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Chapter 6
Rational Expressions and Equations

14. 5 x  10  0
5 x  10
Exercise Set 6.1 x  2
1. A rational expression can be written as a quotient of
two polynomials. 15. x 2  25
2
x  3x  28
2. A rational expression is undefined when the Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x:
denominator is zero.
x 2  3 x  28  0
3. A rational expression is simplified when the  x  4 x  7   0
numerator and the denominator have no factors (other
x40 or x  7  0
than 1) in common.
x  4 or x7
4. When we cancel, we remove a factor equal to 1. The expression is undefined for x  4 and x  7.
5. t  1  0 when t  1 and t  4  0 when t  4, so
16. p 2  7 p  10  0
choice (a) is correct.
( p  2)( p  5)  0
6. 2t  1  0 when t  1 and 3t  4  0 when t   4 p = 2 or p = 5
2 3
so choice (c) is correct. 17. t 2  t  20
2t 2  11t  6
7. a 2  a  12  (a  4)( a  3); a  4  0 when a  4 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t:
and a  3  0 when a  3, so choice (d) is correct. 2t 2  11t  6  0
(t  6)(2t  1)  0
8. m 2  2m  15  (m  5) (m  3); m  5  0 when t60 or 2t  1  0
m  5 and m  3  0 when m  3, so choice (b) is t  6 or 2t  1
correct. t  6 or t1
2
9. 18
11x The expression is undefined for t  6 and t  1 .
2
We find the real number(s) that make the denominator
0. To do so we set the denominator equal to 0 and 18. 3 x 2  x  14  0
solve for x: ( x  2)(3 x  7)  0
11x  0
x0 x  2 or x  7
3
The expression is undefined for x  0.
2
10. 0 19. 50a b3
40ab
y3 Factoring the numerator and
11.
y5  5a2 10ab denominator. Note the common
4b  10ab factor of 10ab.
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for y:
y5 0 Rewriting as a product of two
 5a2  10ab
y  5 4b 10ab rational expressions
The expression is undefined for y  5.  5a2  1 10ab  1
4b 10ab
12. 10  5a2 Removing the factor 1
4b
13. t 5
3t  15 2 4
24 x 4 y 3 4 y  6 x y 4 y 2
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t: 20. 7
  3
3t  15  0 6x y x3  6 x 4 y x
3t  15
6 (t  2) (t  2)
t5 21. 6t  12  
The expression is undefined for t  5. 6t  18 6 (t  3) (t  3)
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

248 Chapter 6: Rational Expressions and Equations
5 (n  6) n  6 Check: Let x  2 .
22. 5n  30  
5n  5 5 (n  1) n  1 2 y  6 2  2  6
  2  1
8 y 8  2 16 8
7 (3t  1) 7 y  3 2  3 1 1
23. 21t  7     
24t  8 8 (3t  1) 8 4y 42 8 8
The answer is probably correct.
5 (2n  5) 5
24. 10n  25   30. 4 x  12 
4( x  3) 2  2( x  3) 2( x  3)
 
8n  20 4 (2n  5) 4 6x 6x 2  3x 3x
Check: Let x  1.
25. a 2  9  (a  3)(a  3)
2
a  4a  3 (a  3)(a  1) 4 x  12  4( 1)  12  16  8
6x 6( 1) 6 3
 a3 a 3
a  3 a 1 2( x  3) 2( 1  3) 8 8
  
 1 a  3 3x 3( 1) 3 3
a 1 The answer is probably correct.
 a3
a 1 2 3 a (2a  1) 3(2a  1)
31. 6a2  3a  
2 (a  3) (a  2) a  2 7 a  7 a 7 a (a  1) 7(a  1)
26. a 2 5a  6   Check: Let a  1.
a 9 ( a  3) (a  3) a  3
6a 2  3a  6  12  3  1  6  3  9
8 3 5 7 a 2  7 a 7  12  7  1 7  7 14
27. 36 x5  2 x  185x 3(2a  1) 3(2  1  1) 3  3 9
54 x 3  18 x   
3 5 7(a  1) 7(1  1) 7  2 14
 2 x  18 x5
3 18 x The answer is probably correct.
3

 x2 2 4m ( m  1)
3 32. 4m2  4m   m 1
Check: Let x = 1. 8m  12m 4m (2m  3) 2m  3
36 x8  36  18  36  2 Check: Let m  1.
54 x5 54  15 54 3 4m 2  4m  4  12  4  1  4  4  0  0
2 x3  2  13  2 8m 2  12m 8  12  12  1 8  12 4
3 3 3 m 1  11  0  0
The answer is probably correct. 2m  3 2  1  3 1
4 4
28. 45a 6  3 2 15a 4  3 2
30a 2a  15a 2a 33. t 2  16  (t  4)(t  4)
2
Check: Let a = 1. t  t  20 (t  5)(t  4)
45a 4  45  14  45  3  t 4t4
t 5 t 4
30a 6 30  16 30 2
3  3 3  t  4 1
t 5
2a 2 2  12 2
 t4
The answer is probably correct. t 5
Check: Let t  1.
2 y  6 2( y  3)
29. 
8 y 2  4 y t 2  16  12  16  15  3
 y 3 t  t  20 12  1  20 20 4
2
 2 t  4  1 4  3
2 4 y
t  5 1 5 4
y 3
 1 The answer is probably correct.
4y
y3

4y

Exercise Set 6.1 249
a 2  4  (a  2)(a  2) Check: Let x  1.

34. 2
a  5a  6 (a  2)(a  3) x 2  8 x  16  12  8  1  16  1  8  16  9   3
 a2a2 x 2  16 12  16 1  16 15 5
a2 a3 x  4  1 4   3
 1 a  2 x  4 1 4 5
a3 The answer is probably correct.
 a2
a3
38. x 2  25  ( x  5) ( x  5)  x  5
Check: Let a  1. 2
x  10 x  25 ( x  5) ( x  5) x  5
a 2  4  12  4  3   1
Check: Let x  1.
a  5a  6 12  5  1  6 12
2 4
a  2  1  2  1   1 x 2  25  12  25  24
2 2
a  3 1 3 4 4 x  10 x  25 1  10  2  25 1  10  25
The answer is probably correct.  24  2
36 3
2 3(a 2  3a  4) x  5  1  5  4  2
35. 3a2  9a  12  x  5 1 5 6 3
6a  30a  24 6(a 2  5a  4)
3(a  4)(a  1) The answer is probably correct.

3  2(a  4)(a  1) 39. n3 2  n2
3(a  1) a  4 n  8 (n  2)(n 2  2n  4)
 
3(a  1) 2(a  4)  n2 2 1  1 2 1
 1 a  4 n  2 n  2n  4 n  2n  4
2(a  4)  2 1
 a4 n  2n  4
2( a  4) Check: Let n  1.
Check: Let a  2. n  2  1  2  1  1
3a 2  9a  12  3  22  9  2  12  18   3 n3  8 13  8 7 7
1  1 1
6a 2  30a  24 6  22  30  2  24 12 2
a4  24  6  3 n 2  2n  4 12  2(1)  4 7
2(a  4) 2  2  4 4 2 The answer is probably correct.
The answer is probably correct. 6 (n 2  3)(n 4  3n 2  9)
40. n 2 27 
2
2t 2  6t  4  2(t  3t  2) n 3 n2  3
36. 2 4 2 4 2
4t  12t  16 4(t 2  3t  4)
2 n
 2  3  n  3n  9  1  n  3n  9
2(t  2)(t  1) n 3 1 1
  n 4  3n 2  9
2·2(t  4)(t  1)
2(t  1) t  2 Check: Let n  1.
 
2(t  1) 2(t  4) n 6  27  16  27  28  7
 1 t  2 n2  3 12  3 4
2(t  4) n  3n  9  14  3(12 )  9  1  3  9  7
4 2
 t2 The answer is probably correct.

2(t  4)
2 (t  1)(t  1)
Check: Let t  1. 41. t  1 
2 t 1 t 1
2t 2  6t  4  2( 1)  6( 1)  4  12   1
 t 1 t 1
4t 2  12t  16 4( 1) 2  12( 1)  16 24 2 t 1 1
t  2  1  2  3   1  1 t  1
2(t  4) 2( 1  4) 6 2 1
 t 1
Check: Let t  2.
2 ( x  4)( x  4)
37. x 2 8 x  16  t 2  1  22  1  3  1
x  16 ( x  4)( x  4) t 1 2 1 3
 x4 x4 t 1  2 1  1
x4 x4 The answer is probably correct.
 x  4 1
x4
 x4
x4

2 ( a  1)(a  1) y2  6 y
42. a  1   12  6  1  7 1
a 1 a 1 2 y  13 y  6 2(1) 2  13  1  6 21 3
2
 a 1 a 1 y
a 1 1  1 1
2 y  1 2 1  1 3
 1 a  1
1 The answer is probably correct.
 a 1
Check: Let a  2. t 2  2t  t (t  2)
48.
a 2  1  22  1  3  3 2t 2  t  6 (2t  3)(t  2)
a 1 2 1 1  t t2
a 1 2 1 3 2t  3 t  2
The answer is probably correct.  t 1
2t  3
y2  4  t
43. cannot be simplified. 2t  3
y2
Check: Let t  1.
Neither the numerator nor the denominator can be
factored. t 2  2t  12  2  1  3  1
2t 2  t  6 2  12  1  6 3
2 t  1  1  1
44. m  9 cannot be simplified.
m3 2t  3 2  1  3 1
Neither the numerator nor the denominator can be The answer is probably correct.
factored. 2 (2 x  3)(2 x  3)
49. 4 x 2  12 x  9 
2 2
5( x  4) 1·5 ·( x  4) 1
2 10 x  11x  6 (2 x  3)(5 x  2)
45. 5 x 2  20     2x  3  2x  3
10 x  40 10( x 2  4) 2·5 ·( x 2  4) 2 2 x  3 5x  2
Check: Let x  1.  1 2 x  3
5x  2
5 x 2  20  5  12  20  25  1  2 x 3
10 x 2  40 10  12  40 50 2 5x  2
11 Check: Let t  1.
2 2
The answer is probably correct. 4 x 2  12 x  9  4  12  12  1  9  1   1
10 x 2  11x  6 10  12  11  1  6 7 7
2 2  3( x 2  9) 2 x  3  2  1  3  1   1
46. 6 x 2  54  5x  2 5 1  2 7 7
4 x  36 2  2( x 2  9)
2( x 2  9) 3
  2 (2 x  1)(2 x  1) 2 x  1
2( x 2  9) 2 50. 4 x2  4 x  1  
6 x  5 x  4 (2 x  1)(3x  4) 3x  4
 1 3
2 Check: Let x  1.
3 4 x 2  4 x  1  4  12  4  1  1  1
2
Check: Let x  1. 6 x 2  5 x  4 6  12  5  1  4 7
2 x  1  2 1  1  1
6 x 2  54  6  12  54  60  3 3x  4 3  1  4 7
4 x 2  36 4  12  36 40 2 The answer is probably correct.
 ( x  10) 1 x  10
51. 10  x     1  1  1
y2  6 y y ( y  6) x  10 x  10 1 x  10
47. 
2
2 y  13 y  6 (2 y  1)( y  6) Check: Let x  1.
y y6 10  x  10  1  9  1
 
2y 1 y  6 x  10 1  10 9
y The answer is probably correct.
 1
2y 1
y 52. x  8  x  8  1  x  8  1  1  1
 8  x 1( x  8) 1 x  8
2y 1 Check: Let x  1.
Check: Let y  1 . 1  8  7  1
8 1 7

7(t  2) 2 2
53. 7t  14  59. 7 s 2 28t 2
2t (t  2) 28t  7 s
 7 t2 Note that the numerator and denominator are
1 t  2
opposites. Thus, we have an expression divided by its
 7 1 opposite, so the result is –1.
1
 7
2 2
Check: Let t  1. 60. 9m2  4n 2
7t  14  7  1  14  7  7 4 n  9m
2t 2 1 1 Note that the numerator and denominator are
The answer is probably correct. opposites. Thus, we have an expression divided by its
opposite, so the result is –1.
54. 3  n  1(n  3)  1
5n  15 5( n  3) 5 61. Writing Exercise. Simplifying removes a factor equal
to 1, allowing us to rewrite an expression a  1 as a.
Check: Let n  1.
3  n  3  1  2  1 62. Writing Exercise. The degree of the denominator is at
5n  15 5  1  15 10 5 least 2 since x  5 and x  3 are both factors of the
The answer is probably correct. denominator.
a b  a b
55.
4b  4a 4(a  b) 63. 3x3  15 x 2  x  5  3 x 2 ( x  5)  ( x  5)
 1  a  b   1 1  ( x  5)(3 x 2  1)
4 a  b 4
 1 64. 3x 2  16 x  5  (3x  1)( x  5)
4
Check: Let a  2 and b  1.
65. 18 y 4  27 y 3  3 y 2  3 y 2 (6 y 2  9 y  1)
a  b  2 1  1   1
4b  4a 4  1  4  2 4  8 4
The answer is probably correct. 66. 25a 2  16b 2  (5a  4b)(5a  4b)
2 p  2q 2( q  p ) 67. m3  8m2  16m  m(m2  8m  16)

56.   2
q p (q  p)  m(m  4)2
Check: Let p  1 and q  1.
2 p  2q 2  1  2(1) 2  2 4 68. 5 x 2  35 x  60  5( x 2  7 x  12)
    2  5( x  4)( x  3)
q p 1  1 2 2
The answer is probably correct. 69. Writing Exercise. Although a rational expression has
2 2 2 2 been simplified incorrectly, it is possible that there are
3x  3 y 3( x  y )
57.  one or more values of the variable(s) for which the
2 y 2  2 x 2 2( y 2  x 2 ) two expressions are the same. For example,
3( x 2  y 2 ) x 2  x  2 could be simplified incorrectly as x  1 ,

2( 1)( x 2  y 2 ) x2  3x  2 x2
x2  y2 but evaluating the expressions for x  1 gives 0 in
 3  2
2( 1) x  y 2 each case. (The correct simplification is x  1 .)
x 1
 3 1
2( 1) 70. Writing Exercise. Show that (a  b)  (b  a )  0.
 3
2
16 y 2  x 4
Check: Let x  1 and y  2. 71.
( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
2
3 x 2  3 y 2 3  12  3  22 9 (4 y 2  x 2 )(4 y 2  x 2 )
   3 
2 y 2  2 x 2 2  22  2  12 6 2
( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
The answer is probably correct. (4 y 2  x 2 )(2 y  x)(2 y  x)

2 2 7(a 2  b 2 ) 2 2 ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
58. 7 a2  7b2   7 a b  7
3b  3a 3( a 2  b 2 ) 3 a 2  b 2 3 ( x  4 y 2 )(2 y  x)( 1)( x  2 y )
2

Check: Let a  1 and b  2. ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
7 a 2  7b 2  7  12  7  22  21   7 ( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) (2 y  x)( 1)
2
 2 
3b 2  3a 2 3  22  3  12 9 3 ( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) 1
The answer is probably correct.  2 y  x, or  x  2 y or  (2 y  x)

( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1) 3 2 x 2 ( x  6)  4( x  6)
72. 77. x  26 x  4 x  24 
( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 4  2 x 2  1)
2
x  4 x  12 ( x  6)( x  2)
( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1) ( x  6)( x 2  4)
 2 
( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 2  1) 2 ( x  6)( x  2)
( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)( x  1)( x  1) ( x  6)( x  2)( x  2)
 2 
( x  6)( x  2)
( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)
( x  6) ( x  2) ( x  2)
( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )  1 
 ( x  6) ( x  2)
( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1)  x2
 1
x 1 10( x 2  1)
78. 10 x 2  10  2
3 2
5 3 2 x3 ( x 2  2)  4( x 2  2) 5 x  30 x  5 x  30 5 x ( x  6)  5( x  6)
73. x7  2 x 4  4 x 3  8  4 3
x  2 x  4 x  8 x ( x  2)  4( x3  2) 10( x  1)( x  1)

( x 2  2)( x3  4) ( x  6)(5 x 2  5)
 3 10( x  1)( x  1)
( x  2)( x 4  4) 
5( x  6)( x 2  1)
( x 2  2)( x3  4)
 3 10( x  1)( x  1)
( x  2)( x 2  2)( x 2  2) 
5( x  6)( x  1)( x  1)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 10 ( x  1) ( x  1)
 
2
( x3  2)( x 2  2) ( x  2) 5( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  1)
 x3  4  2
( x  2)( x 2  2)
3 x6
3 ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  2 xy  y 2 )
4 3
74. 10t  8t  15 t  12  2t (5t  4)  3(5t  4) 79.
( x  y ) 2 ( x 2  4 xy  5 y 2 )
8  10t  12t 2  15t 3 2(4  5t )  3t 2 (4  5t )
( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
(5t  4)(2t 3  3) 
 ( x  y )( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
(4  5t )(2  3t 2 ) ( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
(5t  4) (2t 3  3) 
 ( x  y )( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
( 1) (5t  4) (2  3t 2 )
( x  y )3
3
(2t  3) 3 
 , or 2t 23 , ( x  y )2 ( x  5 y )
(2  3t 2 ) 2  3t
or 2t 3
 3 x 4  y 4 ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  y 2 )
80. 
2  3t 2 ( y  x)4 [  ( x  y )]4
( x  y 2 )( x  y ) ( x  y )
2
(t 4  1)(t 2  9)(t  9)2 
75. ( 1) 4 ( x  y ) ( x  y )3
(t 4  81)(t 2  1)(t  1) 2
(t 2  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  3)(t  3)(t  9)(t  9) ( x 2  y 2 )( x  y )
 
(t 2  9)(t  3)(t  3)(t 2  1)(t  1)(t  1) ( x  y )3
(t 2  1) (t  1) (t  1) (t  3) (t  3) (t  9)(t  9) 81. Writing Exercise.

2 2
(t  9) (t  3) (t  3) (t  1) (t  1) (t  1) 5(2 x  5)  25 10 x  25  25 10 x
  x
10 10 10
(t  1)(t  9)(t  9) (t  1)(t  9) 2
 , or You get the same number you selected.
(t 2  9)(t  1) (t 2  9)(t  1) A person asked to select a number and then perform
these operations would probably be surprised that the
(t  2)3 (t 2  2t  1)(t  1) (t  2)3 (t  1)2 (t  1) result is the original number.
76. 
(t  1)3 (t 2  4t  4)(t  2) (t  1)3 (t  2)2 (t  2)
(t  2)3 (t  1)3
 1
(t  1)3 (t  2)3

Exercise Set 6.2 2 6  3  2  a2

18. 185  2a   124
a 3a 3 2
a  a  3 a a
1. To simplify a rational expression, remove a factor
equal to 1. Choice (d) is correct.
19. 3c2  8d3
2. To multiply rational expressions, multiply numerators d 6c
Multiplying the numerators and
and multiply denominators. Choice (c) is correct.  32c  8d3
d  6c the denominators
3. To find a reciprocal, interchange the numerator and Factoring the numerator
denominator. Choice (a) is correct.  3c  2 4d
d  d 3 2 c c c and the denominator
4. To divide by a rational expression, multiply by its 3  c  2 4 d

reciprocal. Choice (b) is correct. d d  3  2  c cc
 24
5. x  5  5 x Choice (d). c d
2 y 2y
3x 2 y 4 3  x  x  y  2  2 6x
y xy 20.    2
6. x  5  x   Choice (c). 2 xy 3 2  x  y  y2 y
2 y 2 5 10
7. x  5  5x Choice (a). y 2  16 y  3 ( y  4)( y  4)( y  3)

y y 21.  
4 y  12 y  4 4( y  3)( y  4)
( y  4) ( y  4) ( y  3)
8. x  y  x  1  x Choice (e). 
2 2 y 2y 4 ( y  3) ( y  4)
y4
y xy 
9. x  5  x   Choice (b). 4
y 1 5 5
2 2 (m  n)(m  n)(m  n)
22. m  n  m  n 
10. 5  x  5  2  10 Choice (f). 4 m  4n m  n 4(m  n)(m  n)
y 2 y x xy ( m  n) ( m  n ) ( m  n )

3 x( x  2) 4 ( m  n) ( m  n)
11. 3x  x  2 
8 5 x  1 8(5 x  1)  m  n
4
2 x(3 x  5)
12. 2 x  3 x  5  2 ( x 2  3 x  10)( x  2)
7 x 1 7( x  1) 23. x  3 x 210  x  2 
( x  2) x5 ( x  2) 2 ( x  5)
(a  4)(a  2) (a  4)( a  2)
13. a  4  a  2  , or 
( x  5)( x  2)( x  2)
a  6 a  6 (a  6)(a  6) ( a  6) 2 ( x  2)( x  2)( x  5)
( x  5) ( x  2) ( x  2)
(a  3)(a  3) (a  3) 2 
14. , or ( x  2) ( x  2) ( x  5)
(a  6)(a  1) (a  6)(a  1)
 x2
(n  4)(n  4) x2
15. n2  4  n2  4  2
n  4 n  4 ( n  4)(n 2  4) 2 (t  2) (t  2) (t  3)
24. t  2  t  5t 2 6 
(t  3)(t  3) (t  3) 2 t  2 (t  2) (t  2) (t  2) (t  2)
16. , or 2
2 4
(t  2)(t  4) (t  2)(t 2  4)  3
t
t2
3
17. 8t  3 2 (n 2  6n  5)(n  6)
5t 4t 25. n  6n  5  n2  6 
3 Multiplying the numerators and n6 n  36 (n  6)(n 2  36)
 8t  3 (n  5)( n  1)( n  6)
5t  4t the denominators 
2  4  t  t  t 3 Factoring the numerator (n  6)(n 2  36)

5t  4t and the denominator (No simplification is possible.)
2  4  t  t  t  3 Removing a factor
 2 (a  2)(a 2  4)
5 t  4  t equal to 1 26. a  2  2 a  4 
6 t a  2 a  5a  4 (a  2)(a  4)( a  1)

5

2 (a  3)( a  3)  7  a 2
27. a 2
9
2
7a  36. 9t 2  900  5t  10
a a  a  12 a  a (a  4)(a  3) 5t  20 3t  30
(a  3) (a  3)  7  a 3 (3) (t  10) (t  10) (5) (t  2)
 
a  a (a  4) (a  3) 5 (t  2) (t  2) (3) (t  10)
7(a  3) 3(t  10)
 
a (a  4) t2
( x  1) ( x  11)  x  x 2
2 2 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2
2 3
28. x  10 x  11  x  37. x  4 x 2 4  x  2 x 2 1  1
9x x  11 9  x  ( x  11) ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2
x 2 ( x  1) 2 2
 38. x 2  7 x  12  24  x
9 x  6x  8 x  x  6
( x  3)( x  4)(2  x)(2  x)
y2  y y ( y  1)( y  4) 
29. 2
  y  4  ( x  2)( x  4)( x  3)( x  2)
y  5y  4 ( y  4)( y  1)
( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  2) ( 1) ( x  2)
y ( y  1) ( y  4) 
 ( x  2) ( x  4) ( x  3) ( x  2)
( y  4) ( y  1)
 1
y ( y  1)
 2 2
y 1 39. t 2 4t  4  22t  7t  15
2  n  3 n(n  4) n(n  4) 2t  7t  6 t  10t  25
30.  n  3  2n  4n   (t 2  4t  4)(2t 2  7t  15)
n  5n  6 (n  2)(n  3) n2 
(2t 2  7t  6)(t 2  10t  25)
2 (4v  8)15v 2 (t  2)(t  2)(2t  3)(t  5)
31. 4v  8  2 15v  
5v 4v  16v  16 5v(4v 2  16v  16) (2t  3)(t  2)(t  5)(t  5)
(t  2) (t  2) (2t  3) (t  5)
4 (v  2)  5  3  v  v 
 (2t  3) (t  2) (t  5)(t  5)
5 v  4 (v  2) (v  2)
(t  2)(t  5)
 3v 
v2 (t  5)2
4a 2 4a 2 (3)(a  2) 5 y2  4 y  1 y2  6 y  9
32.  3a  6   2a 40. 
2
3a  12a  12 2a 3(a  2)(a  2)2a a  2 3 y 2  5 y  12 y 2  2 y  1
(5 y  1) ( y  1) ( y  3) ( y  3)
2 2 (t 2  2t  3)(t 2  3t  10) 
33. t 2  2t  3  t 2  3t  10  2 (3 y  4) ( y  3) ( y  1) ( y  1)
t  4t  5 t  5t  6 (t  4t  5)(t 2  5t  6) (5 y  1)( y  3)
(t  3)(t  1)(t  5)(t  2) 
 (3 y  4)( y  1)
(t  5)(t  1)(t  3)(t  2)
(t  3) (t  1) (t  5) (t  2) 2
 41. (10 x 2  x  2)  4 x2  8 x  3
(t  5) (t  1) (t  3) (t  2) 10 x  11x  6
(10 x 2  x  2)(4 x 2  8 x  3)
 t 5 
t5 (10 x 2  11x  6)
2 2
(5 x  2) (2 x  1)(2 x  1) (2 x  3)
34. x 2  5 x  4  x 2  5 x  14 
(5 x  2) (2 x  3)
x  6x  8 x  8x  7
( x  4) ( x  1) ( x  7) ( x  2)  (2 x  1) 2

( x  4) ( x  2) ( x  7) ( x  1) 2
42. 2 x 2  5 x  3  (6 x 2  13 x  2)
 x4 6x  5x  1
x4
(2 x  3) ( x  1) (6 x  1) ( x  2)

12 y  12 3 y 2  75 (12 y  12)(3 y 2  75) (6 x  1) ( x  1)
35.  
5 y  25 8 y 2  8 (5 y  25)(8 y 2  8)  (2 x  3)( x  2)
3  4 ( y  1) 3 ( y  5) ( y  5)

5 ( y  5) 2  4 ( y  1) ( y  1)
9( y  5)

10( y  1)

2 2 1
43. 49 x  25  6 x  13 x  28 51. The reciprocal of a 4  3a is because
4 x  14 28 x  20 a 4  3a
(7 x  5)(7 x  5)(3 x  4)(2 x  7)
 a 4  3a  1  1.
2(2 x  7)  4(7 x  5) 1 a 4  3a
(7 x  5) (7 x  5) (3x  4) (2 x  7)

2 (2 x  7)  4 (7 x  5) 52. a 2  b 2
(7 x  5)(3 x  4)
 53. x  5
8 4 x
Multiplying by the reciprocal of
9t 2  4  10t  5  (3t  2)(3t  2)  5(2t  1)  xx
44. 4 5 the divisor
2
8t  10t  3 3t  2 (2t  1)(4t  3)(3t  2)
 x x
5(3t  2) 45

4t  3 2
x
20
8 x 2  14 xy  15 y 2 3x  y
45. 
3 x3  x 2 y 4 xy  3 y 2 54. 5  x  5  12  602
(2 x  5 y )(4 x  3 y )(3 x  y ) x 12 x x x

x 2 (3 x  y )  y (4 x  3 y ) 5 2 5
55. a4  a  a4  b2
(2 x  5 y ) (4 x  3 y ) (3 x  y ) b b b a
 5
x 2 (3x  y )  y (4 x  3 y )  a4  b2
2x  5 y b a
 2 3
x2 y  a  3a  b2
bb a
2 3
2 x 2  xy 9 x 2  6 xy  8 y 2  a 2b  a3
46. 2 2
 a b b
6 x  7 xy  2 y 3xy  4 y 2 3
x(2 x  y )(3 x  2 y )(3 x  4 y )  a3
 b
(2 x  y )(3x  2 y )  y (3x  4 y )
x(2 x  y ) 5 2 5 y x5  y x 2  x3  y x 2 y x3
 56. x 2  x  x 2  2  2 2   2 
y (2 x  y )
y y y x y x y  y  x2 x y y
3
x
47. c 3  8  c 6  4c 5  4c 4 
y
c  4c 3 c 2  2 c  4
5
(c  2)(c 2  2c  4)  c 4 (c  2)(c  2)
 57. t  3  t  1  t  3  8
c3 (c  2)(c  2)  (c 2  2c  4) 6 8 6 t 1
(t  3)(8)
(c  2) (c 2  2c  4)  c3  c (c  2) (c  2) 
 6  (t  1)
c3 (c  2) (c  2) (c 2  2c  4) (t  3)  4  2
 c(c  2) 
2  3(t  1)
4(t  3)
t 3  27  t 5  6t 4  9t 
48. 3(t  1)
t 4  9t 2 t 2  3t  9
(t  3)(t 2  3t  9)  t 3 (t  3)(t  3) 10  15  10  a
 58.
t 2 (t  3)(t  3)  (t 2  3t  9) a  3 a a  3 15
2  5 (a)

t (t  3)2   2a
t 3 3  5 (a  3) 3(a  3)
49. The reciprocal of 2 x is 9 because 2 x  9  1. 4 y  8 y  2 4 y  8 y2  4

59.   
9 2x 9 2x y  2 y2  4 y2 y2
2 (4 y  8)( y 2  4)
50. x  4 
( y  2)( y  2)
3 x
4 ( y  2) ( y  2) ( y  2)

( y  2) ( y  2) (1)
 4( y  2)

2 2 2 2
60. x  1  x  1  x  1  2 x  2 67. (2 x  1)  2 x 211x  5  2 x  1  24 x  1
x 2x  2 x x 1 4x  1 1 2 x  11x  5
( x 2  1)(2 x  2) (2 x  1)(4 x 2  1)
 
x( x  1) 1  (2 x 2  11x  5)
( x  1)( x  1)2( x  1) (2 x  1)(2 x  1)(2 x  1)
 
x( x  1) (2 x  1)( x  5)
x  1 2( x  1)( x  1) (2 x  1) (2 x  1)(2 x  1)
 
x 1 x 
(2 x  1) ( x  5)
2( x  1) 2
 (2 x  1)(2 x  1)
x 
x5
61. a  b  a ba 2 2
ab ba ab b 68. (a  7)  3a 2  14a  49  a  7  a2  8a  7
a (b  a ) a  8a  7 1 3a  14a  49

(a  b)(b) (a  7) (a  7)(a  1)

a ( 1) (a  b) (3a  7) (a  7)

(a  b) (b) (a  7)( a  1)

 a 3a  7
  a
b b 2 2
69. w 2 14w  49  3w2  20 w  7
x y yx x y 2 w  3w  14 w  6w  16
62.    3  1  1 2 2
6 3 6 y  x 2 2  w 2 14 w  49  w 2  6w  16
2 w  3w  14 3w  20w  7
2 (n 2  5n  6) (n  3) ( w2  14 w  49)( w2  6 w  16)
63. (n 2  5n  6)  n  4   2 
n3 1 n 4 (2 w2  3w  14)(3w2  20 w  7)
(n 2  5n  6)(n  3) ( w  7) ( w  7) ( w  8) ( w  2)
 
n2  4 (2 w  7) ( w  2) (3w  1) ( w  7)
(n  3) (n  2) (n  3)
 ( w  7)( w  8)
(n  2) ( n  2) 
(2 w  7)(3w  1)
(n  3)2
 2 2
n2 70. 2m2  59m  30  2m 2  21m  10
m  10m  25 m  m  30
(v  1)(v  3) (v 2  1) (v 2  9) 2
 2 m 2
 59 m  30 2
 m2  m  30
64. (v 2  1)   
2
v 9 1 (v  1)(v  3) m  10m  25 2m  21m  10
(v  1) (v  1)(v 2  9) (2m  1) (m  30)( m  6) (m  5)
 
(v  1) (v  3) (m  5) (m  5) (2m  1) ( m  10)
(m  30)( m  6)
(v  1)(v 2  9) 
 ( m  5)(m  10)
v3
2
65. a  2  3a  6  a  2  a  5 71. c 2  10c  21  (5c 2  32c  21)
a 1 a  5 a  1 3a  6 c  2c  15
( a  2)(a  5) 2
  c 2  10c  21  2 1
(a  1)(3a  6) c  2c  15 5c  32c  21
(a  2)( a  5) (c 2  10c  21)  1
  2
(a  1)  3  ( a  2) (c  2c  15)(5c 2  32c  21)
(a  2) (a  5) (c  7)(c  3)
 
(a  1)  3  ( a  2) (c  5)(c  3)(5c  3)(c  7)
(c  7)(c  3) 1
 a5  
3(a  1) (c  7)(c  3) (c  5)(5c  3)
 1
66. t  3  4t  12  t  3  t  1 (c  5)(5c  3)
t2 t 1 t  2 4t  12
(t  3) (t  1)
  t 1
(t  2)(4) (t  3) 4(t  2)

2
72. z 2 2 z  1  (4 z 2  z  3) 78. a 2  b2 2
 a  3ab  2b
2
2 2 
z 1 a  4ab  4b a 2b
2 2 2
 z 2 2 z  1  2 1  2 a b  a  2b
z 1 4z  z  3 a  4ab  4b 2 a 2  3ab  2b 2
( z  1) ( z  1)  1 (a  b) ( a  b) (a  2b)
 
( z  1) ( z  1) (4 z  3) ( z  1) (a  2b) ( a  2b) (a  b) (a  2b)
 1  ab 2
( z  1)(4 z  3) (a  2b)
73. 3  3 x  x  1  3 x  3  5 3
79. x3  64  2 x  16
2
16 5 16 x  1 x  64 x  4 x  16
(3 x  3)  5 3 2
  x3  64  x 2 4 x  16
16( x  1)
x  64 x  16
3( x  1)  5
 ( x  4) ( x 2  4 x  16)  ( x 2  4 x  16)
16( x  1) 
3 ( x  1)  5 ( x  4) ( x 2  4 x  16) ( x  4) ( x  4)
 2
16 ( x  1)  x  4 x 216
15 ( x  4)

16
8 y 3  27 4 y2  9
80. 
74. 4  2 x  x  2  4  2 x  3 64 y 3  1 16 y 2  4 y  1
15 3 15 x2
2 ( x  2)  3 8 y 3  27 16 y 2  4 y  1
  
3  5 ( x  2) 64 y 3  1 4 y2  9
 2 (2 y  3) (4 y 2  6 y  9)  (16 y 2  4 y  1)
5 
(4 y  1) (16 y 2  4 y  1) (2 y  3) (2 y  3)
75. x  1  1  x2  x  1  4  x
2
4 y2  6 y  9

x2 4 x x  2 1 x (4 y  1)(2 y  3)
( x  1)(4  x 2 )

( x  2)(1  x) 81. 8a3  b3 2
 8a 2 4ab  2b2
2
2 2
( x  1) ( x 2  4) 2a  3ab  b 4a  4ab  b
 3
 3 2 2
1( x  2) ( x  1)  2 8 a b
2
 4a2  4ab  b 2
2 2
2a  3ab  b 8a  4ab  2b
  x  4 or  x  4 (2a  b) (4a 2  2ab  b 2 )  (2a  b)(2a  b)
x2 x2 
( a  b) (2a  b)  2 (4a 2  2ab  b 2 )
76. 12  4 x  6  2 x  12  4 x  6 (2a  b) 2
12 6 12 6  2x 
4( x  3)  2  3 2(a  b)

4  3  2  1  ( x  3)
 1 x3  8 y 3 x3  2 x 2 y  4 xy 2
82. 
2 x 2  5 xy  2 y 2 8x2  2 y 2
x y x2  y 2 3 3
77.  2 x  8y 8x2  2 y 2
2
x  2 xy  y 2
x  5 xy  4 y 2  2  3
2 x  5 xy  2 y x  2 x 2 y  4 xy 2
2
x y x 2  5 xy  4 y 2
 2  ( x  2 y ) ( x 2  2 xy  4 y 2 )  2 (2 x  y ) (2 x  y )
x  2 xy  y 2 x2  y 2 
( x  y ) ( x  y )( x  4 y ) (2 x  y ) ( x  2 y )  x ( x 2  2 xy  4 y 2 )
 2(2 x  y )
( x  y )( x  y )( x  y ) ( x  y ) 
( x  y )( x  4 y ) x

( x  y )3 83. Writing Exercise. Parentheses are required to ensure
that numerators and denominators are multiplied
correctly. That is, the product of ( x  2) and (3 x  1)
and the product of (5 x  7) and ( x  4) in the
denominator.

84. The first step in dividing x by 7 is to multiply by reciprocal of x  7 ). is undefined for x  7. It is

3 x x 1
the reciprocal of the divisor. That is, defined for x  3 because the dividend, the divisor,
x  7  x  x  x  x  x2 and the reciprocal of the divisor are all defined for
3 x 3 7 3  7 21 x  3.
85. Graph y  1 x  5. 93. The reciprocal of 2 1 x is

2 3
1  1  1  7 x  1 3  3 .
2 1 x 7x 3 7x 7x
3 3
94. The reciprocal of 7.25x is 1 , or 4 .

7.25x 29x
86. Graph 3x  2 y  12. 2 2 4 2 3
95. ( x  2a )  a 2x  4a3  x  2a  a2 x2  2a 4
a x  2a 1 a x  4a
( x  2a )(a 2 x 2  2a3 )

( a 2 x 2  4a 4 )
( x  2 a ) a 2 ( x  2a )

87. Graph 3( x  1)  4. a 2 ( x  2 a ) ( x  2a )
1
3x 2  2 xy  y 2
96.  (3 x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2
x2  y2
3 x 2  2 xy  y 2 1
88. Graph y  2  ( x  4).  
x2  y 2 (3 x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2
( 3 x  y )( x  y )  1

( x  y )( x  y )( 3x  y )(3 x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
 1
( x  y )3 (3 x  y )
89. Graph 3 y  5 x. 2 2
97. 3a  5ab  12b  (3b 2  ab) 2
2
3ab  b
2
 3a  5ab  12 b2  1
2
3ab  4b (3b 2  ab) 2

 3a  4b a  3b
b(3a  4b)  [b(3b  a)]2
90. Graph 1 y  2. (3a  4b)( 1)(3b  a )
2 
b(3a  4b)(b 2 )(3b  a )(3b  a )
(3a  4b) (  1) (3b  a)

b (3a  4b) (b 2 ) (3b  a ) (3b  a )
 3 1 ,or 3 1
b (3b  a ) b (a  3b)
91. Writing Exercise. Yes; consider the product
a  c  ac . The reciprocal of the product is bd . 2 2 2
b d bd ac 98. a2  3b  a 2  2b  a 2  2b
a  2b a  3b a  3b
This is equal to the product of the reciprocals of the
2 2
two original factors: b  d  bd . Note that a2  3b  a 2  2b is the product of
a c ac a  2b a  3b
reciprocals and thus is equal to 1. Then the product in
92. Writing Exercise. The quotient is undefined for x  5, 2
the original exercise is the remaining factor, a 2  2b .
x  1, and x  7 because x  3 is undefined for a  3b
x5
x  5, x  7 is undefined for x  1, and x  1 (the
x 1 x7

2 2 2 2
2 ( z  4)5 3 z  12 104. ab  2b  a  2  ab  3b  a  3
99. z 2  8 z  16  
z  8 z  16 ( z  4)5 z 2  16 ab  a  3b  3 ab  a  2b  2
b 2 (a  2)  ( a  2) b 2 (a  3)  (a  3)
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 ( z  4)( z  4)  
   a(b  1)  3(b  1) a(b  1)  2(b  1)
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 3( z  4)
(a  2)(b 2  1)(a  3)(b  1)(b  1)
( z  4 ) ( z  4 ) ( z  4)3 ( z  4 )( z  4 )
2 2

 (b  1)(a  3)(b  1)(a  2)
( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 )2 ( z  4 )( z  4) 2 (3)( z  4 )
 b2  1
( z  4)3

3( z  4) 2 2 2
105. 3 x 2  12 x  bx  4b  3bx  b 2  6 x  2b
4 x  16 x  bx  4b 4bx  b  8 x  2b
(t  2)3 t 2  4t  4 t  1 3x( x  4)  b( x  4) 4bx  b 2  8 x  2b
100.    
(t  1)3 t 2  2t  1 t  2 4 x( x  4)  b( x  4) 3bx  b 2  6 x  2b
(t  2)3 t 2  2t  1 t  1 ( x  4)(3x  b) b(4 x  b)  2(4 x  b)
    
(t  1)3 t 2  4t  4 t  2 ( x  4)(4 x  b) b(3x  b)  2(3 x  b)
(t  2)(t  2)(t  2)(t  1)(t  1)(t  1) ( x  4) (3 x  b) (4 x  b)(b  2)
  
(t  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  2)(t  2)(t  2) ( x  4) (4 x  b) (3 x  b)(b  2)
1 (3x  b)(4 x  b)(b  2)

(4 x  b)(3x  b)(b  2)
101. a 4  81b 4 2
 a2  3b 2  a  6ab  29b
2
2 2 (3x  b) (4 x  b) (b  2)
a c  6abc  9b c a  9b (a  3b) 
( a 2  9b 2 )(a  3b)(a  3b) a  3b (a  3b) 2 (4 x  b) (3 x  b) (b  2)
  2  1
c( a  3b) 2 a  9b 2 (a  3b) 2
( a 2  9b 2 ) (a  3b) ( a  3b) a  3b (a  3b) 2 2 x 2 y  xy 2  6 x 2  3 xy 2 x3  x 2 y  8 x 2  4 xy
   106. 
c (a  3b)2 a 2  9b 2 (a  3b) 2 3 y 2  xy  9 y  3 x 3 xy  x 2  6 y  2 x
 a  3b 
x(2 xy  y 2  6 x  3 y ) 3 xy  x 2  6 y  2 x

c 3 y 2  xy  9 y  3 x x  2 x 2  xy  8 x  4 y 
3 y3  6 y 2 y2  y y2  5 y  6 x  y (2 x  y )  3(2 x  y ) x(3 y  x)  2(3 y  x)
102.  2   
2
y  y  12 y  2 y  8 y2 y (3 y  x)  3(3 y  x) x  x(2 x  y )  4(2 x  y )
x(2 x  y )( y  3)(3 y  x)( x  2)
3 y3  6 y 2 y 2  2 y  8 y 2  5 y  6 
 2   (3 y  x)( y  3) x(2 x  y )( x  4)
y  y  12 y2  y y2
x (2 x  y ) ( y  3) (3 y  x) ( x  2)
3  y 2 ( y  2) ( y  4) ( y  2) ( y  3) ( y  2) 
 (3 y  x) ( y  3) x (2 x  y ) ( x  4)
( y  4) ( y  3) ( y )( y  1) ( y 2 )
 2
x
3( y  2)3 x4

y ( y  1) 2 2 2
107. 8n 2  10n  3  6n 2  5n  6  12n 2  17 n  6
4n  4n  3 6 n  7 n  5 6n  7 n  5
xy  2 x  y  2 xy  y  4 x  4
103.  2 2 2
xy  4 x  y  4 xy  y  2 x  2  8n 2  10n  3  6n2  5n  6  6n2  7 n  5
x( y  2)  ( y  2) y ( x  1)  4( x  1) 4n  4n  3 6n  7 n  5 12n  17 n  6
 
x( y  4)  1( y  4) y ( x  1)  2( x  1) 2 2 6n 2  7 n  5
 n 2  10n  3  6n  5n  6 
8
( y  2)( x  1)( x  1)( y  4) 4n  4n  3 6n 2  7 n  5 12n 2  17 n  6

( y  4)( x  1)( x  1)( y  2) (2n  1)(4n  3)(2n  3)(3n  2)

( y  2) ( x  1)( x  1) ( y  4) (2n  3)(2n  1)(4n  3)(3n  2)

( y  4) ( x  1)( x  1) ( y  2) (2n  1) (4n  3) (2n  3) (3n  2)

( x  1) 2 (2n  3) (2n  1) (4n  3) (3n  2)

( x  1) 2 (2n  1)(3n  2)

(2n  1)(3n  2)

2 p 2  p  6 12 p 2  13 p  35 12 p 2  43 p  35 3y  8 y  1
108.   13. 
16 p 2  25 4 p 2  12 p  9 2 p2  p  6 2y 2y
3 y  8  ( y  1)
2 p 2  p  6 12 p 2  13 p  35 2 p2  p  6 
   2y
16 p  25 4 p  12 p  9 12 p 2  43 p  35
2 2
3y  8  y  1
(2 p  3)( p  2) (4 p  5)(3 p  7) (2 p  3)( p  2)  Removing parentheses
 2y
(4 p  5)(4 p  5) (2 p  3)(2 p  3) (3 p  7)(4 p  5) 2y  7

( p  2)2 2y

(4 p  5) 2
14. 5  3t  2t  1  5  3t  2t  1  t  4
2 4t 4t 4t 4t
109. Enter y1  2 x  1  2 x  1 and
x  2x  1 x  5x  4
2 15. 5 x  7  x  11
y2  x  5 x 3 4 , display the values of y1 and y2 in x3 x3
( x  1)  6 x  18 Adding numerators
x3
a table, and compare the values. (See the Technology 6( x  3)
Connection in the text.)  Factoring
x3
6 ( x  3)
Exercise Set 6.3  Removing a factor equal to 1
x3
1. To add two rational expressions when the 6
denominators are the same, add numerators and keep
5 ( x  1)
the common denominator. 16. 3x  4  2 x  9  5 x  5  5
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
2. When a numerator is being subtracted, use
parentheses to make sure to subtract every term in that 5 x  7  ( x  11)
numerator. 17. 5 x  7  x  11 
x3 x3 x3
3. The least common multiple of two denominators is  5 x  7  x  11
usually referred to as the least common denominator x3
and is abbreviated LCD.  4x  4
x3
4. The least common denominator of two rational 4( x  1)

expressions must contain every factor that is in either x3
denominator.
18. 3x  4  2 x  9  3 x  4  2 x  9  x  13
5. 3  5  8 Adding numerators x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
t t t
19. a 2  a  20  a 2  a  20
6. 102 a4 a4 a4
y ( a  5)(a  4)

a4
7. x  2 x  5  3 x  5 Adding numerators ( a  5) (a  4)
12 12 12 
a4
8. 4a  4  a5
7
20. x 2  7 x  10  x 2  7 x  10  ( x  5) ( x  2)  x  2
9. 4  5  9
x5 x5 x5 x5
a3 a3 a3
5 y  14 y   5 y  14
2
13 y2
10. 21.  
x2 y2 y2 y2
y 2  5 y  14
11. 11  3  8 Subtracting numerators 
4x  7 4x  7 4x  7 y2

 y  7  y  2
12. 9  5  4 y2
2x  3 2x  3 2x  3
 y  7   y  2

y2
 y7

22. t 2  8t  15  t 2  8t  15 2 y2  3y y2  4 y  6
t 3 t 3 t 3 31. 2
 2
y  7 y  12 y  7 y  12
(t  3) (t  5)
 2 y 2  3 y  ( y 2  4 y  6)
t 3 
t 5 y 2  7 y  12
2 y  3y  y2  4 y  6
2
2 2 
23. t  5t  5t  t y 2  7 y  12
t 1 t 1
Note that the numerators are opposites, so their sum is
y2  y  6
0. Then we have 0 , or 0. 
t 1 y 2  7 y  12
( y  3)( y  2)
y 2  6 y 2 y  12 y 2  8 y  12 
24.   ( y  3)( y  4)
y2 y2 y2 ( y  3 )( y  2)
( y  6)( y  2 ) 
  y6 ( y  3 )( y  4)
y2 y2

x6  9 x3 y4
25. 
x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6
 x3 32. 3a 2  7  7  3a 2
( x  3)( x  2) a  2a  8 a 2  2a  8
2
x3 Note that we are subtracting an expression from itself.


( x  3 )( x  2) Thus the difference is 0.
 1 3  2x  7  3 x
x2 33.
x 2  6x  8 x 2  6 x  8
x5  2 x3
26.   210  5x
x2  4 x  3 x2  4 x  3 x2  4 x  3 x  6x  8
x3 5(2  x)
  1 
( x  3) ( x  1) x  1 ( x  4)( x  2)
5( 1)( x  2)

27. 3a 2  14  13a 2
 3a 2  14  13a ( x  4)( x  2)
2 2
a  5a  6 a  5a  6 a  5a  6 5( 1)( x  2 )
(3a  7)( a  2) 
 ( x  4)( x  2 )
(a  6)(a  1)
 5 , or  5 , or 5
x4 x4 4 x
28. 2a 2  15  11a 2
 2a2  15  11a
2 2
a  7 a  12 a  7 a  12 a  7 a  12 34. 1  2t  4  3t  5  5t
(a  3) (2a  5) t 2  5t  4 t 2  5 t  4 t 2  5t  4
 5(  1  t ) 5 (t  1)
(a  3) (a  4)  
(t  4)(t  1) (t  4) (t  1)
 a5
2
a4  5 , or  5 , or 5
t4 t4 4t
29. t 2  5t  4t  12  t 2  t  12
t  6t  9 t 2  6t  9 t 2  6t  9
2 x  9  2x  5
35.
(t  4)(t  3) x 2  3x  4 x 2  3x  4

(t  3) 2 x  9  (2x  5)

(t  4) (t  3) x 2  3x  4
  2 9  2x  5
x 
(t  3) (t  3)
x  3x  4
 4
t
 2 x  4
t3 x  3x  4
 ( x  4)
y2  7 y 6 y  20 y 2  y  20 
30.   ( x  4)( x  1)
y 2  8 y  16 y 2  8 y  16 y 2  8 y  16
1( x  4)
( y  5) ( y  4) 
 ( x  4) (x  1)
( y  4) ( y  4)
y 5  1 , or  1 , or 1
 x 1 x 1 1 x
y4

36. 5  3x  x  1  5  3x  x  1 49. x 2  2x  15  ( x  5)( x  3)

x 2  2x  1 x 2  2 x  1 x 2  2x  1 x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3)
4(  1  x )
 24  4x  LCM  ( x  5)( x  3)( x  3)
x  2x  1 ( x  1) 2
4 ( x  1) 50. t 2  4  (t  2)(t  2)
  4 , or  4 , or 4
( x  1) ( x  1) x  1 x 1 1 x t 2  7t  10  (t  2)(t  5)
LCM  (t  2)(t  2)(t  5)
37. 15  3  5
36  2  2  3  3 51. t 3  4t 2  4t  t (t 2  4t  4)  t (t  2)(t  2)
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180
t 2  4t  t (t  4)
38. 18  2  3  3 LCM  t (t  2)(t  2)(t  4)  t (t  2) 2 (t  4)
30  2  3  5
LCM  2  3  3  5  90 52. y 3  y 2  y  y ( y  1)
39. 8  2  2  2 y 4  y 2  y  y ( y  1)( y  1)
9  3 3 LCM  y  y ( y  1)( y  1)  y 2 ( y  1)( y  1)
LCM  2  2  2  3  3, or 72
53. 6xz 2  2  3  x  z  z
40. 12  2  2  3
8x 2 y  2  2  2  x  x  y
15  3  5
LCM  2  2  3  5, or 60 15y 3 z  3  5  y  y  y  z
LCM  2  2  2  3  5  x  x  y  y  y  z  z  120 x 2 y 3 z 2
41. 6  2  3
12  2  2  3 54. 12s 3t  2  2  3  s  s  s  t
15  3  5
15sv 2  3  5  s  v  v
LCM  2  2  3  5  60
6t 4v  2  3  t  t  t  t  v
42. 8  2  2  2 LCM  2  2  3  5  s  s  s  t  t  t  t  v  v  60 s 3t 4v 2
32  2  2  2  2  2
50  2  5  5 55. a  1  a  1
LCM  2  2  2  2  2  5  5  800 (a  1) 2  (a  1)(a  1)
a 2  1  (a  1)(a  1)
43. 18t 2  2  3  3  t  t
LCM  (a  1)(a  1)(a  1)  (a  1)(a  1) 2
6t 5  2  3  t  t  t  t  t
LCM  2  3  3  t  t  t  t  t  18t 5 56. x  2  x  2
( x  2) 2  ( x  2)( x  2)
44. 8 x5  2  2  2  x  x  x  x  x
x 2  4  ( x  2)( x  2)
24 x 2  2  2  2  3  x  x
LCM  ( x  2)( x  2)( x  2)  ( x  2)( x  2) 2
LCM  2  2  2  3  x  x  x  x  x  24 x5
57. 2n 2  n  1   2n  1 n  1
45. 15a 4b7  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
2n 2  3n  2   2n  1 n  2
10a 2b8  2  5  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
LCM  2  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b, LCM   2n  1 n  1 n  2
 30a 4b8 58. m 2  2m  3   m  3 m  1
46. 6a 2b7  2  3  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b 2m 2  3m  1   2m  1 m  1
LCM   2m  1 m  1 m  3
9a5b 2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b
LCM  2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b, 59. t  3  t  3
 18a5b7 t3t 3
t 2  9  (t  3)(t  3)
47. 2(y  3)  2  (y  3)
LCM  (t  3)(t  3)
6(y  3)  2  3  (y  3)
LCM  2  3  (y  3)  6(y  3) 60. a  5  a  5
48. 4(x  1)  2  2  (x  1) a 2  10a  25  (a  5)(a  5)
8(x  1)  2  2  2  (x  1) LCM  (a  5)(a  5)  (a  5) 2
LCM  2  2  2  (x  1)  8(x  1)

61. 6x3  24x 2  18x  6x( x 2  4x  3) 68. 2a 2b  2  a  a  b

 2  3  x( x  1)( x  3) 8ab 2  2  2  2  a  b  b
4x5  24x 4  20 x3  4x3 ( x 2  6x  5) The LCD is 2  2  2  a  a  b  b, or 8a 2b 2 .
 2  2  x  x  x( x  1)( x  5) 3  4b  12b and
LCM  2  2  3  x  x  x( x  1)( x  3)( x  5) 2a 2b 4b 8a 2b 2
7  a  7a
 12x3 ( x  1)( x  3)( x  5)
8ab 2 a 8a 2b 2
62. 9 x3  9 x 2  18 x  9 x( x 2  x  2)
69. x 2  4  ( x  2)( x  2)
 3  3  x( x  2)( x  1)
x 2  5x  6  ( x  3)( x  2)
6 x5  24 x 4  24 x3  6 x3 ( x 2  4 x  4) LCD is ( x  3)( x  2)( x  2)
 2  3  x  x  x( x  2)( x  2) 2x  2x  x3
LCM  2  3  3  x  x  x( x  2)( x  2)( x  1) x 2  4 ( x  2)( x  2) x  3
 18x3 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2 x ( x  3)

( x  2)( x  2)( x  3)
63. 2x3  2  2( x3  1) 4x  4x x2
 2  ( x  1)( x 2  x  1) x 2  5 x  6 ( x  3)( x  2) x  2
4 x( x  2)
x 2  1  ( x  1)( x  1) 
( x  3)( x  2)( x  2)
LCM  2( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
70. x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3)
64. 3a3  24  3(a3  8) x 2  11x  24  ( x  3)( x  8)
 3  (a  2)(a 2  2a  4) LCD is ( x  3)( x  3)( x  8)
a 2  4  (a  2)(a  2) 5x  5x  x8
x 2  9 ( x  3)( x  3) x  8
LCM  3(a  2)(a  2)(a 2  2a  4) 5 x( x  8)

( x  3)( x  3)( x  8)
65. 6t 4  2  3  t  t  t  t
18t 2  2  3  3  t  t
2x  2x  x3
x 2  11x  24 ( x  3)( x  8) x  3
The LCD is 2  3  3  t  t  t  t , or 18t 4 . 2 x( x  3)

5  3  15 and ( x  3)( x  8)( x  3)
6t 4 3 18t 4
s  t 2  st 2 71. Writing Exercise. If the numbers have a common
18t 2 t 2 18t 4 factor, their product contains that factor more than the
greatest number of times it occurs in any one
66. 10 y 2  2  5  y  y factorization. In this case, their product is not their
least common multiple.
5y 6  5  y  y  y  y  y  y
The LCD is 2  5  y  y  y  y  y  y, or 10 y 6 . 72. Writing Exercise. The numbers have no common
4 4
factors.
7  y  7y
10 y 2 y 4 10 y 6 73. 2 x  7  5 x  3
x  2  2x 7  3 x  3
10  3 x
5 y 6 2 10 y 6
 10  x
3
67. 3x 4 y 2  3  x  x  x  x  y  y
9xy 3  3  3  x  y  y  y The solution is  10 .
3
The LCD is 3  3  x  x  x  x  y  y  y, or 9x 4 y 3.
74. 1 x  2 x 1
7 3y 21 y
  and 3 5
3x y 3 y 9 x 4 y 3
   
4 2
15 x  15 2 x  1
1
4  x3  4 x3 3 5
9 xy 3 x3 9 x 4 y 3 5 x  6 x  15
 x  15
x  15
 x x  15 , or 15,  

x 2  8 x  20 x y x y
75. 84. 2 2
 2  2x
2
x  8 x  20  0 x y x  y 2 x2  y 2
( x  2)( x  10)  0 x  y  x  y  2x

x20 or x  10  0 x2  y2
x  2 or x  10  2 0
The solutions are –2 and 10. x  y2
0
76.  x  16  x
85. The smallest number of strands that can be used is the
2 x  16
LCM of 10 and 3.
x  8
10  2  5
 x x  8 , or  , 8 33
LCM  2  5  3  30
77. 2 x2  4 x  2  0 The smallest number of strands that can be used is 30.
2( x 2  2 x  1)  0
86. The smallest number of strands that can be used is the
2( x  1)2  0 LCM of 4, 6, and 8.
x 1 0 4  22
x  1 6  23
The solution is –1. 8  2 2 2
LCM  2  2  2  3  24 strands
78. 2  3( x  7)  15
2  3 x  21  15 87. If the number of strands must also be a multiple of 4,
3 x  23  15 we find the smallest multiple of 30 that is also a
3 x  8 multiple of 4.
1  30  30, not a multiple of 4
x8
3 2  30  60  15  4, a multiple of 4
79. Writing Exercise. The polynomials contain no The smallest number of strands that can be used is 60.
common factors other than constants. 88. 80  2  2  2  2  5
80. Writing Exercise. The binomial is a factor of the 96  2  2  2  2  2  3
trinomial. 108  2  2  3  3  3
LCM  2  2  2  2  2  3  3  3  5  4320
3(2 x  5) 3(2 x  3)
81. 6 x  1  
x 1 x 1 x 1 89. 4 x 2  25  (2 x  5)(2 x  5)
 6 x  1  6 x  15  6 x  9 6 x 2  7 x  20  (3x  4)(2 x  5)
x 1
(9 x 2  24 x  16) 2   (3x  4)(3 x  4)
2
 18 x  5
x 1  (3 x  4)(3x  4)(3x  4)(3x  4)
LCM  (2 x  5)(2 x  5)(3x  4) 4
82. 2 x  11  3  1  6 x  3
x3 x4 4 x x3
3(2 x  11) 1(6 x  3) 90. 9n 2  9  32 (n  1)(n  1)
 
( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)( x  3) (5n 2  10n  5)2  [5(n  1)(n  1)]2  52 ( n  1) 4
3(2 x  11)  1(6 x  3) 15n  15  3  5(n  1)

( x  3)( x  4) LCM  32  52 (n  1)(n  1)4  225(n  1)(n  1) 4
 6 x  33  6 x  3
( x  3)( x  4) 91. The first printer prints 24 pages per minute, which is
 30 24  2 page per second. The second printer prints
( x  3)( x  4) 60 5
x2 15 pages per minute, which is 15 , or 1 page per

83. 2
 2x  1 60 4
3x  5 x  2 3x  1 x  2
second. The time it takes until the machines begin
 x2  2x printing a page at exactly the same time again is the
(3x  1)( x  2) (3 x  1)( x  2) LCM of their copying rates, 5 and 4.
 x2  2 x It takes 20 seconds.
(3x  1)( x  2)
x ( x  2)

(3x  1) ( x  2)
 x
3x  1

92. The time it takes to replace both the vitamin D3 and

fish oil bottles is the LCM of the times it takes to
empty each bottle. Two vitamin D3 pills are taken
7.
6r  2  3  r
8r  2  2  2  r 
LCD  2  2  2  3  r , or 24r
1  3  1 4  3 3
each day, so use 18  2  9. Four fish oil pills are
6 r 8r 6 r 4 8r 3
taken each day, so use 120  4  30.
 49
9  33 24r
30  3  5  5 , or  5
24r 24r
LCM  3  3  5  90
It takes 90 days. 8. LCD  18t
93. The number of minutes after 5:00 A.M. when the 4  7  4  2  7  3  8  21  13 , or  13
9t 6t 9t 2 6t 3 18t 18t 18t
shuttles will first leave at the same time again is the
LCM of their departure intervals, 15 minutes and 25 9. uv 2  u  v  v  3 2
minutes.  LCD  u  u  u  v  v, or u v
u 3v  u  u  u  v
15  3  5
25  3  5 3  4  3  u 2  4  v  3u 2  4v
LCM  3  5  5  75 uv 2 u 3v uv 2 u 2 u 3v v u 3v 2
Thus, the shuttles will leave at the same time 75
minutes after 5:00 A.M., or at 6:15 A.M. cd 2  c  d  d 
 LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d
2 2
10.
94. The number of years after 2020 in which all three c 2 d  c  c  d 
appliances will need to be replaced at once is the 8  1  8 c  1 d
LCM of the average numbers of years each will last. cd 2 c 2 d cd 2 c c 2 d d
9  33
 8c2 2d
12  2  2  3 c d
15  3  5
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180 11. 3xy 2  3  x  y  y  LCD  3  x  x  y  y  y,

All three appliances will need to be replaced x 2 y 3  x  x  y  y  y  or 3 x 2 y 3
180 years after 2020, or in 2200.
2  6  2  xy  6  3  2 xy  18
95. Writing Exercise. Evaluate both expressions for some 3xy 2 x 2 y 3 3 xy 2 xy x 2 y 3 3 3x 2 y3
value of the variable for which both are defined. If the 2  xy  9 
results are the same, we can conclude that the answer 
is probably correct. 3x2 y3
96. Writing Exercise. The LCD can be found regardless 9t 3  3  3  t  t  t  3

12.  LCD  2  3  3  t  t  t , or 18t
of the factorization selected, because it will be 6t 2  2  3  t  t 
multiplied by any factors of the other denominator(s)
8  5  8  2  5  3t
that it lacks. However, if the factorization selected
contains the other factorizations, then no 9t 3 6t 2 9t 3 2 6t 2 3t
multiplication is required to find the LCD.  16  15t
18t 3

Exercise Set 6.4 8  2 2 2
13. LCD  2  2  2  3, or 24
1. To add or subtract when denominators are different, 6  23
first find the LCD. x3 x2  x33  x24
2. Multiply each rational expression by a form of 1 made 8 6 8 3 6 4
3( x  3)  4( x  2)
up of the factors of the LCD that are missing from 
24
that expression’s denominator. 3 x  9  4x  8

3. Add or subtract the numerators, as indicated. Write 24
the sum or difference over the LCD.  7x  1
24
4. Simplify, if possible.
5. 32  5  3 
x x x x
5 LCD  x  x, or x 2
x
14.
9  33
12  2  2  3 
LCD  2  2  3  3, or 36
 3  5x x4  x5  x44  x53

x x x x 9 12 9 4 12 3
 3  25 x 
4( x  4)  3( x  5)
x 36
6. LCD  x 2  4 x  16  3 x  15
36
6  7  6  x  7  6x  7  7x 1
x x2 x x x2 x2 36

15.
6  23
33 
LCD  2  3, or 6 20.
4x  2  2  x
xx 
LCD  4x
x  2  x 1  x  2  x 1  2 x  1  2x  3  x  1  2x  3  4
6 3 6 3 2 4x x 4x x 4
 x  2  2x  2  x  1  8 x  12
6 6 4x 4x
x  2  (2x  2) x  1  (8 x  12)
 
6 4x
 x  2  2x  2  x  1  8 x  12
6 4x
  x  4 , or
 ( x  4)  7 x  13
6 6 4x
16.
22
4  22 
LCD  4 21.
cd 2  c  d  d  2 2
 LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d
c 2 d  c  c  d 
a2  a4  a22  a4 3c  d  c  d  3c  d  c  c  d  d
2 4 2 2 4 cd 2 c 2d cd 2 c c 2 d d
 2a  4  a  4 c(3c  d )  d (c  d )
4 4 
2a  4  (a  4) c 2d 2
 2 2
4  3c  cd2 2cd  d
 2 a  4  a4 c d
2 2
4  3c  22cd2  d
 a8 c d
4 (3c  d )(c  d )

c 2d 2
15a  3  5  a  2
17.  LCD  5  3  a  a, or 15a
3a 2  3  a  a  u 2v  u  u  v  2 2
22.  LCD  u  u  v  v, or u v
a  3  2 a  1  a  3  a  2a  1  5 uv 2  u  v  v 
15a 3a 2 15a a 3a 2 5 u  v  2u  v  u  v  v  2u  v  u
2
 a  3a  10 a5 u 2v uv 2 u 2v v uv 2 u
15a 2 v(u  v)  u (2u  v)
2 
 a  13a2  5 u 2v 2
2
15a
 uv  v  2u 2  uv
u 2v 2
2 
18. 2a  2  a  a  LCD  2  3  a  a, or 6a 2
2
 2u  22 uv  v2
6a  2  3  a  u v 2
5a  1  a  2  5a  1  3  a  2  a
2a 2 6a 2a 2 3 6a a 3xt 2  3  x  t  t  2 2
3(5a  1)  a (a  2)
23.  LCD  3  x  x  t  t , or 3 x t
 x 2t  x  x  t 
6a 2 4 x  2t  5 x  3t  4 x  2t  x  5 x  3t  3t
2
 15a  3  2a  2a 3xt 2 x 2t 3 xt 2 x x 2t 3t
6a 2
2tx  15 xt  9t 2
2  4x 
 a  17 a3 3x t2 2
3x 2t 2
6a 2 4 x 2  2tx  (15 xt  9t 2 )

19.
3z  3  z

4z  2  2  z
LCD  2  2  3  z , or 12 z 2
3x 2t 2
 4 x  2tx 215
3x t 2
xt  9t 2
4 z  9  3z  8  4 z  9  4  3z  8  3 2 2
3z 4z 3z 4 4z 3  4 x  132xt2  9t
3x t
 16 z  36  9 z  24
12 z 12 z (Although 4 x 2  13xt  9t 2 can be factored, doing so
16 z  36  (9 z  24)
 will not enable us to simplify the result further.)
12 z
 16 z  36  9 z  24
12 z
 7 z  12
12 z

28. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is

2 x 2 y  2  x  x  y  2 2
24.  LCD  2  x  x  y  y, or 2 x y their product, ( y  1)( y  1).
xy 2  x  y  y 
y
5 x  3 y 3x  4 y 5 x  3 y y 3x  4 y 2 x  12 LCD (y  3)(y  4)
     y 3 y 4
2 x2 y xy 2 2x2 y y xy 2 2x y y4 y 3
2 2    12 
5 xy  3 y 6 x  8 xy y 3 y 4 y 4 y 3
 
2x2 y2 2 x2 y 2 y (y  4) 12(y  3)
 
5 xy  3 y  (6 x 2  8 xy )
2 (y  3)(y  4) (y  3)(y  4)

2x2 y2 y 2  4 y  12 y  36

5 xy  3 y 2  6 x 2  8 xy (y  3)(y  4)

2x2 y2 y 2  16 y  36 ( y  2)( y  18)
 
3 y  3 xy  6 x 2
2 (y  3)(y  4) ( y  3)( y  4)

2 x2 y 2 (Although y 2  16 y  36 can be factored, doing so
3( y  2 x)( y  x) will not enable us to simplify the result further.)

2 x2 y 2
their product, ( x  2)( x  2).
29.
3x  3  x
x 1  x 1 
LCD  3x( x  1)
3  2  3  3x  2  x  1
3  3  3  x2 3  x2
x  1 3x x  1 3x 3x x  1
x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 9 x  2( x  1)
3( x  2)  3( x  2) 
 3 x( x  1)
( x  2)( x  2)
3 x  6  3x  6  9x  2x  2
 3 x( x  1)
( x  2)( x  2)
6x  11x  2
 3 x( x  1)
( x  2)( x  2)

their product, ( x  1)( x  1).
30.
x5 x5
4x  4  x 
LCD  4x( x  5)
5  5  5  x 1  5  x 1 2  3  2  4x  3  x  5
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x  5 4x x  5 4x 4x x  5
5( x  1)  5( x  1) 2  4 x  3( x  5)
 
( x  1)( x  1) 4 x( x  5)
 5 x  5  5x  5  8 x  3x  15
( x  1)( x  1) 4 x( x  5)
 10 x  11x  15
( x  1)( x  1) 4 x( x  5)
2 
27. t  1 LCD  (t  3)(t  1) 31. 2t  2t  2t (t  1)  LCD  2t (t  1)
t  3 t 1 2t  2  2(t  1) 
 t  t 1  1  t  3 3
t  3 t 1 t 1 t  3  5  3  5
2t 2  2t 2t  2 2t (t  1) 2(t  1)
 t2  t  t 3
 3  5 t
(t  3)(t  1) (t  3)(t  1)
2t (t  1) 2(t  1) t
t 2  t  (t  3)
  3  5t
(t  3)(t  1) 2t (t  1)
2
 t t 3
t
(t  3)(t  1) 2 
32. 3t  15t  3t (t  5) LCD  6t (t  5)
2 (t  3)(t  1) 2t  10  2(t  5) 
 t  2t  3 
(t  3)(t  1) (t  3)(t  1) 8 3 8
  2 3  3t
(Although t 2  2t  3 can be factored, doing so will 3t (t  5) 2(t  5) 3t (t  5) 2 2(t  5) 3t
not enable us to simplify the result further.)  16  9t
6t (t  5) 6t (t  5)
 16  9t
6t (t  5)

33. LCD  (a  3)(a  3) 38. LCD  ( w  2)2

3a  a 3  7
a2  9 a  3 w  2 ( w  2) 2
 3a  a
(a  3)(a  3) a  3  3  w2  7
w  2 w  2 ( w  2) 2
 3a  a  a3 3( w  2)  7
(a  3)(a  3) a  3 a  3 
3a  a(a  3) ( w  2)2
 3 w 67
(a  3)(a  3) 
2 ( w  2)2
 3a  a  3a
(a  3)(a  3)  3w  132
( w  2)
 a2
(a  3)(a  3) 3a  9a
39.
4a  20 6a  30
34. LCD  ( p  4)( p  4) 3a 9a
  LCD  2  2  3(a  5)
5p p 2  2( a  5) 2  3(a  5)
 3a
2
p  16 p  4  3 9a 2
5p p 2  2( a  5) 3 2  3(a  5) 2
 
( p  4)( p  4) p  4  9a  18a
2  2  3(a  5)
5p p p4
    27 a
( p  4)( p  4) p  4 p  4 2  2  3(a  5)
5p  p ( p  4) 3 9a
 
( p  4)( p  4) 2  2  3(a  5)
5p  p 2  4p  9a
=
( p  4)( p  4) 4(a  5)
p 2  9p
 40. 4a  3a  4a  3a
( p  4)( p  4) 5a  10 10a  20 5( a  2) 2  5(a  2)
35. LCD  3( z  4)  4a  2  3a
5( a  2) 2 2  5(a  2)
6  2  6  2
 8a  3a
z  4 3 z  12 z  4 3( z  4) 10(a  2)
 6 3 2
 11a
z  4 3 3( z  4) 10(a  2)
 18  2
3( z  4) 3( z  4) y y 1
41.  LCD  y ( y  1)
 16 y 1 y
3( z  4) y y y 1 y 1
   
36. LCD  4(t  3) y 1 y y y 1
t  5  t  5 y 2  ( y 2  2 y  1)

t  3 4t  12 t  3 4(t  3) y ( y  1)
2y 1
 t 4 5 
t  3 4 4(t  3) y ( y  1)
 4t  5
4(t  3) 42. x  4  x  x  4  x  4  x  x
x x4 x x4 x4 x
5  2 q 1 ( x  4)2  x 2
37.  5   2 
q  1 (q  1)2 q  1 q  1 ( q  1) 2 x( x  4)
5(q  1)  2 x 2
 8 x  16  x 2
 
(q  1)2 x( x  4)
5q  5  2 2
 2 x  8 x  16

(q  1) 2 x( x  4)
5q  3 2( x 2  4 x  8)
 
(q  1) 2 x( x  4)

43. 6  4 x2  x  6

a 2  a  2 a 2  4a  3 ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
 6  4 ( x  3)( x  2)

( a  2)( a  1) (a  3)(a  1) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
LCD  ( a  2)( a  1)(a  3) ( x  3) ( x  2)
 6  a3  4 a2 
( x  3) ( x  2) ( x  1)
( a  2)( a  1) a  3 (a  3)(a  1) a  2
6(a  3)  4(a  2)  x3

( a  2)( a  1)(a  3) ( x  3)( x  1)
 6a  18  4a  8 47. 3z  10
( a  2)( a  1)(a  3)
z2  4z  4 z2  z  6
 10a  10
( a  2)( a  1)(a  3)  3z 2  10
( z  2) ( z  2)( z  3)
10 (a  1)
 LCD  ( z  2) 2 ( z  3)
( a  2) (a  1) (a  3) 3z  z  3 
 10  z2
 10 ( z  2) 2 z  3 ( z  2)( z  3) z  2
( a  2)( a  3) 3 z ( z  3)  10( z  2)

44. x  1 ( z  2) 2 ( z  3)
x  2 x  1 x2  5x  4
2
2
x 1  3 z  9 z  10 z  20
  ( z  2)2 ( z  3)
( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  4)
2
LCD  ( x  1) 2 ( x  4)  3 z  19 z  20
 x  x4 1  x 1 ( z  2) 2 ( z  3)
( x  1)( x  1) x  4 ( x  1)( x  4) x  1
3  2
x( x  4)  1  ( x  1) x 2  4 x  x  1 48.
  x2  9 x2  x  6
( x  1)2 ( x  4) ( x  1) 2 ( x  4)  3  2
2 ( x  3)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  3)
 x  25 x  1
( x  1) ( x  4) LCD  ( x  3)( x  3)( x  2)
 3 x2 2  x3
45. 2 x  4
( x  3)( x  3) x  2 ( x  2)( x  3) x  3
x  9 x  20 x 2  7 x  12
3( x  2)  2( x  3)
x 4 
  ( x  3)( x  3)( x  2)
( x  4)( x  5) ( x  3)( x  4)
LCD  ( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)  3x  6  2 x  6
( x  3)( x  3)( x  2)
 x  x3 4  x5 5 x  12
( x  4)( x  5) x  3 ( x  3)( x  4) x  5 
x( x  3)  4( x  5) ( x  3)( x  3)( x  2)

( x  3)( x  4)( x  5) 7 0
2 49. 
 x  3 x  4 x  20 x 2  25 x  24 x 2  11x  10
( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)
Note that 2 0  0 , so the difference is
 x 2  x  20 x  11x  10
( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)
7 .
( x  4) ( x  5)
 x 2  25 x  24
( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  5) x 1
x5 50. 2 
 x  17 x  72 x 2  15 x  56
( x  3)( x  5) x 1
 
x 2 ( x  8)( x  9) ( x  8)( x  7)
46. 
x2  5 x  6 x2  3x  2 LCD  ( x  8)( x  9)( x  7)
x 2  x  x  7 1  x9
  ( x  8)( x  9) x  7 ( x  8)( x  7) x  9
( x  3)( x  2) ( x  2)( x  1)
LCD  ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)  x2  7 x  x9
( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) ( x  8)( x  9)( x  7)
 x  x 1  2  x3
( x  3)( x  2) x  1 ( x  2)( x  1) x  3 x 2  7 x  ( x  9)
x2  x 2x  6 
  ( x  8)( x  9)( x  7)
( x  3)( x  2)( x  1) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1) 2
x 2  x  (2 x  6)  x  7x  x  9
 ( x  8)( x  9)( x  7)
( x  3)( x  2)( x  1) x2  6x  9
2 
 x  x  2x  6 ( x  8)( x  9)( x  7)
( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)

51. 3  4  3  2x  1  4 y y y y 2y
58.    
2x  1 2x  1 2x  1 y2 2 y y2 y2 y2
 6x  3  4 y2 y2
2x  1 59.  9   9  1
 6x  7 y  3 3  y y  3 3  y 1
2x  1 y2
  9
1  2 5  x  1
y  3 3  y
52. 2 
5 x 5 x 5 x y2  9

 10  2 x  1 y 3
5 x ( y  3) ( y  3)
 11  2x 
5 x y 3
 y3
53. 3  2  3 4  x  2
4 x 4 x 4 x 60. t 2  4  t 2  4  1
 12  3 x  2 t  2 2  t t  2 2  t 1
2
4 x  t  4
 10  3 x t  2 2  t
4 x 2
 t 4
t2
54. 4  3  4  3x  2  3 (t  2) (t  2)
3x  2 3x  2 3x  2 
t2
 12 x  8  3
3x  2 t2
 12 x  5 61. c  5  c  5  c  5  c  5  1
3x  2
c 2  64 64  c 2 c 2  64 64  c 2 1
55.
5 x  x  2  5 x  x  2  1  2c  5  25  c
4 4 4 4 1 c  64 c  64
 5x  2  x  c  25  5  c
4 4 c  64

5 x  (2  x)  20
4 c  64
0
 5x  2  x
4 b  4  b  4  b  4  b  4  1
62.
 6x  2 b 2  49 49  b 2 b 2  49 49  b 2 1
4
2(3 x  1)  b2  4  2b  4
 b  49 b  49
22
2 (3 x  1)  b  42  b  4
 b  49
2 2  20
 3x  1 b  49
2 0
56. x  2 x  3  x  2 x  3  1 63. t3 3  2 3  t3 3  3 2

6 6 6 6 1 t 1 1 t t 1 t 1
  x3
x  2  t 33  2
6 6 t 1
x  (2 x  3)  t 1

6 (t  1)(t 2  t  1)
 x  2x  3  2 1
6
3 x  3 t  t 1

6
3 ( x  1) 64. 1  6m3  35  1  6m3  5 3
 1 m m 1 1 m 1 m
2 3  1  6m  5
 x 1 1  m3
2 6  6m

57. x  x (1  m)(1  m  m 2 )
x5 5 x 6(1  m)
Note that the denominators are opposites, so the sum 
(1  m)(1  m  m 2 )
is 0.
 6
1  m  m2

4 p p 1 68. x  2
65. 
25  p 2 p 5 3  x x2  9
4 p p 1  x  2
  3  x ( x  3)( x  3)
(5  p )(5  p ) p  5  x  1  2
4 p p 1 3  x 1 ( x  3)( x  3)
  1 
(5  p )(5  p ) 1 p  5  x  2 LCD  ( x  3)( x  3)
p4 p 1 x  3 ( x  3)( x  3)
  LCD  ( p  5)( p  5)
( p  5)( p  5) p  5  x  x3 2
p4 p 1 p  5 ( x  3) x  3 ( x  3)( x  3)
    x( x  3)  2
( p  5)( p  5) p  5 p  5 
( x  3)( x  3)
p  4  p2  6 p  5
 2
( p  5)( p  5)   x  3x  2
( x  3)( x  3)
p2  7 p  1 2
   x  3x  2
( p  5)( p  5) ( x  3)( x  3)
( x  2)( x  1)
y2 3 y 
66.  ( x  3)( x  3)
y  7 49  y 2
y2 3 y a  2a
  69.
y  7 (7  y )(7  y ) a2  1 a  a2
y2 3 y 2 a
   1  2a 
y  7 (7  y )(7  y ) 1 a  1 a (1  a )
y2 y 3  a  2
  LCD  ( y  7)( y  7) (a  1)(a  1) 1  a
y  7 ( y  7)( y  7)

y2 y7
 
y3  a  2  1
y  7 y  7 ( y  7)( y  7) (a  1)(a  1) 1  a 1
y 2  9 y  14  y  3  a  2 LCD  (a  1)(a  1)
 (a  1)(a  1) a  1
( y  7)( y  7)
2  a  2  a  1
y  10 y  11 (a  1)(a  1) a  1 a  1

( y  7)( y  7)  a  2a  2
(a  1)(a  1)
x  3   a  2 , or a2
67.
x  4 16  x 2 (a  1)(a  1) (1  a )(1  a )
 x  3
x  4 (4  x)(4  x) 3x  2  x
70.
3x  6 4  x 2
 x  1  3
x  4 1 (4  x)(4  x)  3x  2  x LCD  3( x  2)(2  x )
3( x  2) (2  x)(2  x)
 x  3 LCD  (4  x)(4  x)
4  x (4  x)(4  x)  3x  2  2  x  x 3
3( x  2) 2  x (2  x)(2  x) 3
  x 4 x  3
4  x 4  x (4  x)(4  x) (3x  2)(2  x)  x  3

 x(4  x)  3 3( x  2)(2  x)
 2
(4  x)(4  x)  3 x  4 x  4  3x
2 3( x  2)(2  x)
 4 x  x  3 2
(4  x)(4  x)  3 x  7 x  4 , or
2 3( x  2)(2  x)
 x  4x  3
(4  x)(4  x) 3x 2  7 x  4
2 ( x  3)( x  1) 3( x  2)( x  2)
 x  4x  3 
( x  4)( x  4) ( x  4)( x  4)

71. 4x  6 74. t  5  t  4  t2 2

x2  y 2 y  x 1 t t 1 t 1
 4x  6  t  5  1  t  4  t2
( x  y )( x  y ) y  x 1  t 1 t  1 (t  1)(t  1)
 4x  6  1  5t  t 4  t2 LCD  (t  1)(t  1)
( x  y )( x  y ) y  x 1 t  1 t  1 (t  1)(t  1)
(5  t )(t  1)  (t  4)(t  1)  t  2
 4x  6 LCD  ( x  y )( x  y ) 
( x  y )( x  y ) x  y (t  1)(t  1)
x y 2
 t 2  3t  4  t  2
 4x  6    t  4t  5
( x  y )( x  y ) x  y x  y (t  1)(t  1)
4 x  (6)( x  y )  2 t 2
 2 t  11
 
( x  y )( x  y ) (t  1)(t  1)
4x  6x  6 y

( x  y )( x  y ) 75. 2 x  5  x  7  5 x  17 LCD  ( x  1)( x  5)
10 x  6 y x  1 x  5 ( x  1)( x  5)
 (2 x  5)( x  5)  ( x  7)( x  1)  (5 x  17)
( x  y )( x  y ) 
2(5 x  3 y ) ( x  1)( x  5)
 2
( x  y )( x  y )  2 x  15 x  25  x 2  8 x  7  5 x  17
( x  1)( x  5)
2 2
72. 4 2 a  a  2  3 x  18 x  15
a 9 3 a ( x  1)( x  5)
4  a2 3 ( x  1) ( x  5)
  a2 
(a  3)(a  3) 3  a ( x  1) ( x  5)
4  a2 3
  a  2  1
(a  3)(a  3) 3  a 1
x  5  x  7  7 x  19
4  a2 76.
  2  a LCD  ( a  3)(a  3) x  3 x  2 ( x  3)( x  2)
(a  3)(a  3) a  3 LCD is ( x  3)( x  2)
4  a2  2aa3  
  x 5  x 2   7  x  3  7 x  19
x
(a  3)(a  3) a  3 a  3 x  3 x  2 x  2 x  3 ( x  3)( x  2)
4  a 2  (2a  6  a 2  3a ) 
( x  5)( x  2)  ( x  7)( x  3)  (7 x  19)

(a  3)(a  3) ( x  3)( x  2)
2 2
 4  a 2  2a  6  a 2  3a  x  7 x  10  x  10 x  21  7 x  19
(a  3)( a  3) ( x  3)( x  2)
a2 2
  2 x  10 x  12
(a  3)(a  3) ( x  3)( x  2)
2( x 2  5 x  6)
73. x  3  x  3  x  62 
2 x x2 4 x ( x  3)( x  2)
2 ( x  3) ( x  2)
 x3  x3  x6 LCD  (2  x)(2  x) 
2  x x  2 (2  x)(2  x) ( x  3) ( x  2)
 x3 2 x  x3 2 x  x6 2
2  x 2  x x  2 2  x (2  x)(2  x)
( x  3)(2  x)  ( x  3)(2  x)  ( x  6) 77. 1  1  2x
 x  y x  y x2  y2
(2  x)(2  x)
LCD  ( x  y )( x  y )
x 2  x  6  (  x 2  x  6)  x  6 x y x y
  1   1   2x
(2  x)(2  x) x  y x  y x  y x  y ( x  y )( x  y )
2
 x  x  6  x2  x  6  x  6 ( x  y)  ( x  y)  2 x
(2  x)(2  x) 
( x  y )( x  y )
2
 2 x  x 6 0
(2  x)(2  x)
(2 x  3)( x  2 )

( 2  x )(2  x)
 x3
2
2 x

2r  1  1 82. Writing Exercise. If the denominators are the same,

78.
r 2  s2 r  s r  s add the numerators and keep the same denominator.
2r Simplify, if possible. If the denominators are
  1  1
(r  s )(r  s ) r  s r  s different, follow the steps in the box on page 392 of
LCD  (r  s)(r  s ) the text.
 2r  1 rs  1 rs 83. 3  12  ( 4)  3  3  6
(r  s )(r  s ) r  s r  s r  s r  s
2r  ( r  s )  ( r  s ) 84. 6  1  7  7

(r  s )(r  s )
 2r  2 s 85. (1.2  108 )(2.5  106 )  (1.2  2.5)(108  106 )
(r  s )(r  s )  3  1014
2( r  s )
 4
(r  s )( r  s ) 86. (2a 3b 5 )( 3ab 4 )  6a 4b 1  6a
b
 2
rs 2
87. (3a 1b) 2  32 a 2b 2  a 2
1 2 3 9b
79.  
x 2  7 x  12 x 2  4 x  3 x 2  5 x  4 88.  ( 12)  12
 1  2  3
( x  3)( x  4) ( x  1)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  4) 89. Writing Exercise. Their sum is zero. Another

LCD is ( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
1  x 1  2  x4
explanation is that  1 
3 x  1  1 .
 (3  x) x  3
( x  3)( x  4) x  1 ( x  1)( x  3) x  4
90. Writing Exercise. No; when adding, no sign changes
 3  x3 are required so the result is the same regardless of
( x  1)( x  4) x  3
x  1  2( x  4)  3( x  3) parentheses. When subtracting, however, the sign of
 each term of the expression being subtracted must be
( x  1)( x  3)( x  4) changed and parentheses are needed to make sure this
 x  1  2 x  8  3x  9 is done.
( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
 2x  2
( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
91. P  2  x 3 4   2  x 2 5 
2 ( x  1)  6  4 LCD  ( x  4)( x  5)
 x 4 x 5
( x  1) ( x  3)( x  4)  6  x5  4  x4
2 x4 x5 x5 x4
 6 x  30  4 x  16
( x  3)( x  4) 
( x  4)( x  5)
4 2 5  10 x  14  2(5 x  7)
80.   ( x  4)( x  5) ( x  4)( x  5)
x2  x  2 x2  4 x  3 x2  x  6
 4  2  5
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  3)
A  3
x4 x5  2 
 6
( x  4)( x  5)
LCD is ( x  2)( x  1)( x  3) 92. P  2l  2w
 4  x3  2  x2
( x  2)( x  1) x  3 ( x  1)( x  3) x  2 2 x 2 x
x4 
x5 
 5  x 1  2 x  2 x LCD  ( x  4)( x  5)
( x  2)( x  3) x  1 x4 x5
4( x  3)  2( x  2)  5( x  1)  2 x  x  5  2x  x  4
 x4 x5 x5 x4
( x  2)( x  1)( x  3) 2 2
4 x  12  2 x  4  5 x  5  2 x  10 x  2 x  8 x
 ( x  4)( x  5)
( x  2)( x  1)( x  3) 2
 4 x  18 x
 x3
( x  4)( x  5)
( x  2)( x  1)( x  3)
2 x(2 x  9)
 1 
( x  4)( x  5)
( x  2)( x  1)
A  lw
81. Writing Exercise. Using the least common
denominator usually reduces the complexity of
 x 
x4 x5  x

computations and requires less simplification of the  x2
sum or difference. ( x  4)( x  5)

x2 11x  22
93.  2x  1 
2
3x  5 x  2 3x  1 x  2 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
x2 2x 11( x  2)
  
(3x  1)( x  2) (3 x  1)( x  2) ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
x2  2 x  11
 ( x  1)( x  3)
(3x  1)( x  2)
x( x  2) 97. We recognize that this is the product of the sum and

(3x  1)( x  2)
difference of two terms ( A  B)( A  B)  A2  B 2 .
 x  x2
3x  1 x  2
 x
 x  3
x7 x2 x7 x2  x  3

3x  1 2
 x 2 9 LCD  ( x  7)2 ( x  2) 2
( x  7) ( x  2) 2
94. 2 x  11  3  2 x  1  3 ( x  2) 2 2
x 3 x 4 4 x 3 x  x 2
2
 9  ( x  7)
 6 x  33  6x  3 ( x  7) ( x  2) 2 ( x  2) ( x  7)2
( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)(3  x) x 2 ( x  2) 2  9( x  7) 2
6 x  33  6x  3 
  1 ( x  7) 2 ( x  2) 2
( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)(3  x) 1
6 x  33  6 x  3 x ( x  4 x  4)  9( x 2  14  49)
2 2
 
( x  3)( x  4) ( x  4)( x  3) ( x  7) 2 ( x  2)2
 6 x  33  6 x  3
2 3 2 2
( x  3)( x  4)  x  4 x  4 x 2 9 x  126 x  441
( x  7) ( x  2)2
 30 4 3 2
( x  3)( x  4)  x  4 x  5 x2  126 2x  441
( x  7) ( x  2)
95. 2 x  16  x2  x6
x2  x  2 x2  5x  6 x2  2 x  3 1 xy  ay  1  2
98. 
 2 x  16  x2  x6 ay  3a  2 xy  6 x a 2  4 x 2  y  3 
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  3) ( x  3)( x  1)
LCD  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) 1 xy  ay
 
 16  x  3  x2 ay  3a  2 xy  6 x (a 2  4 x 2 )( y  3) 2
 2 x  x 1
( x  2)( x  1) x  3 ( x  2)( x  3) x  1 1 xy  ay
 
 x6 x2 a( y  3)  2 x ( y  3) (a  2 x)(a  2 x)( y  3) 2
( x  3)( x  1) x  2 1 xy  ay
 
2 x 2  22 x  48  ( x 2  3 x  2)  ( x 2  4 x  12) ( y  3)(a  2 x) (a  2 x)(a  2 x)( y  3) 2

( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) LCD  ( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x)
  29 x  58 ( y  3)(a  2 x)
 1  
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
( y  3)(a  2 x) ( y  3)(a  2 x)
29 ( x  2) xy  ay

( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3) ( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x)
 29 ay  2 xy  3a  6 x  xy  ay
( x  1)( x  3) 
( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x)
96. 2x  8  x2  x2 3 xy  3a  6 x

 ,
x  3x  2 x2  5 x  6 x2  4 x  3
2
( y  3)2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x)
 2x  8  x2  x2 3( xy  a  2 x)
( x  1)( x  2) ( x  2)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  3) or
( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x)
LCD  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
 2 x 8  x3  x2  x 1
( x  1)( x  2) x  3 ( x  2)( x  3) x  1
 x2  x2
( x  1)( x  3) x  2
2 x 2  14 x  24  ( x 2  x  2)  ( x 2  4 x  4)

( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)

Mid-Chapter Review 275
99.  a a b  a b b   3a1 b  92aa 6bb 

2 2
101. Answer mays vary. a  3b
ab ba
a a (2a  6b) 102.
 
( a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(9a 2  b 2 )
103. Writing Exercise. Both y1 and y2 are undefined when
b b(2a  6b)
  x  5.
(a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(9a 2  b 2 )
 a  2a 2  6ab 
( a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) Mid-Chapter Review
 b  2ab  6b 2
(a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) 1. a 2  a 2  5a
LCD  (a  b)( a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) a  10 a 2  100
2 2

[a (a  b)(3a  b)  (2a 2  6ab)(a  b)  a  a 2  100
(a  b)( a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) a  10 a  5a
a  a  (a  10)  (a  10)
b(a  b)(3a  b)  (2ab  6b 2 )(a  b)] 
 (a  10)  a  (a  5)
(a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
a (a  10) a (a  10)
(3a3  2a 2b  ab 2  2a 3  8a 2b  6ab 2  
 a (a  10) a5
(a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
a (a  10)
b3  4ab 2  3a 2b  4ab 2  6b3  2a 2b) 
 a5
( a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
3
 5 a  15 a 2b  5ab 2  5b3 2. 2  2 1
( a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) x x x
5 (a  b) (a 2  2ab  b 2 )  2 1
 x x( x  1)
( a  b) (a  b) (3a  b)(3a  b)
 2  x 1  1
5( a 2  2ab  b 2 ) x x  1 x( x  1)

( a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)  2x  2  1
x( x  1) x( x  1)
2 2
100. 2 x2  5 x  3  x  1  4 x  8 x  3  x  32  2x  3
2x  9x  9 3  2 x x3 9  4x x( x  1)
2 x 2
 5 x  3 x  1 (4 x 2  8 x  3)( x  3)
   3. 3  2  3  x  2 5 LCD  5 x 2
(2 x  3)( x  3) 3  2 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x) 5x x2 5x x x2 5
 3x 210
2
 2 x  5 x  3  1  x  1
(2 x  3)( x  3) 1 3  2 x 5x
3 2
 4 x  20 x  27 x  9
( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x) 4. 3  22  63
2 3 2 5x x 5x
 2 x  5 x  3  x  1  4 x  20 x  27 x  9
(3  2 x)( x  3) 3  2 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x) 2
LCD  ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x) 5. 3  22  3  x  3x  x  3 x
5x x 5 x 2 10 x 10
2 ( x  3)(3  2 x)
 2 x  5 x  3  3  2 x  x  1 
(3  2 x)( x  3) 3  2 x 3  2 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)
3 2 6. 3  22  3  x  22  5 LCD  5 x 2
 4 x  20 x  27 x  9 5x x 5x x x 5
( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
 3 x 210
( 4 x3  16 x 2  9 x  9  2 x3  x 2  12 x  9 5x

( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
2 ( x  3) ( x  2)
4 x  20 x 2  27 x  9) 7. 2 x  6  x  2 
3
 5 x  10 6 x  12 5 ( x  2)  2  3( x  2)
( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
3 2 ( x  3)
 2 x  3x  6 x  9 
( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x) 15( x  2)
x 2 (2 x  3)  3(2 x  3)
 2  6  2  x5
( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x) 8.
x5 x5 x5 6
(2 x  3) ( x 2  3) 2( x  5)
  1
( x  3) (2 x  3) (3  2 x) 3 2( x  5)
x2  3  x2  3 1
 , or 3
( x  3)(3  2 x) ( x  3)(2 x  3)

9. x  1 16. x 1  3 LCD  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  5)

x  2 x 1 x 2  7 x  10 x 2  x  2
 x  x  1  1  x  2 LCD  ( x  2)( x  1)  x 1  x 1  3  x5
x  2 x 1 x 1 x  2 ( x  5)( x  2) x  1 ( x  2)( x  1) x  5
x( x  1)  ( x  2)
 2
( x  2)( x  1)  x  2 x  1  3 x  15
2 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  5)
 x xx2
( x  2)( x  1)  x 2  5 x  14
2 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  5)
 x  2x  2 ( x  7) ( x  2)
( x  2)( x  1) 
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  5)
10. 2  3 x7

x3 x4 ( x  1)( x  5)
 2  x  4  3  x  3 LCD  ( x  3)( x  4)
x3 x4 x4 x3 2 3(u 2  1)
2( x  4)  3( x  3) 17. 3u  3  4u  4   3
 4 3 4 4(u  1)
( x  3)( x  4)
9 (u  1) (u  1)
 2 x  8  3x  9 
( x  3)( x  4) 16 (u  1)
 5 x  17 9(u  1)
( x  3)( x  4) 
16
11. 5  10 (t  5) (t  4) (t  5)
2x  1 1  2x 18. (t 2  t  20)  t  5 
t4 t4
 5  10 x  1 LCD  2 x  1 2
2 x  1 1  2 x 1  (t  5)
 5  10 x
2x  1 2
5(2 x  1) 19.  a 2 2a  1  (a 2  3a  2)
 a 4
2x  1 (a  1) ( a  1)
 5   1
( a  2)( a  2) ( a  2) ( a  1)
12. 3  2  3  2  5 a 1

x4 4 x x4 x4 x4 ( a  2)( a  2)2
( x  2)(2 x  3) ( x  2)( x  1) 2(2 x  7) x(3x  5)
13.  20. 2 x  7  3 x  5   LCD  2 x
( x  1)( x  5) ( x  5)( x  3) x 2 2x 2x
( x  2)(2 x  3) ( x  5)( x  3) 2
   4 x  14  3 x  5 x
( x  1)( x  5) ( x  2)( x  1) 2x
2
(2 x  3)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  5)  3 x  9 x  14
  2x
( x  1)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  5)
(2 x  3)( x  3)

( x  1)2 Exercise Set 6.5
a b 1. The expression given above is a complex rational
14. 
6a  9b 4a  6b expression.
 a 2 b  3 LCD  6(2a  3b)
3(2a  3b) 2 2(2a  3b) 3 2. The expression 5 is the denominator of the above
x
 2a  3b expression.
6(2a  3b)
 1 3. The least common denominator of the rational
6 expressions within the expression above is 3x.
2
15. x 2  16  2 x
2

( x  4)( x  4) x 2 4. To simplify, we can multiply by the reciprocal of 5 .
x
x  x x  5 x  4 x( x  1)( x  4)( x  1)
x( x  4) 5. The LCD is the LCM of x, 2, and 3. It is 6x.

( x  1) 2 11 11
x 2  x 2  6x
1  1 1  1 6x
3 x 3 x
Choice (b) is correct.

6. We get a single rational expression in the numerator 1 4  1  4

and another in the denominator.  4
11 121x 24  3 4
4
x 2 x 2 2 x
11 1 x  13  4 1
83
3 x 3 x x 3
Choice (a) is correct.  5
11
7. We get a single rational expression in the numerator
and another in the denominator. 3 1 3 1
12. 4 4  4  12  1  13
x 1
1 1 1 1 4 4  2 6
x  x  1  x2 2 2
x2 x x2  1
x2  1 xx xx
Choice (a) is correct. 13. 4  4  4 x LCD is 4 x
4  x 4  x 4x
x x
8. The LCD is x( x  1)( x  1).
x 1 x 1  4  
x  x (4 x)
x2
x  x  x( x  1)( x  1)
x2 x( x  1)( x  1) x 
4  x (4 x)

2
2
x 1 x 1 2
 x  4x2
Choice (b) is correct. 16  4 x 2
2
 5x 2
11 16  4 x
9. 2 3 2
11  5x 2
4 6 4(4  x )
13 12
Getting a common denominator 12 12
 2 3 3 2
1312 in numerator and in denominator 14. c  c  c  1  2c
4 3 6 2 1  5 1  5 c 1  5c
32 c c
 6 6 15. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor.
3  2
12 12 x2
5 x  1  x  2  x  3  ( x  2)( x  3)
Adding in the numerator;
 6 x  4 x  1 x  4 ( x  1)( x  4)
1 subtracting in the denominator x3
12
Multiplying by the reciprocal
 5  12 x 1
6 1 of the divisor ( x  1)( x  2)
16.  3  x  1  x  2 
x
 56 2 x  6 x  3 x  6 ( x  3)( x  6)
6 x2
5 6  2

6 10 10
 10 17. t  t  t2
2 5 2  5 t2
t 2 t t2 t
2 1 4  1
10  t 2
10. 5 10  10 10  3  60  18 t

 
7  4 21  16 10 5 5
20 15 60 60 2  5 t2
t2 t
1 1  10t
11. 4 LCD is 4. 2  t2  5  t2
2 3 t2 t
4
 10 t , or 10t
1 1 2  5t 5t  2
 4  4 Multiplying by 4
2 3 4 4 5 2 5 2
4 x x2 x x2 x2 5x  2

 
1  1 4 Multiplying numerator and
4
18.
2
2

2
2
 2
x 2
 
2  3 4 denominator by 4
4
x x

19. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. 2 1 2 1

2a  5 26. x  x  x2
3a  2a  5  6a 1
2 2 2 2 x 1 2
a7 3a a  7 x x
6a 2
(2a  5)  2  3a  2x 2  x
 2x  1
3a  (a  7) x(2 x  1)
(2a  5)  2  3a 
 2 x2  1
3a  (a  7)
2(2a  5) 27. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor.

a7 x2
a5 x2  y 2 2 x y
 2x 2 
2 3(a  5) x
20. a  a 2 5  3a  x y x
a2 a a  2 a(a  2) x y
3a x2 ( x  y)
 2
x3 x3 ( x  y 2 )( x)
21. 6 x  6 x  6 x LCD is 6 x x  x  ( x  y)
1  1 1  1 6x 
3 x 3 x ( x  y )( x  y )( x)
x  6x  3  6x x  x  ( x  y)
 6 x 
1  6x  1  6x ( x  y )( x  y )( x )
3 x  x
2
 x  18 x y
2x  6
2 a 2  b2
 x  18 ab  a 2  b 2  b
2( x  3) 28.
ab ab ab
2 x 2 x b
22. x 4  x 4  4 x  8  x2 ( a  b) ( a  b )  b
3 2 3  2 4 x 3x  8 
4 x 4 x a  b  ( a  b)
 a  b
11 11 a
23. s 5  s 5  5s LCD is 5s
s5 s  5 5s 7 4 7 4
s s 2 c c 2 c c3
1  5s  1  5s 29. c   LCD is c3
6 3 6  3 c3
 s 5
 
c c3 c c3
s  5 (5s )
s 7  c3  4  c3
5 s c 2 c
 
( s  5)(5) 6  c3  3  c3
c c3
 ( s  5) 2
  7 c  4 c
( s  5) (5)
6c 2  3
 1 
c(4c  7)
5 3(2c 2  1)
11 11
4 1 4  1
24. 9 n  9 n  9n  n  9 3 2 3
n  9 n  9 9n (n  9)(n) 30. t t  t t 2  t3  4  t  4  t
9 9 3 5 3  5 t 3 3t 2  5t t (3t  5)
t t2 t t2
1 1 1 1
2
25. t  t2 2
 t2 LCD is t 2 2  1 2  2  1  a3
1 1 1 1 t 4 14a 4 2 14a
t t 31. 7 a  7a a3
1  t 2  1 t 2 3  2 3 3 2 a
2 5a 2 15a 5a 2 3 15a a
t
1  t 2  1 t 2 4  a3
4
t  14a
2 9  2a
 1  t2
t t 15a 2
3 2
 4  a4  15a
2
 1 t
t (1  t ) 14a 9  2 a

t 9
15  a 2 (4  a 3 ) t  9 tt 
 37. t  t
14a 2  a 2 (9  2a ) t 4 tt  4
15(4  a3 ) t t t

14a 2 (9  2a ) t2  9
 2t
5  3 5  2  3  x2 t 4
3 8x 3 2 8x t
32. 4 x  4x x2 2
 t  9 t
3  3 2
3  2x  3
2x 4x 2 x 2 x 2 4 x3
t t2  4
2
t (t  9)
10  3 x 2 
3 t (t 2  4)
 82x 2
6x  3  t2  9
t 4
4 x3 (t  3)(t  3)
2 3 
 10  33 x  42x t2  4
8x 6x  3
4 x3 (10  3 x 2 ) 2
 s 2 s s  2 s 2
2  4 x3  3(2 x 2  1) 38. s  s s  2s
2 s  3 s s  3 s 3
 10 23 x s s s s
6(2 x  1) s 2
 2 s
  2
s s 3
x  3 2
s ( s  2)
5 y 3 10 y 
33. s ( s 2  3)
3  x
10 y 5 y 3 2
 s2  2
Observe that, by the commutative law of addition, the s 3
numerator and denominator are equivalent, so the
y 1
result is 1. y  1 y 
y  y 1 y y y
a  4 a  4 39. 1
 
yy y 1 y 1
6b 3
9b 2 3
9b 2  18b3  3a  8b y 
34. 6
 b y y y
5  1 5  1 18b3 15b 2  2
6b 9b3 6b 9b3 y2  1
y
 2
3  4 3  a 2  4  b3 y 1
4 3 4
35. ab a b  ab a 2 a 3b b3 y
5  3 5  3  a2
3 ab y2  1 y
ab a3b ab a 2   2
y y 1
3a 2  4b3
3 4 y ( y 2  1)
 ab 2 
5  3a y ( y 2  1)
a3b y2  1
2 3 3 
 3a 3 44b  a b 2 y2  1
ab 5  3a

a3b (3a 2  4b3 ) 1 x 1 x x  1
40. x  x  x  x x
a3b  b3 (5  3a 2 ) x  x 1 x  1 x  x  1
2 3
 33a  4b2 x x x
b (5  3a ) x2  1
 2x
2  3 x 1
x 2 y xy 2 x
36. 2
3  2  x 2
 1  x  x ( x  1)
xy 2 x 2 y x 2 2
x  1 x ( x  1)
2
Observe that, by the commutative law of addition, the  x2  1
numerator and denominator are equivalent, so the x 1
result is 1.

1 1 1 a  1ah x y x  y x3 y 3
46.   LCD  x3 y 3
41. a  h a  a  h a a a  h 1  1 1  1 x3 y 3
h h
a  ( a  h) x3 y 3 x3 y 3
a ( a  h) x3 y 3 ( x  y )
 
h y 3  x3
h
a ( a  h) x3 y 3 ( x  y )
 
h ( y  x)( y 2  xy  x 2 )
h  x3 y 3
 1  2
a ( a  h) h
y  xy  x 2
 1
a ( a  h)
t 5 3 t 5 3
1 1 1  x 1 xh 47. t  t  t LCD is t
x  h x x  h x x xh t 2 1 t 2 t 1
42.  t t
h h
x  ( x  h) t t  5t  3 t
 t
x ( x  h)
 t t  2t  1t
h t
h t 2
 5t  3
x( x  h)  2
 t  2t  1
h 2
h  t  5t 2 3
 1 (t  1)
x( x  h) h
 1
x( x  h) a 3 2 a 3 2
48. a= a  a  a 2  3a  2  (a  1)(a  2)
a  2  5 a  2  5 a a  2a  5 a  2a  5
2 2
11
a a
x 1  y 1 x y xy
43. 2 2
 2  LCD  xy
x y x  y 2 xy x2 1 x2 1
xy xy 49. x= xx
yx x5 4 x5 4 x
 2 x x
x  y2 x x  2 x  1  x
x y  x
 x x  5 x  4  x
( x  y) ( x  y) x
2
x  2 x  1
 1  2
x y x  5x  4
11 x  3  2 x  x  3 x  2
1 1 x= x x x
44. a  b  a2 b2  ab LCD  ab 50.
a 2  b2 a  b ab x4 3 x  4 x  3
x
x x x x
ab ab
x2  3x  2
 b2  a 2
a b  2 x
ab x  4x  3
 x
( a  b)( a  b) 2
 x  3 x2 x
 1 x x2  4 x  3
ab 2
11 11  x2  3x  2
3 3 x  4x  3
45. a b  a b  a3b3 LCD  a3b3
1  1 1  1 ab
a2  4
a 3 b3 a 3 b3 2 (a  2)(a  2) (a  1)(a  7)
2 3 3 2 51. a 2  3a  2 = 
 a b3  a3b a  5a  6 ( a  2)(a  1) (a  1)(a  6)
b a
a 2  6a  7
a 2b 2 (b  a)
 (a  2) (a  2) (a  1) (a  7)
(b  a )(b 2  ab  a 2 ) =
2 2
(a  2) (a  1) (a  1)(a  6)
 2 a b (a  2)(a  7)
b  ab  a 2 
(a  1)(a  6)

x 2  x  12 61. n 4  1  (n 2  1)(n 2  1)
2 ( x  3)( x  4) ( x  2)( x  7)
52. 2  2 x  15 =
x   (n 2  1)(n  1)(n  1)
x  8 x  12 ( x  3)( x  5) ( x  6)( x  2)
x 2  5 x  14 62. p 2 w2  2 pw  120  ( pw  10)( pw  12)
( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  2) ( x  7)
= 63. Writing Exercise. Although either method could be
( x  3) ( x  5)( x  6) ( x  2)
used, Method 2 requires fewer steps.
( x  4)( x  7)

( x  5)( x  6) 64. Writing Exercise. Since there is a single rational
expression in the numerator and in the denominator,
x  2 1 Method 2 would be used.
2
53. x  3 x  4 x  3x  4
x 3 x5
 x6
x2  6 x  8 x2  6 x  8 65.
x7
x 1 x 8
2
 x  3x  4 This expression is undefined for any value of x that
x3 makes a denominator 0. We see that x  6  0 when
x2  6 x  8 x  6, x  7  0 when x  7, and x  8  0 when
x 1 ( x  4)( x  2)
=  x  8, so the expression is undefined for the x-values
( x  4)( x  1) x3
( x  1) ( x  4) ( x  2) 6, 7, and 8.
=
( x  4) ( x  1) ( x  3) x 1
x2
 x2 66.
x3
x3
x4
x This expression is undefined for any value of x that
 2 6
x 2
 5 x  6 x  5x  6 makes a denominator 0. We see that x  2  0
54.
x  2 when x  2, x  3  0 when x  3, and x  4  0
x2  5x  4 x2  5x  4 when x  4, so the expression is undefined for the
x6 x-values –2, –3, and –4.
2
 x  5x  6
x2 2x  3
x2  5x  4 67. 5 x4
x6 ( x  1)( x  4) 3  x2
= 
( x  6)( x  1) x2 7 21
( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  4) This expression is undefined for any value of x that
= makes a denominator 0. First we find the value of x
( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  2)
for which 5 x  4  0.
 x4 5x  4  0
x2
5 x  4
55. Writing Exercise. Yes; Method 2, multiplying by the x 4
LCD, does not require division of rational 5
expressions. 2
Then we find the value of x for which 3  x  0 :
56. Writing Exercise. In Method 2, if there is a sum or a 7 21
difference in the numerator or denominator, the 3  x2  0
distributive law is used when we multiply by a factor 7 21
equal to 1. The distributive law is also used when we  3 x2 
simplify by removing a factor equal to 1. 21    21  0
 7 21 
2
57. 6 x3  9 x 2  4 x  6  3 x 2 (2 x  3)  2(2 x  3) 21  3  21  x  0
7 21
 (2 x  3)(3 x 2  2) 9  x2  0
(3  x)(3  x)  0
58. 12a 2b  4ab 2  8ab  4ab(3a  b  2) x  3 or 3
The expression is undefined for the
59. 30n3  3n 2  9n  3n(10n 2  n  3)
 3n(2n  1)(5n  3) x-values  4 , –3 and 3.
5
60. 25a 2  40ab  16b 2  (5a  4b) 2

3x  5 x  3 x  3
68. 2x  7 71. x  5 x  2  x  5 x  2  ( x  5)( x  2)
4x  8 2  x 2  x ( x  5)( x  2)
5 15 x2 x5 x2 x5
This expression is undefined for any value of x that x( x  2)  3( x  5)
makes a denominator 0. First we find the value of x 
2( x  5)  x( x  2)
for which 2 x  7  0. 2
2x  7  0  x  2 x  32x  15
2 x  10  x  2 x
2x  7 2
 x  25 x  15
x7  x  10
2
Then we find the value of x for which 4 x  8  0 : z  2z z  2z
5 15 z 2  2z  z
1
4x  8  0 72. 2  2z  2  2z
5 15 2z  3 2 z  15 z  6
 
15 4 x  8  15  0
5 15
5z  2 5z  2
z  2z
12 x  8  0 2 z
12 x  8   2z
2
13 z  6
x 2
3 5z  2
The expression is undefined for the z  2  2z  2z
 2 z
x-values 7 and 2 . 13z  6
2 3
5z  2
69. For the complex rational expression z (2  2 z )  2 z (2  z )
A A  BD 2 z

B  B LCD is BD. 13 z  6
C C  BD 5z  2
D D 2z  2z2  4z  2z2
ABD ABD 2 z

B B 13 z  6
 
CBD BC D 5z  2
D D 2 z
AD  2  z  2 z  5 z  2
 13z  6 2  z 13z  6
BC 5z  2
 A D 2 z (5 z  2)
B C 
(2  z )(13z  6)
 
2  2   2 
P 1 i P 1  i  i  P 1  i  i  5
12  6 144   6 144   x  1  1
70.    
  73.  x  1 
2 
1  i  1 1  i  i   1
2  i  i2
 6 144  x 1 1
12 6 144  x  1 
i i i
12 12 12 Consider the numerator of the complex rational
expression:
 2   2 
P 1  i  i  P 1  i  i  x 1 1  11  0
  6 144    6 144  x 1
i
  i
2 
 
i 12 2
 6 144  i
 12 Since the denominator, x  1  1 is not equal to 0, the
x 1
 2   2 
P 1  i  i  144 P 1  i  i  simplified form of the original expression is 0.
6 144  144  6 144 
    1 1
2 i 144 144  2  i  74. 1   1
12  12  1 1 1 1
1 1 x 1
P (144  24i  i 2 ) x x

288  12i  1 1

P (12  i )2
, or
P(i  12) 2 1 x
x 1
12(24  i ) 12(i  24) 1
 1
x 1 x
x 1

1  252 1  252 2. Equation;

2
75. x  x  x2 LCD  x 2 3  1  1 Note y  0
2 15
1  2 1  2 x 2 15 y 4 y
x x x x
2
 2  25
x y 4  
4y  1  4y 1
3
y
LCD  4 y
x  2 x  15 12  y  4
( x  5) ( x  5)  y  8
 y 8
( x  5) ( x  3)
The solution is 8.
 5
x
x3 3. Equation;
5  3 Note that x  2, 3
1  1  12  13 1  1  12  13 4 x3 x2
y y y y y y y
76.   4 LCD  y 4 ( x  2)( x  3)  5  ( x  2)( x  3)  3
1 41 1  14 y x3 x2
y y LCD is ( x  2)( x  3)
5( x  2)  3( x  3)
y 4  y3  y 2  y
 5 x  10  3 x  9
y4  1 5 x  3x  1
y ( y  1)( y 2  1) 2 x  1
 2
( y  1)( y 2  1) x  1
2
y ( y  1)( y 2  1)
 2
( y  1)( y  1)( y  1) 4. Expression;
y 8t  8  t 2  1  8(t  1)(t  1)(t  1)

y 1 2t 2  t  1 t 2  2t  1 (2t  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  1)
8(t  1)

1 1 ( x  1)(3 x  2) (2t  1)(t  1)
77.  
2  1 2  1 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
x  1 3x  2 x  1 3x  2 5. Expression
( x  1)(3 x  2) 2a  4 a  2a  4 a

 
2  1 ( x  1)(3 x  2) a  1 1  a2 a  1 a2  1
x  1 3x  2 2a (a  1)  4a
 LCD  (a  1)(a  1)
( x  1)(3 x  2) ( a  1)( a  1)
 2
2 ( x  1)(3 x  2)  1 ( x  1)(3x  2)  2 a  2a  4 a
x 1 3x  2 (a  1)(a  1)
( x  1)(3 x  2) 2
  2a  2a
2(3 x  2)  ( x  1) (a  1)(a  1)
( x  1)(3 x  2) 2a (a  1)
 
6x  4  x  1 (a  1)(a  1)
( x  1)(3 x  2)  2a

5x  3 a 1
78. Writing Exercise. When a variable appears only in the 6. Equation; 20  x Note x  0
numerator(s) of the rational expression(s) that are in x 5
the numerator of the complex rational expression, 5x  20  5 x  x LCD  5 x
there will be no restrictions on the variable. x 5
100  x 2
Connecting the Concepts 0  x 2  100
0   x  10  x  10 
1. Expression; 2  3 x  10  0 or x  10  0
5n 2 n  1 x  10 or x  10
2  3 The solutions are –10 and 10.
5n 2 n  1
2(2n  1)  
  3 5n LCD  5n(2n  1) Exercise Set 6.6
5n(2n  1) 5n(2n  1)
 4n  2  15n 1. The statement is false. See Example 2(c).
5n(2n  1)
2. The statement is true. See Example 2(b).
 19n  2
5n(2n  1)
3. The statement is true.

4. The statement is true. The examples in this section Check:

demonstrate this. 1 1 1
5. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no 8 12 t
1 1 1
restrictions exist. 24
8 12
3  2  x , LCD = 30 5
5 3 6 3  2 1 5
 5 3 
30 3  2  30  x
6
24 24
?
24
5  5 TRUE
30  3  30  2  30  x 24 24
5 3 6
18  20  5 x
This checks, so the solution is 24 .
2  5 x 5
2  x 8. Note that t cannot be 0.
5
Check: 1  1  1 , LCD  30t
32 x 6 10 t
5 3 6 30t  1  1   30t  1
32 2  6 10  t
5
5 3
6 30t  1  30t  1  30t  1
6 10 t
18  20 2  1 5t  3t  30
30 30 5 6 8t  30
?
2 
  2 TRUE t  15
30 30 4
This checks, so the solution is  2 . Check:
5 1 1 1
6. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no 6 10 t
restrictions exist. 1 1 1
6 10 15
5  3  x , LCD = 40
8 5 10 4
 
5  3 1 4
40 5  3  40  x 30 30 15
8 5 10 ?
4  4 TRUE
40  5  40  3  40  x
8 5 10 15 15
25  24  4 x
1  4x This checks, so the solution is 15 .
4
1x
4 9. Note that x cannot be 0.
Check: x  6  0, LCD  6 x
53 x 6 x
8 5 10
1 6 x  x  6   6 x  0
53  6 x
8 5 4
10 6x   6x  6  6x  0
x
6 x
25  24 1  1 x 2  36  0
40 40 4 10 ( x  6)( x  6)  0
?
1  1 TRUE
40 40 x60 or x  6  0
x  6 or x6
4 Check:
x60 x60
7. Note that t cannot be 0.
6 x 6 x
1  1  1 , LCD  48t 6  6 0 66 0
8 12 t 6 6
 
6 6
48t 1  1  48t  1 1  1 11
8 12 t ? ?
48t  1  48t  1  48t  1 0  0 TRUE 0  0 TRUE
8 12 t Both of these check, so the two solutions are –6 and 6.
6t  4t  48
10t  48
t  24
5

10. Note that x cannot be 0. 13. Note that t cannot be 0.

x  7  0, LCD  7 x 5  3  1, LCD  3t
7 x 3t t
 
7x x  7  7x  0
7 x  
3t 5  3  3t  1
3t t
7x   7x  7  7x  0
x 3t   3t  3  3t  1
5
7 x 3t t
x 2  49  0 5  9  3t
( x  7)( x  7)  0 14  3t
14  t
x70 or x  7  0
3
x  7 or x7
Check: 5  3 1
Check:
3t t
x70 x70 5  3 1
7 x 7 x 3  14 14
7  7 0 77 0 3 3
7 7 7 7 5  9
1  1 11 14 14
?
? ?
0  0 TRUE 0  0 TRUE 1 1 TRUE
Both of these check, so the two solutions are –7 and 7. This checks, so the solution is 14 .
3
11. Note that x cannot be 0.
2  5  1 , LCD  4 x 14. Note that x cannot be 0.
x x 4 3  5  1, LCD  4 x
x  
4x  2  4x 5  1
x 4

4x x

4x 3  5  4x 1
4x  2  4x  5  4x  1 4x x
x x 4 4 x  3  4x  5  4x 1
8  20  x 4x x
12   x 3  20  4 x
12  x 23  4 x
23  x
Check: 2  5  1
x x 4 4
2 5 1 Check: 3  5 1
12 12 4 4x x
5  3 3  5 1
12 12 4  23 23
? 4 4
2  2 TRUE 3  20
12 12 23 23
This checks, so the solution is 12. ?
1 1 TRUE
12. Note that t cannot be 0.
3  4  1 , LCD  5t 4
t t 5
t  
5t  3  5t 4  1
t 5
15. Note that x cannot be 0.
12  x , LCD  3 x
5t  3  5t  4  5t  1 x 3
t t 5 3x   3x  x
12
15  20  t x 3
5  t 36  x 2
t5 0  x 2  36
Check: 0   x  6 x  6
3 41
x60 or x  6  0
t t 5
3 41 x  6 or x6
5 5 5 This checks, so the solutions are –6 and 6.
?
3  3 TRUE
5 5
This checks, so the solution is 5.

16. Note that x cannot be 0. 20. To avoid division by 0, we must have

x  18 , LCD  2 x a  6  0, or a  6.
2 x a  4  1 , LCD  3(a  6)
2 x  x  2 x  18 a6 3
2 x 3(a  6)  a  4  3(a  6)  1
x 2  36 a6 3
3(a  4)  a  6
x 2  36  0 3a  12  a  6
 x  6 x  6  0 2a  18
x60 or x  6  0 a9
x  6 or x6 This checks.
This checks, so the solutions are –6 and 6. 21. Note that x cannot be 0.
17. Note that y cannot be 0. x  12  7, LCD is x
x
y  4  5, LCD is y.
y  
x x  12  x  (7)
x
y  y    y  ( 5)
 4 x  x  x  12  7 x
 y x
x 2  12  7 x
y  y  y  4  5 y
y x 2  7 x  12  0
y 2  4  5 y ( x  4)( x  3)  0
y2  5 y  4  0 x40 or x  3  0
( y  4)( y  1)  0 x  4 or x  3
y40 or y  1  0 Both numbers check, so the solutions are –4 and –3.
y  4 or y  1 22. Note that x cannot be 0.
Both numbers check, so the solutions are –4 and –1. x  8  9
x
18. Note that n cannot be 0.
n  3  4, LCD is n.
 
x x  8  x  (9)
x
n x 2  8  9 x
  3
n n   n  ( 4)
n
x2  9 x  8  0
( x  8)( x  1)  0
n  n  n  3  4n x8 0 or x  1  0
n
n 2  3  4n x  8 or x  1
n 2  4n  3  0 Both numbers check, so the solutions are –8 and –1.
(n  3)(n  1)  0 23. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  4  0 and
n3 0 or n  1  0 x  1  0, or x  4 and x  1.
n  3 or n  1 3  5 , LCD  ( x  4)( x  1)
Both numbers check, so the solutions are –3 and –1. x  4 x 1
19. To avoid the division by 0, we must have n  6  0, ( x  4)( x  1)  3  ( x  4)( x  1)  5
x4 x 1
or n  6. 3( x  1)  5( x  4)
n  2  1 , LCD  2(n  6) 3 x  3  5 x  20
n6 2 23  2 x
2(n  6)  n  2  2(n  6)  1
23  x
n6 2 2
2(n  2)  n  6
2n  4  n  6 2
n  10
Check: 24. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  3  0 and
n2  1 1  4 , LCD  ( x  3)( x  1)
n6 2 x  3 x 1
10  2 1 ( x  3)( x  1)  1  ( x  3)( x  1)  4
10  6 2 x3 x 1
x  1  4( x  3)
8 x  1  4 x  12
16 13  3 x
?
1  1 TRUE 13  x
2 2 3
This checks, so the solution is –10. This checks.

25. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no Because of the restriction y  3, the number 3 must
restrictions exist. be rejected as a solution. The equation has no
a  a  1 , LCD  30 solution.
6 10 6
 
30 a  a  30  1
6 10 6
30. To avoid division by 0, we must have
a  7  0, or a  7.
a a
30   30   30  1
6 10 6 3  a  10 , LCD  a  7
5a  3a  5 a7 a7
2a  5 (a  7)  3   a  7   a  10
a7 a7
a5 3  a  10
2
7  a
This checks, so the solution is 5 . Because of the restriction a  7, the number –7
2
must be rejected as a solution. The equation has no
26. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no solution.
restrictions exist.
t  t  1 , LCD  24 31. To avoid division by 0, we must have
8 12 8 x  4  0 and x  0, or x  4 and x  0.
 8 12 
24 t  t  24  1
8
3  5 , LCD  x( x  4)
x4 x
t t
24   24   24  1 x( x  4)  3  x( x  4)  5
8 12 8 x4 x
3t  2t  3 3 x  5( x  4)
t3 3 x  5 x  20
This checks. 2 x  20
x  10
27. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no
This checks, so the solution is –10.
restrictions exist.
x  1  1  x  1 , LCD  6 32. To avoid division by 0, we must have
3 2 x  3  0 and x  0, or x  3 and x  0.
6 x 
3
1

1  6 x 1
2
2  7 , LCD  x( x  3)
x3 x
6  x  1  6 1  6  x  1 x( x  3)  2  x( x  3)  7
3 2 x3 x
2( x  1)  6  3( x  1) 2 x  7( x  3)
2 x  2  6  3x  3 2 x  7 x  21
2 x  4  3x  3 21  5 x
1  x
This checks, so the solution is –1.  21  x
5
28. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no This checks, so the solution is  21 .
restrictions exist. 5
x  2  1  x  2 , LCD  20
33. To avoid division by 0, we must have n  2  0 and
5 4
 
20 x  2  1  20  x  2
5 4
n  1  0, or n  2 and n  1.
n  1  n  3 , LCD  (n  2)(n  1)
20  x  2  20  1  20  x  2 n  2 n 1
5 4 (n  2)(n  1)  n  1  ( n  2)(n  1)  n  3
4( x  2)  20  5( x  2) n2 n 1
4 x  8  20  5 x  10 (n  1)(n  1)  ( n  2)(n  3)
4 x  12  5 x  10 n 2  2n  1  n 2  n  6
2  x 3n  7
This checks, so the solution is –2.
n 7
29. To avoid division by 0, we must have y  3  0, or 3
y  3. This checks, so the solution is  7 .
3
y3
 6 , LCD  y  3
y 3 y 3
y3
( y  3)   ( y  3)  6
y 3 y 3
y36
y3

34. To avoid division by 0, we must have n  3  0 and x30 or x  13  0

n  2  0, or n  3 and n  2 . x  3 or x  13
n  2  n  1 , LCD  (n  3)(n  2) Both numbers check. The solutions are –3 and 13.
n3 n2 38. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  1  0 and
(n  3)(n  2)  n  2  (n  3)(n  2)  n  1 x  1  0 , or x  1 and x  1.
n3 n2
(n  2)(n  2)  (n  3)(n  1) 5  2x  1 ,
n 2  4  n 2  2n  3 x  1 x2  1 x  1
1  2n LCD is ( x  1)( x  1)
1 n ( x  1)( x  1)   5  22 x   ( x  1)( x  1)  1
2  x 1 x 1 x 1
5( x  1)  2 x  x  1
This checks, so the solution is 1 . 5x  5  2x  x  1
2
7x  5  x 1
35. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  2  0 , or 6x  4
t  2. x2
5  3t  4 3
, LCD is (t  2) 2
t  2 t  2 t 2  4t  4 This checks, so the solution is 2 .
 
(t  2) 2 5  3t  (t  2)2  4 2
t2 t2 (t  2)
3
39. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  3  0 and
5(t  2)  3t (t  2)  4 x  2  0, or x  3 and x  2.
5t  10  3t 2  6t  4 3  5  5x ,
x  3 x  2 x2  x  6
3t 2  t  10  4
LCD is ( x  2)( x  3)
3t 2  t  14  0
(t  2)(3t  7)  0 ( x  2)( x  3)  3  5

 5x
x  3 x  2  x  2 x  3
( x  2)( x  3)
t20 or 3t  7  0 3( x  2)  5( x  3)  5 x
t  2 or 3t  7 3 x  6  5 x 15  5 x
t  2 or t7 8x  9  5x
3 9  3 x
Both numbers check. The solutions are –2 and 7 . 3 x
3 Thus, we have x  3, but because of the restriction
36. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  3  0 , or x  3, this cannot be a solution. The equation has no
t  3. solution.
4  2t  12 , LCD is (t  3) 2 40. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and
t  3 t  3 t 2  6t  9 x  4  0 , or x  2 and x  4.
(t  3)2  4  2t   (t  3) 2  12 2 2  1  x
 t  3 t  3 (t  3) ,
x  2 x  4 x 2  2 x 8
4(t  3)  2t (t  3)  12 LCD is ( x  4)( x  2)
4t  12  2t 2  6t  12
2t 2  2t  24  0
( x  4)( x  2)  2 
x2 x4
1
 ( x  4)( x  2) x
( x  4)( x  2)
2(t  3)(t  4)  0 2( x  4)  x  2  x
2 x 8 x  2  x
t3 0 or t  4  0
3x  6  x
t  3 or t4
6  2 x
Both numbers check. The solutions are –3 and 4. 3  x
37. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  5  0 and This checks, so the solution is –3.
x  5  0, or x  5 and x  5. 41. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  3  0 and
x  5  14 , LCD  ( x  5)( x  5) t  3  0, or t  3 and t  3.
x  5 x  5 x 2  25 5  30  1, LCD is (t  3)(t  3)

 x  5  x  5  x  5
x5 x5  t  3 t2  9
14 (t  3)(t  3)   5  230   (t  3)(t  3) 1

  x  5  x  5   t 3 t 9
 x  5  x  5  5(t  3)  30  (t  3)(t  3)
x( x  5)  5( x  5)  14
5t  15  30  t 2  9
x 2  5 x  5 x  25  14
0  t 2  5t  6
x 2  10 x  39  0 0  (t  3)(t  2)
 x  3 x  13  0

t 3 0 or t20 47. To avoid division by 0, we must have 3x  3  0 and

t3 or t2 2 x  2  0, or x  1 and x  1.
Because of the restriction t  3, we must reject the 5  1  1 , LCD is 6( x  1)( x 1)
number 3 as a solution. The number 2 checks, so it is 3 x  3 2 x  2 x 2 1
the solution. 6( x  1)( x 1)  5  1 
 3( x  1) 2( x 1) 
42. To avoid division by 0, we must have y  3  0 and
 1 6( x  1)( x  1)
y  3  0, or y  3 and y  3.  x  1 x  1
1  1  1 , 2(5)( x  1)  3( x  1)  6
y  3 y 3 y 2 9 10 x  10  3x  3  6
LCD is ( y  3)( y  3) 13 x  7  6
y  3 y 3 
( y  3)( y  3) 1  1  ( y  3)( y  3) 1
( y  3)( y  3)
13x  13
x 1
y  3  y  3 1 Thus, we have x  1, but because of the restriction
2 y 1 x  1, this cannot be a solution. The equation has no
y1 solution.
2
43. To avoid division by 0, we must have 6  a  0 (or 48. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and
equivalently a  6  0 ) or a  6. x  2  0, or x  2 and x  2.
7  a 1 4  1  2  0,
6a a6 x 2  4 x  2 3x  6
1  7  a  1 LCD is 3( x  2)( x  2)
1 6  a a  6
7  a  1 , LCD  a  6 3( x  2)( x  2)  4  1  2  0
a6 a6  ( x  2)( x  2) ( x  2) 3( x  2) 
3(4)  3( x  2)  2( x  2)  0
(a  6)  7  (a  6)  a  1 12  3 x  6  2 x  4  0
a6 a6
7  a  1 5 x  10  0
8  a 5 x  10
This checks, so the solution is –8. x  2
Thus, we have x  2, but because of the restriction
44. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  10  0 (or
x  2, this cannot be a solution. The equation has
equivalent 10  t  0 ), or t  10.
no solution.
t  12  1
t  10 10  t 49. Writing Exercise. When solving rational equations,
t  12  1  1 we multiply each side by the LCM of the
t  10 1 10  t denominators in order to clear fractions.
t  12  1 , LCD  t  10
t  10 t  10 50. Writing Exercise. When adding rational expressions,
we use the LCD to write an expression equivalent to
 t  10  t  12   t  10  1 .

the sum of the given expressions. When solving
t  10 t  10
t  12  1 rational equations, we use the LCD to clear fractions
t  11 and then proceed to find the value(s) of the variable
This checks. for which the equation is true.
45. 2  x 51. To find x-intercept, set y = 0 and solve for x.

x2 x2 6 x  0  18
To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 , or 6 x  18
x  2 . Now observe that the denominators are the x3
same, so the numerators must be the same. Thus, we The x-intercept is (3, 0).
have 2  x , but because of the restriction x  2 To find y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y.
this cannot be a solution. The equation has no 6  0  y  18
solution. y  18
3  x The y-intercept is (0, –18).
46.
2x  6 2x  6
To avoid division by 0, we must have 2 x  6  0 , or 52. m  1  0  1
3  6 9
x  3 . Now observe that the denominators are the 53. 2 x  y  5
same, so the numerators must be the same. Thus, we y  2 x  5
have 3  x , but because of the restriction x  3 this From slope-intercept form, slope is –2, and y-intercept
cannot be a solution. The equation has no solution. is (0, 5).

54. Yes. Since y  2  x has slope –1, and 3x  3 y  7 12  6 x  3x  2 x  3

has slope –1, then the lines are parallel. ( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x  2
LCD is ( x  2)( x  2)
55. Using slope-intercept form,
y  mx  b ( x  2)( x  2)  12  6 x
( x  2)( x  2)
y  1x2
3
56. y   5  4  x  1

 ( x  2)( x  2) 3 x  2 x  3
x2 x2 
12  6 x  3 x( x  2)  ( x  2)(2 x  3)
57. Writing Exercise. Begin with an equation. Then 12  6 x  3 x 2  6 x  2 x 2  x  6
divide on both sides of the equation by an expression 0  x2  x  6
whose value is zero for at least one solution of the 0  ( x  2)( x  3)
equation. See Exercises 45–48 for examples.
x20 or x3 0
58. Writing Exercise. Graph each side of the equation and x  2 or x3
determine the number of points of intersection of the
Because of the restriction x  2 , we must reject the
graphs.
number –2 as a solution. The number 3 checks, so it is
59. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  3  0 , or the solution.
x  3.
62. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  4  0 and
1  x  1  2  x, LCD  x  3 x  1  0 and x  2  0 , or x  4 and x  1 and
x3 x3
   
x  2.
( x  3) 1   1  ( x  3) 2  x
x
x3 x3 x  x 1  2x
( x  3)  1  ( x  3)  x  1  ( x  3)  2  ( x  3) x x 2  3x  4 x 2  6 x  8 x 2  x  2
x3 x3 x  x 1  2x
x  3  x  1  2  x 2  3x ( x  4)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  4) ( x  2)( x  1)
2 x  4  2  x 2  3x LCD is ( x  4)( x  1)( x  2)
2
x  x6  0 ( x  4)( x  1)( x  2)  x  x 1 
( x  2)( x  3)  0  ( x  4)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  4) 
x20 x3 0  ( x  4)( x  1)( x  2)  2x 

 ( x  2)( x  1) 
or
x  2 or x3
x( x  2)  ( x  1)( x  1)  2 x( x  4)
Because of the restriction x  3 , we must reject the
number 3 as a solution. The number –2 checks, so it is x2  2 x  x2  1  2 x2  8x
the solution. 2 x2  2 x  1  2 x2  8x
1  6 x
60. To avoid division by 0, we must have y  2  0 and
1  x
y  2  0, or y  2 and y  2. 6
4  3  5  2y , This checks, so the solution is  1 .
y  2 y2  4 y  2 y2  4 6
LCD is ( y  2)( y  2) 63. To avoid division by 0, we must have a  3  0 , or
( y  2)( y  2)  4  3  a  3 .
 y  2 ( y  2)( y  2) 
2
 2y  7  a  2  a  4  5, LCD  a  3
 ( y  2)( y  2)  5  a3 a3
 y  2 ( y  2)( y  2) 
4( y  2)  3  5( y  2)  2 y
4 y  8  3  5 y  10  2 y
 a
a3   2
(a  3) 7   2  (a  3)  a  4  5
 a3


7(a  3)  (a  2)  a 2  4  5(a  3)
4 y  11  7 y  10
21  3 y 7 a  21  a  2  a 2  4  5a  15
7 y 6a  23  a 2  5a  11
This checks. 0  a 2  a  12
0  (a  3)(a  4)
61. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and
a30 or a  4  0
x  2  0, or x  2 and x  2.
a  3 or a4
12  6 x  3 x  3  2 x
Because of the restriction a  3 , we must reject the
x2  4 x  2 2  x number –3 as a solution. The number 4 checks, so it is
12  6 x  3 x  3  2 x  1 the solution.
( x  2)( x  2) x  2 2  x 1

64. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and 67. Note that x cannot be 0.
x  2  0 , or x  2 and x  2. 1 1 1
x  x
x2  x  2 x
x 2
 
2
x 4 x2 2 x 1 1  1  1  1
x 2  x  2 x  1 x x x 2
2
x  4 x  2 2  x 1 1  1  1 , LCD  2 x 2
x2  x  2 x , x2 x 2x
( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x  2 2  2x  x
LCD  ( x  2)( x  2) 2  x
 
2  x
( x  2)( x  2) x2  ( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x This checks so the solution is –2.
( x  2)( x  2) x2 x2
x 2  x( x  2)  ( 2 x)( x  2) 68. Note that x cannot be 0.
x2  x2  2 x  2 x2  4 x 1 1 1
3 x
x2  3x2  2 x x x
0  2x2  2x
0  2 x( x 1) 3 x  
1  1  1 1  1
x x
2 x  0 or x  1  0 1  1  1 , LCD  3x 2
x  0 or x  1 3x x x2
Both of these check, so the solutions are –1 3x ·  3 x 2  1  12 
2 1
3x x x 
and 0.
x  3x  3
65. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  1  0. or 2 x  3
x  1. x 3
2
1  x  5  5 x  4  6, LCD  x  1
x 1 x 1 This checks.

( x  1) 1
x 1  
 x  5  ( x  1) 5 x  4  6
x 1  69.
1  x( x  1)  5( x  1)  5 x  4  6( x  1) 70. Let x = the number. Then,
1  x2  x  5x  5  5x  4  6x  6 1x
x
x2  6x  6   x  2
1  x2
x2  5x  4  0
0  x2  1
( x  1)( x  4)  0
0  ( x  1)( x  1)
x 1  0 or x40 x  1 or 1
x 1 or x4 The numbers that fit the requirements are –1 or 1.
Because of the restriction x  1 , we must reject the
number 1 as a solution. The number 4 checks, so it is
the solution.
Exercise Set 6.7
66. To avoid division by 0, we must have a  3  0 and 1. False. To find the time that it would take two people
a  1  0, or a  3 and a  1. working together, we need to solve 1  1  1 for t,
a b t
5  3a  2a  2  3  a LCD  (a  3)( a  1) where a and b represent the time needed for each
a 2  4a  3 a  3 a 1 person to complete the work alone.
5  3a  ( a  1)(2a  2)  (a  3)(3  a )
5  3a  2a 2  4a  2  3a  a 2  9  3a 2. True
2a 2  7 a  3   a 2  9 3. True
0  a2  7a  6 4. True
0  (a  6)(a  1)
5. True
a60 or a 1 0
a  6 or a  1 6. False. If two triangles are similar, then their
Because of the restriction a  1 , we must reject the corresponding sides are proportional.
number –1 as a solution. The number –6 checks, so it 7. Time needed to complete the job: 2 hr
is the solution.
Hourly rate: 1 cake per hour
2

Check. We repeat computations. The answer checks.

8. 1 cake per hour
3 We also expected the result to be between 4 hr. and
7 hr.
9. Time needed for Sandy to complete the job: 2 hr
State. Working together, it takes Kelby and Natalie 6
Sandy’s hourly rate: 1 cake per hour hrs.
2
Time needed for Eric to complete the job: 3 hr 14. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job,
Eric’s hourly rate: 1 cake per hour working together.
3
Hourly rate working together: 1  1  5 cake per

Solve: 1  1 t  1
70 30 
2 3 6 t  21 min
hour
15. Familiarize. The job takes Bryan 8 hours working
10. 1 lawn per hour alone and Armando 6 hours working alone. Then in 1
11. Time needed for Lisa to complete the job: 3 hr hour Bryan does 1 of the job and Armando does 1
8 6
Lisa’s hourly rate: 1 lawn per hour
3 of the job. Working together they can do 1  1 , or
8 6
12. 1  1  1
3 b
7 of the job in 1 hour. In 2 hours, Bryan does 2 1
24 8
b  3 hours to complete 1 lawn
1.5
2
hr
of the job and Armando does 2 1
6
of the job.
 1 hr
 
So,
1 lawn x Working together they can do 2 1  2 1 , or 7 of
x  2 lawn per hour 8 6 12
3
13. Familiarize. The job takes Kelby 10 hours working
the job in 2 hours. In 6 hours, Bryan does 6 
1
8
of the
alone and Natalie 15 hours working alone. Then in 1

hour Kelby does 1 of the job and Natalie does 1

job and Armando does 6 1 of the job. Working
6
10
of the job. Working together they can do 1 1
 , or
15
together they can do 6  
1
8
 6 1 , or 7 of the job
6 4
10 15 which is more of the job than needs to be done. The
1 of the job in 1 hour. In 4 hours, Kelby does 4 1
6  
10
answer is somewhere between 2 hr and 6 hr.
Translate. If they work together t hours, then Bryan
of the job and Natalie does 4  
1
15
of the job. 
8 
does t 1 of the job and Armando does t 1 of the
6
   
job. We want some number t such that
Working together they can do 4 1  4 1 , or 2
10 15 3  8 6 
1  1 t  1, or 7 t  1.
24
of the job in 4 hours. In 7 hours, Kelby does 7  1
10
of Carry out. We solve the equation.
 
7 t 1
the job and Natalie does 7 1 of the job. Working 24
15 24  7 t  24  1
together they can do 7    
1
10
 7 1 , or 7 of the job
15 6
24
t  24 , or 3 3 hr
7 7
which is more of the job than needs to be done. The
answer is somewhere between 4 hr and 7 hr. Check. We repeat computations. The answer checks.
We also expected the result to be between 2 hr. and
Translate. If they work together t hours, then Kelby 6 hr.
does t  1  of the job and Natalie does t  1  of the State. Working together, it takes Bryan and Armando
 10   15 
job. We want some number t such that 3 3 hr.
7
10 15 
1  1 t  1, or 1 t  1.
6 16. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job,
working together.
Carry out. We solve the equation.
1t 1  
Solve: 1  1 t  1
6 9
6 5 t 1
6  1 t  6 1 18
6
t 6 t  18 , or 3 3 hr
5 5

17. Familiarize. The pool can be filled in 12 hours by 1 , or 2 of the job. If it takes
in 5 min it does 5 
only the pipe and in 30 hours with only the hose. Then 15 / 2 3
in 1 hour the pipe fills 1 of the pool, and the hose the DS-6500 2  15 , or 15 min, to do the job, then in 5
12 2
fills 1 . Working together, they fill 1  1 of the min it does 5  , or 1 of the job. Working together,
1
30 12 30 15 3
pool in an hour. Let t equal the number of hours it the two machines do  1 , or 1 entire job, in 5 min.
2
takes them to fill the pool together. 3 3
Translate. We want some number t such that State. Working alone, it takes the DS-860 7 1 min
2
   
t 1  t 1  1, or t  t  1.
12 30 12 30
and the DS-6500 15 min to scan the manuscript.
20. Let t represent the number of hours it would take Kent
Carry out. We solve the equation. LCD = 60
to do the job working alone. Then 2t represents the
 
60 t  t  60  1 time it would take Brent to do the job alone.
  
12 30
5t  2t  60 Solve 4 1  4 1  1
t 2t
7t  60 The solution is 6, so it would take Brent 12 hours and
t  60 , or 8 4 hr it would take Kent 6 hours to do the job, working
7 7 alone.
Check. The pipe fills 1  60 , or 5 and the hose fills 21. Familiarize. Let t represent the number of days it
12 7 7
takes Tori to mulch the gardens working alone.
1  60 , or 2 . Working together, they fill 5  2  1, Then t – 3 represents the time it takes Anita to
30 7 7 7 7 mulch the gardens, working alone. In 1 day, Tori does
or the entire pool in 60 hr. 1 of the job and Anita does 1 of the job.
7 t t 3
State. Working together, the pipe and hose can fill the Translate. Working together, Tori and Anita can
mulch the gardens in 2 days.
pool in 60 hr, or 8 4 hr.
7 7   
2 1  2 1  1, or 2  2  1.
t t 3 t t 3
18. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job, Carry out. We solve the equation. Multiply on both
working together. sides by the LCD, t(t – 3).

Solve: 1  1 t  1
18 22   
t (t  3) 2  2  t (t  3)  1
t t 3
10  t  1 2(t  3)  2t  t (t  3)
99 2t  6  2t  t 2  3t
t  99 , or 9 9 hr 0  t 2  7t  6
10 10
0  (t  1)(t  6)
19. Familiarize. Let t represent the time, in minutes, that t  1 or t  6
it takes the DS-860 to scan the manuscript working Check. If t = 1, then t – 3 = 1 – 3 = –2. Since negative
alone. Then 2t represents the time it takes the time has no meaning in this application, 1 cannot be a
DS-6500 to do the job, working alone. In 1 min the solution. If t = 6, then t –3 = 6 –3 = 3. In 2 days Anita
DS-860 does 1 of the job and the DS-6500 does 1 does 2  1 , or 2 of the job. In 2 days Tori does
t 2t 3 3
of the job.
Translate. Working together, they can do the entire
1
2  , or 1 of the job. Together they do 2  1 , or 1
6 3 3 3
job in 5 min, so we want to find t such that entire job. The answer checks.
  
5 1  5 1  1, or 5  5  1.
t 2t t 2t
State. It would take Anita 3 days and Tori 6 days to
do the job, working alone.
Carry out. We solve the equation. We multiply both
sides by the LCD, 2t. 22. Let t represent the number of min it takes the MP495
 
2t 5  5  2t  1
t 2t
to do the job working alone. Then t – 15 represents
the time it takes the MG8220 to do the job alone.
10  5  2t
15  2t  
Solve 10 1  10 1
t t  15 
1
15  t , or 7 1 The solution is 30, so it would take the MP495 30 min
2 2 and it would take the MG8220 15 min to do the job,
Check. If the DS-860 can do the job in 15 min, then working alone.
2

23. Familiarize. Let t represent the number of months it

175 min he does 175  7 of the job. If Kim does the
takes Tristan to program alone. Then 3t represents the 300 12
number of months it takes Sara program alone. job alone in 300 + 120, or 420 min, then in 175 min
Translate. In 1 month Tristan and Sara will do one
she does 175  5 of the job. Together, they do
entire job, so we have 420 12
  
1 1  1 1  1, or 1  1  1
t 3t t 3t
7  5 , or 1 entire job, in 175 min. The result
12 12
Carry out. We solve the equation. Multiply on both checks.
sides by the LCD, 3t. State. It would take Chris 300 min, or 5 hours to do
 
3t 1  1  3t  1
t 3t
the job alone.
26. Let t represent the number of hours it would take Bill
3  1  3t
to pave the driveway, working alone. Then t + 4
4  3t
4 t represents the time it would take Steve to do the job.
3
Check. If Tristan does the job alone in 4 months,
t  
Solve 4.8 1  4.8 1  1 .
t4
3 The solution is 8, so it would take Bill 8 hr to pave the
then in 1 month he does 1 , or 3
of the job. If Sara driveway working alone.
43 4
does the job alone in 3  43 , or 4 months, then in 27. Familiarize. We complete the table shown in the text.
Distance Speed Time
1 month she does 1 of the job. Together, they do
4 CSX 330 r  14 330
3
r  14
 14 , or 1 entire job, in 1 month. The result checks. 400
4 AMTRAK 400 r
4
r
State. It would take Tristan 3
months and it would
Translate. Since the time must be the same for both
take Sara 4 months to program alone. trains, we have the equation
24. Let t represent the number of hours it takes the 330  400 .
Erickson helicopter to douse the fire, working alone. r  14 r
Then 4t represent the time it takes the S-58T Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r (r  14) .
helicopter to douse the fire. r ( r  14)  330  r ( r  14)  400
  
Solve 8 1  8 1  1 .
t 4t
r  14
330r  400(r  14)
r
The solution is 10, so it would take the Erickson 330r  400r  5600
helicopter 10 hr to douse the fire working alone and 70r  5600
the S-58T helicopter 40 hr to do the same job. r  80
If the speed of the AMTRAK train is 80 km/h, then
25. Familiarize. Let t represent the number of minutes it the speed of the CSX train is 80 – 14, or 66 km/h.
takes Chris to do the job working alone. Then t + 120
Check. The speed of the CSX train is 14 km/h slower
represents the time it takes Kim to do the job working
than the speed of the AMTRAK train. At 66 km/h the
alone.
CSX train travels 330 km in 330/66, or 5 hr. At
We will convert hours to minutes:
80 km/h the AMTRAK train travels 400 km in
2 hr  2  60 min  120 min
400/80, or 5 hr. The times are the same, so the answer
2 hr 55 min  120 min + 55 min = 175 min
checks.
Translate. In 175 min Chris and Kim will do one
entire job, so we have State. The speed of the AMTRAK train is 80 km/h,
  
and the speed of the CSX freight train is 66 km/h.
175 1  175 1  1, or 175  175  1
t t  120 t t  120 28. We complete the table shown in the text.
Carry out. We solve the equation. Multiply on both d  r  t
sides by the LCD, t  t  120  . Distance Speed Time
 t t  120 
t  t  120  175  175  t  t  120   1 Truck 350 r 350
r
175  t  120   175t  t  t  120  Train 150 r  40 150
175t  21,000  175t  t 2  120t r  40
0  t 2  230t  21,000 Solve : 350  150
0   t  300  t  70  r r  40
r  70
t  300 or t  70
Check. Since negative time has no meaning in this Then r  40  70  40  30.
problem –70 is not a solution of the original problem. The speed of the truck is 70 mph, and the speed of the
If Chris does the job alone in 300 min, then in train is 30 mph.

29. Familiarize. Let r = the speed of Rita’s Harley, in

(r  3)(r  3)  4  (r  3)( r  3)  10
mph. Then r  15  the speed of Sean’s Camaro. We r 3 r 3
organize the information in a table using the formula 4( r  3)  10(r  3)
time = distance/rate to fill in the last column. 4r  12  10r  30
42  6r
Distance Speed Time
7r
Harley 120 r 120
r Check. If r = 7 mph, then r – 3 is 4 mph and
Camaro 156 r  15 156 r + 3 is 10 mph. The time upstream is
r  15 4 , or 1 hour. The time downstream is 10 , or 1 hour.
4 10
Translate. Since the times must be the same, we have
the equation Since the times are the same, the answer checks.
120  156 State. The speed of the kayak in still water is 7 mph.
r r  15 32. Let r = the speed of the dinghy in still water in mph.
Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r (r  15).
Solve 6  12 .
r (r  15)  120  r (r  15)  156 r 4 r4
r r  15 The solution is 12 mph. This answer checks.
120(r  15)  156r
120r  1800  156r 33. Familiarize. We first make a drawing. Let r =
1800  36r Roslyn’s speed on a nonmoving sidewalk in ft/sec.
50  r Then her speed moving forward on the moving
sidewalk is r + 1.8, and her speed in the opposite
Then r  15  50  15  65.
direction is r – 1.8.
Check. At 50 mph, the Harley travels 120 mi in
120/50, or 2.4 hr. At 65 mph, the Camaro travels
156 mi in 156/65, or 2.4 hr. The times are the same,
so the answer checks.
State. The speed of Rita’s Harley is 50 mph, and the We organize the information in a table. The time is
speed of Sean’s Camaro is 65 mph. the same both forward and in the opposite direction,
so we use t for each time.
30. We complete the table.
Distance Speed Time
Distance Speed Time
Forward 105 r  1.8 t
Ada 48 r 5 48
r 5 Opposite
51 r  1.8 t
63 direction
Elin 63 r
r Translate. Using the formula Time = Distance/Rate in
each row of the table and the fact that the times are
Solve: 48  63
r 5 r the same, we can write an equation.
Then r  5  16. 105  51
Ada travels at 16 km/h, and Elin travels at 21 km/h. r  1.8 r  1.8
31. Familiarize. We first make a drawing. Let r = the 105  51
kayak’s speed in still water in mph. Then r – 3 = the r  1.8 r  1.8
speed upstream and r + 3 = the speed downstream. LCD is  r  1.8  r  1.8 
 r  1.8  r  1.8 105   r  1.8 r  1.8  51
r  1.8 r  1.8
105  r  1.8   51 r  1.8 
We organize the information in a table. The time is 105r  189  51r  91.8
the same both upstream and downstream so we use t 54r  280.8
for each time. r  5.2
Distance Speed Time Check. If Roslyn’s speed on a nonmoving sidewalk is
Upstream 4 r 3 t 5.2 ft/sec, then her speed moving forward on the
Downstream 10 r 3 t moving sidewalk is 5.2 + 1.8, or 7 ft/sec, and her
Translate. Using the formula Time = Distance/Rate in speed moving in the opposite direction on the
each row of the table and the fact that the times are sidewalk is 5.2 – 1.8, or
the same, we can write an equation. 3.4 ft/sec. Moving 105 ft at 7 ft/sec takes
4  10 105  15 sec . Moving 51 ft at 3.4 ft/sec takes
r 3 r 3 7
Carry out. We solve the equation. 51  15 sec . Since the times are the same, the
4  10 , LCD is ( r  3)(r  3) 3.4
r 3 r 3 answer checks.
State. Roslyn would be walking 5.2 ft/sec on a
nonmoving sidewalk.

34. Let r = Drew’s speed on a nonmoving sidewalk in 525  525  2.3 .

or
ft/sec. 460  w 460  w
Carry out. We solve the equation. Multiply both sides
Solve 120  52
r  1.7 r  1.7 by the LCD, (460  w)(460  w), or 4602  w2 .
The solution is 4.3 ft /sec. This answer checks.
35. Familiarize. Let t = the time it takes Caledonia to
(4602  w2 )  460525 w  460525 w   (460  w )2.3
2 2
drive to town and organize the given information in a 525(460  w)  525(460  w)  2.3(211,600  w2 )
table. 241,500  525w  241,500  525w  486,680  2.3w2
Distance Speed Time
483,000  486,680  2.3w2
Caledonia 15 r t 2
Manley 20 r t 1 2.3w  3680  0
2.3 w2  1600   0
Translate. We can replace each r in the table above
2.3( w  40)( w  40)  0
using the formula r  d / t .
w = –40 or w = 40
Distance Speed Time Check. We check only 40 since the wind speed cannot
Caledonia 15 15 t be negative. If the wind speed is 40 mph, then the
t plane’s speed into the wind is 460 – 40, or 420 mph,
Manley 20 20 t 1
t 1 and the speed with the wind is 460 + 40, or 500 mph.
Since the speeds are the same for both riders, we have Flying 525 mi into the wind takes 525  1.25 hr.
420
the equation
15  20 . Flying 525 mi with the wind takes 525  1.05 hr. The
500
t t 1
total time is 1.25 + 1.05, or 2.3 hr. The answer checks.
Carry out. We multiply by the LCD, t (t  1). State. The wind speed is 40 mph.
t (t  1)  15  t (t  1)  20 38. Let r = the speed of the current, in meters per minute.
t t 1
15(t  1)  20t Solve 150  150  55 .
15t  15  20t 55  r 55  r
15  5t r = –5 or r = 5. Only 5 checks in the original problem.
3t The speed of the current is 5 m per minute.
If t  3 , then t  1  3  1 , or 4. 39. Familiarize. Let r = the speed at which the train
Check. If Caledonia’s time is 3 hr and Manley’s time actually traveled in mph, and let t = the actual travel
is 4 hr, then Manley’s time is 1 hr more than time in hours. We organize the given information in a
Caledonia’s. Caledonia’s speed is 15/3, or 5 mph. table.
Manley’s speed is 20/4, or 5 mph. Since the speeds Distance Speed Time
are the same, the answer checks. Actual speed 120 r t
State. It takes Caledonia 3 hr to drive to town. Faster speed 120 r  10 t  2
Translate. From the first row of the table, we have
36. Distance Speed Time 120  rt , and from the second row we have
Tory 40 40 t 120  (r  10)(t  2) . Solve the first equation for t, we
t
Emilio 100 100 t2 have t  120 . Substituting for t in the second
t2 r
Solve: 40  100
t t2
r 
equation, we have 120  (r  10) 120  2 . 
t  4 , or 1 1 hr, or 1 hr, 20 min
3 3

120  (r  10) 120  2
r 
37. Familiarize. Let w = the wind speed, in mph. Then
the speed into the wind is 460 – w, and the speed with 120  120  2r  1200  20
r
the wind is 460 + w. We organize the information in a 0  2r  1200  20
table. r
Into the wind

Distance Speed Time
525 460  w t1

r  0  r  2r  1200  20
r 
0  2r 2  1200  20r
With the wind 525 460  w t2
0  2r 2  20r  1200
Translate. Using the formula Time = Distance/Rate,
0  2(r 2  10r  600)
we see that t1  525 and t2  525 . The total 0  2(r  30)(r  20)
460  w 460  w
time into the wind and back is 2.3 hr, so t1  t2  2.3 , r  30 or r  20

Check. Since speed cannot be negative in this 45. Consider the two similar right triangles in the
problem, –30 cannot be a solution of the original drawing. One has legs 5 and 7. The other has legs 9
and r. We use a proportion to find r.
problem. If the speed is 20 mph, it takes 120 , or 6 hr
20 59
to travel 120 mi. If the speed is 10 mph faster, or 30 7 r
mph, it takes 120 , or 4 hr to travel 120 mi. Since 4 hr 7r  5  7r  9
30 7 r
5r  63
is 2 hr less time than 6 hr, the answer checks.
r  63 , or 12.6
State. The speed was 20 mph. 5
40. Distance Speed Time
46. Solve: 2  s
Actual speed 60 r t 5 11
Faster speed 60 r5 t 1 s  22 , or 4.4
 
5
Solve: 60  (r  5) 60  1
r 47. From the blueprint we see that 9 in. represents 36 ft
r  15 mph and that p in. represent 15 ft. We use a proportion to
find p.
41. We write a proportion and then solve it.
9  p
b7
36 15
6 4 p
b  7 6 180  9  180 
4 36 15
45  12 p
b  42 , or 10.5 15  p, or p  3 3
4
4 4
(Note that the proportions 6  4 , b  6 , or 7  4 3
b 7 7 4 b 6 The length of p is 3 in.
could also be used) 4
42. Solve: 9  8 48. Solve: 9  s

a 6 36 5
a  6.75 s  1 1 in.
One of the following proportions could also be used: 4
a  6,9  a,8  6 . 49. From the blueprint we see that 9 in. represents 36 ft
9 8 8 6 9 a and that 5 in. represents r ft. We use a proportion to
find r.
43. We write a proportion and then solve it.
9 5
4 6
36 r
f 4
36r  9  36r  5
4f  4  4f 6 36 r
f 4 9r  180
16  6 f r  20
8 f Simplifying The length of r is 20 ft.
3
One of the following proportions could also be used: 50. Solve: 9  3
f 4 4 9 f 6 4 f 9 6 36 n
 ,  ,  ,  ,  . n  12 ft
4 6 f 6 4 9 9 6 4 f
51. Consider the two similar right triangles in the
44. Solve: r  6 drawing. One has legs 4 ft and 6 ft. The other has legs
10 8 10 ft and l ft. We use a proportion to find l.
r  7.5 4  10
One of the following proportions could also be used: 6 l
10  8 , r  10 , 6  8 , r  12 , 10  16 , r  10 ,
6l  4  6l  10
r 6 6 8 r 10 10 16 r 12 12 16 6 l
12  16 4l  60
r 10 l  15 ft
52. Solve: 1.5  h

18 32
h  8  2 2 ft
3 3

53. Let w = the wing width of the white stork. Then: Translate. We translate to a proportion.
24 cm width  w cm width dog weight  8 5  dog weight

180 cm span 200 cm span water  12 z  water
w  24  200  26.7 cm Carry out. We solve the proportion.
180
12 z  8  12 z  5
54. Let w = the wing width of the airplane. Then: 12 z
1.8 in. width  w ft width 8 z  60
10 in. span 35 ft span z  60  15  7 1 oz
1.8  35  6.3 ft 8 2 2
w
10
Check. 8  0.6 , 5  0.6
55. Let x = the amount spent on coffee. Then: 12 71
2
$17.40  x The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
8 days 30 days
State. For a 5-lb Bolognese, approximately 7 12 oz of
x  17.40  30  $65.25
8 water is required per day.
56. Let d = the distance to burn 100 calories. Then: 16,000 M
62. Solve : 
10 mi  d mi 1 12 4
380 calories 100 calories
M  42,666.6 mi
d  10  100  2 12 mi
380 19 Emmanuel will not exceed the 45,000 mi allowance.
57. Let p = the number of photos taken. Then: 63. Familiarize. Let p = the number of Whale in the pod.
234 photos p photos We use a proportion to solve for p.

14 days 42 days Translate.
234  42  702 photos sighted  12  40  sighted
p
14 pod  27 p  pod
58. Let g = the gallons of gas used. Then: Carry out. We solve the proportion.
4 gal

g gal 27 p  12  27 p  40
204 mi 714 mi 27 p
g  4  714  14 gal 12 p  1080
204 p  90
59. Familiarize. Let D = the number of defective bulbs in Check. 12  4 , 40  4
a batch of 1430 bulbs. We can use a proportion to find 27 9 90 9
D. The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
Translate. State. There are 90 whales in the pod.
defective bulbs  8  defective bulbs
 D 64. Solve: 25  4
batch size  220 1430  batch size
F 36
Carry out. We solve the proportion. F  225 foxes
2860  8  2860  D 65. Writing Exercise. No. If the workers work at different
220 1430 rates, two workers will complete a task in more than
104  2 D
half the time of the faster person working alone but in
52  D less than half the slower person’s time. This is
Check. 8  0.036 , 52  0.036 illustrated in Example 1.
220 1430
66. Writing Exercise. Yes; corresponding angles have the
The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
same measure and corresponding sides are
State. In a batch of 1430 bulbs, 52 defective bulbs can proportional. (The ratio of each pair of corresponding
be expected. sides is equivalent to 1.)
60. Solve : 7  D 67. ( x3  3 x  7)  ( x 2  4 x  8)

150 2700
D  126 flash drives  x3  3 x  7  x 2  4 x  8
 x3  x 2  x  15
61. Familiarize. Let z = the number of ounces of water
needed by a Bolognese. We can use a proportion to 68. (2 x3  7)( x  3)  2 x 4  6 x3  7 x  21
solve for z.

69. (3 y 2 z  2 yz 2  y 2 )  (4 yz 2  5 y 2  6 yz ) 76. Let t = the time it takes to empty the hot tub.
 3 y 2 z  2 yz 2  4 yz 2  y 2  5 y 2  6 yz 
Solve: 1  1 t  1
8 10 
 3 y 2 z  2 yz 2  6 y 2  6 yz 1 t 1
40
2 3 2 2 t  40 min
70. 6a b  12ab  3a b  2ab 2  4b  a
3ab 77. Familiarize. Let t = the time it takes Michelle
71. (8n3  3)(8n3  3)  64n6  9 working alone. Then t  Sal’s time working alone
2
and t – 2 = Kristen’s time working alone. The entire
72. ( x3  x  7)  ( x  1)
job working together is 1 hr 20 min, or 4 hr. In 4 hr,
1 1 0 1 7 3 3
1 1 0 4 1 4 1
1 1 0 7 Michelle does  of the job, Sal does  t of the
3 t 3 2
( x3  x  7)  ( x  1)  x 2  x  7
x 1 job, and Kristen does 4  1
3 t2
73. Writing Exercise. Yes, in the time that it takes the
Translate. We use the information above to write an
slower steamroller to do half of the job alone, the
equation.
faster steamroller can do more than half of the job.
4 1  4  1  4  1 1
74. Writing Exercise. The faster fuel line will take less 3 t 3 2t 3 t  2
than twice as long to fill the freighter by itself than the
slower one by itself. Each time the slower fuel line Carry out. We solve the equation.
fills half the tank, the faster fuel line fills more than 4  1  4  1  4  1  1, LCD  3t (t  2)
half the tank. 3 t 3 2t 3 t  2
75. Familiarize. If the drainage gate is closed, 1 of the  4   3t (t  2)  1

3t (t  2)  4  8 
9  3t 3t 3(t  2) 
bog is filled in 1 hr. If the bog is not being filled, 1 4(t  2)  8(t  2)  4t  3t (t  2)
11 4t  8  8t  16  4t  3t 2  6t
of the bog is drained in 1 hr. If the bog is being filled
0  3t 2  22t  24
with the drainage gate left open, 1  1 of the bog is 0  (3t  4)(t  6)
9 11
filled in 1 hr. Let t = the time it takes to fill the bog 3t  4  0 or t  6  0
with the drainage gate left open. t  4 or t6
Translate. We want to find t such that 3
 
Check. Since Kristen’s time, t  2, is negative when
t 1  1  1, or t  t  1.
9 11 9 11 t  4 , and time cannot be negative in this
3
Carry out. We solve the equation. First we multiply
by the LCD, 99. application, so we check only 6.
 
99 t  t  99  1
9 11
 
 4 1  2  1  1 complete job
3 6 6 4
11t  9t  99 The answer checks.
2t  99 State. Thus, working alone it would take Michelle 6
hr, Sal 3 hr and Kristen 4 hr to wax the car.
t  99 , or 49 1 hr
2 2 78. We will begin by finding how long it will take Alma
Check. In 99 hr, we have and Kevin to grade a batch of exams, working
2 together. Then we will find what percentage of the job
 
99 1  1  11  9  2  1 full bog was done by Alma.
2 9 11 2 2 2
The answer checks.  
Solve: 1  1 t  1, or 7  t  1
3 4 12
12
State. It will take 99 , or 49 1 hr to fill the bog. t
7
hr
2 2
Now, since Alma can do the job alone in 3 hr, she
does 1 of the job in 1 hr and in 12 hr she does
3 7
12  1  0.57  57% of the job.
7 3

79. Sean’s speed downstream is 7 + 3, or 10 mph. Using Carry out. We solve the equation.
Time = Distance/Rate, we find that the time it will
take Sean to kayak 5 mi downstream is 5/10, or 1/2 7  17  d  d   7  17  3
 7 17 
hr, or 30 min. 17 d  7 d  357
80. Mickie’s speed downstream is 12 +4, or 16 mph. 24d  357
Using Time = Distance/Rate, we find that the time it d  119
will take Mickie to motor 3 mi downstream is 3/16 hr. 8
We can convert this time to minutes: Check. Traveling 119 mi upriver at a speed of 7 mph
3 hr  3  1 hr  3  60 min  11.25 min 8
16 16 16 takes 119  8  17 hr. Traveling 119 mi downriver
7 8 8
81. Familiarize. Let p = the number of people per hour 119  8
at a speed of 17 mph takes  7 hr. The total
moved by the 60 cm-wide escalator. Then 2p = the 17 8
number of people per hour moved by the 100 cm- 17 7 24
time is    3 hr . The answer checks.
wide escalator. We convert 1575 people per 8 8 8
14 minutes to people per hour:
State. The pilot can go 119 , or 14 7 mi upriver
1575 people 60 min 8 8
  6750 people / hr
14 min 1 hr before it is time to turn around.
Translate. We use the information that together the 84. Let d = the distance, in miles, Angenita lives from
escalators move 6750 people per hour to write an work. Also let t = the travel time in hours, when
equation.
p  2 p  6750 Angenita arrives on time. Note that 1 min  1 hr
60
Carry out. We solve the equation. 5 1
and 5 min  , or hr. Angenita ’s travel time at
p  2 p  6750 60 12
3 p  6750
50 mph is d . This is 1 hr more than t, so we write
p  2250 50 60
Check. If the 60 cm-wide escalator moves 2250 an equation using this information: d  t  1
people per hour, then the 100 cm-wide escalator 50 60
moves 2  2250 , or 4500 people per hour. Together, Her travel time at 60 mph, d , is 1 hr less than t,
they move 2250  4500 , or 6750 people per hour. 60 12
The answer checks. so we write a second equation: d  t  1
60 12
State. The 60 cm-wide escalator moves 2250 people
per hour. 
Solving the system of equations, we get 30 7 .
12 
82. Let d = the distance flown in one direction. The Thus, Angenita lives 30 mi from work.
plane’s speed with the tailwind is 240  40 , or
85. Familiarize. Let t = the number of seconds for a net
280 mph, and its speed against the wind is 240  40 ,
or 200 mph. gain of one person. The rate of birth is 1 , the rate of
8
Solve d  d  6 . 1
280 200 death is  and the rate of new migrant is 1 .
The solution is 700. This value checks. The airplane 11 27
can fly 700 mi away from the airport and return to the Translate. We use the information above to write an
airport without refueling. equation.
83. Familiarize. Let d = the distance, in miles, the
paddleboat can cruise upriver before it is time to turn

t 1  1  1 1
8 11 27 
around. The boat’s speed upriver is 12 – 5, or 7 mph, Carry out. We solve the equation.
and its speed downriver is 12 + 5, or 17 mph. We
organize the information in a table.  
t 1  1  1  1; LCD = 2376
8 11 27
Distance Speed Time
2376t  1  2376t  1  2376t  1  2376  1
Upriver d 7 t1 8 11 27
Downriver d 17 t2 297t  216t  88t  2376
Translate. Using the formula Time = Distance/Rate 169t  2376
t  14.1
we see that t1  d and t2  d . The time upriver and
7 17 Check. 14.1  14.1  14.1  1. The answer checks.
back is 3 hr, so t1  t2  3 , or d  d  3 . 8 11 27
7 17 State. It will take approximately 14 sec for a net gain
of one person.

86. Familiarize. The correct ratio of oil to gasoline is

moved t units, and the hour hand has moved t units.
3.2/160, or 0.02. The ratio in Gus’ original mixture is 12
5.6/200, or 0.028. Since this is a larger number than The position of the hour hand will be 15 units “ahead”
0.02, Gus needs to add more gasoline to make the
ratio lower. Let g = the number of ounces of gasoline of the position of the minute hand when they are first
Gus should add. perpendicular.
Translate. We translate to an equation.
Oil  5.6
 0.02
Gasonline  200  g
(200  g )  5.6  (200  g )(0.02)
200  g
5.6  4  0.02 g
1.6  0.02 g
80  g
Check. If Gus adds an additional 80 oz of gasoline,
the ratio of oil to gasoline is 5.6  5.6  0.02,
200  80 280
the correct ratio. The answer checks.
Translate.
State. Gus should add 80 oz of gasoline. Position of position of
87. It helps to first make a drawing. hour hand is minute hand plus 15  
min

after t min after t min
   
    
525  t  30  t  15
12
52.5  t  30  t  15
12
The minute hand moves 60 units per hour while the 52.5  t  45  t , LCM is 12
12
hour hand moves 5 units per hour, where one unit
represents one minute on the face of the clock. When 12  52.5    12(45  t )
 t
 12 
the hands are in the same position the first time, the 630  t  540  12t
hour hand will have moved x units and the minute 90  11t
hand will have moved x + 20 units. The times are the 90  t , or 8 2  t
same. 11 11
Distance Speed Time 90
Minute x  20 60 t Check. At min after 10:30, the position of the
11
Hour x 5 t
hour hand is at 525  90  11 , or 53 2 min. The
12 11
Solve x  20  x 
60 5 minute hand is at 30  90 , or 38 2 min. The hour
9 11 11
x  1 , so the hands will first be in the same hand is 15 minutes ahead of the minute hand so the
11
hands are perpendicular. The answer checks.
position at 20  1 9 , or 21 9 min, after 4:00. State. After 10:30 the hands of a clock will first be
11 11
perpendicular in 8 2 min. The time is 10:38 2 , or
88. Familiarize. Express the position of the hands in terms 11 11
of minute units on the face of the clock. At 9
21 min before 11:00.
11
10:30 the hour hand is at 105 hr  60 min , or 52.5
12 1 hr
minutes, and the minute hand is at 30 minutes. The rate 89. Traveling 100 km at 40 km/h takes 100 , or 5 hr.
40 2
of the minute hand is 12 times the rate of the hour 100 5
hand. (When the minute hand moves 60 minutes, the Traveling 100 km at 60 km/h takes , or hr.
60 3
hour hand moves 5 minutes.) Let t = the number of
5 5
The total time of the trip is  , or 25 hr. We use
minutes after 10:30 that the hands will first be 2 3 6
perpendicular. After t minutes the minute hand has the formula

Total distance 91. Familiarize. We organize the information in a table.

Average speed  Let r = the speed on the first part of the trip and t =
Total time
200 the time driven at that speed.

25  6 Distance Speed Time
 48 First part 30 r t
The average speed was 48 km/h. Second part 20 r  15 1  t
90. Familiarize. Let r  the speed in mph Garry would Translate. From the rows of the table we obtain two
have to travel for the last half of the trip in order to equations:
average a speed of 45 mph for the entire trip. We 30  rt
organize the information in a table. 20  (r  15)(1  t )
Distance Speed Time We solve each equation for t and set the results equal:
First half 50 40 t1
Last half 50 r t2 Solving 30  rt for t : t  30
r
The total distance is 50  50 , or 100 mi. Solving 20  (r  15)(1  t ) for t : t  1  20
r  15
The total time is t1  t2 , or 50  50 , or 5  50 . The
40 r 4 r 30 20
Then  1 .
average speed is 45 mph. r r  15
Translate.
Carry out. We first multiply the equation by the LCD,
Total distance
Average speed  r (r  15).
Total time
45  100
5  50 r 
r ( r  15)  30  r (r  15) 1  20
r  15 
4 r 30( r  15)  r (r  15)  20r
Carry out. We solve the equation. 30r  450  r 2  15r  20r
45  100 0  r 2  35r  450
5  50
0  (r  10)(r  45)
4 r
45  100 r  10  0 or r  45  0
5r  200 r  10 or r  45
4r
Check. Since the speed cannot be negative, we only
45  100  4r
5r  200 check 45. If r  45, then the time for the first part is
45  400r 30 , or 2 hr. If r  45, then r  15  60 and the
5r  200 45 3
(5r  200)(45)  (5r  200)  400r
5r  200 time for the second part is 20 , or 1 hr. The total
60 3
225r  9000  400r
9000  175r 2 1
time is  , or 1 hour. The value checks.
3 3
360  r
7 State. The speed for the first 30 miles was 45 mph.
Check. Traveling 50 mi at 40 mph takes 50 , or 92. Find a second proportion:

40 AC
5 hr. Traveling 50 mi at 360 mph takes 50 , or Given
B D
4 7 360  7 D  A  D  C Multiplying by D
35 hr. Then the total time is 5  35  80  20 hr. A B A D A
36 4 36 36 9 DC
B A
The average speed when traveling 100 mi for 20 hr Find a third proportion:
9
100 AC Given
is  45 mph. The answer checks. B D
20  9
B  A  B  C Multiplying by B
State. Garry would have to travel at a speed of 360 , C B C D C
7 A B
3
or 51 mph for the last half of the trip so that the C D
7 Find a fourth proportion:
average speed for the entire trip would be 45 mph. AC Given
B D
DB  A  DB  C Multiplying by DB
AC B AC D AC
DB
C A

Chapter 6 Review 303
93. Equation 1: 1  t  1  t  1; 3. False; when t  3, then t2  3  32  3  0  0.

a b t 4 3 4 5
Equation 2:   1 1
 t  1;
a b
4. True
5. True
Equation 3: t  t  1;
a b 6. False; a common denominator is required to add
Equation 4: 1  1  1 ; rational expressions.
a b t
7. False; a common denominator is required to subtract
1  t  1  t  1 Equation 1
rational expressions.
a b
 
t 1  1  1 Factoring out t  Equation 2
a b 8. False; for example, 0 is the solution to x  3  x  6 .
x 1 x  2
t  1  t  1  1 Using the distributive law
a b
t  t  1 Multiplying; Equation 2=Equation 3 9. 172
x
a b
 
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
1  t  t  1  1 Multiplying both sides by 1
t a b t t  x2  0
1  t  1  t  1  1 Using the distributive law x0
t a t b t The expression is undefined for x  0.
1  1  1 Multiplying; Equation 3=Equation 4
a b t 10. x5
x 2  36
94. Writing Exercise. No; consider similar right triangles
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
with sides a, b, c, and ka, kb, kc, for example, where
x 2  36  0
k  1. Their areas are 1 ab and 1  ka  kb, or
2 2 ( x  6)( x  6)  0
1 k 2 ab. The perimeters of these triangles are x60 or x60
2 x  6 or x6
a  b  c and ka  kb  kc, or k (a  b  c), The expression is undefined for x  6. and x  6.
1 ab
2
respectively. The ratio of the areas is 2 , or 11. x 2  3 x  2
1 k 2 ab x  x  30
2 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
1 , but the ratio of the perimeters is a  b  c , or
x 2  x  30  0
k2 k (a  b  c)
( x  6)( x  5)  0
1 . Since the ratios are not equal, the areas and
k x60 or x5 0
perimeters are not proportional. x  6 or x5
The expression is undefined for x  6 and x  5.
95. Writing Exercise.
A B  C  D 12. 6
B D (t  2)2
A B  C  D Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t.
B B D D
A 1 C 1 (t  2) 2  0
B D t20
AC t  2
B D The expression is undefined for t  2.
The equations are equivalent.
2 3 x ( x  3) x  3
13. 3 x2  9 x  
Chapter 6 Review 3x  15 x 3 x( x  5) x  5
2 (2 x  1)(7 x  3) 7 x  3
14. 14 x2  x  3 
2
1. False; some rational expressions like x  4 cannot 
x2 2 x  7 x  3 (2 x  1)( x  3) x3
be simplified.
6 y 2  36 y  54 6( y 2  6 y  9)
2. True; when t  2, the denominator is zero. Thus, the 15. 
4 y 2  36 4( y 2  9)
expression is undefined. 3( y  3)( y  3) 3( y  3)
 
2( y  3)( y  3) 2( y  3)

5 x 2  20 y 2 5(4 y 2  x 2 ) 25. y 2  y  2  ( y  2)( y  1)

16. 
2y  x (2 y  x) y 2  4  ( y  2)( y  2)
5(2 y  x)(2 y  x) LCM  ( y  1)( y  2)( y  2)
  5(2 y  x)
(2 y  x)
26. x  6  9  4 x  x  6  9  4 x  3 x  15
2 (a  6)( a  6)(2a) x3 x3 x3 x3
17. a  36  2a 
10a a  6 10a (a  6) 6 x  3  2 x  15  6 x  3  2 x  15
27.
 a  6  2a (a  6) x 2  x  12 x 2  x  12 x 2  x  12
5 2a (a  6) 4 x  12

 a6  x  4 x  3
5  
 4 x3
x  4  x  3
6 y  12 y2  4 6( y  2)( y  2)( y  2)
18. 2
   4
2 y  3 y  2 8 y  8 (2 y  1)( y  2)(8)( y  1) x4
3( y  2) 2 2( y  2)
 
4(2 y  1)( y  1) 2( y  2) 28. 3x  1  x  3  3 x  1  x  3  2 LCD  2 x
2x x 2x x 2
3( y  2) 2 3 x  1  2  x  3
 
4(2 y  1)( y  1) 2x
 3x  1  2 x  6
8(2  t ) 12t 2x
19. 16  8t  t  2  · x  5
3 12t 3 t2 
3(t  2) 2x
 8( 1)(4t )
3(t  2)
29. 2a  42 b  5a 2 3b  2a  42 b  a  5a 2 3b  5b
 32t 5ab a b 5ab a a b 5b
LCM is 5a 2b 2
4 x4  2 x3 4x4 ( x  1)( x  1)
20.   2 2
2 2
x  1 x  2 x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) 2 x3  2a  4ab 2252ab  15b
3 5a b
2 x( x  1) 2 x ( x  1) 2
   2a  21ab  15b 2
x  1 2 x3 ( x  1) 5a b2 2
2 x( x  1)

x 1 y2 6y  8 y2 8  6y
30.   
y2 2 y y2 y2
2 ( x 2  1)(2 x  1)
21. x  1  2 x  1  y2  6 y  8
x  2 x 1 ( x  2)( x  1) 
y2
No simplification is possible. ( y  4)( y  2)

2 (t  4) y2
22. (t 2  3t  4)  t  1  (t  4)(t  1)   y4
t4 (t  1)(t  1)
(t  4)2 t  1 t  t  t 1 t  t
  31.
t 1 t 1 t  1 1  t 2 t  1 1  t (1  t )(1  t )
2
(t  4) 2
  t t t
t 1 (1  t )(1  t )
2
23. 10a3b8  2  5  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  t  2t
(1  t )(1  t )
12a5b  2  2  3  a  a  a  a  a  b t (t  2) t (t  2)
LCM  2  2  3  5  a  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  or
(1  t )(1  t ) (t  1)(t  1)
 60a 5a8
32. d2  4  d2  4
24. x 2  x  x( x  1) d 2 2d d 2 d 2
x5  x3  x3 ( x 2  1)  x  x  x  ( x  1)( x  1) 2
 d 4
x4  x  x  x  x d 2
(d  2)(d  2)
LCM  x  x  x  x  ( x  1)( x  1)  x 4 ( x  1)( x  1) 
d 2
d 2

Chapter 6 Review 305
33. 1  x5  1  x5 39. 3  1  1 , Note x  0

x 2  25 x 2  4 x  5 ( x  5)( x  5) ( x  5)( x  1) x 4 2

x  1  ( x  5)( x  5)
( x  1)( x  5)( x  5)
x 4  
4 x 3  1  4 x 1 , LCD  4 x
2
12  x  2 x
2
 x  1  x  25 12  3x
( x  1)( x  5)( x  5) 4x
  x 2  x  26 The solution is 4.
( x  1)( x  5)( x  5)
40. 3  1 Note x  1, 4
x  4 x 1
34. 3x  x  2 8 LCD  ( x  2)( x  2) ( x  1)( x  4) 3  ( x  1)( x  4) 1
x2 x2 x 4 x4 x 1
LCD is ( x  1)( x  4)
 3x  x  2  x  x  2  8
3( x  1)  x  4
x  2 x  2 x  2 x  2 ( x  2)( x  2)
2 2 3x  3  x  4
 3x  6 x  x  2 x  8 3x  x  7
( x  2)( x  2)
2x  7
2 2( x 2  4 x  4)
 2x  8x  8  x7
( x  2)( x  2) ( x  2)( x  2) 2
2( x  2)( x  2)
 41. x  6  7 Note x  0
( x  2)( x  2) x

2( x  2)
x2

x x 6
x 
 7 x
2
x  6  7 x
35. 3  3 LCD  4t (3t  2) x2  7 x  6  0
4t 3t  2 ( x  6)( x  1)  0
 3  3t  2  3  4t
4t 3t  2 3t  2 4t x60 or x  1  0
 9t  6  12t x  6 or x  1
4t (3t  2) The solution are –6 and –1.
 21t  6
4t (3t  2) 42. 1 2 + 2 Note x  2, 1
3(7t  2) x 1 x  2

4t (3t  2) 
( x  2)( x  1)1  ( x  2)( x  1) 2 + 2
x 1 x  2 
LCD is ( x  2)( x  1)
1 1 1 1 x2  x  2  2x  4  2 x  2
2
36. z  z z LCD  z 2
1 1 1  1 z2 x2  3x  4  0
z 2 z ( x  1)( x  4)  0
2
  z2
z x 1 0 or x40
1 z x  1 or x4
z (1  z )

(1  z )(1  z ) 43. Familiarize. The job takes Jackson 12 hours working
alone and Charis 9 hours working alone. Then in 1
 z
1 z hour Jackson does 121
of the job and Charis does 19
5 5 of the job. Working together, they can do
1 7
37. 2 x 2
 2 x 2  4 x3 LCD  4 x3  1 , or 36
9 12
of the job in 1 hour.
3  4 3  4 4 x3
4 x x3 4 x x3 Translate. If they work together t hours, then Jackson
 10 x does t  19  of the job and Charis does t  121  of the job.
3 x 2  16
We want some number t such that
38.
cd
d c 
cd
d c  cd LCD  cd

9 12 
1  1 t  1, or 7 t  1.
36
1 1 1  1 cd Carry out. We solve the equation.
c d c d
2 2 7 t 1
 c d 36
d c 36  7 t  36  1
(c  d )(c  d ) 7 36 7

cd t  36 or 5 1
cd 7 7

Check. The check can be done by repeating the Check. If Elizabeth’s speed is 62 mph, then Jennifer’s
computation. speed is 62 + 8, or 70 mph. Traveling 93 mi at 62 mph
93
State. Working together, it takes them 5 17 hrs to takes 62  1.5 hr . Traveling 105 mi at 70 mph takes
105
complete the job.
70
 1.5 hr . Since the times are the same, the answer
44. Familiarize. Let t represent the number of hours it checks.
takes the Jon to build one section of trail working State. Elizabeth’s speed is 62 mph; Jennifer’s speed is
alone. Then t – 15 represents the time it takes Ben to 70 mph.
build one section of trail, working alone. In 1 hour Jon
47. Familiarize. The ratio of seal tagged to the total
does 1 of the job and Ben does 1 of the job. number of seals in the harbor, T, is 33 . Of the 40 seals
t t  15 T
Translate. Working together, Jon and Ben can build the caught later, 24 were tagged. The ratio of tagged seals
section of trail in 18 hr to find t such that to seals caught is 24 .
 
18 1  18 1
t 
t  15
 1, or 18  18  1.
t t  15
40
Translate. We translate to a proportion.
Carry out. We solve the equation. First we multiply Seals originally Tagged seals
both sides by the LCD, t  t  15  . tagged  33 24  caught later

 
t  t  15  18  18  t  t  15   1
t t  15
Seals in  T
harbor
40  Seals
caught later
18  t  15   18t  t  t  15 
Carry out. We solve the proportion.
18t  270  18t  t 2  15t
0  t 2  51t  270 40T  33  40T  24
T 40
0   t  6  t  45  1320  24T
t  6 or t  45 55  T
Check. If t = 6, then t – 15 = 6 – 15 = –9. Since nega-
tive time has no meaning in this application, 6 cannot Check. 33  0.6, 24  0.6
55 40
be a solution. If t = 45, then t –15 = 45 –15 = 30. In 18
The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
hr Jon does 18  1 , or 2 of the job. In 18 hr Ben does State. We estimate that there are 55 seals in the
45 5
1 3 harbor.
18  , or of the job. Together they do 2  3 , or 1
30 5 5 5 48. We write a proportion and then solve it.
entire job. The answer checks. x  2.4
State. Working alone, Jon can build a section of trail in 8.5 3.4
45 hr and Ben can build a section of trail in 30 hr. x6
45. Let r = the speed of the boat in still water in mph. 49. Familiarize. Let D  the number of defective radios
Solve 30  50 . you would expect in a sample of 540 radios. We use a
r 6 r 6 proportion to solve for D.
The solution is 24 mph. This answer checks.
Translate.
46. Familiarize. Let r = Elizabeth’s speed in mph. Defective  4  Defective
Then r + 8 = Jennifer’s speed in mph. We organize the  D
Radios  30 540  Radios
information in a table. The time is the same for both so
we use t for each time. Carry out. We solve the proportion. We multiply by
Distance Speed Time the LCD, 540.
Elizabeth 93 r t 540  4  540  D
Jennifer 105 r 8 t 30 540
72  D
Translate. Using the formula Time = Distance/Rate in
each row of the table and the fact that the times are the Check. 4  2 , 72  2
same, we can write an equation. 30 15 540 15
93  105 The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
r r 8 State. You would expect 72 defective radios in a
Carry out. We solve the equation. batch of 540.
93  105 , LCD is r (r  8)
r r 8 50. Writing Exercise. The LCM of denominators is used
r (r  8)  93  r (r  8)  105 to clear fractions when simplifying complex rational
r r 8 expressions using the method of multiplying by the
93(r  8)  105r LCD, and when solving rational equations.
93r  744  105r
744  12r
62  r

Chapter 6 Test 307
51. Writing Exercise. Although multiplying the 2 (3x  7)(2 x  1)

denominators of the expressions being added results 3. 6 x 2  17 x  7 
2x  7 x  3 ( x  3)(2 x  1)
in a common denominator, it is often not the least
(3x  7) (2 x  1)
common denominator. Using a common denominator 
other than the LCD makes the expressions more ( x  3) (2 x  1)
complicated, requires additional simplifying after the  x7
3
addition has been performed, and leaves more room x3
for error.
2 2 (t  3)(t  3) 8t 2
2 3 2 2 4. t  9  2 8t  
52. 2a  52 a  3  5a2  30a  2a  6a 12t t  4t  3 12t (t  3)(t  1)
a 2a  7 a  4 a  7 a  12 (t  3)(t  3)  2  2  2  t  t

(2a  1) (a  3) 5 a 2 (a  6) (a  3) (a  4) 2  2  3  t (t  3)(t  1)
  
a 2 (2 a  1) ( a  4 ) a ( a  6) (t  3) (t  3)  2  2  2  t  t

5(a  3) 2 2  2  3  t (t  3) (t  1)

a 2t (t  3)

3(t  1)
53. 12a  2a  12a  2a
(a  b)(b  c) (b  a)(c  b) (a  b)(b  c) 25 y 2  1 5 y 2  9 y  2
Since (b  a)(c  b)  (a  b)(b  c) 5. 
9 y2  6 y 3y2  y  2
 10a
(a  b)(b  c) 25 y 2  1 3 y 2  y  2
 2 
9 y  6 y 5 y2  9 y  2
5 ( x  y) 5 ( x  3 y) (5 y  1)(5 y  1) (3 y  2)( y  1)
54.   
( x  y) ( x  2 y) ( x  2 y) ( x  3 y) 3 y (3 y  2) (5 y  1)( y  2)
(5 y  1) (5 y  1) (3 y  2) ( y  1)
 5  5 0 
x  2y x  2y 3 y (3 y  2) (5 y  1) ( y  2)
(5 y  1)( y  1)
55. We write a proportion and solve it. 
total hits  153  x 3 y ( y  2)
 4  total average at-bats
total at-bats  395  125 10 2 2 2 2
153  x  4 6. 4a 2  1  2 4a  4a 2  1  4a  42a  1
4 a  1 4 a  4 a  1 4a  1 4a
520 10 2 (2a  1)(2a  1)
4 a  1
520  153  x  520  4 
(2a  1)(2a  1)

4a 2
520 10
2
153  x  208 (4a  1) (2a  1) (2a  1)
x  55 more hits 
4a 2 (2a  1) (2a  1)
new hits  55
 0.44 or 44% (2a  1)(4a 2  1)
new at-bats  125 
He must hit at 44% of the 125 at-bats. 4a 2 (2a  1)
( x  3) 2
Chapter 6 Test 7. ( x 2  6 x  9) 
x2  9
( x  3)( x  3) ( x  3)( x  3)
1. 2  x 
1

( x  3)( x  3)
5x
We find the number which makes the denominator 0. ( x  3) ( x  3) ( x  3) ( x  3)

5x  0 ( x  3) ( x  1)
x0  ( x  3)( x  3)
The expression is undefined for x  0.
2 8. y 2  9  ( y  3)( y  3)
2. x 2  x  30 y 3  10 y  21  ( y  7)( y  3)
x  3x  2
We find the number which makes the denominator 0. y 2  4 y  21  ( y  7)( y  3)
LCM  ( y  3)( y  3)( y  7)
x2  3x  2  0
( x  2)( x  1)  0
9. 2 3 x  7 34 x  2  x 34 x  7  3x3 9
x20 or x 1  0 x x x x
x2 or x 1
The expression is undefined for x  1 and x  2.

5  t  (t  3) 1  4  2
10. 52  t  t2 3  15.
t 1 t 1 t2  1 x  1 x2  1 x2  2 x  1
 5  t t 3 1  4 2

t2  1 x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1)
 22t  8 LCD is ( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)
t 1 ( x  1)( x  1)
 1   4  x 1
x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1) x  1
11. 2 x  4  x  1  2 x  4  x  1 2( x  1)
x 3 3 x x  3 1(3  x) 
1( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1) 2
 x4 
2
( x  1)( x  1) 4( x  1) 2( x  1)
x3 x3   
 2x  4  x  1 ( x  1)( x  1)2 ( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x  1)( x  1) 2
x3 ( x  1)( x  1)  4( x  1)  2( x  1)

 x3 ( x  1)( x  1) 2
x3
2
1  x  1  4 x  4  22x  2
( x  1)( x  1)
12. 2 x  4  x  1  2 x  4  x  1 2
x 3 3 x x  3 1( x  3)  x  2 x  72
( x  1)( x  1)
 2x  4  x  1
x3 x3
 2x  4  x  1 9  12
x3 y
16. LCD is y 2
 3x  5 3 1
x3 y
2
7  4 LCD is t (t  2)  9  1  9 y2  y
13. 2
y  2
y  y2
t2 t  2  

 7 t  4t 2 y  3 1  2 y2
t2 t t t2  y  3y 
y
4(t  2)
 7t  2
9 y  1 (3 y  1)(3 y  1)
t (t  2) t (t  2)  2 
3y  y y (3 y  1)
 7t  4t  8  11t  8
t (t  2) t (t  2) (3 y  1) (3 y  1) 3 y  1
 
y (3 y  1) y
y 1
14. 
y  6 y  9 y2  2 y  3
2
x8
y 1 17. 8 x LCD is 8 x
  11
( y  3)( y  3) ( y  3)( y  1) 8 x
LCD is ( y  3)( y  3)( y  1) x  8 8 x 2  64 x
y y 1 1 ( y  3)  8 x  8 x  8 x
  
( y  3)( y  3) y  1 ( y  3)( y  1) ( y  3) 8x 1  1 8x  8x
8 x 8 x
y ( y  1) ( y  3)
  x 2
 64 ( x  8)( x  8) ( x  8) ( x  8)
( y  3)( y  3)( y  1) ( y  3)( y  1)( y  3)   
x8 x 8 x8
y2  y y3  x 8
 
( y  3)( y  3)( y  1) ( y  3)( y  1)( y  3)
y2  y  y  3 18. Note that t  0.
 1  1  1 , LCD  6t
( y  3)( y  3)( y  1)
t 3t 2
y2  3

( y  1)( y  3) 2   
6t 1  1  6t 1
t 3t 2
6t  1  6t  1  6t 1
t 3t 2
6  2  3t
8  3t
8t
3
The solution is 8 .
3

Chapter 6 Test 309
19. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  0 and Translate. Working together, Tyler and Katie can
x  2  0, or x  0 and x  2. prepare the meal in 2 6 hr.
7
15  15  2 LCD  x( x  2)
x x2 2 6
 1 2 6
  1  1, or 20  20  1.
 
x( x  2) 15  15  x( x  2)( 2)
x x2
7 t 7 t6 7t 7(t  6)
Carry out. We solve the equation. First we multiply
15( x  2)  15 x  2 x( x  2) both sides by the LCD, 7t  t  6  .
15 x  30  15 x  2 x 2  4 x
2 x 2  4 x  30  0

7t  t  6  20  20
7t 7(t  6)   7t  t  6   1
20(t  6)  20t  7t (t  6)
2( x 2  2 x  15)  0
2( x  5)( x  3)  0 20t  120  20t  7t 2  42t
x  5  0 or x  3  0 0  7t 2  2t  120
x  5 or x  3 0   7t  30  t  4 
The solutions are –3 and 5. t   30 or t  4
7
20. Familiarize. The job takes the first copier 20 min Check. Since negative time has no meaning in this
working alone and the second copier 30 min working application,  30 cannot be a solution. If t = 4, then
1
alone. In 1 min, the first copier does 20 of the job and 7
1 t + 6 = 4 + 6 = 10. In 2 6 hr Tyler does 2 6  1 , or 5
the second copier does 30
of the job. Working 7 7 4 7
together they can do 1
 1
, or 5 1
, or 12 of the job 6
of the job. In 2 hr Katie does 2  , or 6 1 2 of the
20 30 60 7 7 10 7
1
in 1 min. In 10 min, the first copier does 10  30 of the job. Together they do 5  2 , or 1 entire job. The
7 7
1 1
job. Working together they can do 10  20  10  30 , or answer checks.
5
, of the job in 10 min. In 15 min, the first copier State. Working alone, Tyler can prepare the meal in
6 4 hr and Katie can prepare the meal in 10 hr.
1
does 15  20 of the job and the second copier does
22. Familiarize. Burning 320 calories corresponds to
1 walking 4 mi, and we wish to find the number of
15  30 of the job. Working together they can do
1 1
miles m that corresponds to burning 100 calories. We
15  20  15  30 , or 1 14 of the job which is more of the can use a proportion.
job than needs to be done. The answer is somewhere Translate.
between 10 min and 15 min. calories burned  320 100  calories burned

Translate. If they work together t minutes, then the miles walked  4 m  miles walked
1
first copier does t  20 of the job and the second Carry out. We solve the proportion.
4m  320  4m  100
1
copier does t  30 of the job. We want a number t such
4 m
1 1 1
that ( 20  30 )t  1, or 12
t  1. 320m  400
Carry out. We solve the equation. m  5  11
4 4
1 t 1
12 Check. 320  80, 100  80 The ratios are the same
4 5/4
12 1  t  12  1
12 so the answer checks.
t  12
State. Walking 1 14 mi corresponds to burning 100
Check. We repeat the computations. We also
expected the result to be between 10 min and calories.
15 min as it is.
State. Working together, it takes the two copiers
12 min to do the job.
21. Familiarize. Let t represent the number of hours it
takes Tyler to prepare the meal, working alone.
Then t + 6 represents the time it takes Katie to
prepare the meal, working alone. In 1 hour Tyler does
1 of the job and Katie does 1 of the job.
t t6

23. Familiarize. Let r = Alicia’s speed in km/h. Then

r + 20 = Ryan’s speed. We organize the information
in a table using the formula time = distance/rate to fill
in the last column.
Distance Speed Time
Alicia 225 r 225
r
Ryan 325 r  20 325
r  20
Translate. Since the times must be the same, we have
the equation 225  325 .
r r  20
Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r ( r  20).
r (r  20)  225  r ( r  20)  325
r r  20
225(r  20)  325r
225r  4500  325r
4500  100r
45  r
Then r  20  45  20  65.
Check. Then, Ryan’s speed is 20 km/h faster than
Alicia’s speed. At 45 km/h, Alicia travels 225 km in
225/45, or 5 hr. At 65 km/h, Ryan travels 325 km in
325/65, or 5 hr. The times are the same, so the answer
checks.
State. Ryan’s speed is 65 km/h and Alicia’s speed is
45 km/h.
24. 1  1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 a 1
a a
1 1
1 a
a 1
1 1
a 1 a
a 1
1 1
1
a 1
 1 a 1
a
25. Familiarize. Let x  the number. Then  1 is the
x
opposite of the numbers reciprocal.
Translate. The square of the number, x 2 is
equivalent to  1 , so we write an equation.
x
2
x  1
x
 
x  x2  x   1
x
x 3  1
x  3 1  1
Check. ( 1) 2  1,  1  1, so the values are

1
equivalent.
State. The number is –1.

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augur that the effect of the evening’s entertainment might be of
benefit to the Canon’s spirits.
From placidity he passed to tolerance, and from tolerance to
endurance. In the course of the short play that concluded the
performance, Lucilla perceived with resigned dismay that endurance
was turning rapidly to serious vexation.
“Extravagant, vulgar, decadent nonsense,” was the Canon’s verdict,
and Lucilla’s critical faculty endorsed the trenchant adjectives that he
had selected, although she was devoid of her parent’s apparently
acute sense of disgust.
“Olga Duffle is a good actress,” she said.
“One dislikes the levity of it all so profoundly,” said the Canon. “I
believe I am the last man in the world to hold back from any cheerful,
innocent amusement at fit and proper times and seasons, but I
cannot but regret that Adrian, naturally gifted as he is, should turn his
talents to no better account than mere buffoonery.”
The part relegated to Adrian in the little play was indeed of no
exalted order, and the most subtle display of humour conceded to
him was concerned with the sudden removal of a chair behind him
and his consequent fall on to the floor.
The audience laughed, with mild amusement.
Lucilla dared not look at her father.
A spirited speech from Olga Duffle, who had shown no signs
whatever of the stage fright that had caused her fellow-actor so
much solicitude, brought down the curtain. Lucilla’s applause was
rendered vigorous by an impulse of extreme thankfulness.
She was also grateful to the Canon for the measured clapping of the
palm of one hand against the back of the other, with which he
rewarded a performance that he had certainly found to be neither
instructive nor amusing.
Adrian sought no parental congratulations, when the performers, still
in theatrical costume, came down amongst the audience, but Olga
Duffle made her way towards the Canon.
She looked, as usual, more attractive than any of the prettier girls
present, and spoke with her habitual childlike, almost imperceptible,
suggestion of lisping.
“Didn’t you think us all very silly? I’m afraid we were, but so few
people care for anything else, nowadays.”
Her glance and gesture eloquently numbered the Canon in the few,
though she did not extend the implication quite so far as to include
Lucilla.
“You are a good actress, Miss Duffle. Have you had training?”
“Oh, no, nothing to speak of,” said Olga modestly. “They did offer to
give me a year at the big Dramatic Training place, free, after I’d
acted in a charity matinée a few years ago in London. They said I
could easily play juvenile lead in any theatre in London at the end of
a year, but of course that was all nonsense. Anyway my people
naturally wouldn’t hear of it.”
“Indeed. Certainly it is a very moot point how far the possession of a
definite talent justifies embracing a life such as that of a professional
actress must needs be.”
“Yes, isn’t it?” said Olga.
Her big dark eyes were fixed on the Canon’s face, her lips parted
with the expression of absorbed interest that lent her charm as a
listener.
Lucilla was not surprised to see that the Canon’s face relaxed as he
looked down at the small up-gazing figure.
She left them, in response to an imperious glance directed upon her
from the other end of the room.
“I particularly want the old man to get to know Olga,” said Adrian with
agitation. “It’d do him all the good in the world to have some of his
ideas about the modern girl put straight, and if anyone can do it, she
can. Wasn’t it priceless of her to make straight for him like that?”
“Perhaps she likes to talk to a distinguished man.”
“My dear old thing, don’t be absurd. Why, Olga has half London at
her feet.”
Lucilla felt unable to make any display of enthusiasm at the
announcement, although she saw no reason to doubt that a
substratum of fact underlay Adrian’s hyperbole.
“I suppose Father thought the whole show utter tripe?”
“He didn’t say so,” Lucilla observed drily.
“Well, for goodness sake get him away as soon as Olga’s had her
talk with him. The Admastons are determined to turn the whole thing
into a glorious rag, and it’ll go on till all hours. Father would be
wretched, and besides I should have him on my mind the whole
time. I daresay I shan’t have many more opportunities of enjoying
myself, so I may as well make the most of this,” said Adrian in a
voice charged with meaning, that Lucilla understood to be an
allusion to his recent ecclesiastical ambitions.
When she found herself beside her father again, he was in
conversation with a short, fat, dark man whom he made known to his
daughter with a somewhat abstracted air.
“Mr. Duffle, Lucilla.”
She was rather amused at the ease with which Olga’s parentage
could be traced, although in her, a retroussé nose replaced the wide
and upturned pug of her father, and her dark, intelligent gaze was an
unmistakably improved edition of his shrewd black eyes. From both
faces shone the same ardent, restless, and essentially animal,
vitality.
Mr. Duffle, however, had none of Olga’s claims to social charms and
talents. Lucilla knew him to be a successful building contractor, who
had amassed a fortune during the war, and decided that he looked
the part.
“I’ll come along one morning then, Canon, and have a little chat with
you,” Mr. Duffle was declaring with a breezy assurance that could
hardly have been derived from the Canon’s expression.
“You’re kept pretty hard at it, I daresay?”
“The man who wants me is the man I want,” quoted the Canon, with
his grave smile.
“Capital. I’ll blow along then, and give you a call. My big car is in
London, but we’ve got a little Daimler down here that does very well
for country lanes. My daughter, of course, runs her own little two-
seater. These young people, nowadays, there’s no end to what they
expect. Not that I grudge Olga anything in reason, you understand.
She’s our only one, and naturally her mother and I think the world of
her.”
A very simple pride beamed in his face as he spoke of Olga, and
Lucilla congratulated him upon her acting.
“She’s pretty good, isn’t she? I believe she could take her place
amongst professionals any day, so she tells me. But of course we
shouldn’t hear of anything like that for her. In fact, her mother and I
look very high for our little girl, very high indeed, I may say, after all
that Nature’s done for her, and the advantages we’ve given her as
well.”
He laughed heartily, and then leaning confidentially towards Lucilla
he said in a semi-whisper:
“Whoever gets our little Olga, young lady, will be a very lucky fellow.
There’ll be a little bit of—” he tapped his forehead knowingly “and a
little bit of—” the tap was repeated, against his coat pocket this time.
Lucilla required no very acute powers of intuition to refer these
demonstrations to her brother’s intention.
She wondered whether the Canon had made a similar deduction.
He was silent during their long drive home, but it was the silence of
thoughtfulness rather than that of depression. The Canon’s intimates
could generally interpret without difficulty the nature of his silences.
On the morning following he called Lucilla into the study.
“I had no word with Adrian last night,” he said wistfully. “I saw you
talking to him, my dear. Did he tell you what day he is coming home
again?”
“No, Father.”
“I confess that I am perturbed. Are these new friends of his
gentlefolk, are they church people, are they even Christians?” said
the Canon, walking up and down. “If only the boy would be more
unreserved with me! One is so terribly anxious.”
“I don’t think he wants to be reserved. He really has no serious
suggestion to offer, as to the future.”
“My poor lad! He is not sufficiently in earnest. I have blinded myself
to it long enough. His early piety and simplicity were so beautiful that
perhaps I dwelt upon them as tokens of future growth more than I
should have done. But there was a levity of tone about these
intimates of his that displeased me greatly. It must cease, Lucilla—
this intercourse must cease.”
Lucilla dreaded few things more than such resolutions, from which
she knew that her father, at whatever cost to himself or to anybody
else, never swerved.
“The Admastons are neighbours,” she pointed out.
“All the more reason for Adrian to be content to meet them in the
ordinary course of events, without treating their house as an hotel.
But there is a further attraction, Lucilla, I am convinced of it.”
The Canon dropped his voice to impart his piece of penetration.
“That little Miss Duffle is undoubtedly attractive, but can the boy have
the incredible folly to be paying his addresses to her?”
It did not seem to Lucilla that any such formal term could possibly be
applied to Adrian’s highly modern methods of displaying his
admiration for Olga, and she informed her father so with decision.
“He must at all events be aware that he is in no position to render
any young lady conspicuous by his attentions,” said the Canon. “I am
displeased with Adrian, Lucilla.”
Canon Morchard was not alone in his displeasure. Two days after
the theatricals, Olga Duffle’s father appeared at St. Gwenllian, and
was shown into the study.
The Canon greeted him, his habitual rather stately courtesy in strong
contrast to his visitor’s bluff curtness of manner.
“Sit you down, my dear sir.”
The Canon took his own place on the revolving chair before the
writing-table, and the tips of his fingers were lightly joined together
as he bent his gaze, benignant, and yet serious, upon the little
building contractor.
“You’ve got a nice little old place here. Needs a lot of seeing to,
though, I daresay. I see you haven’t the electric light.”
The Canon glanced round him as though he had hardly noticed, as
indeed he had not, the absence of this modern advantage.
“It wouldn’t cost you more than a couple of hundred to put it in,” said
Mr. Duffle negligently.
The Canon was not in the least interested in the problematical
expense to be thus incurred, but he replied gently that perhaps one
of these days his successor might wish to improve St. Gwenllian,
and be in a position to do so.
“Ah,” said Mr. Duffle. “That brings me to my point, in a roundabout
sort of way. Your young man, Canon, has no particular inheritance to
look forward to, if I understand rightly?”
“My young man?”
“Your boy Adrian. Not even your eldest son, is he?”
“Adrian is the youngest of my five children,” said the Canon with
peculiar distinctness. “I have two sons and three daughters. May I
enquire the reason of this interest in my family?”
“No offense, I hope, Canon. I thought you’d have guessed the
reason fast enough—my girl Olga. Now mind you, I know very well
that boys will be boys, and girls girls, for the matter of that. I’m not
even saying that the little monkey hasn’t led him on a bit—she leads
’em all on, come to that! But Master Adrian has been talking of an
engagement, it seems, and that won’t do at all, you know. So I
thought you and me, Canon——”
“Stop!” The Canon’s face was rigid. “Am I to understand that your
daughter has reason to complain that my son presses undesired
attentions upon her, or causes their names to be coupled together in
a manner displeasing to her?”
The builder’s stare was one of honest bewilderment.
“Coupled together!” he repeated derisively. “Why, the lad follows her
about like a little dog. I should think old Matthew Admaston is as
easy going as they make ’em, but even he thought it a bit thick to
have your young moon-calf, if you’ll excuse the expression, on his
doorstep morning, noon and night, while my girl was in the house, till
they had to ask him to stay, to save the front-door bell coming off in
his hand.”
Mr. Duffle’s humourous extravagance of imagery awoke no response
in Canon Morchard.
“My son’s impertinent folly shall be put a stop to immediately,” he
said, through closely compressed lips.
“Bless me! there’s nothing that needs a rumpus made about it, you
understand. Only when it comes to prating about being engaged,
and promising to marry him in goodness knows how many years,
and goodness knows what on—why, then it’s time us older folk
stepped in, I think, and I’m sure you’ll agree with me.”
“Do I understand that my son—without reference to me, I may add—
has asked Miss Duffle to do him the honour of becoming his wife?”
Mr. Duffle stared at the Canon blankly.
“Ill though he seems to have behaved, you will hardly expect me to
accept, on his behalf, an entire rejection of his suit, without reference
to the young lady herself.”
A resounding blow from Mr. Duffle’s open palm onto his knee startled
the Canon and made him jump in his chair.
“Good God!” roared the builder, causing Canon Morchard to wince a
second time, “is this talk out of a novel? How in the name of all that’s
reasonable can the boy marry without a profession or an income? I’ll
do him the justice to say that I’ve never thought him a fortune hunter.
(He’s not got the guts for that, if you’ll excuse me being so plain-
spoken.) He’s besotted about the girl, and not the first one either,
though I do say it myself. But my Olga is our only child, and will get
every penny I have to leave, and the fact of the matter is that she’ll
be a rich woman one of these days, in a manner of speaking.
Therefore, Canon, you’ll understand me when I say that Olga can
look high—very high, she can look.”
The Canon’s countenance did, indeed, show the most complete
comprehension of the case so stated. His face, in its stern pallor,
became more cameo-like than ever.
“Sir, do you accuse my son of trifling, of the unutterable meanness of
endeavouring to engage a young lady’s affections without any
reasonable prospect of asking her in marriage like an honourable
man?”
“Bless me, Canon, I don’t accuse the young fellow of anything,
except of being a bit of an ass,” said the builder. “I daresay it’s been
six of one and half a dozen of the other. He’s a nice-looking boy, and
all this play-acting has thrown them together, like; but that’s over
now, and Olga comes back to London with us next week. But I
thought I’d throw you a hint,” said Mr. Duffle delicately, “so that
there’s no nonsense about following us to town, or anything of that
sort. Her mother’s going to speak to Olga about it, too. Bless me, it’s
not the first time we’ve had to nip a little affair of this sort in the bud.
The fellows are round our little girl like flies round a honey-pot. We
give her a loose rein, too, in a manner of speaking, but as the wife
pointed out to me last night, it only keeps off better chances if a girl
is always seen about with lads who don’t mean business.”
The Canon groaned deeply, and Mr. Duffle, fearing himself
misunderstood, hastily interposed:
“Don’t run away with the idea that I’ve anything against the boy, now,
Canon. I’m sure if he was only a year or two older, in a good job, and
with a little something to look to later on, I’d be only too glad of the
connection. But as things are, I’m sure as a family man yourself you
see my point.”
He looked almost pleadingly at the Canon as he spoke.
“You did perfectly right to come to me, Mr. Duffle; you did perfectly
right. Unspeakably painful though this conversation has been to me,
I fully recognize the necessity for it.”
If Mr. Duffle still looked perplexed, he also looked relieved.
“That’s right, Canon. I felt you and me would understand one
another. After all, we’ve been young ourselves, haven’t we, and I
daresay we’ve chased a pretty pair of ankles or said more than we
meant on a moonlight night, both of us, once upon a time.”
So far did Canon Morchard appear to be from endorsing this view of
a joint past that his visitor added an extenuation.
“Of course, before you turned parson, naturally, I mean. I know you
take your job seriously, if you’ll excuse me passing a personal
remark, and that’s not more than’s needed nowadays. There’s no
idea of young Adrian going in for the clerical line, I suppose?”
“What I have heard today would be enough to convince me that it is
out of the question,” said the Canon bitterly. “But my son has evinced
no such desire.”
“H’m. There was some nonsense talked amongst the young people
about a fat living at Stear being ready for him if he chose to step into
it. I daresay there was nothing in it but a leg-pull, as they say. In any
case, my girl wouldn’t look at a country parson. No offence to you,
Canon, but it’s best to have these things out in plain English.”
“Enough,” said the Canon with decision. “You may rest assured that
my son will cease this insensate persecution of——”
“Excuse me interrupting, but why make a mountain out of a molehill?
There’s been no persecution or any of that talk out of books, in the
case. Why, my Olga can’t help making eyes at a good-looking lad,
and letting him squeeze her hand every now and then.”
The Canon gave utterance, irrepressibly, to yet another groan.
Mr. Duffle looked at him with compassion.
“Why make a mountain out of a molehill, as I said before?” he
repeated. “There’s been no harm done, except maybe a little
gossiping among the Admaston lot, and if you tip the wink to your
lad, and mother and I trot Olga back to London again, we needn’t
hear any more of it. We’re old-fashioned people, and brought up the
child old-fashioned, and she’s not one of these modern young
women who can’t live at home. I give her the best of everything, and
a pretty long rope, but she knows that as long as she’s living under
my roof and spending my money she’s got to obey me and her
mother when we do give an order.”
The builder’s face, momentarily dogged, relaxed again and he
laughed jovially.
“Though I’m not saying the little puss can’t get most things out of us
by coaxing! But we’re set on a good marriage for her, that I tell you
straight.”
“There is only one foundation for the sacrament of marriage,” said
the Canon sombrely, “and that is mutual love, trust and esteem.”
“Quite, quite; the wife always takes that line herself. ‘When the heart
is given, let the hand follow,’ she always says, and Olga knows well
enough that she’ll have a free choice, within reason. But love in a
cottage isn’t her style, and things being as they are, there’s no
reason, as I said before, why she shouldn’t look high. She’s a
sensible girl, too, and if there is a bit of the flirt about her, she doesn’t
lose her head. I will say that for her.”
“I wish that I could say the same of my son,” bitterly rejoined the
Canon.
“Well, well, don’t be too hard on the lad. Human nature is human
nature all the world over, is what I always say. All the parsons in
Christendom can’t alter that, if you’ll excuse the saying. It’s natural
enough your son should lose his head over a pretty girl like my
Olga,” said Miss Duffle’s parent indulgently. “All I mean is, that it
must stop there, and no nonsense about being engaged, or anything
of that kind.”
“Do these unhappy young people consider themselves bound to one
another, as far as you know?”
“Bless me, Canon, they’re not unhappy. At least, my Olga certainly
isn’t, and if your lad throws off a few heroics, he’ll soon get over it.
Why, I remember threatening to blow out my brains—as I chose to
call them—when I was no older than he is, and all for the sake of a
lady ten years older than myself, and married and the mother of
three, into the bargain!”
Mr. Duffle was moved to hearty laughter at this reminiscence,
although it failed signally to produce the same exhilarating effect
upon Canon Morchard.
Perhaps in consequence of this, his mirth died away spasmodically,
with a rather apologetic effect.
“Well, well, Canon, take a tip from me, if I may suggest such a thing,
and don’t take this business too seriously. He’ll be head over ears in
love with somebody else before you can look round, and it’ll all be to
do over again.”
Before this luminous vista of future amatory escapades, the builder
appeared to feel that the interview had better be brought to its
conclusion, and he rose.
An evident desire to console and reassure his host possessed him.
“Get the young fellow a job of work, if I may advise. It’s wonderful
how it steadies them down. He’ll have no time to run after the
petticoats when he’s tied by the leg to an office, or roughing it in one
of the Colonies.”
“The choice of a career lies in my son’s own hands,” said the Canon
stiffly. “But you may rest assured, Mr. Duffle, that he will be allowed
no further occasion for misusing his time and abusing other people’s
hospitality as he appears to have been doing. I am obliged to you,
painful though this conversation has been to us both, for treating me
with so much frankness in the matter.”
“Don’t mention it,” said Mr. Duffle.
The Canon bowed slightly and escorted his visitor to the door.
The Daimler car was in waiting, but the builder paused with one foot
on the step.
“I’ll tell you one thing, Canon,” he remarked confidentially.
The Canon, with extreme reluctance in his demeanour, signified
attention.
“If you should think of having that little improvement made to the
place that I suggested—you know, the electric light put in—I can tell
you the very people to go to—Blapton & Co. They’ve done a lot of
work for our firm, and they’ll do it as reasonable as you can hope for.
Don’t hesitate to mention my name.”
He nodded, and got into the car.
The Canon stood upon the front doorstep, his face pale and
furrowed, his lips compressed.
“Stop!” shouted Mr. Duffle, suddenly thrusting his head from the
window of the slowly moving car.
The Daimler stopped.
Mr. Duffle descended from it nimbly and once more approached the
Canon.
He looked, for the first time, heated and confused.
“It slipped my memory that I wanted to give you this trifle. Perhaps
you’ll see to some of those poor fellows who are out of work through
no fault of their own, having the handling of it for the wives and
kiddies. I’ve been lucky myself, and I never like to leave a place
without what I may call some sort of thanksgiving. Not a word,
please. Ta-ta.”
The Daimler made another sortie, and the Canon was left, still
standing motionless on the doorstep, with the builder’s cheque for
twenty-five pounds in his hand.
(iii)
“Dear Lucilla,
“I think you’d better not expect me till you see me, if that’ll
be all right. I may be going up to London for a day or two
when the party breaks up here tomorrow, as I really must
see about a job of some kind. I’m sure Father will approve
of this, so mind you tell him it’s the reason. I hope he
wasn’t frightfully sick at the way we all played the fool the
night of the show, but really it was his own fault for
coming, and if he didn’t like it, he must just do the other
thing.
“Cheerio.
“Yours,
“Adrian.”
“My Dear Adrian,
“It would be better if you could come back here before
deciding to go to London. Father is writing to you, and you
will probably see from his letter that he particularly wants
you at home. I hope you are not in trouble, but Father is
certainly upset about something, and you will only make
matters worse by going off in a hurry. Besides, I think he
would quite likely follow you.
“Your affectionate sister,
“Lucilla Morchard.”
“Dear Lucilla,
“If you hear of me doing something desperate, you may
tell Father that he has only himself to thank! I now know
what he and old Duffle have been up to, between them,
and I may tell you that I do not intend to put up with this
sort of thing any longer. Father doesn’t seem to realize
that I am a man, and in grim earnest over some things,
and he and old Duffle have now utterly scotched my
chances of happiness for life, although I daresay without
realizing what they were doing. Olga is the only girl I shall
ever love, and if I have lost her I do not care what I do or
what becomes of me, and you may tell Father so. If this is
what religion leads to, you can also tell him that I am
utterly off it for life. That is what they have done, by their
interference with my affairs, because I am almost sure
Olga would at least have become engaged to me, if she
had been let alone, and not bullied by her father and
mother, and threatened with poverty if she married me. As
you know, it needn’t have been anything of the sort, if my
plans had worked out all right, and we could have had
Stear, but I am completely off the Church, in any shape or
form, so that is what Father has done, whether he knows it
or not!!!
“You will, I suppose, be upset at this letter being so bitter
in tone, but I may say that my faith in human nature is
utterly shattered for good and all, and this has been done
by my own father!! I am coming home on Monday and not
before, so it’s no use father dictating to me.
“Yours,
“Adrian.”
“My Dearest Adrian,
“I don’t understand why Lucilla tells me that you are
returning home on Monday, when you know it is my wish,
distinctly expressed in my letter to you two days ago, that
you should be here on Saturday, so that we may spend
the Sunday together. Unless you have a very valid reason
for disregarding my wishes, I must insist, for your own
sake, upon your complying with them. I do so want you to
be considerate, quite apart from the question of
dutifulness—for instance, it is quite a little thing, but you
don’t say what time you are arriving here, and yet you
surely know that this makes a difference with regard to
questions of meals, etc., in a small household such as
ours. It is only want of thought, dear lad, but do try and
correct this fault. I have so often had to reprove myself for
the like small negligences that it makes me anxious to see
the same tendency in you. This is not a lecture, my dear
boy, but only a reminder, from one who has had to be both
mother and father to you.
“I have other, and very much more serious, matters to talk
over with you when we meet, but all shall be done in the
spirit of love and confidence, I do trust, and if I am obliged
to inflict pain upon you, you must remember that it is
multiplied ten-fold upon my own head.
“I shall expect a line, sent either to myself or to Lucilla,
announcing the hour of your arrival on Saturday. God by
you, dearest of lads, until we meet.
“Your devoted
“Father.”
“Dear Lucilla,
“On second thoughts, I shall come home on Saturday, in
time for dinner. Most likely I shall go straight off to London
on Monday morning, but you needn’t say anything to
Father about this. If you can, persuade him to have up the
port on Sunday night.
“Yours,
“Adrian.”
“Dear lad! He is all anxiety to do right, at bottom,” said the Canon
tenderly to Lucilla, when a censored version of this communication
had been passed on to him. “You see how readily he submits to
returning on Saturday, in order to please me.”
If Lucilla thought this act of submission inspired by fear, rather than
by a desire to please, she did not say so.
The Canon had said nothing to her of his interview with Mr. Duffle,
and made only one remark which might be held to refer to his visitor:
“We are all of us apt to set a false value on appearances, I suspect.
Aye, my daughters, in spite of his ‘forty years in the wilderness,’ it is
so with your father. Trivial vulgarities, or mere superficial coarseness,
have blinded one time and again, till some sudden, beautiful impulse
or flash of generous delicacy comes to rebuke one. Well, well—each
mistake can be used as a rung of the ladder. Always remember that.”
That trivial vulgarities and superficial coarseness were
characteristics of Mr. Duffle was undeniable, but Lucilla deduced that
these had been redeemed in the manner suggested, since the
builder’s prolonged visit to her father had left him, though grave,
singularly calm. He had, indeed, summoned Adrian to St. Gwenllian,
but his manner showed none of the peculiar restrained suffering that
was always to be discerned when the Canon felt one of his children
to be in serious fault.
“It is more than time that Adrian found his vocation,” said the Canon.
“I have been to blame in allowing him to drift, but it has been an
unutterable joy to have him with us, after these terrible war years.
However, there is no further excuse for delay. He and I must have a
long talk.”
Lucilla could surmise only too well the effect of a long talk upon
Adrian, if his frame of mind might be judged correctly from his
impassioned letter to her.
As usual, however, she said nothing.
The Canon’s mood of mellow forbearance continued to wax as the
day went on, and he met his favourite son with a benign
affectionateness that contrasted strangely with Adrian’s dramatically-
restrained demeanour.
Flora, as a rule utterly incurious, asked Lucilla what was the matter.
“I don’t quite know. Something to do with Olga Duffle, I imagine.
Probably Adrian has proposed to her, or something foolish of the
kind, and the Duffles want it stopped.”
“Has he said anything more about his idea of taking Orders?”
“I hope not,” said Lucilla rather grimly.
She preferred not to imagine the Canon’s probable reception of an
ambition thus inspired.
The long talk projected by Canon Morchard was impracticable on a
Sunday, always his busiest day, until evening.
As the Canon rose from the late, and scrupulously cold, evening
meal, he said:
“Daughters, you will not sit up beyond your usual hour. Adrian, my
dear—come.”
The door of the study shut, and Lucilla and Flora remained in the
drawing-room.
Lucilla occupied herself with note-books and works of reference, and
Flora, in the exquisite copper-plate handwriting that the Canon had
insisted upon for all his children, in close imitation of his own, wrote
out an abstract of her father’s sermon, as she had done almost every
Sunday evening ever since she could remember.
The silence was unbroken till nearly an hour later, when Lucilla
observed:
“Do you know, Flossie, that Father’s book is very nearly finished?
There are only two more chapters to revise.”
“‘Leonidas of Alexandria,’” said Flora thoughtfully.
The subject of the Canon’s exhaustive researches and patient
compilations was known to the household.
“He’ll publish it, of course?”
“He hopes to. But Owen told me that there isn’t a very great demand
for that kind of work, nowadays.”
Flora looked inquiringly at her sister.
“I hope Father isn’t going to be disappointed,” she said, half
interrogatively.
“I’m very much afraid that he is.”
On this encouraging supposition of Miss Morchard’s, the
conversation ended.
In accordance with their father’s desire, both sisters had gone
upstairs before the conference in the study came to an end.
There came a knock at Lucilla’s door.
She opened it.
“Come in, Adrian.”
“It’s all up,” said Adrian, in the eloquent idiom of his generation, and
made a melodramatic gesture of desperation.
Lucilla closed the door and sat down, seeming undisturbed by so
cataclysmic an announcement of finality.
“I’m off on my own, after this. Father has utterly mucked up my entire
life, as I think I told you in my letter, and he can’t see what he has
done!”
Lucilla wondered whether Adrian had spent two and a half hours in
endeavouring to open his parent’s eyes to his own work of
destruction.
“Would you mind telling me exactly what has happened?”
Adrian embarked upon a tone of gloomy narrative.
“Well, I don’t know whether you had any idea that I am—was—well,
frightfully hard hit by that girl Olga. Not just thinking her pretty and
clever, and all that sort of thing, you know, though of course she was
—is, I mean. But simply knowing that she was the one and only
person I should ever care for. Of course, I know now that I was
mistaken in her, to a certain extent, and I can tell you, Lucilla, that it’s
very hard on a man to be as thoroughly disillusioned as I’ve been.
It’s enough to shatter one’s faith in women for life.”
“But what did Father do?” said Lucilla, as her brother seemed
inclined to lose himself in the contemplation of his own future
mysogyny.
“What did he do?” echoed Adrian bitterly. “He and old Duffle had the
—the audacity to meet together and discuss my private affairs, and
take upon themselves to decide that anything between me and Olga
ought to be put an end to. I must say, I thought that kind of thing had
gone out with the Middle Ages, when people walled up their
daughters alive, and all that kind of tosh. And how Olga, of all
people, put up with it I can’t imagine; but they seemed to have
pitched some yarn about my not being able to afford to marry, and
frightened her with the idea of my being after her money, I suppose.”
“But Adrian, had you asked her to marry you?”
“No, of course not. But I did think we might have been engaged.
Then I wouldn’t have had to put up with seeing a lot of other fellows
after her,” said Adrian naïvely.
“And did you explain that to Father?” Lucilla inquired, not without a
certain dismay in picturing the Canon’s reception of these strange
ideals.
“More or less; but you know what he is. He always does most of the
talking himself. I can quite understand why we were so frightened of
him as kids, you know. He seems to work himself up about things,
and then he always has such a frightfully high-faluting point of view.
We might really have been talking at cross-purposes, half the time.”
“I can quite believe it.”
“Of course, I’m not exactly afraid of him now, but it does make it a bit
difficult to say what’s in one’s mind.”
“That’s just the pity of it, Adrian. He always says that he does so
wish you were more unreserved with him. He does very much want
you to say what’s in your mind.”
“But he wouldn’t like it if I did—in fact, he probably wouldn’t
understand it.”
Few things could be more incontrovertible.
“The fact is that father has quite a wrong idea of me. He seems to
expect me to have all the notions that he had, when he was a young
high-brow at Oxford, about ninety years ago. As I told him, things
have gone ahead a bit since then.”
Lucilla, for her consolation, reflected that few people are capable of
distinguishing accurately between what they actually say, and what
they subsequently wish themselves to have said, when reporting a
conversation. It was highly probable that Adrian had been a good
deal less eloquent than he represented himself to have been.
“You didn’t say anything, did you, about your idea of taking Orders?”
“No,” said Adrian rather curtly. “I did begin something about it, just to
show that I hadn’t been the unpractical ass he seemed to think I
was, but he went off at the deep end almost directly. I said
something about going into the Church, you see, and he didn’t wait
for me to finish, but started away about our all being ‘in the Church’
from the day of our baptism, and so on—splitting hairs, I call it. As if
everyone didn’t know what is generally meant by going into the
Church.”
“Well, in this case, I really hope he didn’t know. Flossie and I always
told you that Father would be very much shocked at your way of
looking at the priesthood.”
“Anyhow, it’s all off now,” said Adrian gloomily. “There wouldn’t be
the slightest object in it, and besides I’m thoroughly off religion at the
moment, as I think I told you. No, I shall go to London.”
Lucilla looked further inquiry.
“No, I’m not going after Olga; you can be quite easy about that. In
fact, I may say I don’t ever want to set eyes on her again, after the
way she’s let me down. No, I’m going to try journalism, or something
like that. Anyhow, I mean to be a free lance for a bit.”
The first note of real resolution that Lucilla had heard there, crept
into Adrian’s young voice.
“Father really can’t go on running the show for me like this. It’s me
that’s got to decide what to do with my life, and I’m going to get a bit
of experience on my own. I know I had six months in France, but that
isn’t going to be the whole of my life. In fact, Lucilla, I’ve decided,
though I’m sorry in a way, to say such a thing, that Father has got to
be taught a lesson, and it’s me that’s going to do the teaching.”
Iron firmness, denoted by a closely compressed mouth and a rather
defiant eye fixed glassily upon Lucilla’s, characterized Adrian’s

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Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

Concepts and Applications 7th Edition

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Concepts and

Elementary Algebra Concepts and Applications 10th

Elementary Algebra Concepts and Applications 10th

Intermediate Algebra Concepts and Applications 10th

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Graphs and Models

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Functions and

Intermediate Algebra 12th Edition Bittinger Solutions

Rational Expressions and Equations

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a 2  4  (a  2)(a  2) Check: Let x  1.

 t2 The answer is probably correct.

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2 p  2q 2( q  p ) 67. m3  8m2  16m  m(m2  8m  16)

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Exercise Set 6.2 2 6  3  2  a2

7. x  5  5x Choice (a). y 2  16 y  3 ( y  4)( y  4)( y  3)

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49. The reciprocal of 2 x is 9 because 2 x  9  1. 4 y  8 y  2 4 y  8 y2  4

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84. The first step in dividing x by 7 is to multiply by reciprocal of x  7 ). is undefined for x  7. It is

85. Graph y  1 x  5. 93. The reciprocal of 2 1 x is

94. The reciprocal of 7.25x is 1 , or 4 .

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x3 Note that we are subtracting an expression from itself.

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36. 5  3x  x  1  5  3x  x  1 49. x 2  2x  15  ( x  5)( x  3)

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61. 6x3  24x 2  18x  6x( x 2  4x  3) 68. 2a 2b  2  a  a  b

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x2 15 pages per minute, which is 15 , or 1 page per

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92. The time it takes to replace both the vitamin D3 and

96. Writing Exercise. The LCD can be found regardless 9t 3  3  3  t  t  t  3

 3  5x x4  x5  x44  x53

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28. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is

26. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is

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33. LCD  (a  3)(a  3) 38. LCD  ( w  2)2

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56. x  2 x  3  x  2 x  3  1 63. t3 3  2 3  t3 3  3 2

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71. 4x  6 74. t  5  t  4  t2 2

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2r  1  1 82. Writing Exercise. If the denominators are the same,

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