xy  3 y 2  (6 x 2  8 xy ) (y  3)(y  4) ( y  3)( y  4)

2x2 y2 (Although y 2  16 y  36 can be factored, doing so
5 xy  3 y 2  6 x 2  8 xy will not enable us to simplify the result further.)

2x2 y2
3 y 2  3 xy  6 x 2

2 x2 y 2
3( y  2 x)( y  x)

2 x2 y 2

29.
3x  3  x
x 1  x 1LCD  3x( x  1)
34. LCD  ( p  4)( p  4)
5p

p
2
3  2  3  3x  2  x  1 p  16 p  4
x  1 3x x  1 3x 3x x  1 5p p
9 x  2( x  1)  
 ( p  4)( p  4) p  4
3 x( x  1) 5p p p4
  
 9x  2x  2 ( p  4)( p  4) p  4 p  4
3 x( x  1) 5p  p ( p  4)
11 x2 
 ( p  4)( p  4)
3 x( x  1)
5p  p 2  4p

=
x5 x5 ( p  4)( p  4)
30. LCD  4x( x  5)
4x  4  x p 2  9p

2  3  2  4x  3  x  5 ( p  4)( p  4)
x  5 4x x  5 4x 4x x  5
2  4 x  3( x  5) 35. LCD  3( z  4)

4 x( x  5) 6  2  6  2
 8 x  3x  15 z  4 3 z  12 z  4 3( z  4)
4 x( x  5)
 6 3 2
 x  15
11 z  4 3 3( z  4)
4 x( x  5)
 18  2
3( z  4) 3( z  4)
2 
31. 2t  2t  2t (t  1)  LCD  2t (t  1)  16
2t  2  2(t  1)  3( z  4)
3  5  3  5 36. LCD  4(t  3)
2t 2  2t 2t  2 2t (t  1) 2(t  1)
3 t  5  t  5
  5 t
2t (t  1) 2(t  1) t t  3 4t  12 t  3 4(t  3)
 3  5t  t 4 5
2t (t  1) t  3 4 4(t  3)
 4t  5
2  4(t  3)
32. 3t  15t  3t (t  5) LCD  6t (t  5)
2t  10  2(t  5) 
5  2 q 1
8 3 8 37.  5   2
  2 3  3t q  1 (q  1)2 q  1 q  1 ( q  1) 2
3t (t  5) 2(t  5) 3t (t  5) 2 2(t  5) 3t 5(q  1)  2

 16  9t (q  1)2
6t (t  5) 6t (t  5)
5q  5  2
 16  9t 
6t (t  5) (q  1) 2
5q  3

33. LCD  (a  3)(a  3) (q  1) 2
3a  a
a2  9 a  3 38. LCD  ( w  2)2
 3a  a 3  7
(a  3)(a  3) a  3
w  2 ( w  2) 2
 3a  a  a3
(a  3)(a  3) a  3 a  3  3  w2  7
3a  a(a  3) w  2 w  2 ( w  2) 2
 3( w  2)  7
(a  3)(a  3) 
2 ( w  2)2
 3a  a  3a
(a  3)(a  3)  3w  6 27
( w  2)
 a2
(a  3)(a  3)  3w  132
( w  2)

3a  9a 10 (a  1)
39. 
4a  20 6a  30
3a 9a (a  2) (a  1) (a  3)
  LCD  2  2  3(a  5)
2  2( a  5) 2  3(a  5)  10
3a (a  2)(a  3)
 3 9a 2
2  2( a  5) 3 2  3(a  5) 2 x 1
44. 
 9a  18a x2  2 x  1 x2  5x  4
2  2  3(a  5) x 1
27 a  
 ( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  4)
2  2  3(a  5)
LCD  ( x  1) 2 ( x  4)
3 9a
  x x4 1  x 1
2  2  3(a  5) ( x  1)( x  1) x  4 ( x  1)( x  4) x  1
 9a x( x  4)  1  ( x  1) x 2  4 x  x  1
4(a  5)  
( x  1) 2 ( x  4) ( x  1) 2 ( x  4)
2
40. 4a  3a  4a  3a  x  25 x  1
5a  10 10a  20 5( a  2) 2  5(a  2) ( x  1) ( x  4)
 4a  2  3a
x 4
5( a  2) 2 2  5(a  2) 45. 
x 2  9 x  20 x 2  7 x  12
 8a  3a
10(a  2)  x  4
 11a ( x  4)( x  5) ( x  3)( x  4)
10(a  2) LCD  ( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)
 x  3
x 4  x5
y y 1 ( x  4)( x  5) x  3 ( x  3)( x  4) x  5
41.  LCD  y ( y  1)
y 1 y x( x  3)  4( x  5)

y y y 1 y 1 ( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)
   
y 1 y y y 1 2
 x  3 x  4 x  20
y 2  ( y 2  2 y  1) ( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)

y ( y  1)  x 2  x  20
2y 1 ( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)

y ( y  1) ( x  4) ( x  5)

( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  5)
42. x  4  x  x  4  x  4  x  x x5
x x4 x x4 x4 x 
( x  3)( x  5)
( x  4)2  x 2

x( x  4) 46. x  2
x 2
 8 x  16  x 2 x2  5 x  6 x2  3x  2

x( x  4)  x  2
2 x 2
 8 x  16 ( x  3)( x  2) ( x  2)( x  1)

x( x  4) LCD  ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
2( x 2  4 x  8)  x  1 
x 2  x3
 ( x  3)( x  2) x  1 ( x  2)( x  1) x  3
x( x  4)
 x2  x  2x  6
6 4 ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
43. 
a 2  a  2 a 2  4a  3 x 2  x  (2 x  6)

6 4 ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
 
(a  2)(a  1) (a  3)(a  1) 2
 x  x  2x  6
LCD  ( a  2)(a  1)(a  3) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
 6 a3  4 a2  x2  x  6
(a  2)(a  1) a  3 (a  3)(a  1) a  2 ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
6( a  3)  4(a  2) ( x  3)( x  2)
 
(a  2)(a  1)(a  3) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
 6a  18  4a  8 ( x  3) ( x  2)
(a  2)(a  1)(a  3) 
10a  10 ( x  3) ( x  2) ( x  1)

(a  2)(a  1)(a  3)  x3
( x  3)( x  1)

47. 3z  10 52. 2  1  2 5  x  1
z2  4z  4 z2  z  6 5 x 5 x 5 x
 3z 2  10  10  2 x  1
( z  2) ( z  2)( z  3) 5 x
LCD  ( z  2) 2 ( z  3)  11  2 x
5 x
 3z  z  3  10  z2
( z  2) 2 z  3 ( z  2)( z  3) z  2 53. 3  2  3 4  x  2
3 z ( z  3)  10( z  2) 4 x 4 x 4 x

( z  2) 2 ( z  3)  12  3 x  2
2 4 x
 3 z  9 z  10 z  20 10  3x

( z  2)2 ( z  3) 4 x
2
 3 z  19 z  20
54. 4  3  4  3x  2  3
( z  2) 2 ( z  3) 3x  2 3x  2 3x  2
3  2  12 x  8  3
48. 3x  2
x2  9 x2  x  6
3 2  12 x  5
  3x  2
( x  3)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  3)
LCD  ( x  3)( x  3)( x  2) 5 x  x  2  5 x  x  2  1
55.
4 4 1
x2  x3
3 2 4 4

( x  3)( x  3) x  2 ( x  2)( x  3) x  3  5x  2  x
3( x  2)  2( x  3) 4 4
 5 x  (2  x)
( x  3)( x  3)( x  2) 
4
 3x  6  2 x  6  5x  2  x
( x  3)( x  3)( x  2) 4
5 x  12
  6x  2
( x  3)( x  3)( x  2) 4
2(3 x  1)
7 0 
49.  22
x 2  25 x  24 x 2  11x  10 2 (3 x  1)

Note that 2 0  0 , so the difference is 2 2
x  11x  10  3x  1
7 2
.
x 2  25 x  24 x  2 x  3  x  2 x  3  1
56.
x 1 6 6 6 6 1

50.
x 2  17 x  72 x 2  15 x  56  x  2 x  3
x 1 6 6
  x  ( 2 x  3)
( x  8)( x  9) ( x  8)( x  7) 
LCD  ( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) 6
 x  2x  3
 x  7 
x 1  x9 6
( x  8)( x  9) x  7 ( x  8)( x  7) x  9
 3x  3
 x2  7 x  x9 6
( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) ( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) 3 ( x  1)

x 2  7 x  ( x  9) 2 3

( x  8)( x  9)( x  7)  x 1
2 2
 x  7x  x  9
( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) x  x
57.
 x2  6x  9 x5 5 x
( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) Note that the denominators are opposites, so the sum
is 0.
51. 3  4  3  2x  1  4
2x  1 2x  1 2x  1 y y y y 2y
58.    
 6x  3  4 y2 2 y y2 y2 y2
2x  1
 6x  7
2x  1

y2 y2 y2 3 y
59.  9   9  1 64. 
y  3 3  y y  3 3  y 1 y  7 49  y 2
y2 y2 3 y
  9  
y  7 (7  y )(7  y )
y  3 3  y
y2 3 y
y2  9    1
 y  7 (7  y )(7  y ) 1
y 3
y2 y 3
( y  3) ( y  3)   LCD  ( y  7)( y  7)
 y  7 ( y  7)( y  7)
y 3 y2 y7 y3
  
 y3 y  7 y  7 ( y  7)( y  7)
y 2  9 y  14  y  3
t 2  4  t 2  4  1 
60. ( y  7)( y  7)
t  2 2  t t  2 2  t 1
2 y 2  10 y  11
 t  4 
t  2 2  t ( y  7)( y  7)
2
 t 4 x  3
t2 65.
(t  2) (t  2) x  4 16  x 2
  x  3
t2 x  4 (4  x)(4  x)
t2
 x  1  3
c  5  c  5  c  5  c  5  1 x  4 1 (4  x)(4  x)
61.
c 2  64 64  c 2 c 2  64 64  c 2 1  x  3 LCD  (4  x)(4  x)
4  x (4  x)(4  x)
 2c  5  25  c
c  64 c  64   x 4 x  3
4  x 4  x (4  x)(4  x)
 c  25  5  c
c  64  x(4  x)  3

 20 (4  x)(4  x)
c  64 2
0  4 x  x  3
(4  x)(4  x)
2
62. b  4  b  4  b  4  b  4  1  x  4x  3
b 2  49 49  b 2 b 2  49 49  b 2 1 (4  x)(4  x)
 b2  4  2b  4 ( x  3)( x  1)
2
 x  4x  3 
b  49 b  49 ( x  4)( x  4) ( x  4)( x  4)
 b  42  b  4
b  49 x  2
66.
 20 3  x x2  9
b  49
0  x  2
3  x ( x  3)( x  3)
4 p p 1  x  1  2
63.  3  x 1 ( x  3)( x  3)
25  p 2 p  5
4 p p 1  x  2 LCD  ( x  3)( x  3)
  x  3 ( x  3)( x  3)
(5  p )(5  p) p  5
4 p p 1  x  x3 2
  1  ( x  3) x  3 ( x  3)( x  3)
(5  p )(5  p) 1 p  5  x( x  3)  2
p4 p 1 
  LCD  ( p  5)( p  5) ( x  3)( x  3)
( p  5)( p  5) p  5 2
p4 p 1 p  5   x  3x  2
   ( x  3)( x  3)
( p  5)( p  5) p  5 p  5 2
  x  3x  2
p  4  p2  6 p  5 ( x  3)( x  3)

( p  5)( p  5) ( x  2)( x  1)

p2  7 p  1 ( x  3)( x  3)

( p  5)( p  5)

a  2a 2
67. 70. 4 2 a  a  2
a2  1 a  a2 a 9 3 a
2 a
 2a  4  a2
a  1 a (1  a )   a2
a (a  3)(a  3) 3  a
  2
(a  1)(a  1) 1  a  4  a2  a  2  1
(a  3)(a  3) 3  a 1
 a  2  1
(a  1)(a  1) 1  a 1  4  a2  2  a LCD  ( a  3)(a  3)
 a  2 LCD  (a  1)(a  1) (a  3)(a  3) a  3
(a  1)(a  1) a  1 4  a2
  2aa3
 a  2  a  1 (a  3)(a  3) a  3 a  3
(a  1)(a  1) a  1 a  1
4  a 2  (2a  6  a 2  3a )
 a  2a  2 
(a  1)(a  1) (a  3)(a  3)
 a  2 , or a2  4  a 2  2a  6  a 2  3a

(a  1)(a  1) (1  a )(1  a ) (a  3)( a  3)
 a2
3x  2  x (a  3)(a  3)
68.
3x  6 4  x 2
 3x  2  x LCD  3( x  2)(2  x ) 71. x  3  x  3  x  62
3( x  2) (2  x)(2  x) 2 x x2 4 x
 3x  2  2  x  x 3  x3  x3  x6 LCD  (2  x)(2  x)
3( x  2) 2  x (2  x)(2  x) 3 2  x x  2 (2  x)(2  x)
(3x  2)(2  x)  x  3
  x3 2 x  x3 2 x  x6
3( x  2)(2  x) 2  x 2  x x  2 2  x (2  x)(2  x)
3 x 2
 4 x  4  3x ( x  3)(2  x)  ( x  3)(2  x)  ( x  6)
 
3( x  2)(2  x) (2  x)(2  x)
2
 3 x  7 x  4 , or x 2  x  6  (  x 2  x  6)  x  6

3( x  2)(2  x) (2  x)(2  x)
3x 2  7 x  4 2 2
 x  x6 x  x6 x6
3( x  2)( x  2) (2  x)(2  x)
2
4x  6  2x  x  6
69. (2  x)(2  x)
x2  y 2 y  x
(2 x  3)( x  2 )
 4x  6 
( x  y )( x  y ) y  x ( 2  x )(2  x)
 4x  6  1  x3
2
( x  y )( x  y ) y  x 1 2 x
 4x  6 LCD  ( x  y )( x  y )
( x  y )( x  y ) x  y 72. t  5  t  4  t2 2
1 t t 1 t 1
x y
 4x  6   t  5  1  t  4  t2
( x  y )( x  y ) x  y x  y 1  t 1 t  1 (t  1)(t  1)
4 x  (6)( x  y )
  5t  t 4  t2 LCD  (t  1)(t  1)
( x  y )( x  y ) t  1 t  1 (t  1)(t  1)
4x  6x  6 y (5  t )(t  1)  (t  4)(t  1)  t  2
 
( x  y )( x  y ) (t  1)(t  1)
10 x  6 y  t 2
 4t  5  t 2  3t  4  t  2
 
( x  y )( x  y ) (t  1)(t  1)
2(5 x  3 y )  2 t 2
 2 t  11
 
( x  y )( x  y ) (t  1)(t  1)

73. 2 x  5  x  7  5 x  17 LCD  ( x  1)( x  5) 77. 1  2  3

x  1 x  5 ( x  1)( x  5) x 2  7 x  12 x 2  4 x  3 x 2  5 x  4
(2 x  5)( x  5)  ( x  7)( x  1)  (5 x  17)  1  2  3
 ( x  3)( x  4) ( x  1)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  4)
( x  1)( x  5)
2 LCD is ( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
 2 x  15 x  25  x 2  8 x  7  5 x  17
( x  1)( x  5)  1  x 1  2  x4
2 ( x  3)( x  4) x  1 ( x  1)( x  3) x  4
 3 x  18 x  15
( x  1)( x  5)  3  x3
( x  1)( x  4) x  3
3 ( x  1) ( x  5)
 x  1  2( x  4)  3( x  3)
( x  1) ( x  5) 
( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
3
 x  1  2 x  8  3x  9
( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
x  5  x  7  7 x  19
74.  2x  2
x  3 x  2 ( x  3)( x  2)
( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
LCD is ( x  3)( x  2)
2 ( x  1)
 x  5  x  2  x  7  x  3  7 x  19 
x  3 x  2 x  2 x  3 ( x  3)( x  2) ( x  1) ( x  3)( x  4)
( x  5)( x  2)  ( x  7)( x  3)  (7 x  19) 2
 
( x  3)( x  2) ( x  3)( x  4)
2
 x  7 x  10  x 2  10 x  21  7 x  19
( x  3)( x  2) 78. 4  2  5
2 x2  x  2 x2  4 x  3 x2  x  6
 2 x  10 x  12 4 2 5
( x  3)( x  2)   
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  3)
2( x 2  5 x  6) LCD is ( x  2)( x  1)( x  3)

( x  3)( x  2)
 4  x3  2  x2
2 ( x  3) ( x  2) ( x  2)( x  1) x  3 ( x  1)( x  3) x  2

( x  3) ( x  2)  5  x 1
( x  2)( x  3) x  1
2
4( x  3)  2( x  2)  5( x  1)

75. 1  1  2x ( x  2)( x  1)( x  3)
x  y x  y x2  y2  4 x  12  2 x  4  5 x  5
LCD  ( x  y )( x  y ) ( x  2)( x  1)( x  3)
1 x y x y  x3
   1   2x
( x  2)( x  1)( x  3)
x  y x  y x  y x  y ( x  y )( x  y )
( x  y)  ( x  y)  2 x  1
 ( x  2)( x  1)
( x  y )( x  y )
0 79. Writing Exercise. Using the least common
2r  1  1 denominator usually reduces the complexity of
76. 2 computations and requires less simplification of the
r  s2 r  s r  s
2r sum or difference.
  1  1
(r  s )(r  s ) r  s r  s 80. Writing Exercise. If the denominators are the same,
LCD  (r  s )(r  s ) add the numerators and keep the same denominator.
 2r  1 rs  1 rs Simplify, if possible. If the denominators are
(r  s )(r  s ) r  s r  s r  s r  s different, follow the steps in the box on page 392 of
2r  ( r  s )  ( r  s ) the text.

(r  s )(r  s )
81. 3  12  ( 4)  3  3  6
 2 r  2s
(r  s )(r  s ) 82. 6  1  7  7
2( r  s )

(r  s )( r  s ) 83. (1.2  108 )(2.5  106 )  (1.2  2.5)(108  106 )
 2  3  1014
rs
4
84. (2a 3b 5 )( 3ab 4 )  6a 4b 1  6a
b

92. 2 x  11  3  2 x  1  3
2
85. (3a 1b) 2  32 a 2b 2  a 2
9b x 3 x 4 4 x 3 x
 6 x  33  6x  3
86.  ( 12)  12 ( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)(3  x)
 6 x  33  6x  3  1
87. Writing Exercise. Their sum is zero. Another ( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)(3  x) 1
explanation is that  1 
3 x   1  1 .
 (3  x) x  3
 6 x  33  6 x  3
( x  3)( x  4) ( x  4)( x  3)
88. Writing Exercise. No; when adding, no sign changes  6 x  33  6 x  3

( x  3)( x  4)
are required so the result is the same regardless of 30
parentheses. When subtracting, however, the sign of 
( x  3)( x  4)
each term of the expression being subtracted must be
changed and parentheses are needed to make sure this 2 x  16  x2  x6
is done. 93.
x2  x  2 x2  5x  6 x2  2 x  3
 x 3 4   2  x 2 5   2 x  16  x2  x6
89. P  2 ( x  2)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  3) ( x  3)( x  1)
6  4 LCD  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
 LCD  ( x  4)( x  5)
x 4 x 5  2 x  16  x  3  x2  x 1
 6  x5  4  x4 ( x  2)( x  1) x  3 ( x  2)( x  3) x  1
x4 x5 x5 x4  x6 x2
 6 x  30  4 x  16 ( x  3)( x  1) x  2
( x  4)( x  5)
2 x 2  22 x  48  ( x 2  3 x  2)  ( x 2  4 x  12)
10 x  14  2(5 x  7) 
 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
( x  4)( x  5) ( x  4)( x  5)
 
    29 x 58
A 3 2  6 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
x4 x5 ( x  4)( x  5)
29 ( x  2)

90. P  2l  2w ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3)
2 x 2 x
x4  
x5
 29
( x  1)( x  3)
 2 x  2 x LCD  ( x  4)( x  5)
x4 x5 94. 2x  8  x2  x2
 2x  x  5  2x  x  4 x2  3x  2 x2  5 x  6 x 2  4 x  3
x4 x5 x5 x4  2x  8  x2  x2
2 2
 x  10 x  2 x  8 x
2 ( x  1)( x  2) ( x  2)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  3)
( x  4)( x  5) LCD  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
2
 18 x 8  x3 x2  x 1
 4 x 2 x

( x  4)( x  5) ( x  1)( x  2) x  3 ( x  2)( x  3) x  1
2 x(2 x  9)  x2 x2

( x  4)( x  5) ( x  1)( x  3) x  2
A  lw 2 x 2  14 x  24  ( x 2  x  2)  ( x 2  4 x  4)

 x   
x4 x5
x
 11x  22
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
x2 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)

( x  4)( x  5) 11( x  2)

( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
91. x2  2x  1  11
2
3x  5 x  2 3x  1 x  2 ( x  1)( x  3)
 x2  2x
(3x  1)( x  2) (3 x  1)( x  2) 95. We recognize that this is the product of the sum and
x2  2 x difference of two terms ( A  B)( A  B)  A2  B 2 .


(3x  1)( x  2)
x( x  2)  x x 7  x 3 2  x x 7  x 3 2 
(3x  1)( x  2)  x2  9 LCD  ( x  7) 2 ( x  2)2
 x  x2 ( x  7) 2 ( x  2) 2
3x  1 x  2 ( x  2)2 2
 x 2
2
 9  ( x  7)
 x ( x  7) ( x  2)2 ( x  2) ( x  7)2
3x  1

Mid-Chapter Review 273
x 2 ( x  2) 2  9( x  7) 2 5 (a  b) (a 2  2ab  b 2 )
 
( x  7) 2 ( x  2) 2 (a  b) (a  b) (3a  b)(3a  b)
x ( x  4 x  4)  9( x 2  14  49)
2 2
5(a 2  2ab  b 2 )
 
( x  7)2 ( x  2) 2 (a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
2 3 2 2
 x  4 x  4 x 2 9 x  126 x  441
2 2
( x  7) ( x  2) 2 98. 2 x2  5 x  3  x  1  4 x  8 x  3  x  32
4 3 2 2x  9x  9 3  2x x3 9  4x
 x  4 x  5 x2  126 2x  441 2 (4 x 2
 8 x  3)( x  3)
( x  7) ( x  2)  2 x  5x  3  x  1 
(2 x  3)( x  3) 3  2 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
1 xy  ay  1  2 2
96.  2  2 x  5 x  3  1  x  1
ay  3a  2 xy  6 x a  4 x 2  y  3  (2 x  3)( x  3) 1 3  2 x
3 2
1 xy  ay  4 x  20 x  27 x  9
  2 ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
ay  3a  2 xy  6 x (a  4 x 2 )( y  3) 2 2
  2 x  5 x  3  x  1  4 x3  20 x 2  27 x  9
1 xy  ay
  (3  2 x)( x  3) 3  2 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
a( y  3)  2 x ( y  3) (a  2 x)(a  2 x)( y  3) 2 LCD  ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
1 xy  ay 2 ( x  3)(3  2 x)
 
( y  3)(a  2 x) (a  2 x)(a  2 x)( y  3) 2  2 x  5 x  3  3  2 x  x  1 
(3  2 x)( x  3) 3  2 x 3  2 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)
LCD  ( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x) 3 2
 4 x  20 x  27 x  9
1 ( y  3)(a  2 x) ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
  
( y  3)(a  2 x) ( y  3)(a  2 x) ( 4 x3  16 x 2  9 x  9  2 x3  x 2  12 x  9
xy  ay 
( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x) 4 x3  20 x 2  27 x  9)
ay  2 xy  3a  6 x  xy  ay 
 ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x) 3
 2 x  3x 2  6 x  9
3 xy  3a  6 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
 ,
( y  3)2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x) x 2 (2 x  3)  3(2 x  3)
3( xy  a  2 x) 
or ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x)
(2 x  3) ( x 2  3)

97.  a a b  a b b   3a1 b  92aa 6bb 
2 2

( x  3) (2 x  3) (3  2 x)
x2  3 , or  x2  3
a a (2a  6b) ( x  3)(3  2 x) ( x  3)(2 x  3)
 
(a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(9a 2  b 2 )
b(2a  6b) 99. Answer mays vary. a  3b
 b  ab ba
(a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(9a 2  b 2 )
a 2a 2  6ab 100.
  
(a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) 101. Writing Exercise. Both y1 and y2 are undefined when
 b  2ab  6b 2 x  5.
(a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
LCD  (a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
[a( a  b)(3a  b)  (2a 2  6ab)(a  b) Mid-Chapter Review

(a  b)( a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
1. a 2  a 2  5a
b(a  b)(3a  b)  (2ab  6b 2 )( a  b)] a  10 a 2  100

(a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) 2 2
 a  a 2  100
(3a3  2a 2b  ab 2  2a3  8a 2b  6ab 2 a  10 a  5a

(a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) a  a  (a  10)  (a  10)

b3  4ab 2  3a 2b  4ab 2  6b3  2a 2b) (a  10)  a  (a  5)
 a (a  10) a (a  10)
(a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)  
3 2 2 3 a (a  10) a5
 5a  15a b  5ab  5b a (a  10)
(a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) 
a5

2. 2  2 1 11. 5  10
x x x 2x  1 1  2x
 2 1  5  10 x  1 LCD  2 x  1
x x( x  1) 2 x  1 1  2 x 1
 2  x 1  1  5  10 x
x x  1 x( x  1) 2x  1
5(2 x  1)
 2x  2  1 
2x  1
x( x  1) x( x  1)
 5
 2x  3
x( x  1) 3  2  3  2  5
12.
x4 4 x x4 x4 x4
3. 3  2  3  x  2 5 LCD  5 x 2
5x x2 5x x x2 5 ( x  2)(2 x  3) ( x  2)( x  1)
13. 
 3x 210 ( x  1)( x  5) ( x  5)( x  3)
5x ( x  2)(2 x  3) ( x  5)( x  3)
 
( x  1)( x  5) ( x  2)( x  1)
4. 3  22  63
5x x 5x (2 x  3)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  5)
 
( x  1)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  5)
2
5. 3  22  3  x  3x  x  3 x (2 x  3)( x  3)

5x x 5 x 2 10 x 10 ( x  1)2
6. 3  22  3  x  22  5 LCD  5 x 2 14. a  b
5x x 5x x x 5 6a  9b 4a  6b
 3 x 210  a 2 b  3 LCD  6(2a  3b)
5x 3(2a  3b) 2 2(2a  3b) 3
2 ( x  3) ( x  2)  2a  3b
7. 2 x  6  x  2  6(2a  3b)
5 x  10 6 x  12 5 ( x  2)  2  3( x  2) 1
( x  3) 6

15( x  2) 2 2 ( x  4)( x  4) x 2
15. x 2  16  2 x 
8. 2  6  2  x5 x  x x  5 x  4 x( x  1)( x  4)( x  1)
x5 x5 x5 6 x( x  4)

2( x  5) ( x  1) 2
 1
3 2( x  5)
1 16. x 1  3 LCD  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  5)
3 x 2  7 x  10 x 2  x  2
x  1  x 1  x 1  3  x5
9. ( x  5)( x  2) x  1 ( x  2)( x  1) x  5
x  2 x 1
2
 x  x  1  1  x  2 LCD  ( x  2)( x  1)  x  2 x  1  3 x  15
x  2 x 1 x 1 x  2 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  5)
x( x  1)  ( x  2) x 2  5 x  14
 
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  2)( x  5)
2
 x xx2 ( x  7) ( x  2)
( x  2)( x  1) 
2
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  5)
 x  2x  2  x7
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  5)
10. 2  3 2 3(u 2  1)
x3 x4 17. 3u  3  4u  4   3
 2  x  4  3  x  3 LCD  ( x  3)( x  4) 4 3 4 4(u  1)
x3 x4 x4 x3 9 (u  1) (u  1)
2( x  4)  3( x  3) 
 16 (u  1)
( x  3)( x  4)
9(u  1)
 2 x  8  3x  9 
16
( x  3)( x  4)
 5 x  17
( x  3)( x  4)

(t  5) (t  4) (t  5) 8. The LCD is x( x  1)( x  1).

18. (t 2  t  20)  t  5  x 1 x 1
t4 t4
x  x  x( x  1)( x  1)
 (t  5)2
x2 x2 x( x  1)( x  1)
2 2
2 x 1 x 1
19.  a 2 2a  1  (a 2  3a  2) Choice (b) is correct.
a 4
(a  1) ( a  1) 1 11
 
( a  2)( a  2) ( a  2) ( a  1) 9. 2 3
11
 a 1 4 6
( a  2)( a  2)2 13 12
Getting a common denominator
 2 3 3 2
2(2 x  7) x(3x  5) 1312 in numerator and in denominator
20. 2 x  7  3x  5   LCD  2 x 4 3 6 2
x 2 2x 2x
2 32
 4 x  14  3 x  5 x  6 6
2x 3  2
2
 3 x  9 x  14 12 12
2x 5
Adding in the numerator;
 6
1 subtracting in the denominator
Exercise Set 6.5 12
Multiplying by the reciprocal
 5  12
1. The expression given above is a complex rational 6 1 of the divisor
expression.  56 2
6
2. The expression 5 is the denominator of the above 
5 6  2
x 6
expression.  10
3. The least common denominator of the rational
expressions within the expression above is 3x. 2 1 4  1
10. 5 10  10 10  3  60  18
7  4 21  16 10 5 5
4. To simplify, we can multiply by the reciprocal of 5 . 20 15 60 60
x
5. The LCD is the LCM of x, 2, and 3. It is 6x. 1 1
11. 4 LCD is 4.
11 11
2 3
x 2  x 2  6x 4
1  1 1  1 6x
3 x 3 x 1 1
 4  4 Multiplying by 4
Choice (b) is correct. 2 3 4 4
4
6. We get a single rational expression in the numerator
and another in the denominator.

 
1  1 4 Multiplying numerator and
4
11 121x
x 2 x 2 2 x
 
2  3 4 denominator by 4
4
11 1 x  13 1 4  1  4
3 x 3 x x 3  4
Choice (a) is correct. 2 4  3  4
4
7. We get a single rational expression in the numerator  4 1
and another in the denominator. 83
x 1  5
11
x  x  1  x2
x2 x x2  1 3 1 3 1
2
x 1 12. 4 4  4  12  1  13
Choice (a) is correct. 1 1 1 1 4 4  2 6
2 2

xx xx a5

13. 4  4  4 x LCD is 4 x
2 3(a  5)
4  x 4  x 4x 20. a  a 2 5  3a 
a2 a a  2 a(a  2)
x x 3a
 4  
x  x (4 x)
x3 x3

4  x (4 x)
x  21. 6 x  6 x  6 x
1  1 1  1 6x
LCD is 6 x
x 2
 4x2 3 x 3 x
 x  6x  3  6x
16  4 x 2
2  6 x
 5x 2 1  6x  1  6x
16  4 x 3 x
2
 x  18
2
 5x 2
4(4  x ) 2x  6
2
 x  18
12 12 2( x  3)
14. c  c  c  1  2c
1  5 1  5 c 1  5c 2 x 2 x
c c
22. x 4  x 4  4 x  8  x2
3 2 3  2 4 x 3x  8
15. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. 4 x 4 x
x2
x  1  x  2  x  3  ( x  2)( x  3) 11 11
x  4 x  1 x  4 ( x  1)( x  4) 23. s 5  s 5  5s LCD is 5s
x3 s5 s  5 5s
s s
x 1 1  5s  1  5s
16.  3  x  1  x  2 
( x  1)( x  2)  s 5
 
x
x  6 x  3 x  6 ( x  3)( x  6) s  5 (5s )
x2 s
 5s
10 10 ( s  5)(5)
17. t  t  t2  ( s  5)
2 5 2  5 t2 
t ( s  5) (5)
t 2
t2 t
10  t 2  1
 t 5

2  5 t2
t2 t  11 11
 10t 24. 9 n  9 n  9n  n  9
2  t2  5  t2 n  9 n  9 9n (n  9)(n)
t 9 9
t2
 10 t , or 10t 1 1 1 1
2  5t 5t  2 2
t2 2
25. t   t2 LCD is t 2
1 1 1 1 t
5 2 5 2 t t
x x2 x x2 x2 5x  2 1  t 2  1 t 2
18.   2
2 2 x 2 2
2 2 t
x x 1  t 2  1 t 2
t
19. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. 2
2a  5  1  t2
3a  2a  5  6a t t
2
a7 3a a  7  1 t
6a t (1  t )
(2a  5)  2  3a

3a  (a  7) 2 1 2 1
(2a  5)  2  3a 26. x  x  x2
 2  12 2  12 x
2
3a  (a  7)
x x
2(2a  5) 2

a7  2x 2  x
2x  1
x(2 x  1)

2 x2  1

27. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. 5  3 5  2  3  x2

x2 32. 4 x 3 8x
4
 x
3 2 8x
x2
x  y2
2 2 x y 3  3 2
3  2x  3
 2x 2  2x 4x
x x y x 2 x 2 x 2 4 x3
x y
10  3 x 2
x2 ( x  y) 3
 2  82x
( x  y 2 )( x) 6x  3
x  x  ( x  y) 4 x3
 2 3
( x  y )( x  y )( x)  10  33 x  42x
x  x  ( x  y) 8x 6x  3

( x  y )( x  y )( x ) 4 x3 (10  3 x 2 )

 x 2  4 x3  3(2 x 2  1)
x y 2
 10 23 x
6(2 x  1)
a 2  b2
28. ab  a 2  b 2  b x  3
ab ab ab 5 y 3 10 y
b 33.
3  x
( a  b) ( a  b )  b 10 y 5 y 3

a  b  ( a  b) Observe that, by the commutative law of addition, the
 a  b numerator and denominator are equivalent, so the
a result is 1.
7 4 7 4 a  4 a  4
2 c c 2 c c3 3
9b 2  6b3 9b 2  18b3  3a  8b
29. c   LCD is c3 34. 6b
6 3 6  3 c3 5  1 5  1 18b3 15b 2  2
c c3 c c3 6b 9b3 6b 9b3
7  c3  4  c3
c 2 c 3  4 3  a 2  4  b3
 4
6  c3  3  c3
35. ab a b  ab 4 a 2 a 3b b3
3
c c3 5  3 5  3  a2
 7 c  4 c 2
a 3b ab a3b ab a 2
6c 2  3
c (4c  7) 3a 2  4b3
 3 4
3(2c 2  1)  ab 2
5  3a
4 1 4  1 a3b
2 3 3
30. t
3
t 2  t3 t 2  t3  4  t  4  t  3a 3 44b  a b 2
3 5 3  5 t 3 3t 2  5t t (3t  5) ab 5  3a
t t2 t t2 a3b (3a 2  4b3 )

a3b  b3 (5  3a 2 )
2  1 2  2  1  a3 2 3
31. 7 a
4 14a
 7a
4 2 14a
a3  33a  4b2
3  2 3 3 2 a b (5  3a )
5a 2 15a 5a 2 3 15a a
2  3
4  a3
4 x 2 y xy 2
 14a 36.
3  2
9  2a
xy 2 x 2 y
15a 2
3 2 Observe that, by the commutative law of addition, the
 4  a4  15a numerator and denominator are equivalent, so the
14a 9  2 a
result is 1.
2
15  a (4  a 3 )

14a 2  a 2 (9  2a )
15(4  a3 )

14a 2 (9  2a )

t 9 1 1 1 a  1ah
t  9 tt 
37. t  t 41. a  h a  a  h a a ah
t 4 tt  4 h h
t t t a  ( a  h)
t2  9 a ( a  h)

 2t h
t 4 h
t a ( a  h)
t 2
 9 t 
 h
t t2  4 h
2  1
t (t  9) a ( a  h) h

t (t 2  4)  1
2 a ( a  h)
 t2  9
t 4
(t  3)(t  3) 1 1 1  x  1 xh
 x  h x x  h x x xh
t2  4 42. 
h h
2
x  ( x  h)
s 2 s s  2 s 2 x ( x  h)
38. s  s s  2s 
h
s  3 s s  3 s 3 h
s s s s
2 x( x  h)
 s  2  2 s 
s s 3 h
h
1
2
s ( s  2) 
 x ( x  h) h
s ( s 2  3)
2  1
 s2  2 x ( x  h)
s 3
11
y x 1  y 1
1 y  1 y  1 43.  2
x y xy
 LCD  xy
y y y y y 2
x y 2
x  y 2 xy
39.  
y  y 1 y 1 y
y  1 xy xy
y y y yx
 2
y2  1 x  y2
y x y
 2 
y 1 ( x  y) ( x  y)
y
y2  1 y  1
  2 x y
y y 1
y ( y 2  1) 11
1 1
 44. a 2  b 2  a2 b2  ab LCD  ab
y ( y 2  1) a b a  b ab
y2  1 ab ab

y2  1  b2  a 2
a b
 ab
1 x 1 x x  1 ( a  b)( a  b)
40. x  x  x  x x
x  x 1 x  1 x  x  1  1
x x x ab
x2  1
 2x
x 1
x
2
 x 2
 1  x  x ( x  1)
x 2 2
x  1 x ( x  1)
2
 x2  1
x 1

t 5 3 t 5 3 x  2 1
t  t  t LCD is t 2
45. 51. x  3 x  4 x  3x  4
t 2 1 t 2 t 1 x 3
t t 
x2  6 x  8 x2  6 x  8
t t  5t  3 t
 t x 1
2
t t  2t  1t  x  3x  4
t x3
2
t
 2  5t  3 x2  6 x  8
t  2t  1 x 1 ( x  4)( x  2)
2 = 
 t  5t 2 3 ( x  4)( x  1) x3
(t  1) ( x  1) ( x  4) ( x  2)
=
( x  4) ( x  1) ( x  3)
a 3 2 a 3 2
46. a= a  a  a 2  3a  2  (a  1)(a  2)  x2
a  2  5 a  2  5 a a  2a  5 a  2a  5
2 2 x3
a a
x  2 6
2
x2 1 x2 1 52. x  5 x  6 x  5x  6
47. x= xx x 2

x5 4 x5 4 x x2  5x  4 x2  5x  4
x x
x x  2 x  1  x x6
x 2
  x  5x  6
x x  5 x  4  x x2
x x2  5x  4
2
x
 2  2 x  1 x6 ( x  1)( x  4)
= 
x  5x  4 ( x  6)( x  1) x2
( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  4)
x  3  2 x  x  3 x  2 =
48. x= x x x ( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  2)
x4 3 x  4 x  3
x
x x x x  x4
x2  3x  2 x2
 2 x 53. Writing Exercise. Yes; Method 2, multiplying by the
x  4x  3 LCD, does not require division of rational
x expressions.
2
 x  3 x2 x
x x2  4 x  3 54. Writing Exercise. In Method 2, if there is a sum or a
2 difference in the numerator or denominator, the
 x2  3x  2 distributive law is used when we multiply by a factor
x  4x  3
equal to 1. The distributive law is also used when we
a2  4 simplify by removing a factor equal to 1.
2 (a  2)(a  2) (a  1)(a  7)
49. a 2  3a  2 =  55. 6 x3  9 x 2  4 x  6  3 x 2 (2 x  3)  2(2 x  3)
a  5a  6 ( a  2)(a  1) (a  1)(a  6)
a 2  6a  7  (2 x  3)(3 x 2  2)
(a  2) (a  2) (a  1) (a  7)
= 56. 12a 2b  4ab 2  8ab  4ab(3a  b  2)
(a  2) (a  1) (a  1)(a  6)
(a  2)(a  7) 57. 30n3  3n 2  9n  3n(10n 2  n  3)

(a  1)(a  6)  3n(2n  1)(5n  3)
x 2  x  12 58. 25a 2  40ab  16b 2  (5a  4b) 2

2 ( x  3)( x  4) ( x  2)( x  7)
50. 2  2 x  15 =
x 
x  8 x  12 ( x  3)( x  5) ( x  6)( x  2) 59. n 4  1  (n 2  1)(n 2  1)
x 2  5 x  14  (n 2  1)(n  1)(n  1)
( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  2) ( x  7)
=
( x  3) ( x  5)( x  6) ( x  2) 60. p 2 w2  2 pw  120  ( pw  10)( pw  12)
( x  4)( x  7)
 61. Writing Exercise. Although either method could be
( x  5)( x  6)
used, Method 2 requires fewer steps.

62. Writing Exercise. Since there is a single rational 2x  7  0

expression in the numerator and in the denominator, 2x  7
Method 2 would be used. x7
2
x5
63. x 6 Then we find the value of x for which 4 x  8  0 :
x7 5 15
x 8 4x  8  0
This expression is undefined for any value of x that 5 15
makes a denominator 0. We see that x  6  0 when
x  6, x  7  0 when x  7, and x  8  0 when
15 4

x
5 15 
 8  15  0
12 x  8  0
x  8, so the expression is undefined for the x-values 12 x  8
6, 7, and 8.
x 2
x 1 3
x2 The expression is undefined for the
64.
x3 x-values 7 and 2 .
x4 2 3
This expression is undefined for any value of x that 67. For the complex rational expression
makes a denominator 0. We see that x  2  0 A A  BD
when x  2, x  3  0 when x  3, and x  4  0 B  B LCD is BD.
C C  BD
when x  4, so the expression is undefined for the D D
x-values –2, –3, and –4. ABD
ABD
B
2x  3  B 
5 x4 CBD BC D
65. D
3  x2 D
7 21  AD
This expression is undefined for any value of x that BC
makes a denominator 0. First we find the value of x  A D
for which 5 x  4  0. B C
 
2  2   2 
5x  4  0 P 1 i P 1  i  i  P 1  i  i 
5 x  4 12  6 144    6 144 
68. 
 
2
x 4 
1  i  1 1  i  i   1
2  i  i2
5 12  6 144  6 144
2 i i i
Then we find the value of x for which 3  x  0 : 12 12 12
7 21
 2   2 
3  x2  0 P 1  i  i  P 1  i  i 
7 21   6 144    6 144 
 3 x2 
21    21  0
 7 21 
i
 
i 2  12
 6 144  i
   2 i
12
 2   2 
2
21   21  x  0
3 P 1  i  i  144 P 1  i  i 
7 21  6 144  144  6 144 
  
9  x2  0 2 i 144 144  2  i 
(3  x)(3  x)  0 12  12 
x  3 or 3 P (144  24i  i 2 )

The expression is undefined for the 288  12i
x-values  4 , –3 and 3. P (12  i )2 P(i  12) 2
 , or
5 12(24  i ) 12(i  24)
3x  5 x  3 x  3
66. 2 x  7 69. x  5 x  2  x  5 x  2  ( x  5)( x  2)
4x  8 2  x 2  x ( x  5)( x  2)
5 15 x2 x5 x2 x5
This expression is undefined for any value of x that x( x  2)  3( x  5)

makes a denominator 0. First we find the value of x 2( x  5)  x( x  2)
2
for which 2 x  7  0.  x  2 x  32x  15
2 x  10  x  2 x
2
 x  25 x  15
 x  10

Connecting the Concepts 281
z  2z z  2z 1  1  12  13 1  1  12  13 4
1 z 2  2z  z y y y y y y y
2  2z 74.   4 LCD  y 4
70.  2  2z 1 41 1 4 1 y
2z  3 2 z  15 z  6
y y
5z  2 5z  2
z  2z y 4  y3  y 2  y
2 z 
y4  1
  2z
2
y ( y  1)( y 2  1)
13 z  6  2
5z  2 ( y  1)( y 2  1)
z  2  2z  2z y ( y  1)( y 2  1)
 2 z  2
13z  6 ( y  1)( y  1)( y  1)
5z  2 
y
z (2  2 z )  2 z (2  z ) y 1
 2 z
13 z  6 1 1 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
75.  
5z  2 2  1 2  1 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
2z  2z2  4z  2z2 x  1 3x  2 x  1 3x  2
 2 z ( x  1)(3 x  2)

2 z
13z  6
5z  2  
2  1 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
x  1 3x  2
( x  1)(3 x  2)

 2  z  2 z  5 z  2 2 ( x  1)(3 x  2)  1 ( x  1)(3x  2)
13z  6 2  z 13z  6
x 1 3x  2
5z  2 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
2 z (5 z  2) 
 2(3 x  2)  ( x  1)
(2  z )(13 z  6)
( x  1)(3 x  2)

5 6x  4  x  1
 x  1  1 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
  
71.  x  1  5x  3
x 1 1
 x  1 
76. Writing Exercise. When a variable appears only in the
Consider the numerator of the complex rational numerator(s) of the rational expression(s) that are in
expression: the numerator of the complex rational expression,
x 1 1  11  0 there will be no restrictions on the variable.
x 1
Since the denominator, x  1  1 is not equal to 0, the Connecting the Concepts
x 1
simplified form of the original expression is 0.
1. Expression; 2  3
72. 1  1 1 1 1 1 5n 2 n  1
1 1 1 1 1 x 2  3
1 1 x 1 x 1 5n 2 n  1
x x 2(2n  1)  
1 1 1 1   3 5n LCD  5n(2n  1)
x 1 x 2x  1 5n(2n  1) 5n(2n  1)
x 1 x 1  4n  2  15n
 1  x  1  2x  1  x  1 5n(2n  1)
2x  1 2x  1 2x  1  19n  2
 3x  1 5n(2n  1)
2x  1
2. Equation;
1  252 1  252 2
3  1  1 Note y  0
73. x  x  x2 LCD  x 2 y 4 y
1  2  152 1  2  152 x
x x x x 4 y   1   4 y  1 
 3 LCD  4 y
2  y 4  y
 2  25
x
12  y  4
x  2 x  15  y  8
( x  5) ( x  5)
 y8
( x  5) ( x  3) The solution is 8.
 5
x
x3

3. Equation; 3  2  x , LCD = 30
5  3 Note that x  2, 3 5 3 6
x3 x2
( x  2)( x  3)  5  ( x  2)( x  3)  3
 
30 3  2  30  x
5 3 6
x3 x2 30  3  30  2  30  x
LCD is ( x  2)( x  3) 5 3 6
5( x  2)  3( x  3) 18  20  5 x
5 x  10  3 x  9 2  5 x
5 x  3x  1 2  x
2 x  1 5
x 1 Check:
2 32 x
5 3 6
4. Expression;
32 2
8t  8  t 2  1  8(t  1)(t  1)(t  1) 5
5 3
2t 2  t  1 t 2  2t  1 (2t  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  1) 6
8(t  1)
 18  20 2  1
(2t  1)(t  1) 30 30 5 6
?
5. Expression 2 
  2 TRUE
30 30
2a  4 a  2a  4 a
a  1 1  a2 a  1 a2  1 This checks, so the solution is  2 .
2a (a  1)  4a 5
 LCD  (a  1)(a  1)
( a  1)( a  1) 6. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no
2 restrictions exist.
 2 a  2a  4 a
(a  1)(a  1) 5  3  x , LCD = 40
2 8 5 10
 2a  2a
(a  1)(a  1)
2a (a  1)
 
40 5  3  40  x
8 5 10
 40  5  40  3  40  x
(a  1)(a  1) 8 5 10
 2a 25  24  4 x
a 1 1  4x
1x
6. Equation; 20  x Note x  0 4
x 5
20 Check:
5x   5 x  x LCD  5 x
x 5 53 x
100  x 2 8 5 10
0  x 2  100 53 1
4
0   x  10 x  10 8 5
10
x  10  0 or x  10  0 25  24 1  1
x  10 or x  10 40 40 4 10
The solutions are –10 and 10. ?
1  1 TRUE
40 40
Exercise Set 6.6 This checks, so the solution is 1 .
4
1. The statement is false. See Example 2(c).
7. Note that t cannot be 0.
2. The statement is true. See Example 2(b). 1  1  1 , LCD  48t
3. The statement is true. 8 12 t
4. The statement is true. The examples in this section  1

8 12 
48t  1  48t  1
t
demonstrate this. 48t  1  48t  1  48t  1
8 12 t
5. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no 6t  4t  48
restrictions exist. 10t  48
t  24
5

Check: 10. Note that x cannot be 0.

1 1 1 x  7  0, LCD  7 x
8 12 t 7 x
1 1
8 12
1
24  
7x x  7  7x  0
7 x
5 7x   7x  7  7x  0
x
3  2 1 5 7 x
24 24 24 x 2  49  0
?
5  5 TRUE ( x  7)( x  7)  0
24 24 x70 or x  7  0
This checks, so the solution is 24 . x  7 or x7
5
Check:
8. Note that t cannot be 0. x70 x70
1  1  1 , LCD  30t 7 x 7 x
6 10 t 7  7 0 77 0
7 7 7 7
30t  1  1   30t  1 1  1 11
 6 10  t
? ?
30t  1  30t  1  30t  1 0  0 TRUE 0  0 TRUE
6 10 t Both of these check, so the two solutions are –7 and 7.
5t  3t  30
8t  30 11. Note that x cannot be 0.
t  15 2  5  1 , LCD  4 x
4 x x 4
Check:
1 1 1 x  
4x  2  4x 5  1
x 4
6 10 t 4x  2  4x  5  4x  1
1 1 1 x x 4
6 10 15 8  20  x
4 12   x
5  3 1 4 12  x
30 30 15
? Check: 2  5  1
4  4 TRUE x x 4
15 15 2 5 1
12 12 4
This checks, so the solution is 15 . 5  3
4
12 12
9. Note that x cannot be 0. ?
2  2 TRUE
x  6  0, LCD  6 x 12 12
6 x This checks, so the solution is 12.
6 x  x  6   6 x  0 12. Note that t cannot be 0.
 6 x
3  4  1 , LCD  5t
x
6x   6x  6  6x  0
6 x t t 5
x 2  36  0
( x  6)( x  6)  0 t  
5t  3  5t 4  1
t 5
x60 or x  6  0
5t  3  5t  4  5t  1
t t 5
x  6 or x6 15  20  t
Check: 5  t
x60 x60 t5
6 x 6 x Check:
6  6 0 66 0 3 41
6 6 6 6 t t 5
1  1 11 3 41
? ? 5 5 5
0  0 TRUE 0  0 TRUE ?
3  3 TRUE
Both of these check, so the two solutions are –6 and 6.
5 5
This checks, so the solution is 5.

13. Note that t cannot be 0. 16. Note that x cannot be 0.

5  3  1, LCD  3t x  18 , LCD  2 x
3t t 2 x
 
3t 5  3  3t  1
3t t
2 x  x  2 x  18
2 x
3t   3t  3  3t  1
5 x 2  36
3t t x 2  36  0
5  9  3t
 x  6 x  6  0
14  3t
14  t x60 or x  6  0
3 x  6 or x6
5  3 1 This checks, so the solutions are –6 and 6.
Check:
3t t
17. Note that y cannot be 0.
5  3 1
3  14 14 y  4  5, LCD is y.
3 3 y
5  9
14 14 y  y    y  ( 5)
 4
?  y
1 1 TRUE y  y  y  4  5 y
y
This checks, so the solution is 14 .
3 y 2  4  5 y
14. Note that x cannot be 0. y2  5 y  4  0
3  5  1, LCD  4 x ( y  4)( y  1)  0
4x x y40 or y  1  0
 
4x 3  5  4x 1
4x x
y  4 or y  1
Both numbers check, so the solutions are –4 and –1.
4 x  3  4x  5  4x 1
4x x 18. Note that n cannot be 0.
3  20  4 x
n  3  4, LCD is n.
23  4 x n
23  x
4   3
n n   n  ( 4)
n
Check: 3  5 1 n  n  n  3  4n
4x x n
3  5 1 n 2  3  4n
4  23 23 n 2  4n  3  0
4 4
3  20 (n  3)(n  1)  0
23 23 n3 0 or n  1  0
?
1 1 TRUE n  3 or n  1
Both numbers check, so the solutions are –3 and –1.
4 19. To avoid the division by 0, we must have n  6  0,
15. Note that x cannot be 0. or n  6.
12  x , LCD  3 x n  2  1 , LCD  2(n  6)
x 3 n6 2
12
3x   3x  x 2(n  6)  n  2  2(n  6)  1
x 3 n6 2
36  x 2 2(n  2)  n  6
0  x 2  36 2n  4  n  6
0   x  6 x  6 n  10
Check:
x60 or x  6  0
n2  1
x  6 or x6
n6 2
This checks, so the solutions are –6 and 6. 10  2 1
10  6 2
8
16
?
1  1 TRUE
2 2
This checks, so the solution is –10.

20. To avoid division by 0, we must have 25. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no
a  6  0, or a  6. restrictions exist.
a  4  1 , LCD  3(a  6) a  a  1 , LCD  30
a6 3 6 10 6
3(a  6)  a  4  3(a  6)  1
a6 3 6 10 
30 a  a  30  1
6
3(a  4)  a  6
3a  12  a  6 30  a  30  a  30  1
6 10 6
2a  18 5a  3a  5
a9 2a  5
This checks.
a5
21. Note that x cannot be 0. 2
x  12  7, LCD is x This checks, so the solution is 5 .

x 2
 
x x  12  x  (7)
x 26. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no
restrictions exist.
x  x  x  12  7 x
x t  t  1 , LCD  24
x 2  12  7 x 8 12 8
x 2  7 x  12  0
( x  4)( x  3)  0
8 12 
24 t  t  24  1
8
x40 or x  3  0 24   24   24  1
t t
x  4 or x  3 8 12 8
3t  2t  3
Both numbers check, so the solutions are –4 and –3. t3
22. Note that x cannot be 0. This checks.
x  8  9 27. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no

x restrictions exist.
 x
x x  8  x  (9) x  1  1  x  1 , LCD  6
3 2
 
x 2  8  9 x
x2  9 x  8  0 6 x 1 1  6 x 1
3 2
( x  8)( x  1)  0 
6 x 1  6 1  6   1
x
x8 0 or x  1  0 3 2
x  8 or x  1 2( x  1)  6  3( x  1)
Both numbers check, so the solutions are –8 and –1. 2 x  2  6  3x  3
2 x  4  3x  3
23. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  4  0 and 1  x
x  1  0, or x  4 and x  1. This checks, so the solution is –1.
3  5 , LCD  ( x  4)( x  1) 28. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no
x  4 x 1 restrictions exist.
( x  4)( x  1)  3  ( x  4)( x  1)  5 x  2  1  x  2 , LCD  20
x4 x 1 5 4
 
3( x  1)  5( x  4)
20 x  2  1  20  x  2
3 x  3  5 x  20 5 4
23  2 x x  2 x  2
23  x 20   20  1  20 
5 4
2 4( x  2)  20  5( x  2)
This checks, so the solution is 23 . 4 x  8  20  5 x  10
2 4 x  12  5 x  10
2  x
24. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  3  0 and This checks, so the solution is –2.
1  4 , LCD  ( x  3)( x  1)
x  3 x 1
( x  3)( x  1)  1  ( x  3)( x  1)  4
x3 x 1
x  1  4( x  3)
x  1  4 x  12
13  3 x
13  x
3
This checks.

29. To avoid division by 0, we must have y  3  0, or n  1  n  3 , LCD  (n  2)(n  1)

y  3. n  2 n 1
y3 (n  2)(n  1)  n  1  ( n  2)(n  1)  n  3
 6 , LCD  y  3 n2 n 1
y3 y3 (n  1)(n  1)  ( n  2)(n  3)
y3 n 2  2n  1  n 2  n  6
( y  3)   ( y  3)  6
y3 y 3 3n  7
y3 6
n 7
y3 3
Because of the restriction y  3, the number 3 must This checks, so the solution is  7 .
be rejected as a solution. The equation has no 3
solution.
34. To avoid division by 0, we must have n  3  0 and
30. To avoid division by 0, we must have n  2  0, or n  3 and n  2 .
a  7  0, or a  7. n  2  n  1 , LCD  (n  3)(n  2)
3  a  10 , LCD  a  7 n3 n2
a7 a7 (n  3)(n  2)  n  2  (n  3)(n  2)  n  1
(a  7)  3   a  7   a  10 n3 n2
a7 a7 (n  2)(n  2)  (n  3)(n  1)
3  a  10 n 2  4  n 2  2n  3
7  a 1  2n
Because of the restriction a  7, the number –7 1n
must be rejected as a solution. The equation has no 2
solution.
31. To avoid division by 0, we must have 2
x  4  0 and x  0, or x  4 and x  0. 35. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  2  0 , or
3  5 , LCD  x( x  4) t  2.
x4 x 5  3t  4 , LCD is (t  2) 2
x( x  4)  3  x( x  4)  5 t  2 t  2 t 2  4t  4
 
x4 x
3 x  5( x  4) (t  2) 2 5  3t  (t  2)2  4 2
t2 t2 (t  2)
3 x  5 x  20
2 x  20 5(t  2)  3t (t  2)  4
x  10 5t  10  3t 2  6t  4
This checks, so the solution is –10. 3t 2  t  10  4
32. To avoid division by 0, we must have 3t 2  t  14  0
x  3  0 and x  0, or x  3 and x  0. (t  2)(3t  7)  0
2  7 , LCD  x( x  3) t20 or 3t  7  0
x3 x t  2 or 3t  7
x( x  3)  2  x( x  3)  7 t  2 or t7
x3 x 3
2 x  7( x  3)
Both numbers check. The solutions are –2 and 7 .
2 x  7 x  21 3
21  5 x
36. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  3  0 , or
 21  x
5 t  3.
This checks, so the solution is  21 . 4  2t  12 , LCD is (t  3) 2
5 t  3 t  3 t 2  6t  9
33. To avoid division by 0, we must have n  2  0 and (t  3)2  4  2t   (t  3) 2  12 2
 t  3 t  3 (t  3)
n  1  0, or n  2 and n  1. 4(t  3)  2t (t  3)  12
4t  12  2t 2  6t  12
2t 2  2t  24  0
2(t  3)(t  4)  0
t3 0 or t  4  0
t  3 or t4
Both numbers check. The solutions are –3 and 4.

37. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  5  0 and 6  2 x

x  5  0, or x  5 and x  5. 3  x
x  5  14 , LCD  ( x  5)( x  5) This checks, so the solution is –3.
x  5 x  5 x 2  25 41. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  3  0 and

 x  5 x  5 x  5
x5 x5  t  3  0, or t  3 and t  3.
5  30  1, LCD is (t  3)(t  3)
 14  x  5 x  5 t  3 t2  9
 x  5 x  5
 
x( x  5)  5( x  5)  14 (t  3)(t  3)   5  230   (t  3)(t  3) 1
 t  3 t  9
x 2  5 x  5 x  25  14 5(t  3)  30  (t  3)(t  3)
x 2  10 x  39  0 5t  15  30  t 2  9
 x  3 x  13  0
0  t 2  5t  6
x3 0 or x  13  0 0  (t  3)(t  2)
x  3 or x  13
t 3 0 or t20
Both numbers check. The solutions are –3 and 13.
t3 or t2
38. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  1  0 and Because of the restriction t  3, we must reject the
x  1  0 , or x  1 and x  1. number 3 as a solution. The number 2 checks, so it is
5  2x  1 , the solution.
x  1 x2  1 x  1
LCD is ( x  1)( x  1) 42. To avoid division by 0, we must have y  3  0 and
 5  y  3  0, or y  3 and y  3.
( x  1)( x  1)    2 x  ( x  1)( x  1)  1
 x  1 x 2  1 x 1 1  1  1 ,
5( x  1)  2 x  x  1 y 3 y 3 y2 9
5x  5  2 x  x  1 LCD is ( y  3)( y  3)
7x  5  x  1 
( y  3)( y  3) 1  1   ( y  3)( y  3) 1
6x  4  y  3 y  3 ( y  3)( y  3)
x 2 y  3 y  3 1
3 2 y 1
This checks, so the solution is . 2 y 1
3 2
39. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  3  0 and 43. To avoid division by 0, we must have 6  a  0 (or
x  2  0, or x  3 and x  2. equivalently a  6  0 ) or a  6.
3  5  5x , 7  a 1
x  3 x  2 x2  x  6 6a a6
LCD is ( x  2)( x  3) 1  7  a  1
 
1 6  a a  6
( x  2)( x  3) 3  5  5x ( x  2)( x  3) 7  a  1 , LCD  a  6
x  3 x  2  x  2 x  3 a6 a6
3( x  2)  5( x  3)  5 x
3 x  6  5 x 15  5 x (a  6)  7  (a  6)  a  1
8x  9  5x a6 a6
7  a  1
9  3 x
8  a
3 x This checks, so the solution is –8.
Thus, we have x  3, but because of the restriction
x  3, this cannot be a solution. The equation has no 44. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  10  0 (or
solution. equivalent 10  t  0 ), or t  10.
t  12  1
40. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and t  10 10  t
x  4  0 , or x  2 and x  4. t  12  1  1
2  1  x t  10 1 10  t
, t  12  1 , LCD  t  10
x  2 x  4 x 2  2 x 8
LCD is ( x  4)( x  2) t  10 t  10
 t  10  t  12   t  10  1 .
( x  4)( x  2)  2 
x2 x4
1
 ( x  4)( x  2) x
( x  4)( x  2)
t  10
t  12  1
t  10
2( x  4)  x  2  x t  11
2 x 8 x  2  x This checks.
3x  6  x

2  x and then proceed to find the value(s) of the variable

45.
x2 x2 for which the equation is true.
To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 , or 51. To find x-intercept, set y = 0 and solve for x.
x  2 . Now observe that the denominators are the 6 x  0  18
same, so the numerators must be the same. Thus, we 6 x  18
have 2  x , but because of the restriction x  2 x3
this cannot be a solution. The equation has no The x-intercept is (3, 0).
solution. To find y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y.
3  x 6  0  y  18
46. y  18
2x  6 2x  6
To avoid division by 0, we must have 2 x  6  0 , or The y-intercept is (0, –18).
x  3 . Now observe that the denominators are the
same, so the numerators must be the same. Thus, we 52. m  1  0  1
3  6 9
have 3  x , but because of the restriction x  3 this
cannot be a solution. The equation has no solution. 53. 2 x  y  5
y  2 x  5
47. To avoid division by 0, we must have 3x  3  0 and From slope-intercept form, slope is –2, and y-intercept
2 x  2  0, or x  1 and x  1. is (0, 5).
5  1  1 , LCD is 6( x  1)( x 1)
3 x  3 2 x  2 x 2 1 54. Yes. Since y  2  x has slope –1, and 3x  3 y  7
has slope –1, then the lines are parallel.
6( x  1)( x 1)  5  1 
 3( x  1) 2( x 1)  55. Using slope-intercept form,
 1 6( x  1)( x  1) y  mx  b
 x  1 x  1
y 1x2
2(5)( x  1)  3( x  1)  6 3
10 x  10  3x  3  6
13 x  7  6 56. y   5  4  x  1
13x  13
57. Writing Exercise. Begin with an equation. Then
x 1
divide on both sides of the equation by an expression
Thus, we have x  1, but because of the restriction whose value is zero for at least one solution of the
x  1, this cannot be a solution. The equation has no equation. See Exercises 45–48 for examples.
solution.
58. Writing Exercise. Graph each side of the equation and
48. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and determine the number of points of intersection of the
x  2  0, or x  2 and x  2. graphs.
4  1  2  0, 59. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  3  0 , or
x 2  4 x  2 3x  6 x  3.
LCD is 3( x  2)( x  2)
1  x  1  2  x, LCD  x  3
3( x  2)( x  2)  4  1  2  0 x3 x3
 ( x  2)( x  2) ( x  2) 3( x  2) 
3(4)  3( x  2)  2( x  2)  0   
( x  3) 1  x  1  ( x  3) 2  x
x3 x3 
12  3 x  6  2 x  4  0 ( x  3)  1  ( x  3)  x  1  ( x  3)  2  ( x  3) x
5 x  10  0 x3 x3
5 x  10 x  3  x  1  2  x 2  3x
x  2 2 x  4  2  x 2  3x
2
Thus, we have x  2, but because of the restriction x  x6  0
x  2, this cannot be a solution. The equation has ( x  2)( x  3)  0
no solution. x20 or x3 0
x  2 or x3
49. Writing Exercise. When solving rational equations,
we multiply each side by the LCM of the Because of the restriction x  3 , we must reject the
denominators in order to clear fractions. number 3 as a solution. The number –2 checks, so it is
the solution.
50. Writing Exercise. When adding rational expressions,
we use the LCD to write an expression equivalent to
the sum of the given expressions. When solving
rational equations, we use the LCD to clear fractions

60. To avoid division by 0, we must have y  2  0 and x( x  2)  ( x  1)( x  1)  2 x( x  4)

y  2  0, or y  2 and y  2. x2  2 x  x2  1  2 x2  8x
4  3  5  2y , 2 x2  2 x  1  2 x2  8x
y  2 y2  4 y  2 y2  4 1  6 x
LCD is ( y  2)( y  2) 1  x
6
( y  2)( y  2)  4  3 
 y  2 ( y  2)( y  2)  This checks, so the solution is  1 .
6
 2y 
 ( y  2)( y  2)  5 
 y  2 ( y  2)( y  2)  63. To avoid division by 0, we must have a  3  0 , or
4( y  2)  3  5( y  2)  2 y a  3 .
4 y  8  3  5 y  10  2 y 2
4 y  11  7 y  10 7  a  2  a  4  5, LCD  a  3
a3 a3
 
21  3 y  2 
7 y (a  3) 7   2  (a  3)  a  4  5
a
a3  a3 
This checks. 2
7(a  3)  (a  2)  a  4  5(a  3)
61. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and 7 a  21  a  2  a 2  4  5a  15
x  2  0, or x  2 and x  2. 6a  23  a 2  5a  11
12  6 x  3x  3  2 x 0  a 2  a  12
x2  4 x  2 2  x 0  (a  3)(a  4)
12  6 x  3x  3  2 x  1 a30 or a  4  0
( x  2)( x  2) x  2 2  x 1
a  3 or a4
12  6 x  3x  2 x  3
( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x  2 Because of the restriction a  3 , we must reject the
LCD is ( x  2)( x  2) number –3 as a solution. The number 4 checks, so it is
the solution.
( x  2)( x  2)  12  6 x
( x  2)( x  2) 64. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and

 ( x  2)( x  2) 3 x  2 x  3
x2 x2  x  2  0 , or x  2 and x  2.
x2  x  2 x
12  6 x  3 x( x  2)  ( x  2)(2 x  3) 2
x 4 x2 2 x
12  6 x  3 x 2  6 x  2 x 2  x  6 x 2  x  2 x  1
2
0  x2  x  6 x  4 x  2 2  x 1
0  ( x  2)( x  3) x2  x  2 x ,
x20 or x3 0 ( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x  2
x  2 or x3 LCD  ( x  2)( x  2)
Because of the restriction x  2 , we must reject the
number –2 as a solution. The number 3 checks, so it is
( x  2)( x  2) x2
( x  2)( x  2) 
 ( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x
x2 x2 
the solution. x 2  x( x  2)  ( 2 x)( x  2)
62. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  4  0 and x2  x2  2 x  2 x2  4 x
x  1  0 and x  2  0 , or x  4 and x  1 and x2  3x2  2 x
x  2. 0  2x2  2x
x x 1 2x 0  2 x( x 1)
 
x 2  3x  4 x 2  6 x  8 x 2  x  2 2 x  0 or x  1  0
x  x 1  2x x  0 or x  1
( x  4)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  4) ( x  2)( x  1) Both of these check, so the solutions are –1
LCD is ( x  4)( x  1)( x  2) and 0.
( x  4)( x  1)( x  2)  x  x 1 
 ( x  4)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  4) 
 ( x  4)( x  1)( x  2)  2x 
 ( x  2)( x  1) 

65. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  1  0. or 69.

x  1. 70. Let x = the number. Then,
1  x  5  5 x  4  6, LCD  x  1 1x
x 1 x 1 x
  
( x  1) 1  x  5  ( x  1) 5 x  4  6
x 1 x 1  1  x2
1  x( x  1)  5( x  1)  5 x  4  6( x  1) 0  x2  1
1  x2  x  5x  5  5x  4  6x  6 0  ( x  1)( x  1)
x  1 or 1
x2  6 x  6   x  2
The numbers that fit the requirements are –1 or 1.
x2  5x  4  0
( x  1)( x  4)  0
x 1  0 or x40
Exercise Set 6.7
x 1 or x4 1. False. To find the time that it would take two people
Because of the restriction x  1 , we must reject the working together, we need to solve 1  1  1 for t,
number 1 as a solution. The number 4 checks, so it is a b t
the solution. where a and b represent the time needed for each
person to complete the work alone.
66. To avoid division by 0, we must have a  3  0 and
a  1  0, or a  3 and a  1. 2. True
5  3a  2a  2  3  a LCD  (a  3)( a  1) 3. True
a 2  4a  3 a  3 a 1
5  3a  ( a  1)(2a  2)  (a  3)(3  a ) 4. True
5  3a  2a 2  4a  2  3a  a 2  9  3a 5. True
2a 2  7 a  3   a 2  9 6. False. If two triangles are similar, then their
0  a2  7a  6 corresponding sides are proportional.
0  (a  6)(a  1)
7. Time needed to complete the job: 2 hr
a60 or a 1 0
a  6 or a  1 Hourly rate: 1 cake per hour
2
Because of the restriction a  1 , we must reject the
number –1 as a solution. The number –6 checks, so it 8. 1 cake per hour
is the solution. 3
67. Note that x cannot be 0. 9. Time needed for Sandy to complete the job: 2 hr
1 1 1 Sandy’s hourly rate: 1 cake per hour
x 2
 x
x 2 Time needed for Eric to complete the job: 3 hr
 
1 1  1  1  1
x x x 2 Eric’s hourly rate: 1 cake per hour
3
1  1  1 , LCD  2 x 2
x2 x 2 x Hourly rate working together: 1  1  5 cake per
2  2x  x 2 3 6
2  x hour
2  x 10. 1 lawn per hour
This checks so the solution is –2.
11. Time needed for Lisa to complete the job: 3 hr
68. Note that x cannot be 0.
1 1 1 Lisa’s hourly rate: 1 lawn per hour
3
3 x
x x
12. 1  1  1
3 x  
1  1  1 1  1
x x
3 b
1  1  1 , LCD  3 x 2 b  3 hours to complete 1 lawn
3x x x2 2
3x 2· 1  3 x 2  1  12  So, 1.5 hr  1 hr
3x 1 lawn x
x x 
x  3x  3 x  2 lawn per hour
3
2 x  3
x 3
2
This checks.

13. Familiarize. The job takes Kelby 10 hours working

alone and Natalie 15 hours working alone. Then in 1  
Working together they can do 2 1  2 1 , or 7 of
8 6 12
hour Kelby does 1 of the job and Natalie does 1
10 15 the job in 2 hours. In 6 hours, Bryan does 6 
1
8
of the

of the job. Working together they can do 1 1
 , or
10 15 job and Armando does 6 1 of the job. Working
6
1 of the job in 1 hour. In 4 hours, Kelby does 4 1
6  
10 together they can do 6  
1
8
 6 1 , or 7 of the job
6 4
of the job and Natalie does 4  
1
15
of the job. which is more of the job than needs to be done. The
answer is somewhere between 2 hr and 6 hr.
   
Working together they can do 4 1  4 1 , or 2 Translate. If they work together t hours, then Bryan
 
10 15 3
does t 1 of the job and Armando does t 1 of the
of the job in 4 hours. In 7 hours, Kelby does 7  1
10
of 8
job. We want some number t such that
6
 
the job and Natalie does 7 1 of the job. Working
15  
1  1 t  1, or 7 t  1.
8 6 24
together they can do 7    
1
10
 7 1 , or 7 of the job
15 6
Carry out. We solve the equation.
7 t 1
which is more of the job than needs to be done. The 24
answer is somewhere between 4 hr and 7 hr. 24  7 t  24  1
Translate. If they work together t hours, then Kelby 24
t  24 , or 3 3 hr
does t  1  of the job and Natalie does t  1  of the 7 7
 10   15 
job. We want some number t such that Check. We repeat computations. The answer checks.
 
We also expected the result to be between 2 hr. and
1  1 t  1, or 1 t  1. 6 hr.
10 15 6
State. Working together, it takes Bryan and Armando
1t 1 3 3 hr.
7
6
6  1 t  6 1 16. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job,
6 working together.
 
t6
Solve: 1  1 t  1
Check. We repeat computations. The answer checks. 6 9
We also expected the result to be between 4 hr. and 5 t  1
7 hr. 18
State. Working together, it takes Kelby and Natalie t  18 , or 3 3 hr
6 hrs. 5 5
14. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job, 17. Familiarize. The pool can be filled in 12 hours by
working together. only the pipe and in 30 hours with only the hose. Then

Solve: 1  1 t  1
20 30  in 1 hour the pipe fills 1 of the pool, and the hose
1
12
1 t 1 fills . Working together, they fill 1  1 of the
12 30 12 30
t  12 hr pool in an hour. Let t equal the number of hours it
takes them to fill the pool together.
15. Familiarize. The job takes Bryan 8 hours working
alone and Armando 6 hours working alone. Then in 1 Translate. We want some number t such that
hour Bryan does 1 of the job and Armando does 1

8 6
   
t 1  t 1  1, or t  t  1.
12 30 12 30
1 1 Carry out. We solve the equation. LCD = 60
of the job. Working together they can do  , or
8 6
 
60 t  t  60  1
7 of the job in 1 hour. In 2 hours, Bryan does 2 1
24 8  12 30
5t  2t  60

7t  60
of the job and Armando does 2 1 of the job.
6 t  60 , or 8 4 hr
7 7

Check. The pipe fills 1  60 , or 5 and the hose fills 21. Familiarize. The imageRUNNER does 1 of the job
12 7 7 5
1  60 , or 2 . Working together, they fill 5  2  1, in 1 minute, and the Xerox 4112 does 1 of the job.
30 7 7 7 7 2
60 1 1
Working together, they can do  of the job in 1
or the entire pool in hr. 5 2
7
minute. Let t equal the number of minutes it takes
State. Working together, the pipe and hose can fill the them working together.
pool in 60 hr, or 8 4 hr. Translate. We want some number t such that
 
7 7
t 1  t 1  1, or t  t  1.
18. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job, 5 2 5 2
working together. Carry out. We solve the equation. LCD = 10
 
Solve: 1  1 t  1
18 22
 
10 t  t  10  1
5 2
10  t  1 2t  5t  10
99 7t  10
t  99 , or 9 9 hr t  10 , or 1 3 min
10 10 7 7
19. Familiarize. The ABS Robusta does 1 of the job in Check. In 10 minutes the imageRUNNER copies
7
70
1  10 , or 2 of the dissertation, and the Xerox 4112
1 minute, and the Little Giant does 1 of the job. 5 7 7
30
copies 1  10 , or 5 of the dissertation. Together, they
Working together, they can do 1  1 of the job in 2 7 7
70 30
2 5
copy   1 dissertation. The answer checks.
1 minute. Let t equal the number of minutes it takes 7 7
them working together.
Translate. We want some number t such that State. It will take 10 , or 1 3 min for the machines
7 7
   
t 1  t 1  1, or t  t  1.
70 30 70 30
working together to copy the dissertation.
22. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job,
Carry out. We solve the equation. LCD = 210 working together.
 
210 t  t  210  1
70 30 
Solve: 1  1 t  1
10 7 
3t  7t  210 17  t  1
10t  210 70
t  210  21 t  70 , or 4 2 min
10 17 17
Check. In 21 minutes the ABS Robusta empties 23. Familiarize. We complete the table shown in the text.
1  21, or 3 of the basement, and the Little Giant
Distance Speed Time
70 10
CSX 330 r  14 330
empties 1  21, or 7 of the basement. Together, r  14
30 10 400
AMTRAK 400 r
they remove water from 3  7  1 basement. The r
10 10 Translate. Since the time must be the same for both
answer checks. trains, we have the equation
State. It will take 21 minutes for the machines 330  400 .
working together to remove the water. r  14 r
20. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job, Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r ( r  14) .
working together.
r (r  14)  330  r (r  14)  400
 
Solve: 1  1 t  1
12 10
r  14
330r  400( r  14)
r
11  t  1 330r  400r  5600

60 70r  5600
t  60 , or 5 5 min r  80
11 11 If the speed of the AMTRAK train is 80 km/h, then
the speed of the CSX train is 80 – 14, or 66 km/h.

Check. The speed of the CSX train is 14 km/h slower Then r  5  16.
than the speed of the AMTRAK train. At 66 km/h the Ada travels at 16 km/h, and Elin travels at 21 km/h.
CSX train travels 330 km in 330/66, or 5 hr. At
80 km/h the AMTRAK train travels 400 km in 27. Familiarize. Let r = Tau’s speed, in km/h. Then
400/80, or 5 hr. The times are the same, so the answer Baruti’s speed is r  4 . We organize the information
checks. in a table.
State. The speed of the AMTRAK train is 80 km/h, Distance Speed Time
and the speed of the CSX freight train is 66 km/h. Tau 7.5 r 7.5
r
24. We complete the table shown in the text. Baruti 13.5 r4 13.5
d  r  t r4
Distance Speed Time Translate. Since the times must be the same, we have
Truck 350 r 350 the equation
r 7.5  13.5
Train 150 r  40 150 r r4
r  40
Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r (r  4) .
Solve : 350  150
r r  40 r ( r  4)  7.5  r (r  4)  13.5
r  70 r r4
7.5(r  4)  13.5r
Then r  40  70  40  30. 7.5r  30  13.5r
The speed of the truck is 70 mph, and the speed of the 30  6r
train is 30 mph. 5 r
25. Familiarize. Let r = the speed of Rita’s Harley, in Then r  4  5  4  9.
mph. Then r  15  the speed of Sean’s Camaro. We Check. At 5 km/h, Tau traveled 7.5 km in
organize the information in a table using the formula 7.5  1.5 hr. At 9 km/hr, Baruti travels 13.5 km in
time = distance/rate to fill in the last column. 5
Distance Speed Time 13.5  1.5 hr. Since the times are the same, the
Harley 120 r 120 9
r answer checks.
Camaro 156 r  15 156
r  15 State. Tau’s speed is 5 km/h, and Baruti’s speed is
9 km/h.
Translate. Since the times must be the same, we have
the equation 28. Distance Speed Time
120  156 Lea 18 r 18
r r  15 r
Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r (r  15). Luca 24 r4 24
r4
r (r  15)  120  r (r  15)  156
r r  15 Solve: 18  24
120(r  15)  156r r r4
120r  1800  156r r  12
1800  36r Then r  4  16.
50  r Lea's speed is 12 km/h, and Luca's speed is
16 km/h.
Then r  15  50  15  65.
Check. At 50 mph, the Harley travels 120 mi in 29. Familiarize. Let t = the time it takes Caledonia to
120/50, or 2.4 hr. At 65 mph, the Camaro travels drive to town and organize the given information in a
156 mi in 156/65, or 2.4 hr. The times are the same, table.
so the answer checks. Distance Speed Time
State. The speed of Rita’s Harley is 50 mph, and the Caledonia 15 r t
speed of Sean’s Camaro is 65 mph. Manley 20 r t 1
26. We complete the table. Translate. We can replace each r in the table above
Distance Speed Time using the formula r  d / t .
48 Distance Speed Time
Ada 48 r 5
r 5 Caledonia 15 15 t
Elin 63 r 63 t
r Manley 20 20 t 1
t 1
Solve: 48  63 Since the speeds are the same for both riders, we have
r 5 r

the equation Check. Since speed cannot be negative in this

15  20 . problem, –30 cannot be a solution of the original
t t 1 problem. If the speed is 20 mph, it takes 120 , or 6 hr
20
Carry out. We multiply by the LCD, t (t  1).
to travel 120 mi. If the speed is 10 mph faster, or 30
t (t  1)  15  t (t  1)  20
t t 1 mph, it takes 120 , or 4 hr to travel 120 mi. Since 4 hr
15(t  1)  20t 30
15t  15  20t is 2 hr less time than 6 hr, the answer checks.
15  5t State. The speed was 20 mph.
3t
32. Distance Speed Time
If t  3 , then t  1  3  1 , or 4.
Actual speed 60 r t
Check. If Caledonia’s time is 3 hr and Manley’s time Faster speed 60 r5 t 1
is 4 hr, then Manley’s time is 1 hr more than
Caledonia’s. Caledonia’s speed is 15/3, or 5 mph.
Manley’s speed is 20/4, or 5 mph. Since the speeds

Solve: 60  (r  5) 60  1
r 
are the same, the answer checks. r  15 mph
State. It takes Caledonia 3 hr to drive to town. 33. We write a proportion and then solve it.
b7
30. Distance Speed Time
6 4
40
Tory 40
t
t b  7 6
4
100 t2
Emilio 100
t2 b  42 , or 10.5
4
Solve: 40  100 (Note that the proportions 6  4 , b  6 , or 7  4
t t2 b 7 7 4 b 6
t  4 , or 1 1 hr, or 1 hr, 20 min could also be used)
3 3
31. Familiarize. Let r = the speed at which the train 34. Solve: 9  8
a 6
actually traveled in mph, and let t = the actual travel a  6.75
time in hours. We organize the given information in a One of the following proportions could also be used:
table.
a  6,9  a,8  6 .
Distance Speed Time 9 8 8 6 9 a
Actual speed 120 r t
Faster speed 120 r  10 t  2 35. We write a proportion and then solve it.
4 6
Translate. From the first row of the table, we have
f 4
120  rt , and from the second row we have
120  (r  10)(t  2) . Solve the first equation for t, we 4f  4  4f 6
f 4
have t  120 . Substituting for t in the second 16  6 f
r 8 f Simplifying

equation, we have 120  (r  10) 120  2 .
r  3
One of the following proportions could also be used:
Carry out. We solve the equation. f 4 4 9 f 6 4 f 9 6
 ,  ,  ,  ,  .

120  (r  10) 120  2
r  4 6 f 6 4 9 9 6 4 f
120  120  2r  1200  20 36. Solve: r  6

r 10 8
r  7.5
0  2r  1200  20 One of the following proportions could also be used:
r

r  0  r  2r  1200  20
r  10  8 , r  10 , 6  8 , r  12 , 10  16 , r  10 ,
r 6 6 8 r 10 10 16 r 12 12 16
0  2r 2  1200  20r 12  16
0  2r 2  20r  1200 r 10
0  2(r 2  10r  600) 37. Consider the two similar right triangles in the
0  2(r  30)(r  20) drawing. One has legs 5 and 7. The other has legs 9
r  30 or r  20

and r. We use a proportion to find r. 45. Let w = the wing width of the white stork. Then:
59 24 cm width  w cm width
7 r 180 cm span 200 cm span
7r  5  7r  9 w  24  200  26.7 cm
7 r 180
5r  63
r  63 , or 12.6 46. Let w = the wing width of the airplane. Then:
5 1.8 in. width  w ft width
10 in. span 35 ft span
38. Solve: 2  s w 1.8  35  6.3 ft
5 11 10
s  22 , or 4.4
5 47. Let x = the amount spent on coffee. Then:
39. From the blueprint we see that 9 in. represents 36 ft $17.40  x
and that p in. represent 15 ft. We use a proportion to 8 days 30 days
find p. x  17.40  30  $65.25
8
9  p
36 15 48. Let d = the distance to burn 100 calories. Then:
p
180  9  180  10 mi  d mi
36 15 380 calories 100 calories
45  12 p
d  10  100  2 12 mi
15  p, or p  3 3 380 19
4 4
3 49. Let p = the number of photos taken. Then:
The length of p is 3 in. 234 photos p photos
4 
14 days 42 days
40. Solve: 9  s p 234  42  702 photos
36 5 14
s  1 1 in.
4 50. Let g = the gallons of gas used. Then:
4 gal g gal
41. From the blueprint we see that 9 in. represents 36 ft 
and that 5 in. represents r ft. We use a proportion to 204 mi 714 mi
find r. g  4  714  14 gal
204
9 5
36 r 51. Familiarize. Let D = the number of defective bulbs in
36r  9  36r  5 a batch of 1430 bulbs. We can use a proportion to find
36 r D.
9r  180
r  20 Translate.
defective bulbs  8  defective bulbs
The length of r is 20 ft.  D
batch size  220 1430  batch size
42. Solve: 9  3 Carry out. We solve the proportion.
36 n
n  12 ft 2860  8  2860  D
220 1430
43. Consider the two similar right triangles in the 104  2 D
drawing. One has legs 4 ft and 6 ft. The other has legs 52  D
10 ft and l ft. We use a proportion to find l.
Check. 8  0.036 , 52  0.036
4  10 220 1430
6 l
The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
6l  4  6l  10
6 l State. In a batch of 1430 bulbs, 52 defective bulbs can
4l  60 be expected.
l  15 ft
52. Solve : 7  D
44. Solve: 1.5  h 150 2700
18 32 D  126 flash drives
h  8  2 2 ft 53. Familiarize. Let z = the number of ounces of water
3 3
needed by a Bolognese. We can use a proportion to
solve for z.

Translate. We translate to a proportion. 61. (3 y 2 z  2 yz 2  y 2 )  (4 yz 2  5 y 2  6 yz )

dog weight  8 5  dog weight
  3 y 2 z  2 yz 2  4 yz 2  y 2  5 y 2  6 yz
water  12 z  water
 3 y 2 z  2 yz 2  6 y 2  6 yz
Carry out. We solve the proportion.
12 z  8  12 z  5
2 3 2 2
62. 6a b  12ab  3a b  2ab 2  4b  a
12 z 3ab
8 z  60
z  60  15  7 1 oz 63. (8n3  3)(8n3  3)  64n6  9
8 2 2
Check. 8  0.6 , 5  0.6 64. ( x3  x  7)  ( x  1)

12 71 1 1 0 1 7
2 1 1 0
1 1 0 7
State. For a 5-lb Bolognese, approximately 7 12 oz of ( x3  x  7)  ( x  1)  x 2  x  7
water is required per day. x 1
16,000 M 65. Writing Exercise. Yes, in the time that it takes the
54. Solve :  slower steamroller to do half of the job alone, the
1 12 4
faster steamroller can do more than half of the job.
M  42,666.6 mi
66. Writing Exercise. The faster fuel line will take less
Emmanuel will not exceed the 45,000 mi allowance.
than twice as long to fill the freighter by itself than the
55. Familiarize. Let p = the number of whales in the pod. slower one by itself. Each time the slower fuel line
We use a proportion to solve for p. fills half the tank, the faster fuel line fills more than
Translate. half the tank.
sighted   sighted
12  40 67. Familiarize. If the drainage gate is closed, 1 of the
pod  27 p  pod 9
Carry out. We solve the proportion. bog is filled in 1 hr. If the bog is not being filled, 1
11
27 p  12  27 p  40 of the bog is drained in 1 hr. If the bog is being filled
27 p
12 p  1080 with the drainage gate left open, 1  1 of the bog is
p  90 9 11
filled in 1 hr. Let t = the time it takes to fill the bog
Check. 12  4 , 40  4 with the drainage gate left open.
27 9 90 9 Translate. We want to find t such that
 
State. There are 90 whales in the pod.
t 1  1  1, or t  t  1.
9 11 9 11
Carry out. We solve the equation. First we multiply
56. Solve: 25  4
F 36 by the LCD, 99.
F  225 foxes
57. Writing Exercise. No. If the workers work at different
 
99 t  t  99  1
9 11
11t  9t  99
rates, two workers will complete a task in more than
2t  99
half the time of the faster person working alone but in
less than half the slower person’s time. This is t  99 , or 49 1 hr
illustrated in Example 1. 2 2
Check. In 99 hr, we have
58. Writing Exercise. Yes; corresponding angles have the 2
 
same measure and corresponding sides are 99 1  1  11  9  2  1 full bog
proportional. (The ratio of each pair of corresponding 2 9 11 2 2 2
sides is equivalent to 1.)
The answer checks.
59. ( x3  3 x  7)  ( x 2  4 x  8) State. It will take 99 , or 49 1 hr to fill the bog.
 x3  3 x  7  x 2  4 x  8 2 2
 x3  x 2  x  15
60. (2 x3  7)( x  3)  2 x 4  6 x3  7 x  21

68. Let t = the time it takes to empty the hot tub. 1  476 , or 14 of the dissertation. Together, they
 
Solve: 1  1 t  1
8 10
34 31 31
wire 17  14  1 house. The answer checks.
1 t 1 31 31
40
t  40 min State. It will take 2  476 , or 30 22 hr for Janet and
31 31
Linus working together to wire two houses.
69. Equation 1: 1  t  1  t  1;
a b 72. We will begin by finding how long it will take Alma
 
Equation 2: 1  1 t  1;
a b
and Kevin to grade a batch of exams, working
together. Then we will find what percentage of the job
was done by Alma.
Equation 3:  t  1;
t
a b
Equation 4:  1  1 ;
1

3 4 
Solve: 1  1 t  1, or 7  t  1
12
a b t t 12 hr
1  t  1  t  1 Equation 1 7
a b Now, since Alma can do the job alone in 3 hr, she
 
t 1  1  1 Factoring out t  Equation 2
a b
does 1 of the job in 1 hr and in 12 hr she does
3 7
t  1  t  1  1 Using the distributive law 12  1  0.57  57% of the job.
a b 7 3
t  t  1 Multiplying; Equation 2=Equation 3
a b 73. Familiarize. Let t = the number of seconds for a net
 
1  t  t  1  1 Multiplying both sides by 1
t a b t t
gain of one person. The rate of birth is 1 , the rate of
8
1  t  1  t  1  1 Using the distributive law death is  1 and the rate of new migrant is 1 .
t a t b t 11 27
1  1  1 Multiplying; Equation 3=Equation 4 Translate. We use the information above to write an
a b t equation.
70. Let t = the time it takes Ricki, working alone. Then
t + 6 = the number of hours for Maura working alone.

t 1  1  1 1
8 11 27 

Solve 1  1 4  1
t t6  Carry out. We solve the equation.
 
t 1  1  1  1; LCD = 2376
Ricki: t = 6 hr 8 11 27
Maura: t + 6 = 12 hr 2376t  1  2376t  1  2376t  1  2376  1
8 11 27
71. Familiarize. Janet does 1 of the job, and Linus 297t  216t  88t  2376
28 169t  2376
does 1 of the job. Working together, they can do t  14.1
34
Check. 14.1  14.1  14.1  1. The answer checks.
1  1 of the job. Let t equal the number of hours it 8 11 27
28 34
State. It will take approximately 14 sec for a net gain
takes them working together.
of one person.
Translate. We want some number t such that
   
t 1  t 1  1, or t  t  1.
28 34 28 34
74. Familiarize. The correct ratio of oil to gasoline is
3.2/160, or 0.02. The ratio in Gus’ original mixture is
5.6/200, or 0.028. Since this is a larger number than
Carry out. We solve the equation. LCD = 476 0.02, Gus needs to add more gasoline to make the

476 t  t  476  1
28 34  ratio lower. Let g = the number of ounces of gasoline
Gus should add.
17t  14t  476
31t  476 Translate. We translate to an equation.
Oil  5.6
t  476 , or 15 11 hr  0.02
31 31 Gasonline  200  g
Check. In 476 hours the Janet wires Carry out. We solve the equation.
31
(200  g )  5.6  (200  g )(0.02)
1  476 , or 17 of the house, and Linus wires 200  g
28 31 31 5.6  4  0.02 g
1.6  0.02 g
80  g

Check. If Gus adds an additional 80 oz of gasoline, of the position of the minute hand when they are first
5.6  5.6  0.02, perpendicular.
the ratio of oil to gasoline is
200  80 280
the correct ratio. The answer checks.
State. Gus should add 80 oz of gasoline.
75. It helps to first make a drawing.
The minute hand moves 60 units per hour while the

hour hand moves 5 units per hour, where one unit
represents one minute on the face of the clock. When Translate.
the hands are in the same position the first time, the Position of position of
hour hand will have moved x units and the minute hour hand is minute hand plus 15  
min

hand will have moved x + 20 units. The times are the after t min after t min
   
same.
    
Distance Speed Time
Minute x  20 60 t 525  t  30  t  15
12
Hour x 5 t Carry out. We solve the equation.
Solve x  20  x  52.5  t  30  t  15
60 5 12
9
x  1 , so the hands will first be in the same 52.5  t  45  t , LCM is 12
11 12
position at 20  1 9 , or 21 9 min, after 4:00. 12  52.5  t   12(45  t )
11 11  12 
630  t  540  12t
76. Familiarize. Express the position of the hands in terms 90  11t
of minute units on the face of the clock. At 90  t , or 8 2  t
11 11
10:30 the hour hand is at 105 hr  60 min , or 52.5
12 1 hr Check. At 90 min after 10:30, the position of the
minutes, and the minute hand is at 30 minutes. The rate 11
of the minute hand is 12 times the rate of the hour hour hand is at 525  90  11 , or 53 2 min. The
hand. (When the minute hand moves 60 minutes, the 12 11
hour hand moves 5 minutes.) Let t = the number of minute hand is at 30  90 , or 38 2 min. The hour
minutes after 10:30 that the hands will first be 11 11
perpendicular. After t minutes the minute hand has hand is 15 minutes ahead of the minute hand so the
hands are perpendicular. The answer checks.
moved t units, and the hour hand has moved t units.
12 State. After 10:30 the hands of a clock will first be
The position of the hour hand will be 15 units “ahead” perpendicular in 8 2 min. The time is 10:38 2 , or
11 11
9
21 min before 11:00.
11
77. Traveling 100 km at 40 km/h takes 100 , or 5 hr.

40 2
Traveling 100 km at 60 km/h takes 100 5
, or hr.
60 3
The total time of the trip is 5  5 , or 25 hr. We use
2 3 6
the formula

Total distance 79. Familiarize. We organize the information in a table.

Average speed  Let r = the speed on the first part of the trip and t =
Total time
200 the time driven at that speed.

25  6 Distance Speed Time
 48 First part 30 r t
The average speed was 48 km/h. Second part 20 r  15 1  t
78. Familiarize. Let r  the speed in mph Garry would Translate. From the rows of the table we obtain two
have to travel for the last half of the trip in order to equations:
average a speed of 45 mph for the entire trip. We 30  rt
organize the information in a table. 20  (r  15)(1  t )
Distance Speed Time We solve each equation for t and set the results equal:
First half 50 40 t1
Last half 50 r t2 Solving 30  rt for t : t  30
r
The total distance is 50  50 , or 100 mi. Solving 20  (r  15)(1  t ) for t : t  1  20
r  15
The total time is t1  t2 , or 50  50 , or 5  50 . The
40 r 4 r 30 20
Then  1 .
average speed is 45 mph. r r  15
Translate.
Carry out. We first multiply the equation by the LCD,
Total distance
Average speed  r (r  15).
Total time
45  100
5  50 r 
r ( r  15)  30  r (r  15) 1  20
r  15 
4 r 30( r  15)  r (r  15)  20r
Carry out. We solve the equation. 30r  450  r 2  15r  20r
45  100 0  r 2  35r  450
5  50
0  (r  10)(r  45)
4 r
45  100 r  10  0 or r  45  0
5r  200 r  10 or r  45
4r
Check. Since the speed cannot be negative, we only
45  100  4r
5r  200 check 45. If r  45, then the time for the first part is
45  400r 30 , or 2 hr. If r  45, then r  15  60 and the
5r  200 45 3
(5r  200)(45)  (5r  200)  400r
5r  200 time for the second part is 20 , or 1 hr. The total
225r  9000  400r 60 3
9000  175r 2 1
time is  , or 1 hour. The value checks.
360  r 3 3
7 State. The speed for the first 30 miles was 45 mph.
Check. Traveling 50 mi at 40 mph takes 50 , or 80. Find a second proportion:
40
5 hr. Traveling 50 mi at 360 mph takes 50 , or AC Given
4 7 360  7 B D
35 hr. Then the total time is 5  35  80  20 hr. D  A  D  C Multiplying by D
36 4 36 36 9 A B A D A
DC
The average speed when traveling 100 mi for 20 hr B A
9 Find a third proportion:
is 100  45 mph. The answer checks. AC
20  9 Given
B D
State. Garry would have to travel at a speed of 360 , B  A  B  C Multiplying by B
7 C B C D C
A B
or 51 3 mph for the last half of the trip so that the C D
7
average speed for the entire trip would be 45 mph. Find a fourth proportion:
AC Given
B D
DB  A  DB  C Multiplying by DB
AC B AC D AC
DB
C A

81. Let p = the width of the quarry. We have similar 84. Writing Exercise.
triangles: A B  C  D
B D
A B  C  D
B B D D
A 1 C 1
B D
AC
B D
We write a proportion and solve it. The equations are equivalent.
p 40

10 6 Chapter 6 Review
p  40  10 Multiplying by 10
6 2
p  400 1. False; some rational expressions like x  4 cannot
6 x2
be simplified.
p  200 , or 66 2
3 3
2. True; when t  2, the denominator is zero. Thus, the
2
The quarry is 66 ft wide. expression is undefined.
3
82. Familiarize. Let x = the numerator in the equivalent 3. False; when t  3, then t2  3  32  3  0  0.
t 4 3 4 5
ratio. Then 104  x  the denominator.
4. True
Translate. The ratios 9 and x are equivalent,
17 104  x 5. True
so we write a proportion.
9  x 6. False; a common denominator is required to add
17 104  x rational expressions.
Carry out. We solve the proportion. We multiply by 7. False; a common denominator is required to subtract
the LCD, 17(104  x). rational expressions.
17(104  x)  9  17(104  x)  x 8. False; for example, 0 is the solution to x  3  x  6 .

17 104  x x 1 x  2
9(104  x)  17 x
936  9 x  17 x 9. 172
936  26 x x
36  x Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
Then 104  x  104  36  68.  x2  0
Check. 36  4  9  9 , so the ratios are equivalent. x0
68 4  17 17 The expression is undefined for x  0.
State. The numerator will be 36, and the denominator
10. x5
will be 68.
x 2  36
83. Writing Exercise. No; consider similar right triangles Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
with sides a, b, c, and ka, kb, kc, for example, where
x 2  36  0
k  1. Their areas are 1 ab and 1  ka  kb, or ( x  6)( x  6)  0
2 2
1 k 2 ab. The perimeters of these triangles are x60 or x60
2 x  6 or x6
a  b  c and ka  kb  kc, or k (a  b  c), The expression is undefined for x  6. and x  6.
1 ab 2
respectively. The ratio of the areas is 2 , or 11. x 2  3 x  2
1 k 2 ab x  x  30
2 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
1 , but the ratio of the perimeters is a  b  c , or x 2  x  30  0
k2 k (a  b  c) ( x  6)( x  5)  0
1 . Since the ratios are not equal, the areas and x60 or x5 0
k x  6 or x5
perimeters are not proportional.
The expression is undefined for x  6 and x  5.

Chapter 6 Review 301
6 2 (t  4)
12. 22. (t 2  3t  4)  t  1  (t  4)(t  1) 
(t  2)2 t4 (t  1)(t  1)
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t. (t  4)2 t  1
 
(t  2) 2  0 t 1 t 1
2
t20 (t  4)

t  2 t 1
The expression is undefined for t  2.
23. 10a3b8  2  5  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
2 3 x ( x  3) x  3
13. 3 x2  9 x   12a5b  2  2  3  a  a  a  a  a  b
3x  15 x 3 x( x  5) x  5 LCM  2  2  3  5  a  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
2 (2 x  1)(7 x  3) 7 x  3  60a 5a8
14. 14 x2  x  3  
2 x  7 x  3 (2 x  1)( x  3) x3
24. x 2  x  x( x  1)
6 y 2  36 y  54 6( y 2  6 y  9) x5  x3  x3 ( x 2  1)  x  x  x  ( x  1)( x  1)
15.  x4  x  x  x  x
4 y 2  36 4( y 2  9)
3( y  3)( y  3) 3( y  3) LCM  x  x  x  x  ( x  1)( x  1)  x 4 ( x  1)( x  1)
 
2( y  3)( y  3) 2( y  3)
25. y 2  y  2  ( y  2)( y  1)
2
5 x  20 y 2 2
5(4 y  x ) 2 y 2  4  ( y  2)( y  2)
16.  LCM  ( y  1)( y  2)( y  2)
2y  x (2 y  x)
5(2 y  x)(2 y  x)
  5(2 y  x) 26. x  6  9  4 x  x  6  9  4 x  3 x  15
(2 y  x) x3 x3 x3 x3
2 (a  6)( a  6)(2a)
17. a  36  2a  27. 6 x  3  2 x  15  6 x  3  2 x  15
10a a  6 10a (a  6) x 2  x  12 x 2  x  12 x 2  x  12
2a (a  6) 4 x  12
 a6 
 x  4 x  3
5 2a (a  6)
 
 a6  4 x3
5 x  4  x  3
 4
6 y  12 y2  4 6( y  2)( y  2)( y  2) x4
18. 2
 
2 y  3 y  2 8 y  8 (2 y  1)( y  2)(8)( y  1)
28. 3x  1  x  3  3 x  1  x  3  2 LCD  2 x
3( y  2) 2 2( y  2) 2x x 2x x 2
   x  3
4(2 y  1)( y  1) 2( y  2)  3 x  1  2
3( y  2) 2 2x

4(2 y  1)( y  1)  3x  1  2 x  6
2x
 x  5
8(2  t ) 12t
19. 16  8t  t  2  · 2x
3 12t 3 t2
 8( 1)(4t )
3(t  2) 29. 2a  42 b  5a 2 3b  2a  42 b  a  5a 2 3b  5b
3(t  2) 5ab a b 5ab a a b 5b
 32t LCM is 5a 2b 2
2 2
( x  1)( x  1)  2a  4ab 2252ab  15b
20. 4 x4  2 x3  4x4  5a b
2 2
x  1 x  2x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) 2 x3 2
 15b 2
3  2a  21ab
2 x( x  1) 2 x ( x  1) 5a b2 2
 
x  1 2 x3 ( x  1)
2 x( x  1) y2 6y  8 y2 8  6y
 30.   
x 1 y2 2 y y2 y2
y2  6 y  8
2 ( x 2  1)(2 x  1) 
21. x  1  2 x  1  y2
x  2 x 1 ( x  2)( x  1) ( y  4)( y  2)

No simplification is possible. y2
 y4

31. t  t  t 1 t  t 1 1 1 1
2
t  1 1  t 2 t  1 1  t (1  t )(1  t ) 36. z  z  z 2 LCD  z 2
2 1 1 1 1 z
 t t t z 2 z
(1  t )(1  t ) 2
2   z2
z
 t  2t 1 z
(1  t )(1  t ) z (1  z )
t (t  2) t (t  2) 
 or (1  z )(1  z )
(1  t )(1  t ) (t  1)(t  1)
 z
1 z
32. d2  4  d2  4
d 2 2d d 2 d 2 5 5
2
2 2 x 2 x 2  4 x3
 d 4 37.
3  4

3  4 4 x3
LCD  4 x3
d 2
(d  2)(d  2) 4 x x3 4 x x3

d 2  10 x
d 2 3 x 2  16
33. 1  x5  1  x5 cd cd

x 2  25 x 2  4 x  5 ( x  5)( x  5) ( x  5)( x  1) 38. d c  d c  cd LCD  cd
x  1  ( x  5)( x  5) 1 1 1  1 cd
 c d c d
( x  1)( x  5)( x  5) 2 2
2  c d
 x  1  x  25 d c
( x  1)( x  5)( x  5) (c  d )(c  d )

 x 2  x  26 cd
 cd
( x  1)( x  5)( x  5)
39. 3  1  1 , Note x  0
34. 3x  x  8 LCD  ( x  2)( x  2) x 4 2
  
x  2 x  2 x2  4
4 x 3  1  4 x 1 , LCD  4 x
 3x  x  2  x  x  2  8 x 4 2
x  2 x  2 x  2 x  2 ( x  2)( x  2) 12  x  2 x
2 2 12  3x
 3x  6 x  x  2 x  8
( x  2)( x  2) 4x
2 The solution is 4.
 2 x 2
 8 x  8  2( x  4 x  4)
( x  2)( x  2) ( x  2)( x  2) 3  1
40. Note x  1, 4
2( x  2)( x  2) x  4 x 1

( x  2)( x  2) ( x  1)( x  4) 3  ( x  1)( x  4) 1
2( x  2) x4 x 1
 LCD is ( x  1)( x  4)
x2
3( x  1)  x  4
3x  3  x  4
35. 3  3 LCD  4t (3t  2)
4t 3t  2 3x  x  7
 3  3t  2  3  4t 2x  7
4t 3t  2 3t  2 4t x7
 9t  6  12t 2
4t (3t  2)
 21t  6 41. x  6  7 Note x  0
4t (3t  2) x

3(7t  2)
4t (3t  2)
 
x x 6
x
 7 x
2
x  6  7 x
2
x  7x  6  0
( x  6)( x  1)  0
x60 or x  1  0
x  6 or x  1
The solution are –6 and –1.

Chapter 6 Review 303
Check. If Elizabeth’s speed is 62 mph, then Jennifer’s

42. 1 2 + 2 Note x  2, 1
x 1 x  2 speed is 62 + 8, or 70 mph. Traveling 93 mi at 62 mph

( x  2)( x  1)1  ( x  2)( x  1) 2 + 2
x 1 x  2  93
takes 62
105
 1.5 hr . Traveling 105 mi at 70 mph takes
LCD is ( x  2)( x  1) 70
 1.5 hr . Since the times are the same, the answer
x2  x  2  2x  4  2 x  2 checks.
x2  3x  4  0 State. Elizabeth’s speed is 62 mph; Jennifer’s speed is
( x  1)( x  4)  0 70 mph.
x 1 0 or x40 45. Familiarize. The ratio of seal tagged to the total
x  1 or x4 number of seals in the harbor, T, is 33 . Of the 40 seals
T
43. Familiarize. The job takes Jackson 12 hours working caught later, 24 were tagged. The ratio of tagged seals
alone and Charis 9 hours working alone. Then in 1 to seals caught is 24 .
40
1
hour Jackson does 12 of the job and Charis does 19
Translate. We translate to a proportion.
of the job. Working together, they can do Seals originally Tagged seals
1 7
 1 , or 36 of the job in 1 hour. tagged  33 24  caught later
9 12 
Seals in  T 40  Seals
Translate. If they work together t hours, then Jackson
harbor caught later
does t  19  of the job and Charis does t  121  of the job. Carry out. We solve the proportion.
We want some number t such that
40T  33  40T  24

9 12 
1  1 t  1, or 7 t  1.
36
T
1320  24T
40
Carry out. We solve the equation. 55  T

7 t 1 Check. 33  0.6, 24  0.6
36 55 40
36  7 t  36  1 The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
7 36 7 State. We estimate that there are 55 seals in the
t  36 or 5 1 harbor.
7 7
Check. The check can be done by repeating the 46. We write a proportion and then solve it.
computation. x  2.4
8.5 3.4
State. Working together, it takes them 5 17 hrs to x6
complete the job. 47. Familiarize. Let D  the number of defective radios
44. Familiarize. Let r = Elizabeth’s speed in mph. you would expect in a sample of 540 radios. We use a
Then r + 8 = Jennifer’s speed in mph. We organize the proportion to solve for D.
information in a table. The time is the same for both so Translate.
we use t for each time. Defective  4  Defective
 D
Distance Speed Time Radios  30 540  Radios
Elizabeth 93 r t
Jennifer 105 r 8 t Carry out. We solve the proportion. We multiply by
the LCD, 540.
Translate. Using the formula Time = Distance/Rate in
each row of the table and the fact that the times are the 540  4  540  D
same, we can write an equation. 30 540
72  D
93  105
r r 8 Check. 4  2 , 72  2
Carry out. We solve the equation. 30 15 540 15
93  105 , LCD is r (r  8) The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
r r 8 State. You would expect 72 defective radios in a
r (r  8)  93  r (r  8)  105 batch of 540.
r r 8
93(r  8)  105r 48. Writing Exercise. The LCM of denominators is used
93r  744  105r to clear fractions when simplifying complex rational
744  12r
expressions using the method of multiplying by the
62  r
LCD, and when solving rational equations.

49. Writing Exercise. Although multiplying the 2 (3x  7)(2 x  1)

denominators of the expressions being added results 3. 6 x 2  17 x  7 
2x  7 x  3 ( x  3)(2 x  1)
in a common denominator, it is often not the least
(3x  7) (2 x  1)
common denominator. Using a common denominator 
other than the LCD makes the expressions more ( x  3) (2 x  1)
complicated, requires additional simplifying after the  x7
3
addition has been performed, and leaves more room x3
for error.
2 2 (t  3)(t  3) 8t 2
2 3 2 2 4. t  9  2 8t  
50. 2a  52 a  3  5a2  30a  2a  6a 12t t  4t  3 12t (t  3)(t  1)
a 2a  7 a  4 a  7 a  12 (t  3)(t  3)  2  2  2  t  t

(2a  1) (a  3) 5 a 2 (a  6) (a  3) (a  4) 2  2  3  t (t  3)(t  1)
  
a 2 (2 a  1) ( a  4 ) a ( a  6) (t  3) (t  3)  2  2  2  t  t

5(a  3) 2 2  2  3  t (t  3) (t  1)

a 2t (t  3)

3(t  1)
51. 12a  2a  12a  2a
(a  b)(b  c) (b  a)(c  b) (a  b)(b  c) 25 y 2  1 5 y 2  9 y  2
Since (b  a)(c  b)  (a  b)(b  c) 5. 
9 y2  6 y 3y2  y  2
 10a
(a  b)(b  c) 25 y 2  1 3 y 2  y  2
 2 
9 y  6 y 5 y2  9 y  2
5 ( x  y) 5 ( x  3 y) (5 y  1)(5 y  1) (3 y  2)( y  1)
52.   
( x  y) ( x  2 y) ( x  2 y) ( x  3 y) 3 y (3 y  2) (5 y  1)( y  2)
(5 y  1) (5 y  1) (3 y  2) ( y  1)
 5  5 0 
x  2y x  2y 3 y (3 y  2) (5 y  1) ( y  2)
(5 y  1)( y  1)
53. We write a proportion and solve it. 
total hits  153  x 3 y ( y  2)
 4  total average at-bats
total at-bats  395  125 10 2 2 2 2
153  x  4 6. 4a 2  1  2 4a  4a 2  1  4a  42a  1
4 a  1 4 a  4 a  1 4a  1 4a
520 10 2 (2a  1)(2a  1)
4 a  1
520  153  x  520  4 
(2a  1)(2a  1)

4a 2
520 10
2
153  x  208 (4a  1) (2a  1) (2a  1)
x  55 more hits 
4a 2 (2a  1) (2a  1)
new hits  55
 0.44 or 44% (2a  1)(4a 2  1)
new at-bats  125 
He must hit at 44% of the 125 at-bats. 4a 2 (2a  1)
( x  3) 2
Chapter 6 Test 7. ( x 2  6 x  9) 
x2  9
( x  3)( x  3) ( x  3)( x  3)
1. 2  x 
1

( x  3)( x  3)
5x
We find the number which makes the denominator 0. ( x  3) ( x  3) ( x  3) ( x  3)

5x  0 ( x  3) ( x  1)
x0  ( x  3)( x  3)
The expression is undefined for x  0.
2 8. y 2  9  ( y  3)( y  3)
2. x 2  x  30 y 3  10 y  21  ( y  7)( y  3)
x  3x  2
We find the number which makes the denominator 0. y 2  4 y  21  ( y  7)( y  3)
LCM  ( y  3)( y  3)( y  7)
x2  3x  2  0
( x  2)( x  1)  0
9. 2 3 x  7 34 x  2  x 34 x  7  3x3 9
x20 or x 1  0 x x x x
x2 or x 1
The expression is undefined for x  1 and x  2.

Chapter 6 Test 305
5  t  (t  3) 1  4  2
10. 52  t  t2 3  15.
t 1 t 1 t2  1 x  1 x2  1 x2  2 x  1
 5  t t 3 1  4 2

t2  1 x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1)
 22t  8 LCD is ( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)
t 1 ( x  1)( x  1)
 1   4  x 1
x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1) x  1
11. 2 x  4  x  1  2 x  4  x  1 2( x  1)
x 3 3 x x  3 1(3  x) 
1( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1) 2
 x4 
2
( x  1)( x  1) 4( x  1) 2( x  1)
x3 x3   
 2x  4  x  1 ( x  1)( x  1)2 ( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x  1)( x  1) 2
x3 ( x  1)( x  1)  4( x  1)  2( x  1)

 x3 ( x  1)( x  1) 2
x3
2
1  x  1  4 x  4  22x  2
( x  1)( x  1)
12. 2 x  4  x  1  2 x  4  x  1 2
x 3 3 x x  3 1( x  3)  x  2 x  72
( x  1)( x  1)
 2x  4  x  1
x3 x3
 2x  4  x  1 9  12
x3 y
16. LCD is y 2
 3x  5 3 1
x3 y
2
7  4 LCD is t (t  2)  9  1  9 y2  y
13. 2
y  2
y  y2
t2 t  2  

 7 t  4t 2 y  3 1  2 y2
t2 t t t2  y  3y 
y
4(t  2)
 7t  2
9 y  1 (3 y  1)(3 y  1)
t (t  2) t (t  2)  2 
3y  y y (3 y  1)
 7t  4t  8  11t  8
t (t  2) t (t  2) (3 y  1) (3 y  1) 3 y  1
 
y (3 y  1) y
y 1
14. 
y  6 y  9 y2  2 y  3
2
x8
y 1 17. 8 x LCD is 8 x
  11
( y  3)( y  3) ( y  3)( y  1) 8 x
LCD is ( y  3)( y  3)( y  1) x  8 8 x 2  64 x
y y 1 1 ( y  3)  8 x  8 x  8 x
  
( y  3)( y  3) y  1 ( y  3)( y  1) ( y  3) 8x 1  1 8x  8x
8 x 8 x
y ( y  1) ( y  3)
  x 2
 64 ( x  8)( x  8) ( x  8) ( x  8)
( y  3)( y  3)( y  1) ( y  3)( y  1)( y  3)   
x8 x 8 x8
y2  y y3  x 8
 
( y  3)( y  3)( y  1) ( y  3)( y  1)( y  3)
y2  y  y  3 18. Note that t  0.
 1  1  1 , LCD  6t
( y  3)( y  3)( y  1)
t 3t 2
y2  3

( y  1)( y  3) 2   
6t 1  1  6t 1
t 3t 2
6t  1  6t  1  6t 1
t 3t 2
6  2  3t
8  3t
8t
3
The solution is 8 .
3

19. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  0 and Carry out. We solve the proportion.
x  2  0, or x  0 and x  2. 4m  320  4m  100
15  15  2 LCD  x( x  2) 4 m
320m  400
x x2
 
x( x  2) 15  15  x( x  2)( 2)
x x2
m  5  11
4 4
15( x  2)  15 x  2 x( x  2)
Check. 320  80, 100  80 The ratios are the same
15 x  30  15 x  2 x 2  4 x 4 5/4
so the answer checks.
2 x 2  4 x  30  0
2( x 2  2 x  15)  0 State. Walking 1 14 mi corresponds to burning 100
2( x  5)( x  3)  0 calories.
x  5  0 or x  3  0 22. Familiarize. Let r = Alicia’s speed in km/h. Then
x  5 or x  3 r + 20 = Ryan’s speed. We organize the information
The solutions are –3 and 5. in a table using the formula time = distance/rate to fill
in the last column.
20. Familiarize. The job takes the first copier 20 min
working alone and the second copier 30 min working Distance Speed Time
1
alone. In 1 min, the first copier does 20 of the job and 225
Alicia 225 r
1 r
the second copier does of the job. Working
30 325
Ryan 325 r  20
together they can do 1
20
1
 30 , or 5
60
1
, or 12 of the job r  20
1
in 1 min. In 10 min, the first copier does 10  30 of the Translate. Since the times must be the same, we have
1 1 the equation 225  325 .
job. Working together they can do 10  20  10  30 , or r r  20
5
, of the job in 10 min. In 15 min, the first copier Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r ( r  20).
6
1
does 15  20 of the job and the second copier does r (r  20)  225  r ( r  20)  325
r r  20
1
15  30 of the job. Working together they can do 225(r  20)  325r
225r  4500  325r
1 1
15  20  15  30 , or 1 14 of the job which is more of the 4500  100r
job than needs to be done. The answer is somewhere 45  r
between 10 min and 15 min. Then r  20  45  20  65.
Translate. If they work together t minutes, then the Check. Then, Ryan’s speed is 20 km/h faster than
1
first copier does t  20 of the job and the second Alicia’s speed. At 45 km/h, Alicia travels 225 km in
225/45, or 5 hr. At 65 km/h, Ryan travels 325 km in
1
copier does t  30 of the job. We want a number t such 325/65, or 5 hr. The times are the same, so the answer
1 1 1 checks.
that ( 20  30 )t  1, or 12
t  1.
State. Ryan’s speed is 65 km/h and Alicia’s speed is
Carry out. We solve the equation. 45 km/h.
1 t 1
12 23. 1  1 1 1
1 1 1 1
12 1  t  12  1 a 1
12 1 1
t  12 a a
1 1
Check. We repeat the computations. We also 1 a
expected the result to be between 10 min and a 1
15 min as it is. 1 1
a 1 a
State. Working together, it takes the two copiers a 1
12 min to do the job. 1 1
1
21. Familiarize. Burning 320 calories corresponds to a 1
walking 4 mi, and we wish to find the number of  1 a 1
miles m that corresponds to burning 100 calories. We a
can use a proportion.
Translate.
calories burned  320 100  calories burned

miles walked  4 m  miles walked

Chapter 6 Test 307
24. Familiarize. Let x  the number. Then  1 is the

x
opposite of the numbers reciprocal.
Translate. The square of the number, x 2 is
equivalent to  1 , so we write an equation.
x
2
x  1
x
 
x  x2  x   1
x
x 3  1
x  3 1  1
Check. ( 1) 2  1,  1  1, so the values are

1
equivalent.
State. The number is –1.

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The Crane Family.
I am not going to talk of Ichabod Crane, or Jeremiah Crane, or of

their wives or families. I shall leave these respectable people for the
present, and say a few words about certain long-legged birds which
are very interesting, though not very familiarly known to most of us.
The storks and cranes are so nearly alike that they might seem to be
cousins. They have both enormously long legs and bills, and seem
particularly well fitted to wading in the water—a thing they can do
without rolling up their pantaloons. Look at this tall fellow at the head
of this article, and tell me if he need be afraid of wetting his clothes
by taking a ramble in a brook.
The engraving represents a crane. Let me first say a few words of
his cousin stork. This bird, that is spoken of in the Bible as one that
“knoweth her appointed time,” is not found among us, but it is well
known in some parts of Europe. In Holland, it arrives in small bands
or flocks, about the first of April, and universally meets with a kind
and welcome reception from the inhabitants. Returning year after
year to the same town, and the same chimney-top, it reoccupies its
deserted nest; and the gladness these birds manifest in again taking
possession of their dwelling, and the attachment they testify towards
their benevolent hosts, are familiar in the mouths of every one. Nor is
the stork less remarkable for its affection towards its young; and the
story is well known of a female bird, which, during the conflagration
at Delft, chose rather to perish with her young than abandon them to
their fate. Incubation and the rearing of the young being over by
August, the stork, in the early part of that month, prepares for its
departure. The north of Africa, and especially Egypt, are the places
of its winter sojourning, for there the marshes are unfrozen, its food
is in abundance, and the climate is congenial. Previous to setting out
on their airy journey, multitudes assemble from the surrounding
districts, chattering with their bills as if in consultation. On the
appointed night, a period which appears to be universally chosen by
the migratory tribes, they mount into the higher regions of the air,
and sail away southwards to their destined haven.
The nest of the stork is formed of twigs and sticks, and the eggs,
from three to five in number, and nearly as large as those of a goose,
are of a yellowish white. Of the countless multitudes in which the
stork assembles in order to perform its periodical migrations, some
idea may be entertained from Dr. Shaw’s account of the flocks which
he witnessed leaving Egypt and passing over Mount Carmel, each of
which was half a mile in breadth, and occupied a space of three
hours in passing. When reposing, the stork stands upon one leg,
with the neck bent backwards, and the head resting between the
shoulders. Such also is its attitude when watching for its prey. Its
motions are stately, and it stalks along with slow and measured
steps. Its plumage is pure white.
The cranes bear a close resemblance to the white stork, which we
have been describing, but become even more familiar in some of the
countries they inhabit, and, in consequence of their larger size,
render more essential service in the removal of carrion, offal, and
other nuisances. This important office they share with the vultures,
and, like those birds, are universally privileged from all annoyance, in
return for so meritorious an exertion of their natural propensities.
They seem to be constantly attracted by the heaps of offensive
substances collected in the villages and towns, which they devour
without scruple, and in immense quantities.
The adjutant arrives in Bengal, in India, before the rainy season.
Its gape is enormous, and its voracity astonishing; not that it is
ferocious towards man; quite the contrary, for it is peaceable, and
even timid; but small quadrupeds are swallowed without any scruple.
In the stomach of one, as Latham states, were found a land tortoise
ten inches long, and a large black cat entire.
Of the African Marabou Crane, the voracious and omniverous
propensities are attested by Major Denham; carrion, reptiles, and
small quadrupeds are swallowed at a bolt, with indiscriminate
voracity. Smeatham, who resided at Sierra Leone, has given an
interesting account of this bird. He observes that the adult bird will
often measure seven feet; and that the head, covered with white
down thinly dispersed, is not unlike that of a gray-headed man. It
associates in flocks, which, when seen at a distance, near the
mouths of rivers, coming towards an observer, with their wings
extended, as they often do, may readily be mistaken for canoes on a
smooth sea. “One of these, a young bird, about five feet high, was
brought up tame, and presented to the chief of the Bananas, where
Mr. Smeatham lived; and being accustomed to be fed in the great
hall, soon became familiar; duly attending that place at dinner-time,
and placing itself behind its master’s chair, frequently before the
guests entered. The servants were obliged to watch narrowly and to
defend the provisions with switches, but, notwithstanding, it would
frequently snatch something or other, and once purloined a whole
boiled fowl, which it swallowed in an instant. Its courage is not equal
to its voracity; for a child of ten years soon puts it to flight with a
switch, though it seems at first to stand on its defence, by
threatening with its enormous bill widely extended, and roaring with a
loud voice, like a bear or tiger. It is an enemy to small quadrupeds,
as well as birds and reptiles, and slyly destroys fowls and chickens.
Everything is swallowed whole, and so accommodating is its throat,
that not only an animal as big as a cat is gulped down, but a shin of
beef broken asunder serves it but for two morsels. It has been
known to swallow a leg of mutton of five or six pounds, a hare, and
also a small fox.”
Sketches of the Manners, Customs, and History
of the Indians of America.
(Continued from page 144.)
CHAPTER III.
The West Indies continued.—Columbus discovers the Antilles.—
Cannibalism reported.—Appearance of the people.—Their
origin.—Arts.—Customs.—Character.—Their extermination.
Columbus discovered the islands of the Caribs during his second

voyage to America, in 1493. The first island he saw he named
Dominico, because he discovered it on Sunday. As the ships gently
moved onward, other islands rose to sight, one after another,
covered with forests, and enlivened with flights of parrots and other
tropical birds, while the whole air was sweetened by the fragrance of
the breezes which passed over them.
This beautiful cluster of islands is called the Antilles. They extend
from the eastern end of Porto Rico to the coast of Paria on the
southern continent, forming a kind of barrier between the main ocean
and the Caribbean sea;—here was the country of the Caribs.
Columbus had heard of the Caribs during his stay at Hayti and Cuba,
at the time of his first voyage. The timid and indolent race of Indians
in those pleasant islands were mortally afraid of the Caribs, and had
repeatedly besought Columbus to assist them in overcoming these
their ferocious enemies. The Caribs were represented as terrible
warriors, and cruel cannibals, who roasted and eat their captives.
This the gentle Haytians thought, truly enough, was a good pretext
for warning the Christians against such foes. Columbus did not at
first imagine the beautiful paradise he saw, as he sailed onward
among these green and spicy islands, could be the residence of
cruel men; but on landing at Guadaloupe he soon became convinced
he was truly in a Golgotha, a place of skulls. He there saw human
limbs hanging in the houses as if curing for provisions, and some
even roasting at the fire for food. He knew then that he was in the
country of the Caribs.
On touching at the island of Montserrat, Columbus was informed
that the Caribs had eaten up all the inhabitants. If that had been true,
it seems strange how he obtained his information.
It is probable many of these stories were exaggerations. The
Caribs were a warlike people, in many respects essentially differing
in character from the natives of the other West India Islands. They
were enterprising as well as ferocious, and frequently made roving
expeditions in their canoes to the distance of one hundred and fifty
leagues, invading the islands, ravaging the villages, making slaves of
the youngest and handsomest females, and carrying off the men to
be killed and eaten.
These things were bad enough, and it is not strange report should
make them more terrible than the reality. The Caribs also gave the
Spaniards more trouble than did the effeminate natives of the other
islands. They fought their invaders desperately. In some cases the
women showed as much bravery as the men. At Santa Cruz the
females plied their bows with such vigor, that one of them sent an
arrow through a Spanish buckler, and wounded the soldier who bore
it.
There have been many speculations respecting the origin of the
Caribs. That they were a different race from the inhabitants of the
other islands, is generally acknowledged. They also differed from the
Indians of Mexico and Peru; though some writers think they were
culprits banished either from the continent or the large islands, and
thus a difference of situation might have produced a difference of
manners. Others think they were descended from some civilized
people of Europe or Africa. There is no difficulty attending the belief
that a Carthaginian or Ph[oe]nician vessel might have been
overtaken by a storm, and blown about by the gales, till it entered the
current of the trade-winds, when it would have been easily carried to
the West Indies. If they had no women with them, they might have
discovered the large islands or the continent, and procured wives
from them. In process of time, their numbers might have increased
so as to form the scanty population of St. Vincent, Martinico,
Guadaloupe, Dominica, and other small islands where the Caribs
were settled.
The Caribs had as many of the arts as were necessary to live at
ease in that luxurious climate. They knew how to build their carbets
or houses; how to make their boats, baskets, arms, hammocks, and
to prepare their provisions.
The hammocks of the Caribs strengthens the supposition that
they were descended from some maritime adventurers. They were
made of coarse cotton cloth, six or seven feet long, and twelve or
fourteen wide; each end was ornamented with cords, which they
called ribands; these were more than two feet long, twisted, and well
made. All the cords at each end were joined together, and formed
loops, through which a long rope was inserted, in order to fasten the
hammocks to the posts at the side of the house, and to support the
persons within them. These hammocks were woven by the women,
entirely by hand labor, as they had no looms, and was a very tedious
process. But when completed, and painted red, as was the usual
fashion, they were very strong, and quite ornamental in their carbets.
Carib Carbet.
The carbet is thus described by a French missionary: “The Carib
dwelling I entered was about sixty feet long and twenty-four wide.
The posts on which it was erected were rough and forked, and the
shortest of them about nine feet above the ground; the others were
proportioned to the height of the roof. The windward end was
enclosed with a kind of wicker-work of split flags; the roof was
covered with the leaves of the wild plantain, which here grows very
large; the laths were made of reeds. The end of the carbet which
was covered had a doorway for a passage to the kitchen; the other
end was nearly all open. Ten paces from the great carbet was
another building, about half the size of the large one, which was
divided by a reed partition. The first room was the kitchen; here six
or eight females were employed in making cassada. The second
room was for a sleeping apartment for such of the women and
children as were not accommodated in the great carbet.
“All the rooms were furnished with hammocks and baskets. The
men had their weapons in the great carbet. Some of the men were
making baskets—two women were making a hammock. There were
many bows, arrows, and clubs attached to the rafters. The floor was
smooth and clean; it was made of well-beaten earth, and sloped
towards the side. There was a good fire, about one third the length of
the carbet, round which a number of Caribs were squatted on their
haunches. They were smoking and waiting till some fish were
roasted, and made their salutations to me without rising.”
The Caribs were hunters and fishermen. Their food was much
better cooked than that of the Indians of the northern continent, who
lived by the chase and fishing, though to us it would not appear very
refined. Their meat and small birds they stuck on a kind of wooden
spit, which was fixed in the ground before the fire, and they turned it,
till all the slices of meat or the birds were roasted.
This was quite a civilized method of management compared with
their treatment of the large birds, such as parrots, pigeons, &c.
These they threw on the fire, without picking or dressing them, and
when the feathers were burnt, they raked the bird up in the cinders
till it was done. On taking it from the ashes, the crust formed by the
burnt feathers peeled off, and the bird was perfectly clean and
delicate. It is said this manner of roasting was much approved by the
Europeans who had an opportunity of trying it.
The Caribs usually spread two tables at their meals; on one was
placed their bread, (cassada,) on the other the fish, fowls, crabs and
pimentado. This pimentado was made of the juice of manioc, boiled,
a quantity of pimento, and the juice of lemon or some other acid. It
was their favorite sauce; they used it with all their meats, but they
made it so hot that nobody but themselves could eat it. A favorite
dish with them was stewed crabs. None of their food was eaten raw;
in general their taste seemed inclined to overdone and high-
seasoned dishes.
The manioc, from which the cassada is made, was a great article
of food among the Caribs. The ordinary size of the roots is equal to
that of the beet; they are of the consistency of parsnips, and
commonly ripen in about eight months.
The manioc was planted in trenches, about two feet and a half
apart, and six inches deep. It was necessary to keep the plant free
from weeds. When ripe, the shrub and roots were all dug up
together, like potatoes. When the roots were taken up, the bark or
skin was scraped off, just as parsnips are scraped; then they were
washed clean and grated fine, something like horseradish. Then the
grated mass was put into a strainer of split flags, or the bark of a
tree.
The strainer was six or seven feet long, and four or five inches in
diameter. It was woven something like a cotton stocking, in order that
it might be expanded to receive the manioc, and contract for the
purpose of expressing the juice. When filled, it was hung on the limb
of a tree, with a basket of stones fastened to the bottom, which
gradually forced out the juice of the manioc, which is of a poisonous
quality unless it is boiled.
Caribs preparing Manioc.
When the manioc was sufficiently dry, they took daily what they
wanted, and having passed the flour through a sieve made of reeds,
they then made it into paste, and baked it upon flat stones. It is a
very nourishing kind of bread, and is to this day used in many parts
of tropical America.
The Caribs had discovered the art of making intoxicating
beverages, so that they really needed a temperance society,—not
quite so much, perhaps, as their civilized invaders. In this respect the
Caribs had far outstripped the inventions of the northern barbarians.
Carib Vessels.
No people in the world were more expert than the Caribs in the
management of a boat. They had two sorts of vessels—becassas,
with three masts and square sails, and piroques, with only two
masts. The last were about thirty feet long by four and a half feet
wide in the middle. The becassa was about forty-two feet long and
seven feet wide in the middle. They had sometimes figures of
monkeys painted red at the stern of their vessels. These vessels
were built of the West India cedar tree, which there grows to a
prodigious size. One tree made the keel of the vessel. It was felled
with immense labor, hewed to a proper degree of thickness, made
very smooth, and if any addition to the height was necessary, planks
were added to the sides. This work was all performed with sharp
hatchets made of flint.
Some of these vessels had topmasts, and the Caribs could rig out
fleets of thirty sail at a time. After the French had been some years
settled at Martinico, they were surprised one foggy morning by the
appearance of a fleet on their coast. The whole island was instantly
in alarm and commotion; every man seized his arms, thinking a large
squadron from Europe was come to attack the island. But the fog
cleared away, and there, close-hauled in shore, were twenty sail of
becassas and piroques, filled with Caribs, who had come for a
friendly trading visit.
The Caribs were usually rather above the middle stature, well
proportioned, and their countenances were rather agreeable. Their
foreheads had an extraordinary appearance, as they were flattened
by having a board bound tight on the forehead when they were
infants, and kept there till the head had taken the fashionable form.
The forehead then continued flat, so that they could see
perpendicularly when standing erect, and over their heads when
lying down. These were the objects aimed at, and so they, at least,
had a reason for their ridiculous custom; which is more than can be
said of all the customs of modern refined society.
They had small black eyes, beautiful teeth, white and even, and
long, glossy, black hair. The hair was always kept well anointed with
oil of palmachristi. It was difficult to judge of the color of their skin,
because they were always painted with rouco, which gave them the
appearance of boiled lobsters. The coat of paint preserved their
skins from the hot rays of the sun, and from the stings of the
musquito and gnat. It was thus far a useful invention, but they also
considered it highly ornamental. When they wished to appear
exceedingly grand, they added black mustaches, and other black
strokes on their red-painted faces, with the juice of the geripa apple.
The men wore ornaments, called caracolis, in their ears, noses,
and the under lip. The metal of which these ornaments were formed
came from the South American continent, but no one but an Indian
could ever find it. It is exceedingly brilliant, and does not tarnish. A
full-dressed Carib wore a caracolis in each ear. The ornament was in
the form of a crescent, suspended by chains about two and a half
inches long, which were fastened in the ear by a hook. Another
caracoli of the same size was attached to the gristle which separates
the nostrils, and hung over the mouth. The under part of the lower lip
was pierced, and thence hung another caracoli, which reached to the
neck; and in the last place, they had one six or seven inches long,
enchased in a small board of black wood, and suspended from the
neck by a small cord.
When they did not wear the caracolis, they inserted little pieces of
wood in their ears, &c., that the holes might not grow up; sometimes
they stuck the feathers of parrots in these holes, and thus looked
very queerly. They had a habit of sticking the hair of their children full
of feathers of different colors, which was done very prettily, and
looked quite appropriate with their round, red faces, and bright,
laughing eyes.
The women were smaller than the men, but equally well-formed.
They had black hair and eyes, round faces, their mouths were small,
and teeth beautiful. They had a gay and lively air, and their
countenances were smiling and very agreeable; but they were in
their behaviour perfectly modest.
Their hair was tied at the back of their heads, with a cotton fillet.
They wore belts and a little apron called a camisa. It was made of
cotton cloth, embroidered with beads, and had a bead fringe. They
wore scarfs of cotton cloth, about half a yard wide, called a pagn. It
was wrapped twice round the body under the armpits, and then was
tied, and the ends hung down to the knee. They wore necklaces,
composed of several strings of beads, and bracelets of the same.
They had buskins also, which were ornaments for the legs, very
tasteful, and in high fashion. The females performed most of the
cooking, and made the hammocks; and they had likewise to carry all
the burdens which were borne in baskets. A man would have been
dishonored forever if he had spun or woven cotton, or painted a
hammock, or carried a market-basket. But all the hard labor was
performed by the men, and they were very kind to their wives and
children.
They had some singular customs respecting deceased persons.
When a Carib died, he was immediately painted all over with the red
paint, and had his mustaches, and the black streaks on his face,
made very deep and shining. He was next put into a hole surrounded
with mats, and kept till all his relations could see and examine the
body. No matter how distant they lived, if on another island, they
must be summoned and appear, before the dead body could be
buried. But the thick coat of paint preserved it from decay for a long
time.
In their wars, I have told you, the Caribs were murderous and
cruel. They often poisoned their arrows, and probably often eat their
captives. They fought with bows and arrows, and clubs. But when
their angry passions became cool, they treated their prisoners with
humanity, and never tortured them like the northern savages.
In some instances these islanders were faithless and treacherous.
In 1708 the English entered into an agreement with the Caribs in St.
Vincents, to attack the French colonies in Martinico. The French
governor heard of the treaty, and sent Major Coullet, who was a
great favorite with the savages, to persuade them to break the treaty.
Coullet took with him a number of officers and servants, and a good
store of provisions and liquors. He reached St. Vincents, gave a
grand entertainment to the principal Caribs, and after circulating the
brandy freely, he got himself painted red, and made them a flaming
speech. He urged them to break their connection with the English.
How could they refuse a man who gave them brandy, and who was
red as themselves? They abandoned their English friends, and burnt
all the timber the English had cut on the island, and butchered the
first Englishman who arrived. But their crimes were no worse than
those of their christian advisers, who, on either side, were inciting
these savages to war.
But the Caribs are all gone, perished from the earth. Their race is
no more, and their name is only a remembrance. The English and
the French, chiefly the latter, have destroyed them.
There is, however, one pleasant reflection attending their fate.
Though destroyed, they were never enslaved. None of their
conquerers could compel them to labor. Even those who have
attempted to hire Caribs for servants, have found it impossible to
derive any benefit or profit from them; they would not be commanded
or reprimanded.
This independence was called pride, indolence, and stubbornness
by their conquerors;—if the Caribs had had historians to record their
wrongs, and their resistance to an overwhelming tyranny, they would
have set the matter in a very different light. They would have
expressed the sentiment which the conduct of their countrymen so
steadily exemplified—that it was better to die free than to live slaves.
So determined was their resistance to all kinds of authority, that it
became a proverb among the Europeans, that to show displeasure
to a Carib was the same as beating him, and to beat him was the
same as to kill him. If they did anything it was only what they chose,
how they chose, and when they chose; and when they were most
wanted, it often happened that they would not do what was required,
nor anything else.
The French missionaries made many attempts to convert the
Caribs to Christianity, but without success. It is true that some were
apparently converted; they learned the catechism, and prayers, and
were baptized; but they always returned to their old habits.
A man of family and fortune, named Chateau Dubois, settled in
Guadaloupe, and devoted great part of his life to the conversion of
the Caribs, particularly those of Dominica. He constantly entertained
a number of them, and taught them himself. He died in the exercise
of these pious and charitable offices, without the consolation of
having made one single convert.
As we have said, several had been baptized, and, as he hoped,
they were well instructed, and apparently well grounded in the
christian religion; but after they returned to their own people, they
soon resumed all the Indian customs, and their natural indifference
to all religion.
Some years after the death of Dubois, one of these Carib
apostates was at Martinico. He spoke French correctly, could read
and write; he had been baptized, and was then upwards of fifty years
old. When reminded of the truths he had been taught, and
reproached for his apostasy, he replied, “that if he had been born of
christian parents, or if he had continued to live among the French, he
would still have professed Christianity—but that, having returned to
his own country and his own people, he could not resolve to live in a
manner differing from their way of life, and by so doing expose
himself to the hatred and contempt of his relations.” Alas, it is small
matter of wonder that the Carib thought the christian religion was
only a profession. Had those who bore that name always been
Christians in reality, and treated the poor ignorant savages with the
justice, truth and mercy which the Gospel enjoins, what a different
tale the settlement of the New World would have furnished!
A good Reply.—A countryman drove up his cart to a grocer’s

door, and asked him what he gave for eggs. “Only seventeen cents,”
he replied, “for the grocers have had a meeting and voted not to give
any more.” Again the countryman came to market, and asked the
grocer what he gave for eggs. “Only twelve cents,” said the grocer,
“for the grocers have had another meeting and voted not to give any
more.” A third time the countryman came and made the same
inquiry, and the grocer replied, that “the grocers had held a meeting
and voted to give only ten cents. Have you any for sale?” continued
the grocer. “No,” says the countryman; “the hens have had a meeting
too, and voted not to trouble themselves to lay eggs for ten cents a
dozen.”
Pet Oyster.—There is a gentleman at Christ Church, Salisbury,
England, who keeps a pet oyster of the largest and finest breed. It is
fed on oatmeal, for which it regularly opens its shell, and is
occasionally treated with a dip in its native element; but the most
extraordinary trait in the history of this amphibious pet is, that it has
proved itself an excellent mouser, having already killed five mice, by
crushing the heads of such as, tempted by odoriferous meal, had the
temerity to intrude their noses within its bivalvular clutches. Twice
have two of these little intruders suffered together.—Eng. Journal,
1840.
The Shetland Pony.
This diminutive breed of horses, many of which are not larger

than a Newfoundland dog, is common in Shetland, and all the
islands on the north and west of Scotland; also in the mountainous
districts of the mainland along the coast. They are beautifully formed,
and possess prodigious strength in proportion to their size. The
heads are small, with a flowing mane and long tail, reaching to the
ground.
They are high-spirited and courageous little animals, but
extremely tractable in their nature. Some of them run wild about the
mountains, and there are various methods of catching them,
according to the local situation of the district which they inhabit.
The shelties, as they are called, are generally so small, that a
middling-sized man must ride with his knees raised to the animal’s
shoulders, to prevent his toes from touching the ground. It is
surprising to see with what speed they will carry a heavy man over
broken and zigzag roads in their native mountains.
When grazing, they will clamber up steep ascents, and to the
extreme edge of precipices which overhang the most frightful
abysses, and there they will gaze round with as much complacency
as if on a plain.
These horses, small as they may be, are not to be considered a
degenerate breed, for they are possessed of much greater physical
strength in proportion to their size than larger horses. They are
called garrons in the highlands of Scotland.
Many years ago, when turnpikes were first established in
Scotland, a countryman was employed by the laird of Coll to go to
Glasgow and Edinburgh on certain business, and furnished with a
small shelty to ride upon. Being stopped at the gate near Dunbarton,
the messenger good-humoredly asked the keeper if he would be
required to pay toll, should he pass through carrying a burthen; and
upon the man answering “Certainly not,” he took up the horse in his
arms, and carried him through the toll-bar, to the great amusement of
the gate-keeper.
A gentleman, some time ago, was presented with one of these
handsome little animals, which was no less docile than elegant, and
measured only seven hands or twenty-eight inches in height. He was
anxious to convey his present home as speedily as possible, but,
being at a considerable distance, was at a loss how to do so most
easily. The friend said, “Can you not carry him in your chaise?” He
made the experiment, and the shelty was lifted into it, covered up
with the apron, and some bits of bread given him to keep him quiet.
He lay quite peaceable till he reached his destination; thus exhibiting
the novel spectacle of a horse riding in a gig.
A little girl, the daughter of a gentleman in Warwickshire, England,
playing on the banks of a canal which runs through his grounds, had
the misfortune to fall in, and would in all probability have been
drowned, had not a little pony, which had long been kept in the
family, plunged into the stream and brought the child safely ashore,
without the slightest injury. The engraving at the head of this article
exhibits this interesting scene.
A gentleman had a white pony, which became extremely attached
to a little dog that lived with him in the stable, and whenever the
horse was rode out, the dog always ran by his side. One day, when
the groom took out the pony for exercise, and accompanied as usual
by his canine friend, they met a large dog, who attacked the
diminutive cur, upon which the horse reared, and, to the
astonishment of the bystanders, so effectually fought his friend’s
battle with his fore feet, that the aggressor found it his interest to
scamper off at full speed, and never again ventured to assail the
small dog.
Shelties sometimes attain a great age. There was in the small
village of Haddington, Eng., a very small black pony, not exceeding
eleven hands high, of the Shetland breed, which in the year 1745, at

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Rational Expressions and Equations

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ab  ab 60. Writing Exercise. The degree of the denominator is at

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2 80. Graph 3x  2 y  12.

74. 12  4 x  6  2 x  12  4 x  6

87. The reciprocal of 2 1 x is

88. The reciprocal of 7.25x is 1 , or 4 .

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(2n  1)(4n  3)(2n  3)(3n  2) 10. 13

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51. t 3  4t 2  4t  t (t 2  4t  4)  t (t  2)(t  2) 62. 9 x3  9 x 2  18 x  9 x( x 2  x  2)

58. m 2  2m  3   m  3 m  1 66. 2a 2b  2  a  a  b

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68. x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3) 76. 2  3( x  7)  15

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a2  a4  a22  a4

x4  x5  x44  x53 4 z  9  3z  8  4 z  9  4  3z  8  3

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cd 2  c  d  d  25. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is

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73. 2 x  5  x  7  5 x  17 LCD  ( x  1)( x  5) 77. 1  2  3

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88. Writing Exercise. No; when adding, no sign changes  6 x  33  6 x  3

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(t  5) (t  4) (t  5) 8. The LCD is x( x  1)( x  1).

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xx xx a5

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27. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. 5  3 5  2  3  x2