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Chapter 7
Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Exercise Set 7.1 5 x 2  4 x  12
10. f ( x) 
6 x
1. e 5  02  4  0  12
f (0) 
2. c 60
0  0  12 12
    2
3. i 6 6
5( 1)  4( 1)  12
2
4. f f ( 1) 
6  ( 1)
5. d 5  4  12 11
 
7 7
6. b 5  32  4  3  12
f (3) 
63
t 2  3t 45  12  12
7. H (t )  
2t  3 3
52  3  5 25  15 45
H (5)     15
25  3 10  3 3
40 1
 hr, or 3 hr
13 13 2 x3  9
11. g ( x) 
x2  4 x  4
t 2  3t 2  03  9 09 9
8. H (t )  g (0)  2  
2t  3 0  40  4 0  0  4 4
7 2  3  7 49  21 2 2  9
3
16  9 7
H (7)   g (2)  2  
27  3 14  3 2  42  4 4  8  4 0
70 2 Since division by zero is not defined, g(2)
 hr, or 4 hr
17 17 does not exist.
2( 1)3  9 2  9 11
4t 2  5t  2 g ( 1)   
9. v(t )  ( 1) 2  4( 1)  4 1  4  4 9
t3
4  02  5  0  2 0  0  2 2 t 2  5t  4
v (0)    12. r (t ) 
03 03 3 t2  9
4( 2) 2  5( 2)  2 16  10  2 12  5 1  4 1  5  4 0
v( 2)    28 r (1)    0
2  3 2  3 12  9 1 9 8
4  7 2  5  7  2 196  35  2 163 22  5  2  4 4  10  4 2 2
v(7)    r (2)    
73 73 10 22  9 49 5 5
( 3) 2  5( 3)  4 9  15  4 28
r ( 3)   
( 3) 2  9 99 0
Since division by zero is not defined, r(–3)
does not exist.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

560 Elementary and Intermediate Algebra: Graphs and Models
25 4 x  12  0
13.
7x 4 x  12
We find the real number(s) that make the x3
denominator 0. To do so, we set the The expression is undefined for x  3.
denominator equal to 0 and solve for x:
7 x  0
x 2  16
x0 19.
x 2  3 x  28
The expression is undefined for x  0.
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x:
x 2  3 x  28  0
14
14. ( x  7)( x  4)  0
5y
We find the real number(s) that make the x  7  0 or x  4  0
denominator 0. To do so, we set the x  7 or x  4
denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. The expression is undefined for x  7 and
5 y  0 x  4.
y0
The expression is undefined for y  0. p2  9
20.
p 2  7 p  10
t 3 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for p:
15.
t 8 p 2  7 p  10  0
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t: ( p  5)( p  2)  0
t 8  0
p  5  0 or p2 0
t  8
p  5 or p2
The expression is undefined for t  8.
The expression is undefined for p  5 and
a 8 p  2.
16.
a7
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for a: m 3  2m
21.
a7  0 m 2  25
a  7 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for m:
The expression is undefined for a  7 . m 2  25  0
(m  5)(m  5)  0
a
17. m5 0 or m  5  0
3a  12
m  5 or m5
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve
for a: The expression is undefined for m  5 and
3a  12  0 m  5.
3a  12
7  3x  x 2
a4 22.
The expression is undefined for a  4. 49  x 2
49  x 2  0
x2
18. (7  x)(7  x)  0
4 x  12
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve 7 x  0 or 7  x  0
for x: x  7 or 7 x
The expression is undefined for x  7 and
x  7.

Exercise Set 7.1 561
15 x 5 x  3 Factoring; the 4 y 2  20 y 4 y ( y  5) 4 y y  5 y  5
23.  greatest common 30.    
5x2 5x  x 4 y 2  12 y 4 y ( y  3) 4 y y  3 y  3
factor is 5 x.
5x 3 Factoring the 6a 2  3a 3a (2a  1)
  rational expression 31. 
5x x 7 a 2  7a 7a (a  1)
3 5x
 1 1 a 3(2a  1)
x 5x  
a 7(a  1)
3
 Removing a factor equal to 1 3(2a  1)
x  1
7(a  1)
7a3 7  a  a  a Factoring the greatest 3(2a  1)
24.  
21a 7 3 a common factor is 7a 7(a  1)
7a a  a Factoring the
  rational expression
7a 3 3m 2  3m 3m(m  1)
32. 
a2 7a 6m 2  9m 3m(2m  3)
 1 1
3 7a 3m m  1
 
a2 Removing a factor 3m 2m  3
 equal to 1
3 m 1
 1
2m  3
Factor the numerator
25. 18t 7w  9t 3 w  2w4
3 2 3
m 1
27t w 9t w  3t and denominator 
2m  3
9t 3 w 2 w Factor the
 3  4
9t w 3t rational expression 3a  1 3a  1
2w Remove a factor 33. 
 4 2  6a 2(1  3a)
3t of 1
1(1  3a ) Factoring out  1 in
 the numerator reverses
5
8y z 4y z  25
Factor the numerator 2(1  3a )
26.  the subtraction
4 y9 z3 4 y5 z  y 4 z 2 and denominator 1 1  3a
 
5
4y z 2 Factor the 2 1  3a
 
4 y5 z y 4 z 2 rational expression 1
2 Remove a factor

 4 2 2
y z of 1
6  5a 6  5a
34. 
2a  10 2 a  5 Factoring the 10a  12 2(5a  6)
27.   rational expression
2 2 1 1(5a  6) Factoring out  1 in
a5  the numerator
  a5 Removing a factor 2(5a  6)
1 equal to 1 reverses the
subtraction
1 5a  6
 
3a  12 3 a  4 Factoring the 2 5a  6
28.   rational expression
3 3 1 1

a4 Removing a factor 2
  a4 equal to 1
1
3x 2  12 x 3x( x  4) 3x x  4 x  4
29.    
3x 2  15 x 3 x( x  5) 3x x  5 x  5

562 Chapter 7: Elementary and Intermediate Algebra: Graphs and Models
3a 2  9a  12 3(a 2  3a  4) t 2  1 (t  1)(t  1)
35.  39. 
6a  30a  24 6(a 2  5a  4)
2
t 1 t 1
3(a  4)(a  1) t 1 t 1
  
3  2(a  4)(a  1) t 1 1
3(a  1) a  4 t 1
   1
3(a  1) 2(a  4) 1
 t 1
a4
 1
2(a  4)
a 2  1 (a  1)(a  1)
a4 40. 
 a 1 a 1
2(a  4) a 1 a 1
 
a 1 1
2t 2  6t  4 2(t 2  3t  2) a 1
36.   1
4t 2  12t  16 4(t 2  3t  4) 1
2(t  2)(t  1)  a 1

2  2(t  4)(t  1)
2(t  1) t  2 y2  4
  41. can not be simplified.
2(t  1) 2(t  4) y2
t2 Neither the numerator nor the denominator
 1 can be factored.
2(t  4)
t 2 x2  1
 42. can not be simplified.
2(t  4) x 1
Neither the numerator nor the denominator
x 2  8 x  16 ( x  4)( x  4) can be factored.
37. 
x 2  16 ( x  4)( x  4)
5 x 2  20 5( x 2  4)
x4 x4 43. 
  10 x  40 10( x 2  4)
2
x4 x4
x4 1 5  ( x 2  4 )
 1 
x4 2  5  ( x2  4 )
x4 1
 
x4 2
x 2  25 ( x  5)( x  5) 6 x 2  54 2  3( x 2  9 )
38.  44. 
x  10 x  25 ( x  5)( x  5)
2
4 x 2  36 2  2( x 2  9 )
x5 x5
  2( x 2  9) 3
x5 x5  
x5 2( x 2  9) 2
 1 3
x5  1
x5 2
 3
x5 
2

x 8 x 8 a4 a4
45.   
8  x  ( x  8) a4 a4
1 x 8 a4
  
1 x  8 a4
1
 1 7 s 2  28t 2
1 51.
 1 28t 2  7 s 2
Note that the numerator and denominator are
6  x  ( x  6) opposites. Thus, we have an expression
46.  divided by its opposite, so the result is –1.
x6 x6
1 x  6
  9m 2  4n 2
1 x6 52.
4n 2  9m 2
 1
Note that the numerator and denominator are
opposites. Thus, we have an expression
2t  1 2t  1 divided by its opposite, so the result is –1.
47. 
1  4t 2 (1  2t )(1  2t )
1(1  2t ) Factoring out  1 x 3  1 ( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
 in the numerator 53. 
(1  2t )(1  2t ) x2  1 ( x  1)( x  1)
reverses the
subtraction x  1 x2  x  1
 
1 1  2t x 1 x 1
 
1  2t 1  2t x  x 1
2

1 x 1

1  2t
a 3  8 (a  2)(a 2  2a  4)
3a  2 3a  2 54. 
48.  a2  4 (a  2)(a  2)
4  9a 2 (2  3a)(2  3a ) a  2 a 2  2a  4
1(2  3a )  
 a2 a2
(2  3a)(2  3a ) a 2  2a  4
1 2  3a 
  a2
2  3a 2  3a
1 3 y 3  24 3( y 3  8)
 55. 
2  3a y2  2 y  4 y2  2 y  4
3( y  2)( y 2  2 y  4)
a 2  25 (a  5)(a  5) 
49. 2  y2  2 y  4
a  10a  25 (a  5)(a  5)
y 2  2 y  4 3( y  2)
a5 a 5  
  y2  2 y  4 1
a5 a5
a5  3( y  2)

a5
x3  27 ( x  3)( x 2  3 x  9)
56. 
a 2  16 (a  4)(a  4) 5 x 2  15 x  45 5( x 2  3 x  9)
50. 
a  8a  16 (a  4)(a  4)
2 x 2  3x  9 x  3
 
x 2  3x  9 5
x3

5

3x  21 x 2  9 ( x  3)( x  3)
57. f ( x)  
x2  7 x 5 x  15 5( x  3)
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve x3 x3
for x:  
x3 5
x2  7 x  0
x3
x  x  7  0 
5
x  0 or x7  0 x3
g ( x)  , x  3
x  0 or x  7 5
The domain of f is {x | x is a real number and
x  7 and x  0} 8 x  16
60. g ( x) 
x2  4
3x  21 3( x  7)
 x2  4  0
x 2  7 x x( x  7)
( x  2)( x  2)  0
x7 3
  x  2  0 or x  2  0
x7 x
3 x  2 or x2
 The domain of g is {x | x is a real number
x
3 and x  2 and x  2}.
f ( x)  , x  7, 0
x 8 x  16 8( x  2)

x 2  4 ( x  2)( x  2)
5 x  20 8 x2
58. f ( x)   
x2  4x x2 x2
8
x2  4 x  0 
x2
x( x  4)  0 8
x  0 or x4 0 g ( x)  , x  2
x2
x  0 or x  4
The domain of f is {x | x is a real number and 4 x
61. h( x ) 
x  4 and x  0}. 5 x  20
5 x  20 5( x  4) 5 x  20  0
 5 x  20
x 2  4 x x( x  4)
5 x4 x4
  The domain of h is {x | x is a real number and
x x4
5 x  4} .

x 4 x 1( x  4)

5 5 x  20 5( x  4)
f ( x)  , x  4, 0
x 1 x  4
 
5 x4
x2  9 1
59. g ( x)  
5 x  15 5
5 x  15  0 1
h( x )   , x  4
5 x  15 5
x  3
The domain of g is {x | x is a real number
and x  3} .

7x 21  7t
62. h( x )  65. g (t ) 
3x  21 3t  9
3x  21  0 3t  9  0
3 x  21 3t  9
x7 t3
The domain of h is {x | x is a real number, The domain of g is {t | t is a real number and
and x  7} . t  3} .
7x 1( x  7) 21  7t 7(t  3)
 
3x  21 3( x  7) 3t  9 3(t  3)
1 x  7 7 t  3
   
3 x7 3 t 3
1 7
 
3 3
1 7
h( x )   , x  7 g (t )   , t  3
3 3
t2  9 12  6t
63. f (t )  66. g (t ) 
t 2  4t  3 5t  10
t  4t  3  0
2 5t  10  0
(t  3)(t  1)  0 5t  10
t  3  0 or t  1  0 t2
t  3 or t  1 The domain of g is {t | t is a real number and
The domain of f is {t | t is a real number and t  2} .
t  1 or  3} 12  6t 6(t  2)

5t  10 5(t  2)
t2  9 (t  3) (t  3)
f (t )   6 t  2
t  4t  3 (t  3) (t  1)
2
 
5 t2
(t  3) 6
 , t  3, t  1 
(t  1) 5
6
g (t )   , t  2
t 2  25 5
64. f (t ) 
t  6t  5
2
t  6t  5  0
2 t 2  5t  4
67. h(t ) 
(t  5)(t  1)  0 t 2  8t  9
t  5  0 or t  1  0 t  8t  9  0
2
t  5 or t 1 (t  9)(t  1)  0
The domain of f is {t | t is a real number and t  9  0 or t  1  0
t  1, or 5} . t  9 or t  1
The domain of h is {t | t is a real number and
t 2  25 (t  5) (t  5)
f (t )   t  1 and t  9} .
t  6t  5 (t  5) (t  1)
2
(t  5)
 , t  1, t  5
(t  1)

t 2  5t  4 (t  4)(t  1) 4x2 1
 70. f ( x)   2x 1  0  2x  1
t 2  8t  9 (t  9)(t  1) 2x 1
t  4 t 1 1
  x
t  9 t 1 2
t4 The domain of f is {x | x is a real number and

t 9 1
x  }.
t4 2
h(t )  , t  1,9
t 9 4 x 2  1 (2 x  1) (2 x  1)
f (t )  
2x 1 (2 x  1)
t 2  3t  4
68. h(t )  1
t 2  9t  8  2 x  1, x 
2
t 2  9t  8  0
(t  8)(t  1)  0 71. First we simplify the rational expression
t 8  0 or t  1  0 describing the function.
t  8 or t  1 3x  12 3( x  4) 3 x  4 x  4
   
The domain of h is {t | t is a real number and 3x  15 3( x  5) 3 x  5 x  5
t  8 and t  1}. x  5  0 when x  5. Thus, the vertical
asymptote is x  5.
t 2  3t  4 (t  4)(t  1)

t 2  9t  8 (t  8)(t  1) 72. First we simplify the rational expression
t  4 t 1 describing the function.
  4 x  20 4( x  5)
t  8 t 1 
t4 4 x  12 4( x  3)

t 8 4 x 5 x 5
  
t4 4 x3 x3
h(t )  , t  8, 1
t 8 x  3  0 when x  3. Thus, the vertical
asymptote is x  3.
9 x2  4
69. f ( x)  73. First we simplify the rational expression
3x  2
describing the function.
3x  2  0
12  6 x 6( 2  x)
3x  2 
5 x  10 5( x  2)
2 6( x  2)
x 
3 5( x  2)
The domain of f is {x | x is a real number and
6 x  2
x  32}.  
5 x2
9 x 2  4 (3 x  2)(3x  2) 6
 
3x  2 1 (3x  2) 5
3x  2 3x  2 The denominator of the simplified expression
  is not equal to 0 for any value of x, so there
1 3x  2
are no vertical asymptotes.
3x  2

1
 3x  2
2
f ( x)  3x  2, x 
3

74. First we simplify the rational expression 79. The vertical asymptote of h( x)  1x is x  0.
Observe that h( x)  0 for x  0 and h( x)  0
21  7 x 7( 3  x)
 for x  0. Thus, graph (b) corresponds to this
3x  9 3( x  3) function.
7 x  3 7
  
3 x3 3 80. The vertical asymptote of q( x)   1x is
The denominator of the simplified expression x  0. Observe that q( x)  0 for x  0 and
is not equal to 0 for any value of x, so there
are no vertical asymptotes. q( x)  0 for x  0. Thus, graph (e)
corresponds to this function.
75. First we simplify the rational expression
describing the function. 81. The vertical asymptote of f ( x)  x x 3 is
x3  3x 2 x 2 ( x  3) x  3. Thus, graph (f) corresponds to this

x  6 x  9 ( x  3)( x  3)
2
function.
x2 x  3 x2
   82. The vertical asymptote of g ( x)  xx  32 is
x3 x3 x3
x  3  0 when x  3. Thus, the vertical x  2. Thus, graph (d) corresponds to this
asymptote is x  3. function.
76. First we simplify the rational expression 4x  2 2(2 x  1)

83. 
describing the function. x  2 x  1 ( x  1)( x  1)
2
x2  4 ( x  2)( x  2) The vertical asymptote of r ( x) is x  1.


2 x  5 x  2 (2 x  1)( x  2)
2
Thus, graph (a) corresponds to this function.
x2 x2
  x 1 x 1
2x  1 x  2 84. 
x2 x 2  x  6 ( x  3)( x  2)
 The vertical asymptotes of t(x) are x  3 and
2x  1
x  2. Thus, graph (c) corresponds to this
2 x  1  0 when x  12 . Thus, the vertical
function.
asymptote is x  12 .
85. Thinking and Writing Exercise. The domain
77. First we simplify the rational expression of f ( x)  5 x is {x | x is a real number},
describing the function. 5 x2
where as the domain of g ( x)  x
is {x | x is
x 2  x  6 ( x  3)( x  2)
 a real number and x  0}.
x 2  6 x  8 ( x  4)( x  2)
We cannot remove a factor equal to 1.
86. Thinking and Writing Exercise. The degree of
Observe that x  4  0 when x  4 and the denominator must be greater than, or
x  2  0 when x  2. Thus, the vertical equal to, 2.
asymptotes are x  4 and x  2. If the rational function is undefined at
x  3, then the denominator must be 0 when
78. First we simplify the rational expression x  3, since rational functions are only
undefined for values of x that make the
x 2  2 x  1 ( x  1)( x  1)
 denominator 0. Therefore ( x  3)n , n  0 must
x 2  2 x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) be a factor of the denominator.
x  1  0 when x  1. Thus, the vertical Similarly, if the rational function is undefined
asymptote is x  1. at x  5, then ( x  5)m , m  0 must be a factor
of the denominator. But since we cannot
know the values of m and n based on the
information given, the best we can say is that

it is of degree 2 or more, since the smallest (a 2  2ah  h 2  5)  (a 2  5)
possible value for m and n is 1.
h
a  2ah  h 2  5  a 2  5
2
87.  2  10   2  2  5   4 
h
15 7 3  7 21
2ah  h 2
h  (2a  h)
 
88.  3  20  3 20 3 4 5 5 h h 1
     
 4  9  4 9 4 3 3 3  2a  h
89. 5    1    5  6   5  2  3   15 96. From Exercise 101, we have:

8  6 8 1 2 4 1 4 f ( a  h)  f ( a )
m
h
90. 7    8    7  15   7  5  3   21 Substituting: f (a )  3a 2
10  15  10 8 5 2 8 16
f (a  h)  3(a  h) 2
 3(a 2  2ah  h 2 )
91. 7  2  6  7  2  3  2  7  4
9 3 7 9 3 7 9 7  3a 2  6ah  3h 2
7 7 4 9 49  36 13 we have:
     
9 7 7 9 63 63
(3a 2  6ah  3h 2 )  (3a 2 ) 6ah  3h 2

2 h h
92. 2   3   2  9 h(6a  3h)
3 4 3 16 
2 16 9 3 32  27 5 h 1
       6a  3h
3 16 16 3 48 48
93. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Equal x 4  y 4 ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  y 2 )

97. 
expressions must simplify to the same ( y  x)4 [ ( x  y )]4
number for all values of x. Just because two
( x 2  y 2 )( x  y )( x  y )
expressions simplify to the same number for 
one (or more) values of x does not ensure that (1) 4 ( x  y )( x  y )3
they will at all other values.
( x 2  y 2 )( x  y )

94. Thinking and Writing Exercise. One way to ( x  y )3
show that they are opposites is to multiply
a  b by (1) and show that it simplifies to 16 y 4  x 4
ba:
98.
( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
(1)(a  b)  ( 1)a  (1)b

(4 y 2  x 2 )(4 y 2  x 2 )

 a  (b)   a  b  b  a ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
(4 y 2  x 2 )(2 y  x)(2 y  x)

95. (a, f (a)) and (a  h, f (a  h)) ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
y2  y1 f (a  h)  f (a ) ( x 2  4 y 2 )(2 y  x)( 1)( x  2 y )
m  
x2  x1 aha ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
f ( a  h)  f ( a ) ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) (2 y  x)( 1)
  
h ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) 1
Substituting: f (a)  a 2  5 and  2 y  x, or  x  2 y, or  (2 y  x)
f ( a  h)  ( a  h) 2  5
 a 2  2ah  h 2  5
we have:

( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1) (t  2)3 (t 2  2t  1)(t  1)
99. 103.
( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 4  2 x 2  1)
2
(t  1)3 (t 2  4t  4)(t  2)
( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1) (t  2)3 (t  1) 2 (t  1)
 
( x 2  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 2  1) 2 (t  1)3 (t  2) 2 (t  2)
( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)( x  1)( x  1) (t  2)3 (t  1)3
  1
2 2
( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)
2
(t  1)3 (t  2)3
2 2
( x  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )  1
 ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  2 xy  y 2 )
( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1) 104.
( x  y ) 2 ( x 2  4 xy  5 y 2 )
1 ( x  y ) ( x  y ) ( x  y )( x  y )

x 1 
( x  y ) ( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
( x  y )3
(t 4  1)(t 2  9)(t  9) 2 
100. 4 ( x  y)2 ( x  5 y)
(t  81)(t 2  1)(t  1) 2
(t 2  1) (t 2  1) (t 2  9) (t  9) 2 105. From the graph we see that the domain
 consists of all real numbers except –2 and 1,
(t  9) (t  9) (t  1) (t  1)
2 2 2 2
so the domain is ( , 2) ø ( 2,1) ø (1, ).
(t  1) (t  1) (t  9) 2 (t  1)(t  9) 2 We also see that the range consists of all real
 
(t 2  9) (t  1) (t  1) (t 2  9)(t  1) numbers except 2 and 3, so the range is
(, 2) ø (2,3) ø (3, ).
a 3  2a 2  2a  4 (a 3  2a 2 )  (2a  4)
101.  106. From the graph we see that the domain
a 3  2a 2  3a  6 (a 3  2a 2 )  (3a  6 ) consists of all real numbers except –1, 0, and
a 2 (a  2)  2(a  2) 1, so the domain is
 ( , 1) ø ( 1, 0) ø (0,1) ø (1, ). We also see
a 2 (a  2)  3(a  2)
that the range consists of all real numbers
(a 2  2)(a  2)
 except –3, –1, and 0, so the range is
(a 2  3)(a  2) ( , 3) ø ( 3, 1) ø ( 1, 0) ø (0, ).
(a 2  2)( a  2 )

(a 2  3)( a  2 ) 107. From the graph we see that the domain
consists of all real numbers except –1 and 1,
a 22
 so the domain is ( , 1) ø ( 1,1) ø (1, ).
a2  3
We also see that the range consists of all real
numbers less than or equal to –1 or greater
x3  x 2  y 3  y 2
102. than 0. Thus, the range is ( , 1]ø (0, ).
x 2  2 xy  y 2
( x3  y3 )  ( x 2  y 2 )

x 2  2 xy  y 2
( x  y )( x 2  xy  y 2 )  ( x  y )( x  y )

( x  y)2
( x  y )[( x 2  xy  y 2 )  ( x  y )]

( x  y )( x  y )
( x  y )( x 2  xy  y 2  x  y )

( x  y )( x  y )
x  xy  y 2  x  y
2

x y

x 2  9 ( x  3) ( x  3) x2 4 4( x  2)
108. f ( x)   12.  
x 3 x 3 3x  4 5 x  6 (3x  4)(5 x  6)
 x  3, for x  3
Therefore the graph of f looks just like the 5a 4 2 5a   2 Multiplying the
13.   numerators and
line y  x  3 with the point (3, 6) deleted. 6a a 6 a  a
the denominators
5 a a a  a  2 Factoring the

2 3 a  a numerator and
the denominator
5  a  a  a  a  2 Removing a

2 3 a  a factor equal
to 1
5a 2
 Simplifying
3
109. Thinking and Writing Exercise. One always
gets the same number one started with based 2 2
10 3t 10  3t Multiplying the
on the operations described, and 14. 7
  7 numerators and
demonstrated below: t 25t t  25t
the denominators
[(2 x  5)  5  25]  10 253t t
 Factoring the
 [10 x 25 25 ]  10  x t t t t t t t 55t numerator and
the denominator
2 5 3 t  t
Exercise Set 7.2  Removing a
t  t  t  t  t  t  t  5  5  t factor equal
to 1.
1. d 6
 6
Simplifying
5t
2. c
3c 8d 3c  8d Multiplying the
3. a 15. 2
 3  2 numerators and
d 6c d  6c 3
the denominators
4. e
3c  2  4  d Factoring the

5. b d  d  3  2  c  c  c numerator and
the denominator
6. f 3  c  2  4  d

d d  3  2  c cc
7 x x  5 7 x( x  5) 4
7.   
5 2 x  1 5(2 x  1) dc 2
3x 5 x  2 3x (5 x  2) 2
3x y 4 3x y  4
2
Multiplying the
8.   16.  
numerators and
4 x 1 4( x  1) 2 xy
3
2  xy
3
the denominators
a  4 a  2 (a  4)(a  2) 3  x  x  y  2  2 Factoring the

9.   
a6 a6 (a  6) 2 2  x  y  y  y numerator and
the denominator
3 x  x  y  2  2

a3 a3 (a  3) 2 2  x  y  y y
10.  
a  6 a  1 (a  6)(a  1) 6x
 2
y
2 x  3 x  1 (2 x  3)( x  1)
11.  
4 x5 4( x  5)

n(n  4)
22. (n  3)  2n  4n  (n  3) 
2
y 2  16 y  3 ( y 2  16)( y  3)
17.   n  5n  6 (n  3) ( n  2)
4 y  12 y  4 (4 y  12)( y  4)
( y  4)( y  4)( y  3) n( n  4)
 
(n  2)
4( y  3)( y  4)
( y  4)( y  4 )( y  3 )
 a2  9 5a (a  3)(a  3)  5  a
4( y  3 )( y  4 ) 23.  2 
a 2
a  a  12 a  a (a  4)(a  3)
y4 (a  3)( a  3 )  5  a
 
4 a  a(a  4)( a  3 )
5(a  3)
m 2  n 2 m  n (m 2  n 2 )(m  n) 
18.   a (a  4)
4m  4n m  n (4m  4n)(m  n)
(m  n)(m  n)(m  n) x 2  10 x  11 x 3 ( x  11)( x  1)  x  x 2
 24.  
4(m  n)(m  n) 5x x  11 5  x  ( x  11)
( m  n )( m  n )(m  n) ( x  11 )( x  1)  x  x 2
 
4( m  n )( m  n ) 5  x  ( x  11 )
mn x 2 ( x  1)
 
4 5
x 2  3x  10 x  2 ( x 2  3 x  10)( x  2) 4a 2 3a  6
19.   25. 
( x  2) 2 x 5 ( x  2) 2 ( x  5) 3a  12a  12 2a
2
( x  5)( x  2)( x  2) 4a 2 (3a  6)

 
( x  2)( x  2)( x  5) (3a 2  12a  12)2a
( x  5 )( x  2)( x  2 ) 2  2  a  a  3  (a  2)
 
( x  2 )( x  2)( x  5 ) 3  (a  2)  (a  2)  2  a
x2 2 2 a a 3 ( a  2 )
 
x2 3  ( a  2 )  (a  2)  2  a
2a

t  2 t 2  5t  6 (t  2)(t 2  5t  6) a2
20.  
t  2 (t  2) 2 (t  2)(t  2) 2
(t  2)(t  3)(t  2) 5v  5 2v 2  8v  8
 26. 
(t  2)(t  2)(t  2) v2 v2  1
5(v  1)(2)  (v  2)(v  2)
( t  2 )(t  3)( t  2 ) 
 (v  2)(v  1)(v  1)
( t  2 )( t  2 )(t  2)
5( v  1 )(2)  ( v  2 )(v  2)
t 3 
 ( v  2 )( v  1 )(v  1)
t2
10(v  2)

y2  y y ( y  1) v 1
21.  ( y  4)   ( y  4)
y  5y  4
2
( y  1) ( y  4)
y ( y  1)

( y  1)

t 2  2t  3 t 2  3t  10 x 2  4 x  4 x 2  2 x  1 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2
27.  31.   1
t 2  4t  5 t 2  5t  6 ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2
(t 2  2t  3)(t 2  3t  10)
 2
(t  4t  5)(t 2  5t  6) t 3  4t t 4  t t 3  4t 1(t  t 4 )
32.   
(t  3)(t  1)(t  5)(t  2) t  t 4 4t  t 3 t  t 4 1(t 3  4t )

(t  5)(t  1)(t  3)(t  2) (t 3  4t )( 1)(t  t 4 )

( t  3 )( t  1 )(t  5)( t  2 ) (t  t 4 )( 1)(t 3  4t )

(t  5)( t  1 )( t  3 )( t  2 ) 1
t 5
 t 2  8t  16 (t  2)3
t 5 33. 
(t  4)3 t 2  4t  4
x 2  5 x  4 x 2  5 x  14 (t  4) 2 (t  2)3
28.  
x2  6x  8 x2  8x  7 (t  4)3 (t  2) 2
( x 2  5 x  4)( x 2  5 x  14) (t  4) 2 (t  2) 2 (t  2)
 2 
( x  6 x  8)( x 2  8 x  7) (t  4) 2 (t  4)(t  2) 2
( x  4)( x  1)( x  7)( x  2) (t  4) 2 (t  2) 2 t  2
  
( x  4)( x  2)( x  7)( x  1) (t  4) 2 (t  2) 2 t  4
( x  4)( x  1 )( x  7 )( x  2 ) t2
  1
( x  4)( x  2 )( x  7 )( x  1 ) t4
x4 t2
 
x4 t4
5a 2  180 20a  20 ( y  1)3 y2  4 y  4

29.  34. 
10a 2  10 2a  12 y  2 y  1 ( y  2)3
2
(5a 2  180)(20a  20) ( y  1) 2 ( y  1)( y  2) 2

 
(10a 2  10)(2a  12) ( y  1) 2 ( y  2) 2 ( y  2)
5(a  6)(a  6)(2)(10)(a  1) ( y  1) 2 ( y  2) 2 ( y  1)
 
10(a  1)(a  1)(2)(a  6) ( y  1) 2 ( y  2) 2 ( y  2)
5(a  6)( a  6 )( 2 )(10 )( a  1 ) ( y  1) 2 ( y  2) 2 y  1
  
10 ( a  1 )(a  1)( 2 )( a  6 ) ( y  1) 2 ( y  2) 2 y  2
5(a  6) y 1
  1
a 1 y2
y 1
2t 2  98 8t  8 
30.  y2
4t 2  4 16t  112
(2t 2  98)(8t  8)

(4t 2  4)(16t  112)
2(t  7)(t  7)(8)(t  1)

4  (t  1)(t  1)  2  8(t  7)
2 (t  7)( t  7 )( 8 )( t  1 )

2  2( t  1 )(t  1)(2)( 8 )( t  7 )
t7

4(t  1)

7 a  14 5a 2  6a  1 c3  8 c 6  4c5  4c 4
35.  39. 
4  a2 35a  7 c  4c3 c 2  2c  4
5
(7 a  14)(5a 2  6a  1) (c 3  8)(c 6  4c 5  4c 4 )
  5
(4  a 2 )(35a  7) (c  4c 3 )(c 2  2c  4)
7(a  2)(5a  1)(a  1) (c  2)(c 2  2c  4)(c 4 )(c  2)(c  2)
 
(2  a)(2  a)(7)(5a  1) c 3 (c  2)(c  2)(c 2  2c  4)
7(1)(2  a)(5a  1)(a  1) c 3 (c  2)(c 2  2c  4)(c  2) c(c  2)
  
(2  a )(2  a )(7)(5a  1) c 3 (c  2)(c 2  2c  4)(c  2) 1
7 (1)( 2  a )( 5a  1 )(a  1)  c(c  2)

(2  a )( 2  a )( 7 )( 5a  1 )
1(a  1) x3  27 x 5  6 x 4  9 x 3
 40.  2
2a x4  9 x2 x  3x  9
  a  1 a 1 ( x  3)( x 2  3x  9)( x 3 )( x  3)( x  3)
 , or  
2a 2a x 2 ( x  3)( x  3)( x 2  3 x  9)
x 2 ( x  3)( x 2  3 x  9) x( x  3)( x  3)
a 2  1 15a  6  
36.  x 2 ( x  3)( x 2  3 x  9) x3
2  5a a 2  5a  6
x( x  3)( x  3) x( x  3) 2
(a 2  1)(15a  6)  , or
 x3 x3
(2  5a )(a 2  5a  6)
(a  1)(a  1)(3)(5a  2) 41. The reciprocal of 3x
is 7
because
 7 3x
(2  5a)(a  6)(a  1) 3x 7
 1
(a  1)(a  1)(3)(1)(2  5a ) 7 3x

(2  5a)(a  6)(a  1)
3 x x2  4
(a  1)( a  1 )(3)(1)( 2  5a ) 42. The reciprocal of x2  4
is 3 x

( 2  5a )(a  6)( a  1 ) 3  x x2  4
because  1
3(a  1) 3(a  1) x2  4 3  x
 , or 
a6 a6
43. The reciprocal of a 3  8a is 1
a3  8 a
37. (10 x 2  x  2)  4 x 2  8 x  3
2
because a 3  8a  a3 1 8 a  1
10 x  11x  6
(2 x  3) (2 x  1)
 (5 x  2) (2 x  1)   (2 x  1) 2 1
(5 x  2) (2 x  3) 44. The reciprocal of is
a  b2
2
a 2  b2
38 2 x 2  5 x  3  (6 x 2  13x  2)
2
 a 2  b 2 because
6x  5x  1 1
(2 x  3) ( x  1) 1 a 2  b2
  (6 x  1) ( x  2)  1
(6 x  1) ( x  1) a2  b2 1
 (2 x  3)( x  2)
5 3 5 7 Multiplying by the
45.   
8 7 8 3 reciprocal of the divisor
5 7
 
8 3
35

24

4 5 4 7 Multiplying by the 4 y  8 y  2 4 y  8 y2  4
46.    53.   
9 7 9 5 reciprocal of the divisor y  2 y2  4 y2 y2
47 (4 y  8)( y 2  4)
 
95 ( y  2)( y  2)
28
 4( y  2 )( y  2 )( y  2)
45 
( y  2 )( y  2 )(1)
x 5 x x Multiplying by the  4( y  2)
47.   
4 x 4 5 reciprocal of the divisor x  1 x  1 x2  1 x  1
2
54.   
x x x x 1 x x 1

45 ( x 2  1)( x  1)

x2 x( x  1)

20 ( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)

x( x  1)
5 x 5 12 Multiplying by the
48.    x  1 ( x  1)( x  1)
x 12 x x reciprocal of the divisor  
x 1 x
5 12
 ( x  1) 2
x x 
60 x
 2
x
a b a ba
55.   
a b ba a b b
a 5 a 2 a 5 b7 Multiplying by
49.    a (b  a)
b 4 b 7 b 4 a 2 the reciprocal 
of the divisor (a  b)(b)
 a 3b 3 a ( 1)( a  b )

( a  b )(b)
c c2 c d Multiplying by a a
50.   
d 6 d d 6 c 2 the reciprocal 
b

b
of the divisor
1
 5 x y yx x y 3
cd 56.   
6 3 6 yx
y  5 y ( y  5) 2 ( x  y )(3)
51.    
4 2 4 y 6( y  x)
( y  5)(2) ( x  y )( 3 )
 
4 y 2  3  (1)( x  y )
( y  5)( 2 ) 1 1
  
2 2y 2 2
y5

2y
a  2 a 1 a  2 a  3
52.   
a  3 a  3 a  3 a 1
(a  2)(a  3)

(a  3)(a  1)
(No additional simplification is possible).

y 2  2 y  3 ( y 2  9) y2  1 (a  2)(a  5)
57. ( y 2  9)    2 
y 1
2
1 y  2y  3 (a  1)(3a  6)
( y 2  9)( y 2  1) (a  2)(a  5)
 
y2  2 y  3 (a  1)  3  (a  2)
( y  3)( y  3)( y 2  1) ( a  2 )(a  5)
 
( y  3)( y  1) (a  1)  3  ( a  2 )
( y  3)( y  3 )( y 2  1) a 5
 
( y  3 )( y  1) 3(a  1)
( y  3)( y 2  1) t  3 4t  12 t  3 t  1
 62.   
y 1 t2 t 1 t  2 4t  12
(t  3)(t  1)
x2  1 x2  5x  6 x  6 
58. ( x 2  5 x  6)    2 (t  2)(4t  12)
x6 1 x 1 (t  3)(t  1)
( x 2  5 x  6)( x  6) 
 (t  2)  4  (t  3)
1 ( x 2  1)
( t  3 )(t  1)
( x  6)( x  1)( x  6) 
 (t  2)  4  ( t  3 )
( x  1)( x  1)
t 1
( x  6)( x  1 )( x  6) 
 4(t  2)
( x  1 )( x  1)
( x  6)( x  6)
 25 x 2  4 2  5 x 25 x 2  4 x  3
x 1 63.   
x2  9 x3 x2  9 2  5x
25 x 2  4 x  3
3  3x x  1 3  3 x 5  2 
59.    x  9 2  5x
16 5 16 x 1
(25 x 2  4)( x  3)
( 3  3 x)  5  2
 ( x  9)(2  5 x)
16( x  1)
(5 x  2)(5 x  2)( x  3)
3( x  1)  5 
 ( x  3)( x  3)(1)(5 x  2)
16( x  1) (5 x  2)( 5 x  2 )( x  3 )

3( x  1 )  5 ( x  3 )( x  3)(1)( 5 x  2 )

16( x  1 ) 5x  2 5x  2
 , or 
15 x  3 x3

16
4a 2  1 2a  1 4a 2  1 2  a
64.   2 
12  4 x 6  2 x 12  4 x 6 a2  4 2  a a  4 2a  1
60.   
12 6 12 6  2 x
4( x  3)  2  3 (4a 2  1)(2  a )
 
4  3  2( x  3) (a 2  4)(2a  1)
4( x  3) 2  3 (2a  1)(2a  1)( 1)(a  2)
 
4  3  2 ( x  3) (a  2)(a  2)(2a  1)
1 (2a  1)( 2a  1 )( 1)( a  2 )

(a  2)( a  2 )( 2a  1 )
a  2 3a  6 a  2 a  5 2a  1
61.    
a 1 a  5 a  1 3a  6 a2

2 x 2  11x  5 c 2  10c  21
65. (2 x  1)  69.  (5c 2  32c  21)
4 x2  1 c 2  2c  15
2x  1 4x2  1 c 2  10c  21 1
  2  2 
1 2 x  11x  5 c  2c  15 5c 2  32c  21
(2 x  1)(4 x 2  1) (c 2  10c  21) 1
  2
1 (2 x 2  11x  5) (c  2c  15)(5c 2  32c  21)
(2 x  1)(2 x  1)(2 x  1) (c  7)(c  3)
 
1 (2 x  1)( x  5) (c  5)(c  3)(5c  3)(c  7)
( 2 x  1 )(2 x  1)(2 x  1) (c  7)(c  3) 1
  
1 ( 2 x  1 )( x  5) (c  7)(c  3) (c  5)(5c  3)
(2 x  1)(2 x  1) 1
 
x5 (c  5) 5c  3
3a 2  14a  49 z 2  2z  1
66. (a  7)  70.  (4 z 2  z  3)
a 2  8a  7 z2 1
a  7 a 2  8a  7 z2  2z  1 1
    2
1 3a 2  14a  49 z 1
2
4z  z  3
(a  7)(a 2  8a  7) ( z 2  2 z  1) 1
  2
1 (3a 2  14a  49) ( z  1)(4 z 2  z  3)
(a  7)(a  7)(a  1) ( z  1)( z  1)
 
(3a  7)(a  7) ( z  1)( z  1)(4 z  3)( z  1)
( a  7 )(a  7)(a  1) ( z  1 )( z  1 ) 1
 
(3a  7)( a  7 ) ( z  1)( z  1 )(4 z  3)( z  1 )
(a  7)(a  1) 1
 
3a  7 ( z  1)(4 z  3)
x3  64 x 2  16
w  14w  49 3w  20 w  7
2 2 71. 
67.  x3  64 x 2  4 x  16
2 w2  3w  14 w2  6 w  16
x3  64 x 2  4 x  16
w2  14 w  49 w2  6w  16  3 
  x  64 x 2  16
2 w2  3w  14 3w2  20 w  7
( x  64)( x  4 x  16)
3 2
( w  7) ( w  7) ( w  8) ( w  2) 
  ( x3  64)( x 2  16)
(2 w  7) ( w  2) (3w  1) ( w  7)
( x  4)( x 2  4 x  16)( x 2  4 x  16)
( w  7)( w  8) 
 ( x  4)( x 2  4 x  16)( x  4)( x  4)
(2 w  7)(3w  1) ( x  4)( x 2  4 x  16) x 2  4 x  16
 
( x  4)( x 2  4 x  16) ( x  4)( x  4)
2m 2  59m  30 2m 2  21m  10
68.  x 2  4 x  16 x 2  4 x  16
m 2  10m  25 m 2  m  30  , or
( x  4)( x  4) ( x  4) 2
2m  59m  30 m 2  m  30
2
 2 
m  10m  25 2m 2  21m  10
(2m  1) (m  30) (m  6) (m  5)
 
(m  5) (m  5) (2m  1) (m  10)
(m  30)(m  6)

(m  5)(m  10)

8 y 3  27 4 y2  9 converting the division problem to
72.  multiplication.
64 y  1 16 y 2  4 y  1
3
x 7 x x x2
8 y 3  27 16 y 2  4 y  1    
  3 x 3 7 21
64 y 3  1 4 y2  9
(2 y  3)(4 y 2  6 y  9)(16 y 2  4 y  1) 3 5 3 3 5 2
 77.     
(4 y  1)(16 y 2  4 y  1)(2 y  3)(2 y  3) 4 6 4 3 6 2
(2 y  3)(16 y 2  4 y  1) 4 y 2  6 y  9 9 10
   
(2 y  3)(16 y 2  4 y  1) (4 y  1)(2 y  3) 12 12
19
4 y2  6 y  9 
 12
(4 y  1)(2 y  3)
7 5 7 3 5 4
8a 3  b 3 8a 2  4ab  2b 2 78.     
73.  8 6 8 3 6 4
2a 2  3ab  b 2 4a 2  4ab  b 2 21 20
8a  b 3 3
4a 2  4ab  b 2
 
  24 24
2a  3ab  b 8a 2  4ab  2b 2
2 2
41
(8a 3  b3 )(4a 2  4ab  b 2 )

 24
(2a 2  3ab  b 2 )(8a 2  4ab  2b 2 )
(2a  b)(4a 2  2ab  b 2 )(2a  b)(2a  b) 2 1 2 2 1 3
 79.     
(2a  b)( a  b)(2)(4a 2  2ab  b 2 ) 9 6 9 2 6 3
(2a  b)(4a 2  2ab  b 2 ) (2a  b)(2a  b) 4 3
   
(2a  b)(4a 2  2ab  b 2 ) (a  b)(2) 18 18
(2a  b)(2a  b) (2a  b) 2
1
 , or

2( a  b) 2(a  b) 18
3 7 3 3 7 2
x3  8 y 3 x 3  2 x 2 y  4 xy 2 80.     
74.  10 15 10 3 15 2
2 x 2  5 xy  2 y 2 8x2  2 y 2
9 14
x3  8 y 3 8x2  2 y 2  
  30 30
2 2
2 x  5 xy  2 y x  2 x 2 y  4 xy 2
3
5

( x  2 y )( x 2  2 xy  4 y 2 )(2)(2 x  y )(2 x  y ) 30

(2 x  y )( x  2 y )( x)( x 2  2 xy  4 y 2 ) 5 1

( x  2 y )( x 2  2 xy  4 y 2 )(2 x  y ) 2(2 x  y ) 56
 
( x  2 y )( x 2  2 xy  4 y 2 )(2 x  y ) x 1

2(2 x  y ) 6

x
81. 2 x 2  x  1  ( x 2  x  2)
75. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Parentheses  2 x2  x  1  x2  x  2
are required to ensure that numerators and  (2  1) x 2  (1  1) x  1  2
denominators are multiplied correctly. For
example, to indicate the product of a  b and  x2  3
c  d , we must write (a  b)(c  d ) rather
82. 3x 2  x  7  (5 x 2  5 x  8)
than a  b  c  d .
 3x 2  x  7  5 x 2  5 x  8
76. Thinking and Writing Exercise. To divide we  (3  5) x 2  (1  5) x  7  8
multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. We
cannot cancel common factors until after  2 x 2  4 x  1

83. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Yes; consider 2a 2  5ab
the product ba  dc  bd
ac
. The reciprocal of the 88.  (4a 2  25b 2 )
c  3d
product is bd
ac . This is equal to the product of 2a 2  5ab 1
 
the reciprocals of the two original factors: c  3d 4a 2  25b 2
b  d  bd . a (2a  5b)
a c ac 
(c  3d )(2a  5b)(2a  5b)
84. Thinking and Writing Exercise. In the 2a  5b a
 
2
expression for y1, x x22x4 3  xx15 , we see that –2 2a  5b (c  3d )(2a  5b)
a
and 2 are not in the domain of x2  2 x  3
and –5 
x2  4 (c  3d )(2a  5b)
x 1
is not in the domain of x 5 . Furthermore, as
we see in the second step of Example 4(b), a 2 x 2  4a 4 x  2a a 2 x  2a 3
89. ( x  2a)    2 3
the expression for y, is equivalent to a 2 x  2a 3 1 a x  4a 4
( x  3)( x 1)( x  5)
and 2, –2, and –1 are not in the ( x  2a)(a 2 x  2a 3 )
( x  2)( x  2)( x 1) , 
a 2 x 2  4a 4
domain of this expression. Thus, for the x- ( x  2a)(a 2 )( x  2a)
values shown in the check, we get error  2
a ( x  2a)( x  2a)
messages in the Y1-column for –5, –2, and
( x  2a )( a 2 )( x  2a )
–1. 
( x  3)( x  5) a 2 ( x  2a )( x  2a )
In the expression for y2, ( x  2)( x  2) , we see that
1
2 and –2 are excluded from the domain and
thus, for the x-values shown in the check, we 3a 2  5ab  12b 2
get an error message in the Y2-column only for 90.  (3b 2  ab) 2
3ab  4b 2
–2. (If the window showed the x-value 2 it
would yield error messages for both y1 3a 2  5ab  12b 2 1
 
and y2.) 3ab  4b 2
(3b  ab) 2
2
(3a  4b)(a  3b)


85. 2 1 x  7 x  7 x  3 b(3a  4b)  [b(3b  a )]2
3 3 3 7x
(3a  4b)( 1)(3b  a)

b(3a  4b)(b 2 )(3b  a )(3b  a )
86. 7.25 x  7 25 x  7 1 x  29 x  4
100 4 4 29 x ( 3a  4b )( 1)( 3b  a )

b( 3a  4b )(b 2 )( 3b  a )(3b  a )
3x  y 3x  y
87.  1 1
2x  y 2x  y  3 , or 3
b (3b  a) b (a  3b)
3x  y
We have the rational expression
2x  y
a 2  3b a 2  2b a 2  2b
divided by itself: Thus, the result is 1 for 91.  
a 2  2b a 2  3b a 2  3b
2 x  y  0, and 3 x  y  0. . 2 2
Note that aa2  32bb  aa2  32bb is the product of
reciprocals and thus is equal to 1. Then the
product in the original exercise is the
a 2  2b
remaining factor, 2 .
a  3b

z 2  8 z  16 ( z  4)5 3 z  12 2( x  h)  3 2 x  2h  3
92.   (a) g ( x  h)  
z 2  8 z  16 ( z  4)5 z 2  16 4( x  h)  1 4 x  4h  1
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 ( z  4)( z  4) (b)
  
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 3( z  4) 2(2 x  2)  3 2 x  3
g (2 x  2)  g ( x)  
( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4)3 ( z  4 )( z  4 ) 4(2 x  2)  1 4 x  1

( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 )( z  4) 2 (3)( z  4 ) 4x 1 2x  3
 
( z  4)3 8x  9 4x  1

3( z  4) 2 2x  3

8x  9
 r 2  4s 2  2s 1  2( 1 x  1)  3 2 x  3
93.   (r  2s )  (c) g  x  1  g ( x)  21 
 r  2s  r  2s 2  4( 2 x  1)  1 4 x  1
 r  4s
2 2
1  2s x  5 2x  3
    
 r  2s r  2s  r  2s 2x  3 4x  1
x5
(r 2  4s 2 )(2 s ) 
 4x  1
(r  2 s )(r  2 s )(r  2 s )
(r  2s )(r  2s )(2 s )
 4 4 x2  8x  4
(r  2 s )(r  2 s )(r  2 s ) 96. (a) ( f  g )( x)  
x 1 2
x3  1
( r  2 s )( r  2 s )(2s ) 4(4 x 2  8 x  4)
  2
( r  2 s )(r  2s )( r  2s ) ( x  1)( x3  1)
2s 4  4( x  1)( x  1)
 
r  2s ( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
4  4( x  1 )( x  1)
 d2  d d 2  5d 
94.  2  2  2 ( x  1 )( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
 d  6 d  8 d  5d  d  9d  20
16( x  1)
 d2  d d  2  d 2  9d  20 
 2  2  ( x  1) 2 ( x 2  x  1)
 d  6 d  8 d  5d  5d (Note that x  1 and x  1 are additional
(d 2  d )(d  2)(d 2  9d  20) restrictions since –1 is not in the domain of
 f and 1 is not in the domain of either f or g.)
(d 2  6d  8)(d 2  5d )(5d )
d (d  1)(d  2)(d  5)(d  4) 4 4 x2  8x  4
 (b) ( f / g )( x)  2 
(d  4)(d  2)(d )(d  5)(5d ) x 1 x3  1
4 x3  1
d (d  1)( d  2 )(d  5)( d  4 )  2  2
 x  1 4 x  8x  4
( d  4 )( d  2 )( d )(d  5)(5d )
4( x 3  1)
(d  1)(d  5)  2
 ( x  1)(4 x 2  8 x  4)
5d (d  5)
4( x  1)( x 2  x  1)

2x  3 ( x  1)( x  1)(4)( x  1)( x  1)
95. g ( x) 
4x  1 4 ( x  1 )( x 2  x  1)

( x  1)( x  1 )( 4 )( x  1)( x  1)
x2  x  1

( x  1)3
(Note that x  1 and x  1 are
additional restrictions since –1 is not in

the domain of f and 1 is not in the domain 3y  8 y 1
of either f or g.) 13. 
2y 2y
1
(c) ( g / f ( x)  3 y  8   y  1 Subtracting
( f / g )( x) 
2y numerators
3 y  8  y  1 Removing
( x  1)3 
 (See part (b) above.) 2y parentheses
x2  x  1
(Note that x  1 and x  1 are 2y  7

restrictions, since –1 is not in the domain 2y
of f and 1 is not in the domain of either f
or g.) 5  3t 2t  1
14. 
4t 4t
Exercise Set 7.3

 5  3t    2t  1 Subtracting
4t numerators
1. numerators; denominator
5  3t  2t  1 Removing

4t parentheses
2. term
t4

3. least common denominator; LCD 4t
4. factorizations; denominators 7 x  8 4 x  3 11x  11 Adding

15.   numerators
x 1 x 1 x 1
6 4 10 Adding
5.  
x x x numerators 11 x  1
 Factoring
x 1
6.
4

9 13 Adding



11 x  1  Removing a
a 2 a 2 a 2 numerators factor
x 1 equal to 1
x 2 x  5 3 x  5 Adding  11
7.  
12 12 12 numerators
3a  13 2a  7 5a  20 Adding
16.   numerators
a 3a  4 4a  4 Adding a4 a4 a4
8.   5  a  4
7 7 7 numerators
 Factoring
a4
9.
4

5

9 Adding


5 a4  Removing a
a  3 a  3 a  3 numerators a4 factor equal to 1
5
5 8 13 Adding
10.  
x  2 x  2 x  2 numerators
7 x  8 4 x  3 7 x  8   4 x  3
17.  
x 1 x 1 x 1
11 3 8 Subtracting
11.   7x  8  4x  3
4 x  7 4 x  7 4 x  7 numerators 
x 1
3x  5
12.
9

5

4 Subtracting 
2 x  3 2 x  3 2 x  3 numerators x 1

3a  13 2a  7 3a  13   2a  7  t 2  5t 5t  t 2

18.   23.
a4 a4 a4 t 1 t 1
3 13  2a  7
a  Note that the numerators are opposites, so

a4 their sum is 0. Then we have t 01 , or 0.
a6

a4 y 2  6 y 2 y  12 y 2  8 y  12
24.  
y2 y2 y2
a2 a  20 a 2  a  20  y  6 y  2
19.  
a4 a4 a4 
y2
 a  5 a  4

a4  y  6  y  2 

 a  5  a  4  y2
  y6
a4
 a5
x6 9 x3
25.  
x2
7 x  10 x  7 x  10
2 x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6
20.   x3
x5 x5 x5 
 x  5 x  2   x  2
x  3

x5 x3

 x  5   x  2  
x  3  x  2

x5 1

 x2 x2
x5 2 x3
6 x  8 x   6 x  8
2
x2 26.  2  2
21.   x  4x  3 x  4x  3 x  4x  3
2
x2 x2 x2
x3
x  6x  8
2 
  x  3 x  1
x2
 x  4 x  2 x  3 1


x2  x  3   x  1
 x  4  x  2  
1
 x 1
x2
 x4
3a 2  14 13a 3a 2  13a  14
27.  2 
a  5a  6 a  5a  6
2
a 2  5a  6
2a  15 a   2a  15
2
a2  3a  7 a  2
22.  
a3 a3 a3 
 a  6 a  1
a 2  2a  15
 (No simplification is possible.)
a3

 a  5 a  3
a3
 a  5  a  3 

a3
 a 5

2a 2  15 11a 2a 2  11a  15 2 x2  3 3  2 x2
28.  2  2 32.  2
a  7a  12 a  7a  12
2
a  7a  12 x  6x  5 x  6x  5
2

 2a  5 a  3 Note that we are subtracting an expression
from itself. Thus, the difference is 0.
 a  3 a  4
 2 a  5  a  3  33.
3  2x

7  3x

 a  3   a  4 x2  6 x  8 x2  6 x  8
10  5 x
2a  5  2
 x  6x  8
a4 5  2  x

t 2  3t 2t  12 t 2  t  12  x  4 x  2
29.  2  2
t  6t  9 t  6t  9 t  6t  9
2 5  1 x  2

 t  4 t  3  x  4 x  2

 t  3 2 5  1  x  2 

 t  4  t  3   x  4  x  2 

 t  3  t  3  
5
, or 
5
, or
5
t4 x4 x4 4 x

t 3
1  2t 4  3t 5  5t
34.  
y  7y 2
6 y  20 t 2  5t  4 t 2  5t  4 t 2  5t  4
30.  2 5 1  t 
y  8 y  16 y  8 y  16
2

y 2  y  20
t  4t  1
 5  1t  1
y 2  8 y  16 
 y  5 y  4 t  4t  1

 y  4 y  4 5  1  t  1 

 y  5  y  4  y 5 t  4   t  1 
 
 y  4  y  4  y4 
5
, or 
5
,
t4 t4
5
2x2  x x 2  2 x  10 or
31.  2 4t
x  8 x  12 x  8 x  12
2


2 x 2  x  x 2  2 x  10 
x 2  8 x  12
2 x  x  x 2  2 x  10
2

x 2  8 x  12
x  3x  10
2
 2
x  8 x  12

 x  5 x  2
 x  6 x  2
 x  5  x  2 

 x  6  x  2 
x5

x6

x9 2x  5 x  9   2 x  5 40. 12  2  2  3
35.  
x  3x  4 x 2  3x  4
2
x 2  3x  4 15  3  5
x  9  2x  5 LCM  2  2  3  5, or 60
 2
x  3x  4
x  4 41. 6  23

 x  4 x  1 12  2  2  3
  x  4 15  3  5

 x  4 x  1 LCM  2  2  3  5  60


 x4  42. 8  222
 x  4   x  1 32  2  2  2  2  2
1 1 50  2  5  5
 , or  ,
x 1 x 1 LCM  2  2  2  2  2  5  5  800
1
or 43. 12 x 2  2  2  3  x  x
1 x
6 x3  2  3  x  x  x
5  3x x 1 5  3x   x  1 LCM  2  2  3  x  x  x, or 12 x 3
36.  
x  2 x  1 x2  2 x  1
2
x2  2x  1
5  3x  x  1 44. 10t 3  2  5  t  t  t
 2
x  2x  1
5t 4  5  t  t  t  t
4 x  4
 2 LCM  2  5  t  t  t  t  10t 4
x  2x  1
4  x  1
 45. 15a 4 b 7  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
 x  1 x  1 10a 2 b8  2  5  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b


4 x  1  LCM  2  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b
 x  1  x  1   b  b  b, or 30a 4 b8
4 4
 , or  , 46. 6a 2 b7  2  3  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
x 1 x 1
4 9a 5 b 2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b
or
1 x LCM  2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b  b
 b  b  b  b, or 18a 5b 7
37. 15  3  5
27  3  3  3
47. 2  y  3  2   y  3
LCM  3  3  3  5, or 135
6  y  3  2  3   y  3
38. 10  2  5 LCM  2  3   y  3 , or 6  y  3
15  3  5
LCM  2  3  5, or 30 48. 4  x  1  2  2   x  1
8  x  1  2  2  2   x  1
39. 8  2 22
LCM  2  2  2   x  1 , or 8  x  1
9  3 3
LCM  2  2  2  3  3, or 72 49. x 2  4   x  2 x  2
x 2  5 x  6   x  3 x  2
LCM   x  2 x  2 x  3

50. x 2  3x  2   x  2 x  1 57. 2n 2  n  1  (2n  1)(n  1)
x 2  4   x  2 x  2 2n 2  3n  2  (2n  1)(n  2)
LCM  (2n  1)(n  2)(n  1)
LCM   x  2 x  1 x  2
58. m 2  2m  3  (m  1)(m  3)

51. t 3  4t 2  4t  t t 2  4t  4  2m 2  3m  1  (m  1)(2m  1)
 t t  2t  2 LCM  (m  1)(m  3)(2m  1)
t  4t  t t  4
2
LCM  t t  2t  2t  4 59. t  3, t  3, t 2  9

t 2  9  (t  3)(t  3)
 t t  2 t  4
2
LCM = t 2  9
52. y 3  y 2  y  y  y  1
60. a  5, a 2  10a  25
y 4  y 2  y  y  y  1 y  1
a 2  10a  25   a  5 
2
LCM  y  y  y  1 y  1
LCM = a 2  10a  25, or  a  5  .
2
y 2
 y  1 y  1
53. 10 x 2 y  2  5  x  x  y
61. 
6 x3  24 x 2  18 x  6 x x 2  4 x  3 
6 y2 z  2  3 y  y  z  2  3  x  x  1 x  3
5 xz 3  5  x  z  z  z 4 x  24 x  20 x  4 x3 x 2  6 x  5
5 4 3
 
LCM  2  3  5  x  x  y  y  z  z  z  2  2  x  x  x  x  1 x  5
 30 x y z2 2 3
LCM  2  2  3  x  x  x  x  1
  x  3 x  5
54 12s 3t  2  2  3  s  s  s  t
 12 x3  x  1 x  3 x  5
15sv 2  3  5  s  v  v
6t 4v  2  3  t  t  t  t  v
LCM  2  2  3  5  s  s  s  t  t  t  t  v  v
62. 
9 x3  9 x 2  18 x  9 x x 2  x  2 
 60s 3t 4v 2  3  3  x  x  2 x  1
55. a 1  a 1
6 x  24 x  24 x  6 x3 x 2  4 x  4
5 4 3
 
 2  3  x  x  x  x  2
 a  1 2   a  1 a  1
  x  2
a 2  1   a  1 a  1
LCM  2  3  3  x  x  x  x  2
LCM   a  1 a  1 a  1
  x  2 x  1
  a  1 a  1
2
 18 x 3  x  2  x  1
2
56. x 2  9   x  3 x  3
63. 2t 3  2  2(t 3  1)  2  t  1  t 2  t  1
x3 x3
t 2  1   t  1 t  1
 x  3 2   x  3 x  3
LCM   x  3 x  3 x  3 LCM  2  t  1  t 2  t  1  t  1
  x  3 x  3
2

64. 5n  5  5  n  1 The LCD is 3  3  x  x  x  x  y  y  y, or 9 x 4 y 3 .

n3  1   n  1 n 2  n  1  We multiply the first expression by 33 yy to

LCM  5  n  1 n 2  n  1  obtain the LCD:
7
4 2

3y 21 y
 4 3 . We
3x y 3 y 9 x y
x3
65. 6 x5  2  3  x  x  x  x  x multiply the second expression by x3
to
12 x3  2  2  3  x  x  x 4 x 3
4x 3
obtain the LCD: 3
 3  4 3
The LCD is 2  2  3  x  x  x  x  x, or 12 x . 5
9 xy x 9x y
The factor of the LCD that is missing from
the first denominator is 2. We multiply by 1 69. The LCD is  x  2 x  2 x  3 .
using 2/2: 2x 2x x3
5 2 10  
  x  4  x  2 x  2 x  3
2
6 x5 2 12 x5
The second denominator is missing two 2 x  x  3

factors of x, or x 2 . We multiply by 1 using  x  2 x  2 x  3
x2/x2: 4x 4x x2
 
y x2 x2 y x  5 x  6  x  3 x  2 x  2
2
 3 
4 x  x  2
3
12 x x 12 x 5

 x  3 x  2 x  2
66. 10a 3  2  5  a  a  a
5a 6  5  a  a  a  a  a  a
70. x 2  9   x  3 x  3
The LCD is 2  5  a  a  a  a  a  a, or 10a 6 .
The factors of the LCD that are missing from x 2  11x  24   x  3 x  8
the first denominator are a  a  a, or a 3 . We LCD is  x  3 x  3 x  8
multiply by 1 using a3
: 5x 5x x8
a3  
x 2  9  x  3 x  3 x  8
3 a3 3a 3
3
 3  5 x  x  8
10a a 10a 6 
The second denominator is missing a factor  x  3 x  3 x  8
of 2. We multiply by 1 using 22 : 2x 2x x3
 
b 2
 
2b x 2  11x  24  x  3 x  8 x  3
5a 6 2 10a 6 2 x  x  3

67. 2a 2 b  2  a  a  b  x  3 x  8 x  3
8ab 2  2  2  2  a  b  b
71. Thinking and Writing Exercise. The LCM of
The LCD is 2  2  2  a  a  b  b, or 8a 2 b 2 . two numbers is equal to their product only
We multiply the first expression by 44bb to when the numbers have no common factor
obtain the LCD: (excepting 1).
3 4b 12b
  72. Thinking and Writing Exercise. The LCM of
2a 2 b 4b 8a 2 b 2 two numbers is equal to their product only
We multiply the second expression by a/a to when the numbers have no common factor
obtain the LCD: (excepting 1).
7 a 7a
 
8ab 2 a 8a 2 b 2 5 5 5
73.   
8 8 8
68. 3x 4 y 2  3  x  x  x  x  y  y
9 xy 3  3  3  x  y  y  y

4 4 4 x y x y 2x
74.   84.  2 
11 11 11 x y
2 2
x  y 2 x2  y 2
x  y  x  y  2x
75.  ( x  y )   x  y  y  x 
x2  y2
0
76. (3  a )  3  a  a  3  2
x  y2
77. 1(2 x  7)  2 x  7  7  2 x 0
85. The smallest number of strands that can be

78. 1(a  b)   a  b  b  a used is the LCM of 10 and 3.
10  2  5
79. Thinking and Writing Exercise. The binomial 33
is a factor of the trinomial.
LCM  2  5  3  30
80. Thinking and Writing Exercise. The
polynomials contain no common factors other 86. The smallest number of strands that can be
than constants. used is the LCM of 4, 6, and 8.
4  22
6 x  1 3  2 x  5 3  2 x  3 6  23
81.  
x 1 x 1 x 1 8  22 2
6 x  1  6 x  15  6 x  9 LCM  2  2  2  3  24

x 1
18 x  5 87. If the number of strands must also be a
 multiple of 4, we find the smallest multiple of
x 1
30 that is also a multiple of 4.
2 x  11 3 1 6 x  3 1 30  30, not a multiple of 4
82.    2  30  60  15  4, a multiple of 4
x3 x 4 4 x x3
3  2 x  11 1 6 x  3 The smallest number of strands that can be
  used is 60.
 x  3 x  4  4  x  x  3
3  2 x  11  1 6 x  3 88. 80  2         24  5

 x  3 x  4 96  2  2  2  2  2  3  25  3
6 x  33  6 x  3 108  2  2  3  3  3  22  33

 x  3 x  4 LCM  25  3  5  4320
30

 x  3 x  4 89. 4 x 2  25   2 x  5  2 x  5 
6 x 2  7 x  20  (2 x  5)(3 x  4)
2
x 2x 1 (9 x 2  24 x  16) 2  [(3x  4) 2 ]2  (3x  4) 4
83.  
3x  5 x  2 3x  1 x  2
2
LCM   2 x  5  2 x  5  (3 x  4) 4
x2 2x
 
 3x  1 x  2  3x  1 x  2
x2  2x

 3x  1 x  2


x x2 
 3x  1  x  2 
x

3x  1
90. 9n 2  9  9  n 2  1 9  33
12  2  2  3
 32 (n  1)(n  1)
15  3  5
(5n 2  10n  5) 2  [5(n 2  2n  1)]2
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180
 [5(n  1) 2 ]2 All three appliances will need to be replaced
 52 (n  1) 4 180 years after 2020, or in 2200.
15n  15  15(n  1)  3  5  (n  1)
95. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Evaluate both
LCM  32 52 (n  1)(n  1) 4 expressions for some value of the variable for
 225(n  1)(n  1) 4 which both are defined. If the results are the
same, we can conclude that the answer is
probably correct.
91. If the Lexmark X204N prints 24 pages per
minute, then it prints one page in 1 th of a 96. Thinking and Writing Exercise. The LCD can
24 be found regardless of the factorization
minute. Similarly, the Brother DCPL2540 selected. However, if the factorization
DW can print one page in 1 th of a minute. selected contains the other factorizations, then
30 no multiplication is required to find the LCD.
1 1
The LCM of and is the LCM of
24 30 Exercise Set 7.4
1 5 5
  and 1  4  4 , or 20  1 .
24 5 120 30 4 120 120 6 1. LCD
1
th of a minute is 10 seconds. Thus, every
6 2. missing; denominator
10 seconds, both copiers begin printing new
pages. 3. numerators; LCD
92. The time it takes Beth and Todd to meet again 4. simplify
at the starting place is the LCM of the times it
takes them to complete one round of the
5. LCD  x  x, or x 2
course.
6  23 4 9 4 x 9
   
8  2 2 2 x x2 x x x2
4x  9
LCM  2  2  2  3, or 24 
x2
It takes 24 mins.
6. LCD  x  x, or x 2
93. The number of minutes after 5:00 A.M. when
the shuttles will first: leave at the same time 5 6 5 x 6
   
again is the LCM of their departure intervals, x x2 x x x2
25 minutes and 35 minutes. 5x  6

25  5  5 x2
35  5  7
LCM  5  5  7, or 175 7. 6r  2  3  r 
 LCD  2  2  2  3  r  24r
Thus, the shuttles will leave at the same time 8r  2  2  2  r 
175 minutes after 5:00 A.M., or at 7:55 A.M. 1 3 1 4 3 3
    
6r 8r 6r 4 8r 3
94. The number of years after 2020 in which all 49
three appliances will need to be replaced at 
24r
once is the LCM of the average numbers of
years each will last. 5

24r

8. 9t  3  3  t  13. 9  3  3
 LCD  2  3  3  t  18t  LCD  2  3  3  18
6t  2  3  t  6  2  3
4 7 4 2 7 3 x4 x5 x4 2 x5 3
         
9t 6t 9t 2 6t 3 9 6 9 2 6 3
8  21 2  x  4   3  x  5
 
18t 18
13 2 x  8  3 x  15
 
18t 18
5x  7
9. 
c2 d  c  c  d  18
 LCD  c  c  d  d  d  c d
2 3
cd  c  d  d  d 
3
14. 8  22 2 
2 7 2 d2 7 c  LCD  2  2  2  3  24
2
 3
 2
 2 3 12  2  2  3
c d cd c d d cd c
2d  7c
2 x5 x3 x5 3 x 3 2
     
c2 d 3 8 12 8 3 12 2
3  x  5 2  x  3
 
10. xy 2  x  y  y  24 24
 LCD  x  x  y  y  x y
2 2
3 x  15  2 x  6
x 2 y  x  x  y  
24
4 2 4 x 2 y 5x  9
     
xy 2 x 2 y xy 2 x x 2 y y 24
4x  2 y
 2 2
x y 15. 22 
 LCD  4
4  2  2
11. 3xy 2  3  x  y  y  a2 a4 a2 2 a4
 LCD  3  x  x  y  y  y    
x y  x  x  y  y  y 
2 3
 3x 2 y 3 2 4 2 2 4
2a  4 a  4
 
2 6 2 xy 6 3 4 4
     2a  4   a  4 
3xy 2 x 2 y 3 3xy 2 xy x 2 y 3 3 
4
2 xy  18
 2a  4  a  4
3x 2 y 3 
4
a8
12. 9t 2  3  3  t  t  t  
 LCD  2  3  3  t  t  t.  18t
3
4
6t  2  3  t  t 
2
8 5 8 2 5 3t
    
9t 3 6t 2 9t 3 2 6t 2 3t
16  15t

18t 3

16. 6  2  3 20. 3z  3  z 
 LCD  6  LCD  2  2  3  z , or 12 z
33  4z  2  2  z
x  2 x 1 x  2 x 1 2 4 z  9 3z  8 4 z  9 4 3z  8 3
        
6 3 6 3 2 3z 4z 3z 4 4z 3
x  2 2x  2 16 z  36 9 z  24
   
6 6 12 z 12 z
x  2   2 x  2 16 z  36   9 z  24
 
6 12 z
x  2  2x  2 16 z  36  9 z  24
 
6 12 z
x  4   x  4 7 z  12
 , or 
6 6 12 z
17. 6a 2  3  a  a  21. c 2 d  c  c  d 
 LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d
2 2
 LCD  3  3  a  a, or 9a
2
9a  3  3  a  cd  c  d  d 
2
2 a  1 5a  1 2 a  1 3 5a  1 a 2c  d c  d 2c  d d c  d c
       2   
3a 2 9a 3a 2 3 9a a c2 d cd 2 c d d cd 2 c
6 a  3 5a 2  a
  d  2c  d   c  c  d 
9a 2 9a 2 
5a 2  7 a  3 c2 d 2
 2cd  d 2  c 2  cd
9a 2 
c2d 2
18. 16a  2  2  2  2  a  c 2  3cd  d 2
 LCD  2  2  2  2  a  a, 
4a 2  2  2  a  a  c2d 2
or 16a 2
a  4 3a  4 a  4 a 3a  4 4
     22. LCD = x 2 y 2 (See Exercise 10)
16a 4a 2 16a a 4a 2 4
x  y 3x  y x  y x 3x  y y
a 2  4a 12a  16  2    2 
  xy 2 x y xy 2 x x y y
16a 2 16a 2
x  x  y   y  3x  y 
a  16a  16
2

 x2 y 2
16a 2
x 2  xy  3 xy  y 2

19. 4 x  4  x x2 y2
 LCD  4 x
xx  x 2  4 xy  y 2

x  1 2x  3 x  1 2x  3 4 x2 y2
   
4x x 4x x 4
x  1 8 x  12
 
4x 4x
x  1   8 x  12

4x
x  1  8 x  12

4x
7 x  13

4x

23. 2 x 2 y  2  x  x  y  25. The denominators cannot be factored, so the
 LCD  2  x  x  y  y, LCD is their product,  x  1 x  1 .
xy 2  x  y  y 
or 2x 2 y 2 5 5 5 x 1 5 x 1
5 x  3 y 3x  4 y 5 x  3 y y     
   x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
2 x2 y xy 2 2x2 y y 5  x  1  5  x  1
3x  4 y 2 x 
   x  1 x  1
xy 2 2x 5x  5  5x  5


5 xy  3 y 2 6 x 2  8 xy
  x  1 x  1
2x2 y2 2 x2 y 2 10 x



5 xy  3 y 2  6 x 2  8 xy   x  1 x  1
2x2 y2
5 xy  3 y 2  6 x 2  8 xy 26. The denominators cannot be factored, so the
 LCD is their product,  x  2 x  2 .
2 x2 y 2
3 3 3 x2 3 x2
3 y 2  3xy  6 x 2     
 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
2x2 y2
3  x  2  3  x  2
(Although 3 y 2  3 xy  6 x 2 can be factored, 
doing so will not enable us to simplify the
 x  2 x  2
result further.) 3x  6  3x  6

 x  2 x  2
24. 3xt 2  3  x  t  t  6x
 LCD  3  x  x  t  t , or 3x t 
2 2
x 2 t  x  x  t   x  2 x  2
4 x  2t 5 x  3t 4 x  2t x
   27. The denominators cannot be factored, so the
3 xt 2 x 2t 3 xt 2 x
5 x  3t 3t LCD is their product,  z  1 z  1 .
  4 2 4 z 1 2 z 1
x 2 t 3t     
4 x 2  2tx 15 xt  9t 2 z 1 z 1 z 1 z 1 z 1 z 1
  4z  4 2z  2
3x 2t 2 3x 2t 2  

4 x  2tx  15 xt  9t 2
2
  z  1 z  1  z  1 z  1
 4 z  4   2 z  2
3x 2t 2 
4 x  2tx  15 xt  9t 2
2  z  1 z  1

3x 2t 2 4z  4  2z  2

4 x  13 xt  9t 2
2
 z  1 z  1

3x 2 t 2 2z  6

(Although 4 x  13xt  9t can be factored,
2 2
 z  1 z  1
doing so will not enable us to simplify the (Although 2 z  6 can be factored, doing so
result further.) will not enable us to simplify the result
further.)

5 3 8 3 8 2
28.  LCD   x  5 x  5   
x5 x5 3t  t  5 2  t  5 3t  t  5 2
5 x5 3 x5 3 3t
     
x5 x5 x5 x5 2  t  5 3t
5 x  25 3 x  15
  16 9t
    5 x  5
x  5 x  5 x   
6t  t  5 6t  t  5
5 x  25   3 x  15
 16  9t
 x  5 x  5 
6t  t  5
5 x  25  3 x  15

 x  5 x  5 3 5 3 5
32.   
2 x  40 2t  2t 2t  2 2t  t  1 2  t  1
2

 5 x  5
x  LCD  2t  t  1
(Although 2 x  40 can be factored, doing so 3 5 t
will not enable us to simplify the result   
2t  t  1 2  t  1 t
further.)
3  5t

29. x  5  x  5 2t  t  1
 LCD  4 x  x  5
4x  4  x 
2 3 2 4x 3 x  5 4x x 4x x
     33.   
x  5 4x x  5 4x 4x x  5 x 2  25 x  5  x  5 x  5 x  5
2  4 x  3  x  5 LCD   x  5 x  5

4 x  x  5 4 x  x  x  5


8 x  3 x  15  x  5 x  5
4 x  x  5 4x  x2  5x


11x  15  x  5 x  5
4 x  x  5 x2  x

 x  5 x  5
30. 3x  3  x 
 LCD  3 x  x  1 (Although x 2  x can be factored, doing so
x  1  x  1 will not enable us to simplify the result
3 2 3 3x 2 x  1 further.)
    
x  1 3x x  1 3x 3x x  1
9 x  2  x  1 34.
2x

x

2x

x
 x  16 x  4  x  4 x  4 x  4
2
3 x  x  1
9x  2x  2 LCD   x  4 x  4

3 x  x  1 
2x

x x4

11x  2  x  4 x  4 x4 x4

3 x  x  1 2 x  x  x  4

 x  4 x  4
31. 3t 2  15t  3t  t  5 2 x  x2  4 x
 LCD  6t  t  5 
2t  10  2  t  5   x  4 x  4
x2  6x

 x  4 x  4

(Although x 2  6 x can be factored, doing so 3 2
LCD   x  1
2
38. 
will not enable us to simplify the result x  1  x  1 2
further.)
3 x 1 2
  
t 5 t 5 x  1 x  1  x  1 2
35.   
t  3 4t  12 t  3 4  t  3 3  x  1  2

LCD  4  t  3  x  1 2
t 4 5 3x  3  2
   
t  3 4 4  t  3  x  1 2
4t  5 3x  1
 
4  t  3  x  1 2
6 2 6 2
36.    39. t3 3  2 3  t3 3  2

t 3

2
z  4 3 z  12 z  4 3  z  4 t 1 1 t t 1 (t 3  1) t 3  1 t 3  1
LCD  3  z  4 
t 3 2

t 1
6 3 2 t3 1 (t  1) (t 2  t  1)
  
z  4 3 3  z  4 
1
t2  t 1
18 2
 
3  z  4 3  z  4 (6m  1)
40. 1  6m3  5
 
5
16 1 m m3  1 ( m3  1) m3  1

3  z  4 6m  1
 3 
5

6m  1  5
m  1 m3  1 m3  1
2 4 6m  6 6 (m  1)
37.  LCD   x  3
2  3 
m  1 (m  1) ( m 2  m  1)
x  3  x  3 2
6
2 x3 4 
   (m 2  m  1)
x  3 x  3  x  3 2
2  x  3  4 3a 9a 3a 9a
 41.   
 x  3 2
4a  20 6a  30 2  2  a  5 2  3  a  5
2x  6  4 LCD  2  2  3  a  5

 x  3 2 
3a

3
2 x  10 2  2  a  5 3

 x  3 2 
9a

2
(Although 2 x  10 can be factored, doing so 2  3  a  5 2
will not enable us to simplify the result 9a  18a

further.) 2  2  3  a  5
27a

2  2  3  a  5
3 9 a

2  2  3  a  5
9a

4  a  5

4a 3a 4a 3a 6 4
42.    45. 
5a  10 10a  20 5  a  2 2  5  a  2 a 2  a  2 a 2  4a  3
LCD  2  5  a  2 
6

4
4a 2  a  2  a  1  a  3 a  1
 
5  a  2 2 LCD   a  2  a  1 a  3
3a 6 a3
  
2  5  a  2  a  2  a  1 a3
4 a2
8a  3a  
  a  3 a  1 a  2
10  a  2
6  a  3  4  a  2 
11a 
  a  2  a  1 a  3
10  a  2 6a  18  4a  8

  2  a  1 a  3
a
x x x x 1 10a  10
43.     
x  5 5  x x  5 5  x 1  a  2  a  1 a  3
x x
  10 (a  1) 10
x5 x5  
 a  2   a  1  a  3  a  2  a  3
0
x4 x x 1
44.  LCD  x  x  4 46. 
x x4 x2  2 x  1 x2  5x  4
x4 x4 x x x 1
     
x x4 x4 x  x  1 x  1  x  1 x  4

 x  4 2  x 2 LCD   x  1  x  4
2
x  x  4 x x4
 
x  8 x  16  x
2 2
 x  1 x  1 x4

x  x  4 1 x 1
 
2 x  8 x  16
2  x  1 x  4 x 1

x  x  4 x  x  4  1  x  1

(Although 2 x 2  8 x  16 can be factored,  x  1 2  x  4
doing so will not enable us to simplify the x2  4 x  x  1
result further.) 
 x  1 2  x  4
x2  5x  1

 x  1 2  x  4

x 4 x2  x   2 x  6
47.  
x  9 x  20 x 2  7 x  12  x  3 x  2  x  1
2
x 4
  x2  x  2 x  6
 x  4 x  5  x  3 x  4 
 x  3 x  2  x  1
LCD   x  3 x  4 x  5
x2  x  6
x x3 
   x  3 x  2  x  1
 x  4   x  3
x  5
x5
 x  3 x  2 
4 

 x  3 x  4

x5
 x  3 x  2  x  1
x  x  3  4  x  5  x  3  x  2 
 
 x  3 x  4 x  5  x  3  x  2   x  1
x 2  3 x  4 x  20 x3
 
 x  3 x  4 x  5  x  3 x  1
x 2  x  20

 x  3 x  4 x  5 49.
3z

10
z2  4z  4 z2  z  6

 x  4   x  5 3z 10
 
 x  3  x  4   x  5  z  2  z  3 z  2
2
x5 LCD   z  2  z  3
2

 3 x  5
x  3z z3 10 z2
   
 z  2 2
z  3  z  3 z  2 z  2
x 2
48.  2 3z 2  9 z 10 z  20
x  5 x  6 x  3x  2
2
 

x

2  z  2  z  3  z  2 2  z  3
2
 x  3 x  2   x  2  x  1 3 z 2  9 z  10 z  20

LCD   x  3 x  2  x  1  z  2 2  z  3
x x 1 3z 2  19 z  20
  
 x  3 x  2  x 1  z  2 2  z  3
2 x3
 
 x  2  x  1 x3
x2  x

 x  3 x  2  x  1
2x  6

 x  3  x  2  x  1

3 2 x2  6x  x  8
50.  
x  9 x2  x  6
2
 x  7 x  8 x  6
3 2
  x2  5x  8
 x  3 x  3  x  3 x  2 
 x  7 x  8 x  6
LCD   x  3 x  3 x  2
3 x2 4 x x  3 4 x x  3 4 x  ( x  3)
  53.    
   x  2
x  3 x  3 5 5 5 5 5
2 x3 4 x  x  3 3x  3
   
 x  3 x  2 x3 5 5
3x  6
 x 3x  5 x 3x  5
  x  3 x  2
x  3 54.   
4 4 4 4
2x  6 x  3x  5
 
 x  3 x  3 x  2 4
3x  6  2 x  6 4x  5
 
 3 x  3 x  2
x  4
5 x  12
 y2 9 y2 9
 x  3 x  3 x  2 55.   
y 3 3 y y 3 y 3
5 0 y2  9
51. 2  
x  17 x  16 x 2  9 x  8 y 3
Note that x2  09 x  8  0, so the difference is
t2 4 t2 4 t2  4
5 56.    
. t 2 2t t 2 t 2 t 2
x  17 x  16
2
t  2  t  2 
 t2
x 1 t2
52. 2 
x  15 x  56 x 2  13 x  42
c5 5c c5 5c
x 1 57.   
  c 2  64 64  c 2 c 2  64 c 2  64
 x  7  x  8  x  6 x  7 c55c 0
  2 0
LCD   x  7  x  8 x  6 c 2  64 c  64
x x6
  b4 b4 b4 b4
 x  7 x  8 x6 58.   
b 2  49 49  b 2 b 2  49 b 2  49
1 x8 b  4  (b  4) b  4  b  4
   
 x  6 x  7 x8 b 2  49 b 2  49
0
x2  6x  2 0
 b  49
 x  7 x  8 x  6
x8

 x  7  x  8 x  6
x 2  6 x   x  8

 x  7 x  8 x  6

y2 3 y y2 3 y 61. x

3

x

3
59.   
y  7 49  y 2 y  7  7  y  7  y  x  4 16  x 2 x  4 x 2  16
x x4 3
y2 3 y 1   
   x  4 x  4 ( x  4)( x  4)
y  7  7  y  7  y  1 x( x  4)  3 x2  4x  3
 
y2 y 3 ( x  4)( x  4) ( x  4)( x  4)
 
y  7  y  7  y  7  
( x  1)( x  3)
( x  4)( x  4)
LCD   y  7  y  7 
y2 y7
  62. x

2

x

2
y7 y7 3  x x2  9 3  x 9  x2
y 3 
x 3 x
 
2

 y  7  y  7  3  x 3  x (3  x)(3  x)
x(3  x)  2 x 2  3x  2
y 2  9 y  14  y  3  
 (3  x)(3  x) (3  x)(3  x)
 y  7  y  7  ( x  1)( x  2)

y 2  10 y  11 (3  x)(3  x)

 y  7  y  7 
3x  2 x 3x  2 x
63.   
4 p p 1 4 p p 1 3x  6 4  x 2
3  x  2  2  x  2  x 
60.   
25  p 2 p  5  5  p  5  p  p  5 LCD  3  x  2 2  x 
4 p 1 3x  2 2  x
   
(5  p)(5  p) 1 3  x  2 2  x
p 1 x 3
  
p5  2  x  2  x  3
p4


 3x  2 2  x   x  3
( p  5)( p  5)
3  x  2 2  x 
p 1
 3 x 2  4 x  4  3 x
p5 
3  x  2 2  x 
LCD  ( p  5)( p  5)
p4 3 x 2  7 x  4
  , or
( p  5)( p  5) 3  x  2 2  x 
p 1 p  5 3x 2  7 x  4
 
p5 p5 3  x  2 x  2
p  4  p2  6 p  5

( p  5)( p  5)
p2  7 p  1

( p  5)( p  5)

a 2a a 2 a 4x 6 4x 6
64.    66.   
a 2  1 a  a 2 a 2  1 a 1  a  x 2  y 2 y  x  x  y  x  y  y  x
a 2 4x
  
 a  1 a  1 1 a  x  y  x  y 
a 2 1 6 1
    
 a  1 a  1 1  a 1 y  x 1
a 2 4x
  
 a  1 a  1 a 1  x  y  x  y 
LCD   a  1 a  1 
6
a 2 a  1 x y
   LCD   x  y  ( x  y )
 a  1 a  1 a 1 a 1
a  2a  2 4x
 
 a  1 a  1  x  y  x  y 
a  2 6 x  y
 , or  
 a  1 a  1 x y x y
a2 4 x   6 x  y 
 
1  a 1  a   x  y  x  y 
4x  6x  6 y

65.
4a 2

a2

4a 2

a2  x  y  x  y 
a 2  9 3  a  a  3 a  3 3  a 10 x  6 y

4a 2
a  2 1  x  y  x  y 
  
 a  3 a  3 3  a 1 (Although 10 x  6 y can be factored, doing
4a 2
2a so will not enable us to simplify the result
  further.)
 a  3 a  3 a  3
LCD  (a  3)(a  3) x3 x3 x6
67.  
4a 2
2a a3 2 x x2 4  x2
  
   a  3 a  3
a  3 a  3 
x3

x3

x6
2x x  2  2  x  2  x 


4  a 2  2a  6  a 2  3a  LCD   2  x  2  x 
 a  3 a  3
x3 2 x x3 2 x
4  a 2  2a  6  a 2  3a    
 2 x 2 x x2 2 x
 a  3 a  3 x6


a2  2  x  2  x 
 a  3 a  3  x  3 2  x    x  3 2  x    x  6

 2  x  2  x 


x2  x  6   x2  x  6  x  6 
 2  x  2  x 
x2  x  6  x2  x  6  x  6

 2  x  2  x 

2x2  x  6 2x  5 x  7 5 x  17
 70.  
 2  x  2  x  x  1 x  5  x  1 x  5
LCD   x  1 x  5
 2 x  3  x  2 
  2 x  5 x  5   x  7 x  1   5 x  17 
 2  x   2  x 
 x  1 x  5
2x  3 2 x 2  15 x  25  x 2  8 x  7  5 x  17
 
2 x  x  1 x  5
3x 2  18 x  15
t 5 t  4 t 2 
68.    x  1 x  5
1 t t 1 t2 1
t  5 1 t  4 t2 
  x  5 
3 x 1
   
1  t 1 t  1  t  1 t  1
 x 1 x  5 
3
5t t  4 t2
  
t  1 t  1  t  1 t  1 1 1 2x
71.  
LCD   t  1 t  1 x  y x  y x2  y2
 5  t  t  1   t  4 t  1  t  2 LCD   x  y  x  y 

 t  1 t  1 
1 x y
 
1 x y

t  4t  5  t  3t  4  t  2
2 2 x y x y x y x y

 t  1 t  1 
2x
2t 2  2t  11  x  y  x  y 

 t  1 t  1 
 x  y   x  y  2x
 x  y  x  y 
x5 x7 7 x  19 0
69.  
x  3 x  2  x  3 x  2
LCD is  x  3 x  2 2r 1 1
72.  
x5 x2 x7 x3 7 x  19 r 2  s2 r  s r  s
     2r 1 1
x  3 x  2 x  2 x  3  x  3 x  2   
 r  s  r  s  r  s r  s
 x  5 x  2   x  7 x  3   7 x  19
 LCD   r  s  r  s 
 x  3 x  2
x 2  7 x  10  x 2  10 x  21  7 x  19
2r 1 rs
  

 x  3 x  2  r  s  r  s  r  s r  s
2 x 2  10 x  12 1 rs
  
 x  3 x  2 rs rs
2r   r  s    r  s 


2 x3  x  2  
 r  s  r  s 
 x  3  x  2  2r  2 s
2 
 r  s  r  s 


2 rs 
 r  s  r  s 
2

rs

x 18 2(3 x  7)( x  2)
73. f  x  2   
x  3 x2  9 ( x  2)( x  2)
2
 
x

18
1 x  3  x  3 x  3 

2  3x  7 x  2 
Note: x  3 and x  3
 x  2   x  2
LCD   x  3 x  3 2  3x  7

x2
2  x  3 x  3 x x3
    2  3x  7
1  x  3 x  3 x  3 x  3 f  x  , x  2
x2
18

 x  3 x  3 3x  1 x4
75. f  x   2
2  x  3 x  3  x  x  3  18 x  2 x  3 x  16
2
 3x  1 x4
 x  3 x  3  
2 x  18  x 2  3 x  18
2  x  3 x  1  x  4 x  4
 Note: x  3,1, 4, 4
 x  3 x  3
3x 2  3 x  36 
3x  1

x  4 1  

 x  3 x  3 
 x  3 x  1 x  4  x  4 


3  x  4 x  3  LCD   x  3 x  1 x  4
 x  3   x  3 
3x  1

x4
3  x  4
   x  4
x  3 x  1

x3 1  x  3 x  1
 
3  x  4 x  4  x  3 x  1
f  x  , x  3
x3

 3x  1 x  4
 x  3 x  1 x  4
x 8
74. f  x  5   2

 x  3 x  1
x2 x 4
5 x 8
 x  3 x  1 x  4
   3x 2  13 x  4
1 x  2  x  2 x  2 
Note: x  2  x  3 x  1 x  4
LCD   x  2 x  2 x2  2x  3

5  x  2 x  2 x x2
 x  3 x  1 x  4
   
1  x  2 x  2 x  2 x  2


3 x 2  13 x  4  x 2  2 x  3 
8  x  3 x  1 x  4

 x  2 x  2 
3 x 2  13 x  4  x 2  2 x  3
5  x  2 x  2  x  x  2  8  x  3 x  1 x  4

 x  2 x  2 
2 x 2  15 x  7
5 x 2  20  x 2  2 x  8  x  3 x  1 x  4

 x  2 x  2 f  x 
2 x 2  15 x  7
, x  4,
6 x 2  2 x  28  x  3 x  1 x  4

 x  2 x  2  3, 1, 4

3x  2 x3 f  x 
2 4 2
76. f  x   2 78.  
x  2 x  24 x  9
2 2
x  5x  6 2
x  2x  3 2
x  4x  3
3x  2 x3 
2

4

2
   x  3 x  2 ( x  3)( x  1) ( x  3)( x  1)
 x  6 x  4  x  3 x  3
Note: x  3, 2,  1,  3
Note: x  6, 4,  3, 3
LCD is  x  3 x  2 x  1 x  3 .

3x  2

 x  3  1 
2

 x  1 x  3
 x  6 x  4  x  3  x  3   x  3 x  2  x  1 x  3
4  x  2 x  3
LCD   x  6 x  4 x  3  
 x  3 x  1  x  2 x  3
3x  2 x3  x  3 x  2
  2
 x  6 x  4 x  3  
 x  3 x  1  x  3 x  2
1  x  6 x  4 
2  x  1 x  3  4  x  2 x  3  2  x  3 x  2
   x  3 x  2 x  1 x  3
x  3  x  6 x  4
2 x 2  8 x  6  4 x 2  4 x  24  2 x 2  10 x  12
3x 2  7 x  6 
  x  3 x  2 x  1 x  3
 x  6 x  4 x  3 6 x  42

x 2  2 x  24  x  3 x  2 x  1 x  3

 x  6 x  4 x  3 f  x 
6 x  42
, x  3,  1, 2, 3
 x  3 x  2 x  1 x  3

2

3x  7 x  6  x  2 x  24 2

 x  6 x  4 x  3 79. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Using the
3x 2  7 x  6  x 2  2 x  24 least common denominator keeps the

 x  6 x  4 x  3 coefficients and powers as small as possible.
This, in turn, makes reducing the result
2 x 2  5 x  18
 (when possible) easier. Note that any time a
 x  6 x  4 x  3 common denominator other than the LCD is
2 x 2  5 x  18 used, the result will always need to be
f  x  , x  6, 3, 3, 4 factored and reduced.
 x  6 x  4 x  3
80. Thinking and Writing Exercise. 1) Begin by
1 2
77. f  x   2  2 factoring any denominators that can be
x  5 x  6 x  3x  2 factored. 2) Then determine the LCD and
1 write every fraction in the expression as an
 2 equivalent fraction with the LCD as its
x  5x  6
1 1 denominator. 3) Then combine the
Observe that 2   0. numerators and collect like terms. Leave the
x  5x  6 x2  5x  6 LCD in factored form to see if the solution
Thus the remaining expression can be reduced. 4) Then, if possible, factor
2 2 the numerator and cancel any common
 2 , or 2 is the answer.
x  3x  2 x  3x  2 factors within the numerator and
We must remember to exclude values that denominator. However, note that the original
make the expression x 2  5 x  6 equal 0 expression is undefined for any value of x
(and also x 2  3 x  2 ). that makes any of the original denominators
0, regardless of the form of the denominator
x2  5x  6  0 x 2  3x  2  0 of the reduced answer.
 x  3 x  2  0  x  2 x  1  0
x  3, or x  2 x  2 or x  1 81.  3  11   3  4   3  4   3
8 4 8 11 4  2 11 22
2
f  x  , x  3,  2,  1
x 2  3x  2
82.  7    3   7  4  7  4  7
12  4  12 3 4  3 9

3  3   2 
89. P  2  2
83. 4  3  6  3  2 3  9  x  4   x  5 
5 4 5 2 2 5 10
6 6 4
 
x4 x5
8 LCD   x  4 x  5
84. 15  8  10  8      16
9 15 9 5  9 27 6 x5 4 x4
   
10 x 4 x5 x5 x 4
6 x  30  4 x  16

85. 2 x  6  3x  9  2 x  6 
x 1  x  4 x  5
x 1 x 1 x  1 3x  9
10 x  14 10 x  14
2 ( x  3)  , or

2
 for x  1, 3  x  4 x  5 x 2  x  20
3 ( x  3) 3
 3  2 
A
 x  4   x  5 
x2  9 x2  6 x  9 x2  9 x2  4 x  4
86.    6 6
x2  4 x2  4x  4 x2  4 x2  6x  9  , or
( x  3) ( x  3) ( x  2) ( x  2)  x  4 x  5 x 2  x  20
 
( x  2) ( x  2) ( x  3) ( x  3)
( x  3)( x  2) 90. P  2l  2 w
 for x  2
( x  2)( x  3)  x   x 
 2   2
 x  4  x  5 
87. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Their sum is 2x 2x
zero. Another explanation is that  
x4 x5
 1  1 1 LCD   x  4 x  5
   .
 3  x    3  x  x  3
2x x  5 2x x  4
   
x4 x5 x5 x4
88. Thinking and Writing Exercise. No; when
adding, no sign changes are required so the 2 x 2  10 x  2 x 2  8 x

result is the same regardless of parentheses.  x  4 x  5
When subtracting, however, the sign of each
4 x 2  18 x
term of the expression being subtracted must 
be changed and parentheses are needed to  x  4 x  5
make sure this is done. A  lw
 x  x 

 x  4   x  5 
x2

 x  4 x  5

91.
2 x  11 3
 
2x  1 3
 
  
x 2 x 2  4 x  4  9 x 2  14 x  49 
x 3 x 4 4 x 3 x
 x  7   x  2
2 2
6 x  33 6x  3
  x  4 x  4 x 2  9 x 2  126 x  441
4 3
 x  3 x  4  4  x  3  x  
6 x  33 6x  3 1  x  7  2  x  2 2
  
 x  3 x  4  4  x  3  x  1 
x 4  4 x3  5 x 2  126 x  441
6 x  33 6 x  3  x  7  2  x  2 2
 
 x  3 x  4  x  4 x  3 2
6 x  33  6 x  3 1 xy  ay  1 
 94.  2
 x  3 x  4 ay  3a  2 xy  6 x a  4 x 2  y  3 
30 1
 
 x  3 x  4 ay  3a  2 xy  6 x
xy  ay
 2
92.
x2

2x

1 
a  4 x 2  y  3
2

3x  5 x  2 3x  1 x  2
2
1


x2

2x a  y  3  2 x  y  3
 3 x  1 x  2   3 x  1 x  2 xy  ay

x2  2 x  a  2 x  a  2 x  y  3 2

 3x  1 x  2 1

x  x  2  y  3 a  2 x 

 3x  1 x  2 xy  ay

x x2  a  2 x  a  2 x  y  3 2
 
3x  1 x  2
LCD   y  3  a  2 x  a  2 x 
2
x
  y  3 a  2 x 
3x  1 1
 
 y  3 a  2 x   y  3 a  2 x 
 x 3  x 3  xy  ay
93.   
 x  7 x  2   x  7 x  2  
 y  3  a  2 x  a  2 x 
2
x2 9
  ay  2 xy  3a  6 x  xy  ay
 x  7  2  x  2 2 
 y  3 2  a  2 x  a  2 x 
LCD   x  7   x  2
2 2
3 xy  3a  6 x
 , or
x2  x  2 2  y  3 2  a  2 x  a  2 x 
 
 x  7  2  x  2 2 3  xy  a  2 x 

9  x  7
2
 y  3 2  a  2 x  a  2 x 
 
 x  2 2  x  7  2
x 2  x  2  9  x  7 
2 2

 x  7  2  x  2 2

2 x2  5x  3 x  1 4 x2  8x  3 x  3  a b  1 2a  6b 
95.    96.   
2 x2  9x  9 3  2 x x3 9  4 x2  a  b a  b   3a  b 9a 2  b 2 
2 x2  5x  3 x 1 a a  2a  6b 
   
 2 x  3   2 x
x  3 3 
 a  b  3a  b  a  b 9a 2  b 2 
b  2a  6b 
4 x 2
 8 x  3  x  3 
b

  a  b 3a  b   a  b   9a 2  b 2 
 x  33  2 x 3  2 x 
a
2 x 2  5 x  3 1 x  1 
    a  b  3a  b
2 x  3 x  3 1 3  2 x 2a 2  6ab

4 x  20 x  27 x  9  a  b 3a  b  3a  b
3 2

 x  33  2 x 3  2 x  b

2 x  5 x  3
2
x 1  a  b 3a  b 
 
 3  2 x    2 x
x  3 3 
2ab  6b 2
4 x 3  20 x 2  27 x  9
 a  b 3a  b  3a  b
 LCD  a  b a  b 3a  b 3a  b 
 x  3 3  2 x  3  2 x 
 [a (a  b)(3a  b)  (2a 2  6ab)(a  b)
LCD   x  3 3  2 x  3  2 x 
 b(a  b)(3a  b)  (2ab  6b 2 )(a  b)] /
2 x  5 x  3 3  2 x
2
[( a  b)( a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)]
 
 3  2 x  x  3 3  2 x  (3a 3  2a 2b  ab 2  2a 3  8a 2b  6ab 2
x  1  x  3 3  2 x   b3  4ab 2  3a 2b  4ab 2  6b3  2a 2b) /
 
3  2 x  x  3 3  2 x  [( a  b)( a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)]
4 x 3  20 x 2  27 x  9 5a 3  15a 2b  5ab 2  5b3
 
 x  3 3  2 x  3  2 x  ( a  b)( a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
5( a  b) (a 2  2ab  b 2 )
 [( 4 x 3  16 x 2  9 x  9  2 x3  x 2 
( a  b)( a  b) (3a  b)(3a  b)
 12 x  9  4 x 3  20 x 2  27 x  9)] /
5(a 2  2ab  b 2 )
[( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)] 
( a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
2 x3  3x 2  6 x  9

 x  3 3  2 x  3  2 x  97. 5  x  3  4  x  3  2  x  3
1 1 2
x  2 x  3  3  2 x  3
2
5 4 2
   
 x  3 3  2 x  3  2 x  x  3 x  3  x  3 2

 2 x  3   x  3 2
 LCD is  x  3 x  3 2 .
 
 x  3  3  2 x   3  2 x 
5  x  3  4  x  3 x  3  2  x  3
2
x 3 2
x  3
2 
 , or  x  3 x  3 2
 x  3 3  2 x   x  3 2 x  3
5 x 2  30 x  45  4 x 2  36  2 x  6

 x  3 x  3 2
9 x 2  28 x  15

 x  3 x  3 2

98. 4  y  1 2 y  5  5  2 y  3 5  2 y 
1 1
x3 x2
102. ( f  g )( x)  
  y  4 2 y  5
1 x2  4 x 2  3x  10
3
x x2
4  y  1 1 5  2 y  3 y  4  
  
2 y  5 1 5  2 y

2y  5
 x  2 x  2  x  5 x  2
x 3  x  5  x 2  x  2 
4  y  1 5  2 y  3 y  4 

2y  5

2y  5

2y  5  x  2 x  2 x  5
4 y  4  10 y  15  y  4 x 4  5 x3  x3  2 x 2
 
2y  5  x  2 x  2 x  5
5 y  23 5 y  23 x 4  4 x3  2 x 2
 , or 
2y  5 5  2y  x  2 x  2 x  5
a 3b x3 x2
99. Answers may vary. 
a b ba
103.  f  g  x    2
x  4 x  3x  10
2
x5
100. From the graph we see that the domain 
consists of all real numbers except –2 and 1, x 2

 4 x 2  3x  10 
so the domain is
 x | x is a real number and x  2 and x  1 . 104. f / g  x  
x3
 2
x2
We also see that the range consists of all real x  4 x  3x  10
2
numbers except 2 and 3, so the range is


x2  x

 x  5 x  2
 y | y is a real number and y  2 and y  3 .  x  2 x  2 x2
x 2  x  2  x  x  5
x3 x2  
101.  f  g  x   2  2 x 2  x  2  x  2
x  4 x  3x  10
x  x  5
x3 x2 
  x2
 x  2 x  2  x  5 x  2 (Note that x  0, x  5, and x  2 are
x 3  x  5  x 2  x  2  additional restrictions, since g (0)  0,  5 is

 x  2 x  2 x  5 not in the domain of g, and 2 is not in the
x 4  5 x3  x3  2 x 2 domain of either f or g.)

 x  2 x  2 x  5
105. The denominator of f  g is 0 when
x 4  6 x3  2 x 2 x  2, x  2, or x  5. Thus the domain of

 x  2 x  2 x  5 f  g is {x | x is a real number and
x  2 and x  2 and x  5 }, or
 ,  5   5,  2   2, 2   2,   .
106. x  2  0 when x  2, so  2 is not in the
domain of f / g . We also see, that 0, –5, and
2 are not in the domain. Thus, the domain of
f / g is {x | x is a real number and
x  2 and x  0 and x  5 and x  2}, or
 ,  5   5,  2   2, 0
  0, 2   2,   .

Mid-Chapter Review 605
107. Mid-Chapter Review
Guided Solutions:
a2 a 2  5a a2 a 2  100
1.  2  
From the graph (shown in the standard a  10 a  100 a  10 a 2  5a
window) we see that the domain of the
function consists of all real numbers except a  a   a  10   a  10

–1, so the domain of f is {x | x is a real (a  10)  a  a  5
number and x  1}, or  ,  1   1,   . a(a  10) a  a  10 
We also see that the range consists of all real  
a(a  10) a5
numbers except 3, so the range of f is {y | y is
a real number and a  a  10 

y  3}, or  , 3   3,   . a5
108. 2 1 2 1
2.  2  
x x  x x x ( x  1)
2 ( x  1) 1
  
x ( x  1) x( x  1)
From the graph (shown in the window 2x  2 1
|  10, 10,  2, 15 |) we see that the domain of  
x( x  1) x( x  1)
the function consists of all real numbers
except –1, so the domain of g is {x|x is a real 2x  3

number and x  1}, or  ,  1   1,   . x( x  1)
We also see that the range consists of all real
numbers greater than 5, so the range of g is Mixed Review:
 y | y  5 , or  5,   . 3 2 3 x 2 5
1.     
5x x2 5x x x2 5
109. 3x 10 3 x  10
 2 2 
5x 5x 5x2
3 2 3 2 6
2.   
5 x x 2 5 x  x 2 5 x3
From the graph (shown in the window

3 2 3 x2 3 x  x 3x
|  3, 3,  2, 20 |, Yscl  2), we see that the 3.  2      for x  0
5x x 5x 2 5  x 2 10
domain consists of all real numbers except 0
and 1, so the domain of r is {x | x is a real 3 2 3 x 2 5
number and x  0 and x  1}, or  , 0  4.     
5x x2 5x x x2 5
 0, 1  1,   . We also see that the range 3 x 10 3 x  10
 2 2 
5x 5x 5x2
consists of all real numbers greater than 0, so
the range of r is  y | y  0 , or  0,   .
2x  6 x  2 2  ( x  3) x2
5.   
5 x  10 6 x  12 5  ( x  2) 2  3  ( x  2)
x3
 for x  2
15( x  2)

3 2
14. = x 2  16 
2 3 6 2
x2
6.   
x  3 x  4 ( x  3)( x  4) ( x  3)( x  4) x  x x  5x  42
( x  4) ( x  4) x x
= 
2 6 2 x5 1 x ( x  1) ( x  4) ( x  1)
7.     for x  5
x  5 x  5 x  5 2 3 3 x( x  4)
 for x  0, 4
( x  1) 2
x 1 x x 1 1 x2
8.     
x  2 x 1 x  2 x 1 x 1 x  2 x 1 3
x( x  1)  ( x  2) x 2  x  x  2 15. = 
= = x 2  7 x  10 x 2  x  2
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  1) x 1 x 1 3 x5
=   
x2  2x  2 ( x  5)( x  2) x  1 ( x  2)( x  1) x  5
=
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  1) 2  3( x  5) x 2  2 x  1  3 x  15
 
( x  5)( x  2)( x  1) ( x  5)( x  2)( x  1)
2 3 2 x4 3 x3
9.      x 2  5 x  14 ( x  7) ( x  2)
x3 x4 x3 x4 x4 x3  
2( x  4)  3( x  3) 2 x  8  3 x  9 ( x  5)( x  2)( x  1) ( x  5) ( x  2) ( x  1)
= =
( x  3)( x  4) ( x  3)( x  4) ( x  7)
 for x  2
5 x  17 ( x  5)( x  1)
=
( x  3)( x  4)
16. = 3u  3  4u  4 = 3u  3 
2 2
3
5 10 x 5 10 x 5  10 x 4 3 4 4u  4
10.    =
2x  1 1  2x 2x  1 2x  1 2x  1 3(u 2  1) 3 3 (u  1) (u  1) 3
=  = 
5(1  2 x) 5  (2 x  1) 1 4 4(u  1) 4 4 (u  1)
= = =  5 for x 
2x  1 (2 x  1) 2 9(u  1)
 for u  1
16
3 2 3 2 5
11.    
x4 4 x x4 x4 x4
17. t  2  2t  1 = t  2  3  2t  1  2
10 15 2 5 3 35 2
( x  2)(2 x  3) ( x  2)( x  1) 3(t  2)  2(2t  1) 3t  6  4t  2
12. =  = 
( x  1)( x  5) ( x  5)( x  3) 30 30
( x  2) (2 x  3) ( x  5) ( x  3) 7t  8

=  30
( x  1) ( x  5) ( x  2) ( x  1)
(2 x  3)( x  3)
 for x  2,5, 3 t  5 (t  5) (t  4) t  5
( x  1) 2 (t 2  t  20)   
18. t4 1 (t  4)
a b  (t  5) 2 for t  4
13. 
6a  9b 4a  6b
19. a 2 2a  1  (a 2  3a  2)
2
a 2 b 3
   
3(2a  3b) 2 2(2a  3b) 3 a 4
2a 3b 2a  3b a 2  2a  1 1
     2
6(2a  3b) 6(2a  3b) 6 (2a  3b) a2  4 a  3a  2
( a  1) (a  1) 1
1  
 for 2a  3b (a  2)(a  2) (a  2) (a  1)
6
( a  1)
 for a  1
(a  2)(a  2) 2

20. 2 x  7  3 x  5  2 x  7  2  3 x  5  x 3
1
3
1
 4
1
x 2 x 2 2 x 4 4 4 4
8.   
2(2 x  7)  x(3x  5) 4 x  14  3 x 2  5 x 1 1 4 1
  1 1 4   4 
2x 2x 2 2 2
1
3x  9 x  14
2
 4 
 4
2x 
1
4   2  2 
2
Exercise Set 7.5     1  1 12  1 13
  
     4  2 6
1. a
x x x
2. b x x 4x  4x  x
4 4 4x 4
9.   
4 4 4
3. b x  x 4x 4 x   4x  x
x x x
x  x  4x  x x2  4x2
4. a  
4  4  4 x  x 16  4 x 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 5x2
  12 
 12  
16  4 x 2
5. 2 3  2 3  12  2 3
1 1 1 1 12 1 1
  12   12 
4 6 4 6 4 6 1 1 1
2 2 c  c2
1 1 c c c c
6 2   4 3  10.   
1 1 1

2 3 5  5 c c   c 5
1 1 c c c
    2  6 
4 6 1  1  c  2 1  2c
 
6  1  4  1 6  4 10 1  1  c  5 1  5c
    10
  2  3  2 1
x2
( x  2)( x  3)
2 1

2 1

2
60   60 
1 11. x  1  x  2  x  3 
5 10 5 10 60 5 10 x  4 x  1 x  4 ( x  1)( x  4)
6.   
7 4 7 4 60 7 4 x3
  60   60 
20 15 20 15 20 15
2 1 x 1
  5   6  10  ( x  1)( x  2)

5 10 12.  3  x  1  x  2 
x
7 4 x  6 x  3 x  6 ( x  3)( x  6)
 20   4  15  x2
20 15
12  2  6  1 24  6 18
   5 4 5 4 5 4
   4  4 21  16 5   ab   a b 
a b a b ab a b
13.   
2 3 2 3 ab 2 3
1 1 1   ab   a b 
1 1    4  a b a b a b
4 4 4 4
7.    b  5  a  4 5b  4a
3 3 4 3  
2 2 42  4  b    a   2b  3a
4 4 4
 1  1 1 4  1 5
   2 3 2 3 2 3
      8  3 11   rt  rt 
r t
14. r t  r t  rt 
4 5 4 5 rt 4 5
  rt   r t 
r t r t r t
t 2  r 3 2t  3r
 
t 4  r 5 4t  5r

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  5 t   5t   
5t t 5 5 1  t 1 x 1  y 1 x y x y xy
15. t 5  t 5    21. 2 2  2 2  2 2 
t  5 t  5 5t t 5 5(t  5) x y x y x  y xy
5t 
t t t xy xy xy
5t t 5 1 1 1
  = xy  x y 
5(t  5) 5 (t  5) 5 x y y 1  x 1
 
x y
2 2
1  x2  y 2 )
xy 
1 1 1 1 1 1 xy
  9n   9 n 
9 n 9 n 9n 9 n n 1  9 1
16.     yx 1
n  9 n  9 9n n9 n(n  9)  
9n   x  y)  x  y) x y
9 9 9
n9
 1 1 1 1
n(n  9)  
a 1  b 1
22. 2 2  2 2  a2 b2  ab
a b
a b a b a  b ab
a2  b2 ab ab ab
ab  a  b  b  ( a  b) (a  b)  b
2 2
17. 1 1
a b ab ab ab ab ab   a b 
a b b 1  a 1
b  
a 2  b2 1   a 2  b2 )
ab ab 
 ab
a
ba 1
 
x y
2 2  a  b )  a  b) a  b
xy x2  y 2 y ( x  y) ( x  y) y
18.    
x y xy x y xy x y 1 1
y 
23. a  h a
x y h

x 1 a 1 ah
   Combining terms
2 2 2  ah a a ah
1 1 9 x 1  9 x  h in the numerator
3 x 3 x 9x 3 x
19.   
4 4 9x 4 aah h
x x 9x  x  9x 
9x 9x 9x a a  h a a  h
2  
9 x 1  3  3x  h h
3x 9 x  1  3  
  Multiplying by
4 9x  x  1 4 h 1
9x  x  9x 
9x   the reciprocal
a  a  h h
9x  6 3 (3 x  2) of the divisor
 
9 x  4 (3 x  2) (3 x  2)
2
1  h 1


3 a  a  h  h
(3 x  2)
1

a  a  h
3x 3x 3x
x x x y   xy  x
y y xy y
20.   
y y xy y
2y  2y  xy  2 y  x y 
x x x
x  3 x  xy  x 3 x 2  x 2 y
 
xy  2 y  y  y 2 xy 2  y 2
x 2 (3  y )

y 2 (2 x  1)

1 1 Multiplying by
 x 2  x  12 x 2  5 x  14
24. x  h x   the reciprocal
h x 2  2 x  15 x 2  8 x  12
of the divisor
1 x 1 xh
   Combining terms  x  4 x  3   x  7 x  2
 xh x x xh 
h in the numerator  x  5 x  3  x  6 x  2
xxh h  x  4  x  3  x  7  x  2
x  x  h x  x  h 
   x  5  x  3  x  6  x  2
h h
Multiplying by 
 x  4 x  7

h

1
the reciprocal  x  5 x  6
x  x  h h
of the divisor
x 1
1  h 1  2
 h  1  h    x4
2
 27. x 3 x 4 x 3
x  x  h h x 3

1 1 x2  6 x  8 x2  6x  8
 , or  x 1
x  x  h x  x  h Combining terms
 x 2
 3 x  4 in the numerator
x3
a2  4 x2  6 x  8
and denominator
25. a 2  3a  2
2
x 1 x2  6 x  8
a  5a  6  2 
x  3x  4 x3
a 2  6a  7
 x  1 x  4  x  2 
Multiplying by 
 2
a2  4

a 2  6a  7
the reciprocal
 x  4  x  1 x  3
a  3a  2 a 2  5a  6
of the divisor  x  1  x  4   x  2  x  2
 

 a  2 a  2   a  1 a  7  x  4   x  1  x  3 x  3
 a  2 a  1  a  1 a  6
 a  2  a  2  a  1  a  7 x 6
 2

28. x  5 x  6 x  5 x  6
2
 a  2  a  1  a  1 a  6 x 2
 2
 a  2 a  7 x  5x  4 x  5x  4
2
 x6
 a  1 a  6 Combining terms
 x 2
 5 x  6 in the numerator
x2
x 2  x  12 and denominator
x2  5x  4
26. x 2  2 x  15
2
x6 x2  5x  4
x  8 x  12  2 
x  5x  6 x2
x 2  5 x  14
 x  6  x  4  x  1

 x  6  x  1 x  2 
 x  6   x  4   x  1 x  4
 
 x  6   x  1  x  2  x  2

1 x

3 x

3
1 y 5 y 3 10 y 5 y 3 10 y
y y y Rewriting with 33.  1
29.  3 x x 3
y  y 1 1 positive exponents  3 
y 10 y 5 y 5 y 3 10 y
y
1 a 4 a 4
y  2  2
y y Multiply by 1, 6 b 3
9b 6 b 3
9 b  18b
3
  34. 
1 y using the LCD 5 1 5 1 18b3
y  
6b 9b3 6b 9b3
y
a 4
1 18b3  3  18b3  2
y y   y  6 b 9 b
y y2  1 5
18b3   18b3  3
1
 2 6b 9b
1 y 1
y y   y a 4
y 3  6b  3  2b  9b 2  2
3
6b 9b
(Although the denominator can be factored, 
5 1
doing so does not lead to further 3b 2  b   2  9b3  3
6b 9b
simplification.)
3  a  2b   3a  8b
 2 
1 3b  5  2  15b 2  2
x
x  x 1 x Rewriting with
30.  3 4 3 4
x  x 1 1 positive exponents  3  3
x 35. ab 4
a b  ab 4
a b a b
3 4
x ab ab a 3b 4
1 3 4
x Multiplying by1, a 3b 4  4  a 3b 4  3
 xx  ab ab
1 x using the LCD a 3b 4  ab
x
x 3 4
a 2  ab 4  4  b3  a 3b  3
1 ab ab
x x   x 
x  x 1
2
a 3b 4  ab
 a    b   3a 2  4b3
2 3
1 x2  1  
x x   x a 4b 5 a 4b 5
x
(Although the numerator can be factored,
doing so does not lead to further 2 3 2 3
 
simplification.) x 2 y xy 2 x 2 y xy 2 x 2 y 2
36.   2 2
xy xy x y
x2 2 3
x2 y 2  2  x2 y 2  2
x  y2
2
x2 yx x x yx x y xy
31.  2    
x x  y2 x ( x  y) ( x  y) x x 2 y 2  xy
x y 2 3
y  x 2 y  2  x  xy 2  2
x x y xy
 
x y x3 y 3
y    x   2 y  3x
  3 3
a2 x3 y 3 x y
a a (a  2) (a  2)
32. a  2  a  a  4 
2 2

3a a  2 3a (a  2) 3a
a2  4
a (a  2)

3

a  a  3  2  a  1
1 1
x y x  y x3 y 3
37.   3 3 39.
1 1 1 1
3
 3 3
 3 x y a  a  3   a  1
1 1
x y x y
x3 y 3 ( x  y ) a 2
 
1
x3 y 3  3  x3 y 3  3
1  a  3 a 1
x y a 1

a  3 a 1
x3 y 3 ( x  y ) x3 y 3 ( x  y)
  a 2
y x
3 3
( y  x)( y 2  xy  x 2 ) 
 a  3 a  1   a  3 a  1
x3 y 3 ( x  y )
 a 1  a  3 a  1
( x  y ) ( y 2  xy  x 2 ) 
a  3 a 1
x3 y 3 Multiplying by 1, using the LCD

y 2  xy  x 2 a 2
  a  3 a  1    a  3 a  1
 a3 a 1
1 1 1 1 a 1
 
38. a b  a b a b
3 3
  a  3 a  1    a  3 a  1
1 1 1 1 3 3 a3 a 1
 3  3 ab
a 3
b a 3
b a  a  1  2  a  3

3 3 1
a b   a 3b3 
1 a  a  1   a  3
 a b
1 1 a 2  a  2a  6 a 2  3a  6
a 3b3  3  a 3b3  3  
a b a 2  a  a  3 a 2  2a  3
1 1 (Although the denominator can be factored,
a 2b3  a   a 3b 2  b 
a b doing so does not lead to further

1 1 simplification.)
a 3 b3  3  a 3 b3  3
a b
a  a  2  3  a  3
1 1
a 2b3  1  a 3b 2  a 2b3  a 3b 2
  40.
b3  1  a3  1 b3  a 3
a  a  2   a  3
1 1
a 2b 2 (b  a )
 a 3
(b  a) (b 2  ab  a 2 ) 
 a  2 a 3
a 2b 2 a 1

b  ab  a 2
2 
a 2 a 3
a 3

 a  2 a  3   a  2 a  3
a 1  a  2 a  3

a 2 a 3
Multiplying by 1, using the LCD
a  a  3  3  a  2

a  a  3   a  2
a 2  3a  3a  6

a 2  3a  a  2
a 2  6a  6
 2
a  4a  2

2 1 y2 y y2 y
  
41. a  1 a  1   
2
y  25 y  5
2
y  5 y  5 y  5
3 2 43. 
 y 1 y 1
a2  1 a  1  
y 2  25 y  5  y  5  y  5  y  5
2 1

( a  1)( a  1) a  1 y2 y
 
3

2

 y  5 y  5 y  5  y  5 y  5

(a  1)( a  1) a  1 y 1  y  5 y  5

2

1
( a  1)(a  1) a  1 ( a  1)( a  1)
 y  5 y  5 y  5
  Multiplying by 1, using the LCD
3 2 (a  1)(a  1)

(a  1)( a  1) a  1 y2 y
  y  5 y  5    y  5 y  5
Multiplying by 1, using the LCD

 y  5  y  5  y  5
2 1 y 1
(a  1)(a  1)  ( a  1)( a  1)
( a  1)(a  1) a 1   y  5 y  5    y  5 y  5

3 2
 y  5 y  5 y5
(a  1)( a  1)  ( a  1)( a  1)
(a  1)( a  1) a 1 y 2  y  y  5 y 2  y 2  5 y 5 y 1 5 y
     y

2  a 1

a 1

a 1 y   y  5 y y5 5 5
3  2(a  1) 3  2a  2 2a  5
y2 y
3 2 32 
  y 9 y3
2
42. a  9 a  3 
2  a  3 a  3 a  3 44.
y 1
4 1 4 1 
  y 9 y 3
2
a  9 a  3  a  3 a  3 a  3
2
y2 y
3 2 
  y  3 y  3 y  3

 a  3 a  3 a  3  a  3 a  3


y 1
4 1  a  3 a  3 
  y  3 y  3 y  3
 a  3 a  3 a  3
y2 y
Multiplying by 1, using the LCD 

 y  3 y  3 y  3   y  3 y  3
3 2
  a  3 a  3    a  3 a  3 y 1  y  3 y  3

  
a  3 a  3 a 3 
 y  3 y  3 y  3
4 1
  a  3 a  3    a  3 a  3 Multiplying by 1, using the LCD
 a  3 a  3 a3
y2 y
3  2  a  3 3  2a  6 2a  3   y  3 y  3    y  3 y  3
  

 y  3 y  3 y3
4 a 3 a 1 a 1
y 1
  y  3 y  3    y  3 y  3
 y  3 y  3 y 3
y 2  y  y  3 y 2  y 2  3 y 3 y 3y
     y
y   y  3 y  y 3 3 1 3

3 3 1 2
 2  2
45. a  4a  3 a  5a  6 46. a  7a  10 a  7 a  12
2 2
3 3 2 1
 
a 2  3a  2 a 2  3a  10 a 2  a  6 a 2  a  20
3 3 1 2
 

 a  1 a  3  a  2 a  3  a  2 a  5  a  3 a  4

3 3 2 1
 
 
a  1 a  2    a  2
a  5  a  2   
a  3 a  4  a  5
3 3 1 2
 

 a  1 a  3  a  2 a  3  
 a  2 a  5  a  3 a  4 
3 3 2 1
 
 a  1 a  2  a  5 a  2  a  2 a  3  a  4 a  5
 a  1 a  3 a  2 a  5  a  2 a  5 a  3 a  4
 a  1 a  3 a  2 a  5  a  2 a  5 a  3 a  4
Multiplying by 1, using the LCD Multiplying by 1, using the LCD
3  a  2 a  5  3  a  1 a  5  a  3 a  4  2  a  2 a  5
 
3  a  3 a  5  3  a  1 a  3 2  a  5 a  4   a  2 a  3
3  a  2 a  5   a  1 a  5  a 2  7 a  12  2a 2  14a  20
 
3  a  3 a  5   a  1 a  3  2a 2  2a  40  a 2  a  6
 a 2  21a  8
3  a  2 a  5   a  1 a  5   2
 a  3a  34
3  a  3 a  5   a  1 a  3 
a 2  3a  10  a 2  4a  5 3 3 3
t 5 t 5 t t  t 5  t 
 t t t t
a 2  2a  15  a 2  4a  3 47.   
1 1 t 1
2a 2  7 a  15
 2 or
 2a  3 a  5 t 2
t
t 2
t
t t  t 2  t 
t
2a  2a  12 2  a  3 a  2 t 2  5t  3
 for t  0
t 2  2t  1
2 2 2
a 3 a 3 a a  a 3 a 
a a a a
48.   
5 5 a 5
a2 a2 aa  a2 a 
a a a
a 2  3a  2
 for a  0
a 2  2a  5
1 1 1
x2 x2 xx  x2 x 
x x x x
49.   
4 4 x 4
x5 x5 x  x  x 5  x 
x x x
x2  2x  1
 for x  0
x2  5x  4

2 2 2 5 2x 5x 4
x 3 x 3 x x  x x  56.   
x  x
x  x 9 3 6 3
50.
3 3 x 3
18      18    
x4 x4 x x  x  x  5 2x 5x 4
x x x 9 3   6 3
x 2  3x  2 5 2x 5x 4
 for x  0 18   18   18   18 
x2  4x  3 9 3 6 3
5 2x 5x 4
9 2  3 6  6 3  3  6 
51. Thinking and Writing Exercise. With method 9 3 6 3
1, simplification from a complex rational 2  5  6  2 x  3  5x  6  4
function to a rational function can be done, 10  12 x  15 x  24
with no other ability than knowing how to
10  24  15 x  12 x
find an LCM and clear denominators.
However, if the result is going to be reduced 14  27 x
by factoring and cancelling common factors, 
14
x
then this type of division is necessary. 27
52. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Factoring is a 57. x 2  7 x  12  0

part of both methods when reducing rational ( x  3)( x  4)  0
functions. And factoring is based on the
 x  3  0 or x  4  0
distributive property.
 x  3 or x  4
53. 3x  5  2(4 x  1)  12 x  3
3x  5  8 x  2  12 x  3 58. x 2  13 x  30  0
11x  7  12 x  3 ( x  15)( x  2)  0
7  3  12 x  11x x  15  0 or x  2  0
4  x x  15 or x  2
54. ( x  1)7  ( x  1)9  4( x  2) 59. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Neither

method in Exercise 1 or 2 is better, it is a
7 x  7  (9 x  9)  4 x  8
matter of preference. For instance, if finding
7 x  7  9x  9  4x  8 the LCD 6x seems difficult, using division to
2 x  16  4 x  8 simplify would be easier. Similarly, neither
16  8  4 x  2 x method in Exercise 3 or 4 is better, it is also a
24  6 x matter of preference. Nevertheless, Exercise 3
4  x involves rewriting the complex rational
expression as the division of two fractions
which is very direct. Then the “invert and
3 5 3 7
55. x  x multiply” process can be used to simplify
4 8 8 4
further. Because the LCD in Exercise 4 seems
8   x    8   x  
 3 5  3 7 rather complicated (and involved factoring),
4 8 8 4 the division method in Exercise 3 seems more
3 5 3 7 direct or straightforward.
8 x 8  8 x  8
4 8 8 4
3 5 3 7 60. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Division
4 2 x  8   8  x  4 2
4 8 8 4 occurs in both the numerator and the
2  3  x  1 5  1 3  x  2  7 denominator. When x  2  0, at x  2, both
6 x  5  3 x  14 the numerator and denominator are
6 x  3 x  14  5 undefined. The denominator is also
3 x  19 undefined when
19
x
3

x 5   0  15      15  0
4x 8 4x 8
 0
x2 x2 5 15  5 15 
x  5  0 Multiplying by x  2 4x 8 4x 8
 15   15   15  0  5  3   15   15  0
5 15 5 15
x5
 3  4 x  1    15  0  12 x    0  12 x  8
Thus the domain of f is the set:
8 2
 x x a real number, x  2 , x  5 . x
12 3

To use a graphing calculator to check this 2 7

x ,
result, we first set the calculator in DOT 3 2
1
mode. From the graph of y  or A
x2 A A BD
B B BD B
x 5 65.   
y or y  , we see that 2 is not C C BD
BD 
C
x2 x2 D D D
in the domain of the function. The graph of D  A A D A D
x 5    
y  shows that y  0 when B C B C B C
x2 x2
x  5. Thus graphs confirm that the domain 2 2
P 1   P 1  
i i i
of f is all real numbers except 2 and 5.  12   12   12
66. 
1  i   1 1  i   1 i
2 2
61. The function is undefined when the     12

 12   12 
numerator is undefined, at x  6, when the i i
denominator is undefined, at x  8, and when 12 12
the denominator is 0, at x  7. 2 2
 P 1  
i i Pi  i 
x  6,7,8 1  
 12  12   12  12 
2 2
1  i   1 1  i   1
   
62. The function is undefined when the i  12 
  12 
numerator is undefined, at x  2, when the 12 i
denominator is undefined, at x  4, and when 12
the denominator is 0, at x  3. 1  i 
2 2
12  2  1    
i i
x  4, 3, 2  
Pi  12  Pi 12  12 
  2
  2
12  i  12 2 i  i 
63. The function is undefined when the 1    1 1  2 1     1
 12  12  12 
numerator is undefined, which occurs when i i2
4 1  2 1  
5 x  4  0  5 x  4  x   , and when the Pi 2  6 144
5  
12 i i2
denominator is 0, which occurs when 1  2 1   1
2  6 144
3 x2  3 x2  i i2 i i2
  0  21      21  0 1  1 
7 21  7 21  Pi 6 144   Pi 6 144
 
3 x2 3 x2 12 i i2 12 i i2
 21   21   21  0  7  3   21   21  0 1  1 
7 21 7 21 6 144 6 144
 3    1  x 2  21  0  9  x 2  0  (3  x)(3  x)  0 i i2
1 
Pi 6 144  144
 x  3 or x  3  
12 i i2 144
4 
x  3,  ,3 6 144
5
i i2
144  1  144   144 
Pi 6 144
64. The function is undefined when the  
12 i i2
numerator is undefined, which occurs when 144   144 
6 144
7
2 x  7  0  2 x  7  x  , and when the
2
denominator is 0, which occurs when

i i2 x 1 x 1
144  1  6  24  144  1 1
 x 1
Pi
 
6 144 69. x 1  x 1 
x 1 x 1
12 i
6  24   144 
i2 1 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
6 144
x 1
Pi 144  24i  i 2 ( x  1)  ( x  1)1
  x 1 x  1  ( x  1)
12 24i  i 2  
x 1
( x  1)  ( x  1)1 x  1  x  1
P i (12  i) 2 P(i  12) 2 x 1
   for i  0.
12 i (24  i ) 12(i  24) x 1 x 1 0
   0 for x  0,1
x  1  x  1 2x
c Therefore, for x  0 or 1, :
67. Substitute for both v1 and v2 .
4  x  1  1
5
c c 2c c c  x 1 
  x 1   0  0
5
4 4  4  2  2  c  16  8c
  1
c c c 2 1  1 17 2 17 17  x 1 

4 4 16 16
1 2 1  162
c c 1 1 1
8c 8 70. 1  1 1
1 x 1 x
The observed speed is , or the speed 1 1  1
17 17 1 1 x x 1
1 1
of light. x x
1 x 1 x 1 x 1
1  1 1
x x 1 x  1  x 2 x 1
5 x 2  10 x 1 y 1  5 y 2 1
68. x 1
3 x  2  3 y 2 2 x  1 x  1 2 x  1  x  1 3x  2
   
5 10 5 2x  1 2x  1 2x  1 2x  1
 
x 2 xy y 2
 z z 2  2z
3 3  2z   2z
 2 z z 2  2z
x 2
y 1 1
71. 2  2z  2  2z
5 10 5 2z 2z
  3 3
x 2 xy y 2 x 2 y 2 5z  2 5z  2
  2 2 z (2  2 z ) z (2  2 z )
3 3 x y  2z  2z
 2  2z  z
x2 y2   2 z
2z 2z
3 3
5 2 2 10 2 2 5 2 2 5z  2 5z  2
x y  x y  2 x y
x2 xy y z (2  2 z )
  2z
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 z (2  z )(5 z  2)
 
x y  2 x y 2z (2  z )(5 z  2)
x2 y 3
5z  2
5 y 2  10 xy  5 x 2 z (2  2 z )(5 z  2)  2 z (2  z )(5 z  2)
 
3 y 2  3x2 2 z (2  z )  3(2  z )(5 z  2)


5 y 2  2 xy  x 2  
z (5 z  2)[(2  2 z )  2(2  z )]
(2  z )[2 z  3(5 z  2)]

3 y x
2 2
 z (5 z  2)[2  2 z  4  2 z ] 2 z (5 z  2)
 
5  y  x  y  x  (2  z )[2 z  15 z  6] (2  z )(6  13z )

3  y  x  y  x  
2 z (5 z  2)
( z  2)(13z  6)
5  y  x  y  x

3  y  x  y  x
5  y  x

3 y  x

2 1 2(3 x  2)  1( x  1) x
72.   74. f  x  
x  1 3x  2 ( x  1)(3 x  2) 1 x

6x  4  x  1

5x  3 f  x  h  f  x 
( x  1)(3x  2) ( x  1)(3 x  2)
h
So the reciprocal is: xh x
1 ( x  1)(3x  2) 
 1 x  h 1 x

5x  3 5x  3
( x  1)(3 x  2) h

 x  h 1  x   x 1  x  h  1

3 3 1  x  h1  x  h
73. f  x   , f  x  h 
x xh x  x 2  h  xh  x  x 2  xh

3 3 1  x  h1  x  h
f  x  h  f  x x  h  x
  h
h h 
3x  3  x  h
1  x  h1  x  h
x  x  h h 1

 1  x  h1  x  h
h
3x  3  x  h 1 
1
 
x  x  h h 1  x  h1  x 
3x  3x  3h
 1 8
xh  x  h  75. To avoid division by zero in and 2 we
x x
3h must exclude 0 from the domain of F. To

xh  x  h  avoid division by zero in the complex fraction
3 h we solve:
 8
x h  x  h 2 2  0
x
3
 2x2  8  0
x  x  h

2 x2  4  0 
2  x  2 x  2  0
x  2  0 or x  2  0
x  2 or x2
The domain of F   x x is a real number and
x  0 and x  2 and x  2 .

2 8. Expression
76. f  x  
2 x
9. Expression
2
f  a 
2 a 10. Equation
2
f  f  a 
2 3 2 x
2 11.   , LCD is 30
2 a 5 3 6
2 2 a 3 2 x
  30   30   30 
2 2 a 5 3 6
2 3 2 x
2 a 5  6   3  10   6  5 
5 3 6
2  2  a
 18  20  5 x
2
2  2  a    2  a 5 x  2
2a 2
4  2a x
 5
4  2a  2 Check.
4  2a 2  2  a  2  2  a  3 2 x
    
6  2a 2  3  a  2  3  a  5 3 6
2a 3 3 2 5 2
   
 , a  2, 3 5
3 a 5 3 3 5
9  10 6
2 1
0.075 15  
30, 000  30, 000  0.00625 5 6
77. 12  1
 2 1
 0.075 
1 
120
 1
1  0.00625120  1 15  
  5 2 3
12 
1
187.5 
 15
1  0.00625120  1 TRUE
187.5
 5 3 x
2.112064637  1 12.   , LCD is 40
8 5 10
187.5
 5 3
40   40   40 
x
1.112064637 8 5 10
 168.61 5 3 x
8  5   5  8   10  4 
Alexis’ monthly investment is $168.61. 8 5 10
25  24  4 x
Exercise Set 7.6 4x  1
1
1. Equation x
4
Check.
2. Expression 5 3 x
 
8 5 10
3. Expression
5 5 3 8 1
   4
4. Equation 8 5 5 8
10
25 24
5. Equation  1 1

40 40 4 10
1 1
6. Equation
40 40
7. Equation TRUE

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Fig. 47.—Interior View
of M-2 Mask.
Fig. 48.—French Artillery Mask,
Tissot Type.
Tissot Mask. The French deserve great credit for their

development of the Tissot type mask. This was first issued to
artillerymen, stretcher bearers, and certain other special classes of
soldiers to furnish them with protection and yet enable them to work
with greater efficiency because of the decrease in resistance to
breathing. The mask (Fig. 48) resembles the British box respirator in
that it consists of a canister and rubber facepiece, but differs in that
the mouthpiece and noseclip are lacking. The inhaled air enters the
mask from two tubes which open directly under the eyepieces and
allow the air to sweep across them. This removes, by evaporation,
the condensed moisture of the breath from the eyepieces, which
otherwise would obstruct the vision. The circulation of the fresh air in
the mask also removes and dilutes lachrymatory gases which may
filter through the mask. The exhaled air escapes through a simple
outlet valve. This type of mask is advantageous because:
(1) The facepiece is tight and comfortable.

(2) The eyepieces do not become dimmed.
(3) There is no difficulty in speaking.
(4) Salivation is eliminated because of the absence of the
mouthpiece.
(5) It is generally more comfortable than the box respirator.
This mask, however, was made of thin rubber of great flexibility

which, while affording a perfect fit, did not possess sufficient
durability to recommend it as the sole defense of the wearer.
The canister is markedly different from all other canisters
described in this chapter in that a highly hygroscopic chemical
absorbent is used. An approximate determination showed about 70
per cent sodium hydroxide. The use of caustic soda in the canister is
made possible by the intermixing of steel wool with the granules of
caustic. A layer of absorbent having the appearance of vegetable
charcoal is placed at the top of the canister.
The canister has the shape of a rectangular prism 8 × 6½ × 2½
inches; and, owing to the use of steel wool, is large in proportion to
the weight of absorbent contained. Valves are supplied which
prevent exhalation through the canister. When not in use the opening
in the bottom of the canister is plugged with a rubber stopper to
protect the absorbents from moisture. The canister is carried against
the body and is connected to the facepiece with a flexible rubber-
fabric tube.
A. R. S. Mask (Appareil Respiratoire Special). One of the latest
types of French mask is the so-called A. R. S. mask, which is based
upon, or at least resembles closely, the German mask. This is a
frame mask made from well rubberized balloon material, provided on
the inside with a lining of oiled or waxed linen and fitted with a drum
which is screwed on. The mask is provided with eyepieces of
cellophane, fastened by metal rings into rubber goggles, which are
sewed in the mask. A metal mouth-ring is tied in the mask with tape.
This ring is placed somewhat higher than in the German mask, in
this way reducing the harmful space under the mask. An inlet and
outlet valve is placed in the mouth-ring; the first is of mica while the
other, which is in direct communication with the interior of the mask,
is of rubber. On the inside of the mask, in front of the valves, a baffle
is sewed in, whereby the inhaled air is forced to pass in front of the
eyepieces to prevent dimming and, at the same time, condensed
vapor is prevented from entering the valves.
Fig. 49.—French A. R. S. Mask.
The mask or head straps are arranged in the same way as on the
latest M-2 mask, i.e., one elastic band is placed across the top of the
head and the other across the back; the two are joined by an elastic.
Below these two straps is an adjustable elastic neck band. The drum
is made of metal similar in shape to the German drum and fits in the
mouth-ring by means of a thread. It is made tight by a rubber ring as
in the German mask. The thread differs from that on the German
mask, making an interchange of canisters impossible. The canister
or drum includes a bottom screen, springs and wire screens between
the layers. It is closed by a perforated bottom. There are three
layers. On the top is a thin layer of absorbent cotton. Beneath this is
a central layer of charcoal, which is a little finer than the German
charcoal. The lower layer consists of soda-lime, mixed with charcoal
and zinc oxide and moistened with glycerine.
German Mask
The early type of German mask probably served as the model for
the French A. R. S. mask. The facepiece was made of rubber, which
was later replaced by leather because of the shortage of rubber. The
following is a good description of a typical German facepiece:
“The facepiece of the German mask was made of one piece of
leather, with seams at the chin and at the temples, giving it roughly
the shape of the face. The leather was treated with oil to make it soft
and pliable, also to render it impervious to gases. The dressed
surface was toward the inside of the mask. A circular steel plate, 3
inches in diameter, was set into the facepiece just opposite the
wearer’s nose and mouth, with a threaded socket into which the
drum containing the absorbents screwed. A rubber gasket
(synthetic?) held in place by a sort of pitch cement, secured a gas-
tight joint between the drum and the facepiece. There were no
valves, both inhaled and exhaled air passing through the canister.
The eyepieces were inserted by means of metal rims with leather
washers, and were in two parts: (a) a permanent exterior sheet of
transparent material (‘cellon’) resembling celluloid, and (b) an inner
removable disc which functioned as an anti-dimming device. This
latter appeared to be of ‘cellon’ coated on the side toward the eye
with gelatin, and was held in position by a ‘wheel’ stamped from thin
sheet metal, which screwed into the metal rim of the eyepiece from
the inside. The gelatin prevented dimming by absorbing the
moisture, but wrinkled and blistered and became opaque after a few
hours’ use, and could not be changed without removing the mask.
The edge of the facepiece all around was provided with a bearing
surface consisting of a welt of finely woven cloth about one inch wide
sewed to the leather. In some instances this welt was of leather of an
inferior grade. The edge of the facepiece was smoothed over by a
coat of flexible transparent gum, probably a synthetic compound.”
Fig. 50.—German Respirator.
Fig. 51.—The German Respirator
1. Smoke Filter Extension.

2. Canister.
3. Ring for Protecting Eye Piece.
4. Anti-dimming Disc Envelope.
5. Carrying Case.
6. Cloth Wallet for Extra Canister (1918).
7. Can for Extra Canister (1916).
8. Assembled Respirator.
9. Face Piece.
10. Anti-dimming disc.
German Canister. The general appearance of the canister

(Sept., 1916 Type) is that of a short thick cylinder slightly tapered
and having at the smaller end a threaded protrusion or neck by
which it is screwed onto the facepiece. The cylinder is about 10 cm.
in diameter and about 5 cm. in length. In the canister are three layers
of absorbents of unequal thickness separated by disks of fine mesh
metal screen. The canister is shipped in a light sheet iron can 10 cm.
in diameter and 8 cm. high. The can is shellacked and is lined with
paper packing board. The container is made air-tight by sealing with
a strip of adhesive tape.
Fig. 52.—Cross Section of 1917 and 1918 German

Canisters.
Absorbents.
Absorbent. Composition. Weight.

Volume.
1917. No. Chemical Absorbent.
66 gr. 105 cc.
1.
No. Impregnated
36 gr. 85 cc.
2. Charcoal.
No. Chemical Absorbent.
15 gr. 45 cc.
3.
1918. No. Impregnated
58 gr. 185 cc.
1. Charcoal.
Absorbent. Composition. Weight.
Volume.
No. Chemical Absorbent.
29 gr. 45 cc.
2.
Total Volume of 1917, 235 cc. 14.3 cu.

Absorbents, = in.
1918, 230 cc. 14.0 cu.
= in.
Total Weight of 1917, 117 gr.
Absorbents,
1918, 87 gr.
Volume of Air Space above Absorbents = 50 cc. =
3.1 cu. in.
Body. The body of the canister is made of sheet metal (probably
iron), which is protected on the outside with a coat of dark gray paint
and on the inside with a japan varnish. For ease in assembling the
sides of the canister have a gentle taper, and are formed so as to
supply a seat for each of the follower rings. The protrusion or neck
has about six threads to the inch, the pitch of the screw being 4 mm.
The lower part of the body is rolled so as to give a finished edge, and
the upper part of the cylinder is grooved to receive the top support.
The first screen is double, consisting of a coarse top screen five
to six mesh, per linear inch, and immediately below, a finer screen of
30-40 mesh, per linear inch. The top support is a rigid ring of metal
with two cross arms, which give added, strength to the ring and
support to the screens. It springs into a groove at the top of the body
and forms the support for the contents of the canister. Both screens
are made of iron wire and the top support is made of iron (probably
lightly tinned).
The second screen, which separates the second and third
absorbents, is double, consisting of two disks of 30-40 mesh iron
screen. Both screens are held in place by a follower ring.
The third screen is single, but otherwise it is exactly similar to the
second screen. It serves to keep separate the layers of absorbents
No. 1 and No. 2.
The fourth screen (30-40 mesh) is made of iron wire and is held
to the bottom support by six cleats which are punched from the body
of the support. The bottom support is simply a flanged iron cover for
the bottom of the canister. It is punched with 79 circular holes each 4
mm. in diameter and is painted on the outside to match the body of
the canister. The screen and the inside of the bottom support or
cover are coated with a red paint.
American Mask
At the entrance of the United States into the war, three types of
masks were available: the PH helmet, the British S. B. R. and the
French M-2 masks. Experiments were made on all three of these
types, and it was soon found that the S. B. R. offered the greatest
possibilities, both as regards immediate protection and future
development. During the eighteen months which were devoted to
improvement of the American mask, the facepiece underwent a
gradual evolution and the canister passed through types A to L, with
many special modifications for experimental purposes. The latest
development consisted in an adaptation of the fighting mask to
industrial purposes. For this reason a rather detailed description of
the construction of the facepiece and of the canister of the respirator
in use at the close of the war (R. F. K. type) may not be out of place.
The mask now adopted as standard for the U. S. Army and Navy is
known as the Model 1919 American mask, with 1920 model carrier,
and will be described on page 225.
Fig. 53.—Diagrammatic Sketch of
Box Respirator Type Mask.
Facepiece. The facepiece of the R. F. K. type Box Respirator is

made from a light weight cotton fabric coated with pure gum rubber,
the finished fabric having a total thickness of approximately ¹/₁₆ inch.
The fit of the facepiece is along two lines—first, across the forehead,
approximately from temple to temple; second, from the same
temporal points down the sides of the face just in front of the ears
and under the chin as far back as does not interfere with the Adam’s
apple. In securing this fit, the piece of stock for the facepiece is died
out of the felt and pleated up around the edges to conform to this
line. After this pleating operation, the edges of the fabric are stitched
to a binding frame similar to a hat-band made up of felt or velveteen
covered with rubberized fabric. All the stitching and joints in the
facepiece are rendered gas-tight by cementing with rubber cement.
This facepiece is made in five sizes ranging from No. 1 to No. 5, with
a large majority of faces fitted by the three intermediate sizes, 2, 3,
4.
Harness. The function of the harness is to hold the mask on the
face in such a way as to insure a gas-tight fit at all points. Because
of the great variations in the conformation of different heads, this
problem is not a simple one. Probably, the simplest type of harness,
as well as the one which is theoretically correct, consists of a
harness in which the line of fit across the forehead is extended into
an elastic band passing around the back of the head, while the line
of fit around the side of the face and chin is similarly extended into
another elastic tape passing over the top of the head; these should
be held in place by a third tape, preferably non-elastic, attached to
the mask at the middle of the forehead and to the middle points of
the other tapes at a suitable distance to hold them in their proper
positions.
The discomfort of the earlier types of harness has been
remedied, in a large measure, by the development of a specially
woven elastic web which, for a given change in tension, allowed
more than double the stretch of the commercial weaves. There is still
much room for valuable work in developing a harness which will
combine greater comfort and safety. The following points should
always be observed in harness design:
(1) The straps should pull in such a direction that as large a
component as possible of the tension of the strap should be
available in actually holding the mask against the face.
(2) The number of straps should be kept to a minimum in order to
avoid tangling and improper positioning when put on in a hurry by an
inexperienced wearer.
Eyepieces. One of the most important parts of the gas mask,
from the military point of view, is the eyepiece. The primary
requirement of a good eyepiece is that it shall provide a minimum
reduction in clarity of vision with a maximum degree of safety to the
wearer. The clarity of vision may be affected in one of several ways:
(1) by abrasion of the eyepieces under service conditions; (2)
irregularities in the surface and thickness of the eyepiece, causing
optical dispersion; (3) absorption of light by the eyepiece itself; (4)
dimming of the eyepieces due to condensation of moisture radiating
from the face or in the exhaled air.
Three types of eyepieces were used but by the end of the war the
first two types had been abandoned.
(1) Ordinary celluloid.
(2) Various hygroscopic forms of celluloid, known as non-
dimming eyepieces.
(3) Various combinations of glass and celluloid, known as non-
breakable eyepieces.
Celluloid was used first, due to its freedom from breakage. It is
not satisfactory because it is rapidly abraded in use, turns yellow,
thus increasing its light absorption, has relatively uneven optical
surfaces and becomes brittle after service.
The various forms of non-dimming lenses function by absorbing
the water which condenses on their surfaces, either by combining
individual drops into a film which does not seriously impair vision, by
transmitting it through the surface and giving it off on the exterior or
by a combination of these mechanisms. With the exception that they
are non-dimming, they are open to all the objections of the celluloid
eyepiece and, as a matter of fact, were never tried out in the field.
The so-called non-breakable eyepieces are formed by cementing
together a layer of celluloid between two layers of glass.[25] This
results in an almost perfect eyepiece. Any ordinary blow falling upon
such an eyepiece does no more than crack the glass, which remains
attached to the celluloid coating. Except in extreme cases, the
celluloid remains unbroken and there is relatively slight danger of a
cracked eyepiece of this sort leaking gas.
In the matter of flying fragments, the type of eyepiece consisting
of a single layer of celluloid and glass with the celluloid placed next
to the eye, has probably a slight advantage over the type in which
there is glass on both sides. However, the superior optical surface of
the latter type, coupled with its greater freedom from abrasion of the
surface led to the adoption of this type known as “triplexin” in the
mask produced in the later part of the American manufacturing
program. It should be pointed out in connection with this type of
eyepiece that it is possible to make it as perfect optically as desired
by using the better grades of glass. While the optical properties of
these eyepieces undoubtedly suffer somewhat with age, due to the
discoloration of the celluloid, it can be safely said that this material,
located as it is between the layers of glass and relatively little
exposed to atmospheric conditions, will probably be far less affected
in this way than is the ordinary celluloid eyepiece.
Fig. 54.—American Box Respirator,

Showing Improved Rubber Noseclip.
The position of the eyepiece is very important; the total and the
binocular fields of vision should be kept at a maximum.
Nose clip. The noseclip is probably the most uncomfortable
feature of the types of mask used during the War. While a really
comfortable nose pad is probably impossible, the comfort of the clip
was greatly improved by using pads of soft rubber and springs giving
the minimum tension necessary to close the nostrils.
Mouthpiece. The design of the mouthpiece should consider the
size and shape of the flange which goes between the lips and teeth;
this should be such as to prevent leakage of gas into the mouth and
should reduce to a minimum any chafing of the gums. The opening
through the mouthpiece is held distended at its inner end by a
metallic bushing to prevent its collapse, if, under stress of
excitement, the jaws are forced over the flange and closed. Rubber
has proved a very satisfactory material for this part of the facepiece.
Flexible Hose. The flexible hose leads from the angle tube to the
canister. This should combine flexibility, freedom from collapse, and
extreme physical ruggedness. These specifications are met
successfully by the stockinette-covered corrugated rubber hose. The
angular corrugations not only give a high degree of flexibility but are
extremely effective in preventing collapse. The flexibility gained by
this construction is not only lateral but also longitudinal; a hose
having a nominal length of 10 inches functions successfully between
lengths of 8 and 12 inches. The covering of stockinette, which is
vulcanized to the rubber in the manufacturing process, adds
materially to the mechanical strength by preventing incipient tears
and breaks.
Exhalation Valve. The exhalation valve allows the exhaled air to
pass directly to the outside atmosphere. (This valve is not found on
the German mask.) This valve has the following advantages:
(1) It tends to reduce very materially the dead air space in the
mask.
(2) It prevents deterioration of the absorbent on account of
moisture and carbon dioxide of the expired air.
(3) It reduces the back pressure against expiration, since it is
unnecessary to breathe out against the resistance of the canister.
The disadvantage, which may under certain conditions be very
serious, is that, if for any reason the valve fails to function properly,
inspiration will take place through the valve. It can be readily seen
that any failure of this nature will allow the poisonous atmosphere to
be drawn directly into the lungs of the wearer.
The type of valve generally used is shown in Fig. 55, which
shows one of these valves mounted and unmounted. While it is
rather difficult to give a clear description of its construction, the valve
may be considered as a flattened triangular sack of rubber, whose
altitude is two or three times the base and from which all three
corners have been clipped, each giving openings into the interior of
the sack. The opening at the top is slipped over the exhalation
passage of the angle tube, and the air passes out through the other
two corners. Closure is obtained by the combination of two factors,—
first, the difference in atmospheric pressure, and second, the tension
due to mounting a section which has been cured in the flat over an
elliptical opening.
Fig. 55.—American Type Exhale Valve,
Mounted and Unmounted.
In order to protect the flutter valve from injury and from contact
with objects which might interfere with its proper functioning, the later
types of valve were provided with a guard of stamped sheet metal.
Canisters
During the development of the facepiece, as discussed above,
the American canister underwent changes in design which have
been designated as A to L. These changes were noted by the
different colored paints applied to the exterior of the canister.
Type A canister was exactly like the British model then in use,
except that it was made one inch longer because it was realized that
the early absorbents were of poor quality. The canister was made of
beaded tin plate and was 18 cm. high. The area of the flattened oval
section was 65 sq. cm. In the bottom was a fine wire dome 3.4 cm.
high. The valve in the bottom was integral with the bottom of the
container, there being no removable plug for the insertion of the
check valve. The absorbents were held in place by a heavy wire
screen on top and by two rectangular springs.
Fig. 56.—American Canister, Type A.
Inhaled air entered through the circular valve at the bottom of the
canister, passed through the absorbents and through a small nipple
at the top.
The filling consisted of 60 per cent by volume of wood charcoal,
developed by the National Carbon Co., and 40 per cent of green
soda lime, developed and manufactured by the General Chemical
Company, Easton, Pa. The entire volume amounted to 660 cc. The
early experiments with this volume of absorbent showed that ⅖
soda-lime was the minimum amount that could be used and still
furnish adequate protection against the then known war gases. It
was, therefore, decided to use ⅖ soda-lime and ⅗ charcoal by
volume and this proportion has been adhered to in all of the later
types of canisters. It is interesting to note that these figures have
been fully substantiated by the later experimental work on canister
filling.
The charcoal and soda-lime were not mixed but arranged in five
layers of equal volume, each layer, therefore, containing 20 per cent
of the total volume. The layers were separated by screens of
crinoline. At the top was inserted a layer of terry cloth, a layer of gray
flannel, and two steel wire screens. The cloth kept the fine particles
of chemicals from being drawn into the throat of the person wearing
the mask.
This canister furnished very good protection against chlorine and
hydrocyanic acid and was fairly efficient against phosgene, but it was
useless against chloropicrin. These canisters were never used at the
front, but served a very useful purpose as experimental canisters
and in training troops.
It was soon found that better protection was obtained if the
absorbents were mixed before packing in the canister. This
procedure also simplified the method of packing and was used in
canister B and following types. Among other changes introduced in
later types were: The integral valve was replaced by a removable
check valve plug which enabled the men in the field to adjust the
valve in case it did not function properly. The mixture of charcoal and
soda-lime was divided into three separate layers and these
separated by cotton pads. The pads offered protection against
stannic chloride smokes but not against smokes of the type of
sneezing gas. The green soda-lime was replaced by the pink
granules. In April, 1918, the mesh of the absorbent was changed to
8 to 14 in place of 6 to 14.
About July 1, 1918, the authorities were convinced by the field
forces of the Chemical Warfare Service that the length of life of the
chemical protection of the standard H canister (the type then in use)
was excessive and that the resistance was much too high. Type J

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Algebra and Trigonometry Graphs and Models 6th Edition

College Algebra Graphs and Models 6th Edition Bittinger

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Concepts and

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76. First we simplify the rational expression 4x  2 2(2 x  1)

x2  4 ( x  2)( x  2) The vertical asymptote of r ( x) is x  1.

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89. 5    1    5  6   5  2  3   15 96. From Exercise 101, we have:

93. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Equal x 4  y 4 ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  y 2 )

(1)(a  b)  ( 1)a  (1)b

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a  4 a  2 (a  4)(a  2) 3  x  x  y  2  2 Factoring the

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( x  5)( x  2)( x  2) 4a 2 (3a  6)

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5a 2  180 20a  20 ( y  1)3 y2  4 y  4

(5a 2  180)(20a  20) ( y  1) 2 ( y  1)( y  2) 2

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(3a  4b)(a  3b)

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4. factorizations; denominators 7 x  8 4 x  3 11x  11 Adding

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LCM  t t  2t  2t  4 59. t  3, t  3, t 2  9

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85. The smallest number of strands that can be

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