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C H A P T E R 7
Functions of Several Variables
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System.....................................417
Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space................................................................................423
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables ..........................................................428
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives ..............................................................................434
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables ...........................................443
Quiz Yourself .............................................................................................................453
Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers ..........................................................................456
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis ...................................................467
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in a Plane ................................................471
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals.......................................................478
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................484
Test Yourself .............................................................................................................494
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 7
Functions of Several Variables
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
Skills Warm Up
1. (5, 1), (3, 5) 7. ( −6, 0), (6, 6)
(3 − 5)2 + (5 − 1)
2 ⎛ −6 + 6 0 + 6 ⎞
⎟ = (0, 3)
d = Midpoint = ⎜ ,
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
= 4 + 16
= 20 8. ( −4, 3), ( 2, −1)
= 2 5 ⎛ −4 + 2 3 + ( −1) ⎞
Midpoint = ⎜ , ⎟ = ( −1, 1)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
2. ( 2, 3), ( −1, −1)
9. c : ( 2, 3), r = 2
d = (−1 − 2)2 + ( −1 − 3)
2
= 9 + 16
(x − 2) + ( y − 3) = 22
2 2
= 25 (x − 2) + ( y − 3) = 4
2 2
= 5
⎛ 4 + ( −2) 0 + 8 ⎞
10. C = ⎜ , ⎟ = (1, 4)
3. ( −5, 4), ( −5, − 4) ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1
(−5 − (−5)) (−2 − 4)2 + (8 − 0)
2
+ ( −4 − 4) =
2 2
d = 64 = 8 r =
2
1
4. ( −3, 6), ( −3, − 2) = 36 + 64
2
1
(−3 − (−3)) + ( −2 − 6)
2 2
d = = 64 = 8 = 100
2
= 5
5. ( 2, 5), (6, 9)
(x − 1) + ( y − 4) = 52
2 2
⎛ 2 + 6 5 + 9⎞
Midpoint = ⎜ , ⎟ = ( 4, 7) (x − 1) + ( y − 4) = 25
2 2
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
6. ( −1, − 2), (3, 2)
⎛ −1 + 3 −2 + 2 ⎞
Midpoint = ⎜ , ⎟ = (1, 0)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1. z 2.
(3, −2, 5) z
(−5, −2, 2)
4
4
(2, 1, 3) 2
(−1, 2, 1)
−4 −4
(1, 3, 1)
2
4 −2 2 2
x y
4 −2 4
3
( 2
, 4, −2 ) x
(5, −2, −2) (−2, 4, −3)
y
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 417
418 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
3. z 16. ( 4, 0, − 6), (8, 8, 20)

(4, 0, 5) 4 ⎛ 4 + 8 0 + 8 −6 + 20 ⎞
(−2, 12 , 0)
Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ = (6, 4, 7)
2 ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
−2
(− 12, 3, 1)
4
2
−2
2
4
17. ( −5, − 2, 5), (6, 3, − 7)
x y
−4
⎛ −5 + 6 −2 + 3 5 + ( −7) ⎞
(0, 4, −5)
Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
4. ⎛1 1 ⎞
z
= ⎜ , , −1⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠
4
(−1, −3, −2)
−4 2
(1, 3, 4) 18. (0, − 2, 5), ( 4, 2, 7)
−4
(2, −1, 1)
(−3, 0, −1) ⎛ 0 + 4 −2 + 2 5 + 7 ⎞
Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ( 2, 0, 6)
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
2
4 −2 4
x y
⎛ x + ( −2) y + 1 z + 1 ⎞
19. ( 2, −1, 3) = ⎜ , , ⎟
5. x = −3, y = 4, z = 5: ( −3, 4, 5) ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
x − 2 y +1 z +1
6. x = 7, y = −2, z = −1: (7, − 2, −1) 2 = −1 = 3 =
2 2 2
4 = x − 2 −2 = y + 1 6 = z +1
7. y = z = 0, x = 10: (10, 0, 0)
x = 6 y = −3 z = 5
8. x = 0, y = 3, z = 2: (0, 3, 2) ( x, y, z ) = (6, − 3, 5)
9. The z-coordinate is 0. ⎛ x + 0 y + ( −2) z + 1 ⎞

20. (1, 0, 0) = ⎜ , , ⎟
10. The y-coordinate is 0. ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
x y −2 z +1
11. ( 4, 1, 5), (8, 2, 6) 1 = 0 = 0 =
2 2 2
d = (8 − 4)2 + ( 2 − 1) + (6 − 5) =
2 2
18 = 3 2 0 = y −2 0 = z +1
x = 2 y = 2 z = −1
12. ( −4, −1, 1), ( 2, −1, 5)
( x, y, z ) = ( 2, 2, −1)
(2 + 4) + (−1 + 1) + (5 − 1)
2 2 2
d =
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ x + 2 y + 0 z + 3⎞
= 52 21. ⎜ , 1, 2 ⎟ = ⎜ , , ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
= 2 13 3 x + 2 y z +3
= 1 = 2 =
2 2 2 2
13. ( −1, − 5, 7), ( −3, 4, − 4)
3 = x+2 4 = z +3
d = (−3 + 1) 2
+ ( 4 + 5) + (−4 − 7)
2 2
= 206 x =1 y = 2 z =1
( x, y, z ) = (1, 2, 1)
14. (8, − 2, 2), (8, − 2, 4)
⎛ x + 3 y + 3 z + 0⎞
(8 − 8)2 + ( − 2 + 2 ) + ( 4 − 2) 22. (0, 1, 1) = ⎜
2 2
d = = 2 , , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
15. (6, − 4, 2), ( − 2, 1, 3) 0 =
x +3
1 =
y +3
1 =
z
2 2 2
⎛ 6 + ( − 2) − 4 + 1 2 + 3⎞
Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ 0 = x+3 2 = y +3
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
x = −3 y = −1 z = 2
⎛ 3 5⎞
= ⎜ 2, − , ⎟ ( x, y, z ) = ( −3, − 1, 2)
⎝ 2 2⎠
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 419
23. Let A = (0, 0, 0), B = ( 2, 2, 1), and C = ( 2, − 4, 4). 26. Let A = (5, 0, 0), B = (0, 2, 0), and
Then you have C = (0, 0, − 3). Then you have
d ( AB) = (2 − 0)2 + ( 2 − 0) + (1 − 0)
2 2
= 3 d ( AB) = (0 − 5)2 + ( 2 − 0) + ( 0 − 0)
2 2
= 29
d ( AC ) = ( 2 − 0) 2 + ( −4 − 0) + ( 4 − 0)
2 2
= 6 d ( AC ) = (0 − 5)2 + ( 0 − 0) + ( − 3 − 0)
2 2
= 34
d ( BC ) = ( 2 − 2) + ( −4 − 2) + ( 4 − 1)
2 2 2
= 3 5. d ( BC ) = ( 0 − 0) 2 + (0 − 2) + ( −3 − 0)
2 2
= 13.
The triangle is a right triangle because The triangle is not a right triangle because
d ( AB) + d ( AC ) = (3) + (6)
( ) +( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( BC ) = 29 13
= 45
= 42
( )
2
= 3 5 = d ( BC ). 2
( )
2
≠ 34 = 34 = d 2 ( AC ).
24. Let A = (5, 3, 4), B = (7, 1, 3), and The triangle is neither right nor isosceles.
C = (3, 5, 3). Then you have 27. Each z-coordinate is decreased by 5 units:
d ( AB) = (7 − 5) + (1 − 3) + (3 − 4)
2 2 2
= 3 (0, 0, − 5), (2, 2, − 4), (2, − 4, −1)
d ( AC ) = (3 − 5)2 + (5 − 3) + (3 − 4)
2 2
= 3 28. Each y-coordinate is increased by 3 units:
(5, 6, 4), (7, 4, 3), (3, 8, 3)
d ( BC ) = (3 − 7 ) + (5 − 1) + (3 − 3)
2 2 2
= 4 2.
Because d ( AB) = d ( AC ), the triangle is isosceles. 29. x 2 + ( y − 2) + ( z − 2) = 4

2 2
The triangle is not a right triangle because

30. (x − 2) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 1) = 9
2 2 2
d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( AC ) = (3) + (3)

2 2
= 18 31. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.
( ) ⎛ 2 + 1 1 + 3 3 + ( −1) ⎞ ⎛ 3
2
≠ 4 2 = 32 = d 2 ( BC ). Center = ⎜
⎞
, , ⎟ = ⎜ , 2, 1⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
25. Let A = ( −1, 0, − 2), B = ( −1, 5, 2), and The radius is the distance between the center and either
C = ( − 3, −1, 1). Then you have endpoint.
2
⎛ 3⎞
⎜ 2 − ⎟ + (1 − 2) + (3 − 1)
2 2 2
d ( AB) = ⎣ 1 − (−1)⎤⎦ + (0 − 5) + (− 2 − 2)
Radius =
2 2
⎡−
⎝ 2⎠
= 41 1
= +1+ 4
2 2 4
d ( AC ) = ⎣ 1 − (− 3)⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣0 − (−1)⎤⎦ + (− 2 − 1)
2
⎡−
21
= 14 =
2
d ( BC ) = ⎣ 1 − ( − 3)⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣5 − ( −1)⎤⎦ + ( 2 − 1)
2 2 2 2
⎡− ⎛ 3⎞ 21
⎜ x − ⎟ + ( y − 2) + ( z − 1) =
2 2
⎝ 2⎠ 4
= 41.
Because d ( AB) = d ( BC ), the triangle is isosceles.
The triangle is not a right triangle because
( ) +( )
2 2
d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( BC ) = 41 41
= 82
( )
2
≠ 14 = 14 = d 2 ( AC ).
32. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.

⎛ −1 + 0 −2 + 3 1 + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
Center = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ⎜ − , , 2⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
The radius is the distance from the center to either endpoint.
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 1 25 30
⎜ − − 0 ⎟ + ⎜ − 3⎟ + ( 2 − 3) =
2
Radius = + +1 =
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 4 4 2
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 15
⎜ x + ⎟ + ⎜ y − ⎟ + ( z − 2) =
2
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
33. (x − 3) + ( y + 2) + ( z + 3) = 16
2 2 2
37. The distance from ( − 4, 3, 2) to the xy-plane is the radius
r = 2.
34. ( x − 4) + ( y + 1) + ( z − 1) = 25
2 2 2
(x + 4) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 2) = 4
2 2 2
35. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. 38. The distance from (1, 2, 0) to the yz-plane is the radius
⎛ 2 + 0 0 + 6 0 + 0⎞ r = 1.
Center = ⎜ , , ⎟ = (1, 3, 0)
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
(x − 1) + ( y − 2) + z 2 = 1
2 2
The radius is the distance from the center to either

endpoint. 39. (x 2
− 5x + 25
4 )+ y 2
+ z2 = 25
4
Radius = (1 − 2)2 + ( 3 − 0) + ( 0 − 0)
2 2
= 10 x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 5x = 0
(x − 1) + ( y − 3) + z 2 = 10 ( x − 52 )
2 2 2
+ ( y − 0) + ( z − 0) =
2 2 25
4
36. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. Center: ( 52 , 0, 0)

⎛1 + 0 0 + 5 0 + 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 5 ⎞ 5
Center = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ⎜ , , 0⎟ Radius: 2
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
The radius is the distance from the center to either 40. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 y = 0
endpoint.
x 2 + ( y 2 − 8 y + 16) + z 2 = 16
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ 0 − ⎟ + (0 − 0)
2
Radius = (x − 0) + ( y − 4) + ( z − 0) = 16
2 2 2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1 25 26 Center: (0, 4, 0)
= + =
4 4 2 Radius: 4
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ 13
⎜x − ⎟ + ⎜ y − ⎟ + z =
2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2
41. x2 + y2 + z 2 + 4x − 2 y + 8z − 4 = 0
( x2 + 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 − 2 y + 1) + ( z 2 + 8 z + 16) = 4 + 4 + 1 + 16
(x + 2) + ( y − 1) + ( z + 4) = 25
2 2 2
Center: ( − 2, 1, − 4)
Radius: 5
42. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 y + 6z + 4 = 0
x 2 + ( y 2 − 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 + 6 z + 9) = −4 + 4 + 9
(x − 0) + ( y − 2) + ( z + 3) = 9
2 2 2
Center: (0, 2, − 3)
Radius: 3
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 421
43. 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 − 4 x − 12 y − 8 z + 3 = 0
3
( x2 − 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 − 6 y + 9) + ( z 2 − 4 z + 4) = −
2
+1+ 9+ 4
25
(x − 1) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 2)
2 2 2
=
2
Center: (1, 3, 2)
5 5 2
Radius: =
2 2
44. 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 z 2 − 8 x + 16 y + 11 = 0 45. (x − 1) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 2) = 25
2 2 2
x2 + y2 + z 2 − 2 x + 4 y + 11 = 0
4 To find the xy-trace, let z = 0.
(x 2
− 2 x + 1) + ( y + 4 y + 4) + z =
2 2
− 11
4
+1+ 4 (x − 1) + ( y − 3) + (0 − 2) = 25
2 2 2
(x − 1) + ( y + 2) + z 2 =
2 2 9
4 (x − 1) + ( y − 3) = 21
2 2
Center: (1, − 2, 0)
4
3
Radius: 2 2
2 2
4 4 6 y
x
46. (x + 1) + ( y + 2) + ( z − 2) = 16
2 2 2
z
To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. −6

−6
−4
−2
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) + (0 − 2) = 16
2 2 2
4 2 y
x
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) = 12
2 2
47. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0 z
To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. 4

2
x + y + (0) − 6 x − 10 y + 6(0) + 30 = 0
2 2 2
2
(x − 6 x + 9) + ( y − 10 y + 25) = −30 + 9 + 25
4
2 2 4 6
x 6 8
y
( x − 3) + ( y − 5) = 4
2 2
48. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 y + 2 z − 60 = 0 z
To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. 8 −12
−8
x 2 + y 2 + (0) − 4 y + 2(0) − 60 = 0
2
4 4
12 y
x
x + y − 4 y = 60
2 2
x 2 + ( y 2 − 4 y + 4) = 60 + 4
x 2 + ( y − 2) = 64
2
49. x 2 + ( y + 3) + z 2 = 25
2
z
To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.

4
02 + ( y + 3) + z 2 = 25
2 −6
−4 2 −4
−2
(y + 3) + z 2 = 25
2 2 2
4 4
6 y
x
−6
50. (x + 2) + ( y − 3) + z 2 = 9
2 2
51. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 4 y − 6 z − 12 = 0
To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.
(0 + 2) + ( y − 3) + z 2 = 9
2 2 (0)2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4(0) − 4 y − 6 z − 12 = 0
(y − 3) + z 2 = 5
2 ( y2 − 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = 12 + 4 + 9
z z (y − 2) + ( z − 3) = 25
2 2
4 6
−6
−4
2
4 6
6 8
x −4
y 4 4
x
y
52. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0 z
To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. 2 −4

−2
(0)2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6(0) − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0
x 4
2 4
6
( y 2 − 10 y + 25) + ( z 2 + 6 z + 9) = −30 + 25 + 9
8
−4
y
−6
(y − 5) + ( z + 3) = 4
2 2
(0, 5, − 3)
53. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 54. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 169

(a) To find the trace, let z = 3. (a) To find the trace, let x = 5.
x 2 + y 2 + 32 = 25 52 + y 2 + z 2 = 169
x 2 + y 2 = 16 y 2 + z 2 = 144
z z
15
2
10
5 15
10
y
20
x 25
6 6
x y
(b) To find the trace, let y = 12.

(b) To find the trace, let x = 4.
42 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 x 2 + 122 + z 2 = 169
y2 + z2 = 9 x 2 + z 2 = 25
z
z
9
8
6
−9
−6
4 3
6
6 9
9 12
x −6
−9 y
4 4
x 8 8 y
Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 423
55. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 6 y + 9 = 0
(a) To find the trace, let x = 2. (b) To find the trace, let y = 3.
2 + y + z − 4( 2) − 6 y + 9 = 0
2 2 2
x 2 + 32 + z 2 − 4 x − 6(3) + 9 = 0
( y2 − 6 y + 9) + z 2 = − 9 − 4 + 8 + 9 ( x 2 − 4 x + 4) + z 2 = −9 + 18 − 9 + 4
(y − 3) + z 2 = 22
2
(x − 2) + z 2 = 2 2
2
z z
8 8
4 4
4 4
8 8 y 8 8
x x y
56. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x − 6 z + 16 = 0
(a) To find the trace, let x = 4. (b) To find the trace, let z = 3.
4 + y + z − 8( 4) − 6 z + 16 = 0
2 2 2
x 2 + y 2 + 32 − 8 x − 6(3) + 16 = 0
y 2 + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = −16 + 32 − 16 + 9 ( x 2 − 8 x + 16) + y 2 = −9 + 18 − 16 + 16
y 2 + ( z − 3) = 9 (x − 4) + y 2 = 9
2 2
z z
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
4 y 4 y
6 6
8 8
x x
57. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = (1652 )
2
58. (a) (3, 3, 3)
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6806.25 (b) (4, 4, 8)
Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space
Skills Warm Up
1. 3x + 4 y = 12 2. 6 x + y = −8
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept. Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept.
3(0) + 4 y = 12 6(0) + y = −8
y = 3 y = −8
y-intercept: (0, 3) y-intercept: (0, − 8)
Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept. Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
3x + 4(0) = 12 6 x + 0 = −8
x = 4 4
x = −
x-intercept: ( 4, 0) 3
⎛ 4 ⎞
x-intercept: ⎜ − , 0 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
Skills Warm Up —continued—

3. −2 x + y = −2 4. − x − y = 5
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept. Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept.
−2(0) + y = −2 −0 − y = 5
y = −2 y = −5
y-intercept: (0, − 2) y-intercept: (0, − 5)
Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept. Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
−2 x + 0 = − 2 −x − 0 = 5
x =1 x = −5
x-intercept: (1, 0) x-intercept: ( −5, 0)
5. 16 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 16 z 2 = 4
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
4
6. 9 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 9 z 2 = 36
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4
1. 4 x + 2 y + 6 z = 12 4. x + y + z = 3
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
4 x = 12 ⇒ x = 3 z
x = 3
z
To find the y-intercept, To find the y-intercept, (0, 0, 3)
3
let x = 0 and z = 0. let x = 0 and z = 0.
4
2 y = 12 ⇒ y = 6 (0, 0, 2) y = 3
To find the z-intercept, (3, 0, 0)
To find the z-intercept,
(0, 6, 0) 3
let x = 0 and y = 0. 4 let x = 0 and y = 0. 3
(0, 3, 0)
y
6 x (3, 0, 0)
6 z = 12 ⇒ z = 2 z = 3
x y
2. 3x + 6 y + 2 z = 6 5. 2 x − y + 3 z = 4
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
3x = 6 ⇒ x = 2 z
2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2 z
To find the y-intercept, (0, 0, 3) To find the y-intercept, 3

3 (0, − 4, 0)
let x = 0 and z = 0. let x = 0 and z = 0. −4 2
(0, 0, 43 (
6y = 6 ⇒ y = 1 − y = 4 ⇒ y = −4 −2
−1
To find the z-intercept, (0, 1, 0) To find the z-intercept,
(2, 0, 0) 1 1
let x = 0 and y = 0. x 3
2 2 3 y let x = 0 and y = 0. (2, 0, 0)
y
3
2z = 6 ⇒ z = 3 3z = 4 ⇒ z = 4 x
4 −2
3
3. 3x + 3 y + 5 z = 15
6. 2 x − y + z = 4
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
3x = 15 ⇒ x = 5
2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2 z
To find the y-intercept, z
To find the y-intercept, 4 (0, 0, 4)
let x = 0 and z = 0.
(0, 0, 3)
3
let x = 0 and z = 0.
3 y = 15 ⇒ y = 5
(5, 0, 0) − y = 4 ⇒ y = −4 (0, − 4, 0 ) 2
(0, 5, 0)
To find the z-intercept, −4 1
let x = 0 and y = 0. 5 5
x y
let x = 0 and y = 0. 1 y
5 z = 15 ⇒ z = 3 3 (2, 0, 0)
z = 4 x
z
7. z = 8 12. x − 3z = 3
10
Because the coefficients (0, 0, 8) Because the coefficient of y is zero,
of x and y are zero, the only 6 there is no y-intercept.
z
intercept is the z-intercept 4
To find the x-intercept,
of 8. The plane is parallel 2
let z = 0.
2
to the xy-plane. 1 (0, 0, −1)

x = 3
2 2
4 4 (3, 0, 0)
6 6 1
1 2
x
x y
To find the z-intercept, 4 3
4
let x = 0. y
8. x = 5 z
−3 z = 3 ⇒ z = −1
Because the coefficients The plane is parallel to the y-axis.
of y and z are zero, 6
the only intercept is the −8 13. For the first plane, 5 x − 3 y + z = 4, a1 = 5, b1 = −3,
−6
x-intercept. The plane is and c1 = 1. For the second plane, x + 4 y + 7 z = 1,
parallel to the yz-plane. (5, 0, 0)
8
6 6
y a2 = 1, b2 = 4, and c2 = 7. So you have
x 10
−6
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (5)(1) + ( −3)( 4) + (1)(7)
= 5 − 12 + 7
9. y + z = 5
= 0.
Because the coefficient of x is zero, there is no
The planes are perpendicular.
x-intercept. z
To find the y-intercept, 6

14. For the first plane, 3x + y − 4 z = 3, a1 = 3,
(0, 0, 5)
let z = 0. b1 = 1, and c1 = −4. For the second plane,
y = 5 −9 x − 3 y + 12 z = 4, a2 = −9, b2 = −3, and
To find the z-intercept, c2 = 12. So you have a2 = −3a1 , b2 = −3b1 , and
(0, 5, 0)
let y = 0. c2 = −3c1.
6 6
x y
z = 5 The planes are parallel.
The plane is parallel to the x-axis. 15. For the first plane, x − 5 y − z = 1, a1 = 1, b1 = −5,
and c1 = −1. For the second plane,
10. x + 2 y = 4
5 x − 25 y − 5 z = −3, a2 = 5, b2 = −25, and
Because the coefficient of z is zero, there is no
c2 = −5. So you have a2 = 5a1 , b2 = 5b1 , and
z-intercept.
c2 = 5c1.
z
To find the x-intercept, 4

let y = 0. The planes are parallel.
x = 4 16. For the first plane, x + 3 y + 2 z = 6, a1 = 1,

To find the y-intercept, b1 = 3, and c1 = 2. For the second plane,
(0, 2, 0)
let x = 0. 3
4 x − 12 y + 8 z = 24, a2 = 4, b2 = −12, and
4 y
2y = 4 ⇒ y = 2 x (4, 0, 0) c2 = 8. The planes are not parallel because

a2 = 4a1 and b2 ≠ 4b1. The planes are not
The plane is parallel to the z-axis.
perpendicular because
11. x + z = 6 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)( 4) + (3)( −12) + ( 2)(8)
To find the x-intercept, let z = 0, so x = 6. = 4 − 36 + 16
Because the coefficient of y is zero, z = 16 ≠ 0.
there is no y-intercept.
(0, 0, 6)
6
17. For the first plane, x + 2 y = 3, a1 = 1, b1 = 2, and
let x = 0, so z = 6. 4 c1 = 0. For the second plane, 4 x + 8 y = 5,
The plane is parallel to 2 a2 = 4, b2 = 8, and c2 = 0. So you have
the y-axis. a2 = 4a1 , b2 = 4b1 , and c2 = 4c1. The planes are
2 2 parallel.
(6, 0, 0) 4
6
x y
18. For the first plane, x + 3 y + z = 7, a1 = 1, b1 = 3, 22. For the first plane, x = −2, a1 = 1, b1 = 0, and
and c1 = 1. For the second plane, x − 5 z = 0, a2 = 1, c1 = 0. For the second plane, y = 4, a2 = 0,
b2 = 0, and c2 = −5. The planes are not parallel b2 = 1, and c2 = 0. So you have
because a1 = a2 and b1 ≠ b2 . The planes are not a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(0) + (0)(1) + (0)(0) = 0.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(1) + (3)(0) + (1)( −5)
=1−5 x2 y2 z2
23. + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
= −4 ≠ 0. 9 16 9
Matches graph (c).
19. For the first plane, 2 x + y = 3, a1 = 2, b1 = 1, and
c1 = 0. For the second plane, 3x − 5 z = 0, a2 = 3, 24. 15 x 2 − 4 y 2 + 15 z 2 = −4 is a hyperboloid of two
b2 = 0, and c2 = −5. The planes are not parallel sheets.
because 3a1 = 2a2 and 3b1 ≠ 2b2 . The planes are not Matches graph (e).
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = ( 2)(3) + (1)(0) + (0)( −5) 25. 4 x 2 − y 2 + 4 z 2 = 4 is a hyperboloid of one sheet.
= 6 ≠ 0. Matches graph (f ).
20. For the first plane, 2 x − z = 1, a1 = 2, b1 = 0, and 26. y 2 = 4 x 2 + 9 z 2 is an elliptic cone.

c1 = −1. For the second plane, 4 x + 8 y = 5, a2 = 4, Matches graph (b).
b2 = 1, and c2 = 8. So you have
27. 4 x 2 − 4 y + z 2 = 0 is an elliptic paraboloid.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = ( 2)( 4) + (0)(1) + ( −1)(8)
Matches graph (d).
= 8−8
= 0. 28. 4 x 2 − y 2 + 4 z = 0 is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
The planes are perpendicular. Matches graph (a).
21. For the first plane, x = 3, a1 = 1, b1 = 0, and
c1 = 0. For the second plane, z = −1, a2 = 0,
b2 = 0, and c2 = 1. So you have
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(0) + (0)(0) + (0)(1)
= 0.
29. z = x 2 − y 2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): 0 = x2 − y 2
±x = y Lines
(b) Trace in plane x = 3: z = 9 − y2 Parabola
(c) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z = x 2

Parabola
The graph is a hyperbolic parabola.
30. y = x 2 + z 2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): y = x2 Parabola
(b) Trace in plane y = 1: x2 + z 2 = 1 Circle
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y = z2 Parabola

The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
x2
31. + y2 + z2 = 1
4
x2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): + y2 = 1 Ellipse
4
x2
(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): + z2 = 1 Ellipse
4
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle
The graph is an ellipsoid.
32. y 2 + z 2 − x 2 = 1
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): y2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola
(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z 2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle

The graph is an elliptic cone.
x2 y2
33. z 2 − − =1
9 16
x2
(a) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z2 − =1 Hyperbola
9
y2 13
(b) Trace in plane x = 2: z2 − =
16 9
z2 y2
− =1 Hyperbola
13 9 208 9
x2 y2
(c) Trace in plane z = 4: + = 15
9 16
x2 y2
+ =1 Ellipse
135 240
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
z2
34. y 2 + − x2 = 0
4
z2
(a) Trace in plane y = −1: − x2 = 1 Hyperbola
4
(b) Trace in plane z = 4: x2 − y 2 = 1 Hyperbola
2
z
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + = 0 Point
4
y2 37. 25 x 2 + 25 y 2 − z 2 = 5
35. The graph of x 2 + + z 2 = 1 is an ellipsoid.
4
x2 y2 z2
Standard form: + − =1
y2 15 15 5
36. z 2 = x 2 +
4 The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet.
2
y
Standard form: x 2 + − z2 = 0 38. z = 4 x 2 + y 2
4
The graph is an elliptic cone. x2
Standard form: z = + y2
14
39. x 2 − y 2 + z = 0 46. 4 y = x 2 + z 2
Standard form: z = y 2 − x 2 x2 z2
Standard form: y = +
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid. 4 4
y2
40. The graph of z 2 − x 2 − = 1 is a hyperboloid
4 47. 3z = − y 2 + x 2
of two sheets.
x2 y2
Standard form: z = −
41. x 2 − y + z 2 = 0 3 3
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
Standard form: y = x 2 + z 2
The graph is an elliptic paraboloid. 48. z 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2
42. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 8 z 2 = 72 x2 y2
Standard form: + − z2 = 0
12 12
x2 y2 z2
Standard form: + − =1 The graph is an elliptic cone.
8 18 9
The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet.
x2 y2 z2
49. + + =1
43. z 2 = 9 x 2 + y 2 39632 39632 39502
y2 z2 50. (a) You are viewing the paraboloid from the
Standard form: x 2 + − = 0
9 9 x-axis: ( 20, 0, 0)
(b) You are viewing the paraboloid from above,
x 2
y z 2 2 but not on the z-axis: (10, 10, 20)
44. The graph of + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
9 16 16 (c) You are viewing the paraboloid from the
z-axis: (0, 0, 20)
45. 2 x 2 − y 2 + 2 z 2 = −4
(d) You are viewing the paraboloid from the
x2 y2 z2
Standard form: − + − =1 y-axis: (0, 20, 0)
2 4 2
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
51. z = 0.62 x − 0.41y + 0.38

(a)
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
x 33.1 34.9 37.4 40.6 43.0 41.8
y 13.2 13.8 14.9 15.0 15.4 14.5
z (actual) 15.5 16.3 17.8 19.5 20.5 20.7
z (model) 15.5 16.4 17.5 19.4 20.7 20.4
The approximated values of z are very close to the actual values.

(b) According to the model, increases in expenditures of recreation types y and z will correspond
to an increase in expenditures of recreation type x.
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = 5 − 2 x, x = −3 2. f ( x) = − x 2 + 4 x + 5, x = −3
f ( −3) = 5 − 2( −3) = 11 f ( −3) = −( −3) + 4(−3) + 5 = −16

2
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 429
3. y = 4 x 2 − 3 x + 4, x = −3 7. h( y ) = y −5
y = 4( −3) − 3( −3) + 4 =
2
49 = 7 Domain: [5, ∞)
4. y = 3
34 − 4 x + 2 x 2 , x = −3 8. f ( y ) = y2 − 5
y = 3 34 − 4( −3) + 2( −3)
2
=
3
64 = 4 Domain: −∞, − ( 5 ⎤⎦ ∪ ⎡⎣ 5, ∞ )
9. ( 476)
0.65
5. f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 3 x − 2 ≈ 55.0104
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
10. ( 251)
0.35
≈ 6.9165
1 2
6. g ( x) = −
2x x+3
Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
x 4. g ( x, y ) = ln x + y
1. f ( x, y ) =
y
(a) g ( 2, 3) = ln 2 + 3 = ln 5
3 1
(a) f (3, 2) = (b) f ( −1, 4) = − (b) g (5, 6) = ln 5 + 6 = ln 11
2 4
30 5 (c) g (e, 0) = ln e + 0 = ln e = 1
(c) f (30, 5) = = 6 (d) f (5, y ) =
5 y
(d) g (0, 1) = ln 0 + 1 = ln 1 = 0
x 5
(e) f ( x, 2) = (f ) f (5, t ) =
2 t (e) g ( 2, − 3) = ln 2 + ( −3) = ln 1 = 0
(f ) g (e, e) = ln e + e = ln ( 2e) = 1 + ln 2
2. f ( x, y ) = 4 − x 2 − 4 y 2
(a) f (0, 0) = 4 − 02 − 4(0) = 4 xy

2
5. h( x, y , z ) =
z
(b) f (0, 1) = 4 − 02 − 4(1) = 0
2
(a) h( 2, 3, 9) =
(2)(3) =
2
(c) f ( 2, 3) = 4 − 22 − 4(3) = −36 9 3
2
(b) h(1, 0, 1) =
(1)(0)
(d) f (1, y ) = 4 − 12 − 4 y 2 = 3 − 4 y 2 = 0
1
(e) f ( x, 0) = 4 − x 2 − 4(0) = 4 − x 2
2
6. f ( x, y , z ) = x + y + z
(f ) f (t , 1) = 4 − t 2 − 4(1) = −t 2
2
(a) f (0, 5, 4) = 0+5+ 4 = 9 = 3
3. f ( x, y ) = xe y (b) f (6, 8, − 3) = 6 + 8 + ( −3) = 11

(a) f (5, 0) = 5e0 = 5 (b) f (3, 2) = 3e 2
7. V ( r , h) = π r 2 h
2
(c) f ( 2, −1) = 2e −1 = (d) f (5, y ) = 5e y (a) V (3, 10) = π (3) (10) = 90π
2
e
(b) V (5, 2) = π (5) ( 2) = 50π
2
(e) f ( x, 2) = xe 2 (f ) f (t , t ) = tet
n
⎛ r ⎞
8. F ( r , n) = 500⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
60
⎛ 0.09 ⎞
(a) F (0.09, 60) = 500⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ 782.84
⎝ 12 ⎠
240
⎛ 0.14 ⎞
(b) F (0.14, 240) = 500⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ 8090.14
⎝ 12 ⎠
⎡⎛ r ⎞
12t
⎤⎛ 12 ⎞
9. A( P, r , t ) = P ⎢⎜1 + ⎟ − 1⎥⎜1 + ⎟
⎢⎣⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎥⎦⎝ r⎠
⎡⎛ 0.10 ⎞
120
⎤⎛ 12 ⎞
(a) A(100, 0.10, 10) = 100⎢⎜1 + ⎟ − 1⎥⎜1 + ⎟ = $20,655.20
⎣⎢⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎦⎥⎝ 0.10 ⎠
⎡⎛ 0.0925 ⎞
480
⎤⎛ 12 ⎞
(b) A( 275, 0.0925, 40) = 275⎢⎜1 + ⎟ − 1⎥⎜1 + ⎟ = $1,397,672.67
⎢⎣⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎥⎦⎝ 0.0925 ⎠
10. A( P, r , t ) = Pe rt
(a) A(500, 0.10, 5) = 500e(0.10)(5) = 500e0.5 ≈ 824.36
(b) A(1500, 0.12, 20) = 1500e(0.12)(20) = 1500e 2.4 ≈ 16,534.76
y 1
11. f ( x, y ) = ∫ x (2t − 3) dt
y
12. g ( x, y ) = ∫x dt
t
2
(a) f (1, 2) = ∫ 1 (2t − 3) dt 1 1
(a) g ( 4, 1) =
1
∫4 t dt = ⎡⎣ln t ⎤⎦ 4 = ln 1 − ln 4 = −ln 4
= ⎡⎣(t 2 − 3t )⎤⎦
2
3 1
(b) g (6, 3) = ∫6
1
dt
= ( −2 ) − ( − 2 ) = 0 t
3
4 = ⎡⎣ln t ⎤⎦ 6
(b) f (1, 4) = ∫ 1 (2t − 3) dt
= ln 3 − ln 6
= ⎡⎣(t 2 − 3t )⎤⎦
4
1
1 = ln
= 4 − ( − 2) = 6 2
= −ln 2
13. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 y
(a) f ( x + ∆x, y ) = ( x + ∆x) − 2 y = x 2 + 2 x ∆x + ( ∆x) − 2 y

2 2
f ( x, y + ∆y ) − f ( x, y ) ⎡ x 2 − 2( y + ∆y )⎤⎦ − ( x 2 − 2 y ) x 2 − 2 y − 2 ∆y − x 2 + 2 y 2 ∆y
(b) = ⎣ = = − = −2, ∆y ≠ 0
∆y ∆y ∆y ∆y
14. f ( x, y ) = 3 xy + y 2
(a) f ( x + ∆x, y ) = 3( x + ∆x) y + y 2
⎡3 x( y + ∆y ) + ( y + ∆y )2 ⎤ − (3xy + y 2 )
f ( x, y + ∆y ) − f ( x, y )
(b) = ⎣ ⎦
∆y ∆y
3 xy + 3 x ∆y + y 2 + 2 y ∆y + ( ∆y ) − 3 xy − y 2
2
=
∆y
3 x ∆y + 2 y ∆y + (∆y )
2
= = 3x + 2 y + ∆y, ∆y ≠ 0
∆y
15. f ( x, y ) = 16 − x 2 − y 2 25. z =
y
x
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 because 16 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0.
above or below the y-axis because x ≠ 0. The range
The range is [0, 4]. is ( −∞, ∞).
16. z = 4 − x2 − y2 x
26. f ( x, y ) =
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the y
circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 because 4 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0. The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
The range is [0, 2]. above or below the x-axis because y ≠ 0. The range
is ( −∞, ∞).
17. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
1
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane. 27. f ( x, y ) =
xy
The range is [0, ∞).
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
except those on the x-axis and y-axis because
18. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1
x ≠ y ≠ 0. The range is all z ≠ 0, or
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane. (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
The range is [−1, ∞).
1
28. g ( x, y ) =
19. f ( x, y ) = e x y
x − y
The domain is the set of all points above or below the The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
x-axis because y ≠ 0. The range is (0, ∞). except those on the line y = x because x ≠ y.
The range is all z ≠ 0, or ( − ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
20. f ( x, y ) = ye 1 x
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane 29. h( x, y ) = x y
above or below the y-axis because x ≠ 0. The range
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane such
is ( − ∞, ∞).
that y ≥ 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞).
21. g ( x, y ) = ln ( 4 − x − y )
30. f ( x, y ) = xy
The domain is the half-plane below the line
y = − x + 4 because 4 − x − y > 0. The range The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane that
lie in the first quadrant and the third quadrant, as well
is ( − ∞, ∞). as the x-axis and y-axis because xy ≥ 0. The range
is [0, ∞).
22. f ( x, y ) = ln ( x + y )
The domain is the half plane above the line y2
31. f ( x, y ) = x 2 +
y = − x because x + y > 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞). 4
The contour map consists of ellipses
23. z = 9 − 3x 2 − y 2 y2
x2 + = C.
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the 4
ellipse 3x 2 + y 2 = 9 because 9 − 3x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0. Matches (b).
The range is [0, 3].
32. f ( x, y ) = e1− x
2 + y2
24. z = 4 − x2 − 4 y2 2 + y2
The contour map consists of curves e1− x = C,
The domain is the set of all points inside or on the
or 1 − x 2 + y 2 = ln C , which are hyperbolas.
ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4 because 4 − x 2 − 4 y 2 ≥ 0.
Matches (d).
The range is [0, 4].
33. f ( x, y ) = e1− x
2 − y2
37. c = 0, 0 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 25
2 − y2 c = 1, 1 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 24
The contour map consists of curves e1− x = C , or
c = 2, 2 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 21
1 − x 2 − y 2 = ln C ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 1 − ln C , circles.
Matches (a). c = 3, 3 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 16
c = 4, 4 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x2 + y2 = 9
34. f ( x, y ) = ln y − x 2
c = 5, 5 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x2 + y2 = 0
The contour map consists of curves ln y − x 2 = C , or
The level curves are circles.
y
y − x 2 = eC ⇒ y = x 2 + eC , which are parabolas. c=0
Matches (c). c=1

2
35. c = −1, −1 = x + y, y = −x − 1 1
c=5
x
c = 0, 0 = x + y, y = −x −2 −1 1 2
c=4
−2
c = 2, 2 = x + y, y = −x + 2
c = 4, 4 = x + y, y = −x + 4
c=2
c=3
The level curves are parallel lines.

38. c = 0, 0 = x2 + y 2 y
y c=8
5
c = 2, 2 = x + y 2 2 c=6
c=4
4
c = 4, 4 = x2 + y2 1
3 x
2 c = 6, 6 = x2 + y 2 1
c=2
1
c = 8, 8 = x2 + y 2 c=0
x
−1
−1
1 2 3 4 5
The level curves are circles.
c = −1 c=0 c=2 c=4
39. c = ±1, xy = ±1 y
c=1
c=2
c=3
36. c = 0, 0 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 6 c = ±2, xy = ±2 c=4
c=5
c = 2, 2 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 4 c = ±3, xy = ±3 c=6
c = 4, 4 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 2 c = ±4, xy = ±4 1
c = 6, 6 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 0 c = ±5, xy = ±5 −1 1
x
−1
c = 8, 8 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2 x + 3 y = −2 c = ±6, xy = ±6
c = 10, 10 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2 x + 3 y = −4 The level curves are c = −6
c = −5
c = −4
The level curves are parallel lines. hyperbolas. c = −3
c = −1 c = −2
y
3 40. c = 1, 1 = e xy , 0 = xy
c = 2, 2 = e , xy
ln 2 = xy
c = 3, 3 = e ,xy
ln 3 = xy
c = 4,
x
−2 c=0 4 = e , xy
ln 4 = xy
c=2
c = 1,
c = 10 c=4 1 = e ,xy
− ln 2 = xy
2
c=6 2
c=8
c = 13 , 1
= e ,xy
− ln 3 = xy
3
c = 1,
4 1 = e xy , − ln 4 = xy
4
The level curves y

c=2
are hyperbolas. c=3
c=4
1
x
−1 1
c = 12
c = 13
c = 14
1 1 x 42. c = 0, ln ( x − y ) = 0, x − y =1
41. c = , = 2 , (x − 1) + y 2 = 1
2
2 2 x + y2
c = 1,
2
ln ( x − y ) = 1,
2
x − y = e1 2
1 1 x
c = − , − = 2 , (x + 1) + y = 1
2 2
c = − 12 , ln ( x − y ) = − 12 , x − y = e −1 2
2 2 x + y2
x ⎛ 1⎞
2
1 c = 1, ln ( x − y ) = 1, x − y = e
c = 1, 1 = , ⎜x − ⎟ + y =
2
x2 + y2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4
c = −1, ln ( x − y ) = −1, x − y = e −1
2
x ⎛ 1⎞ 1
c = −1, −1 = ⎜x + ⎟ + y = ln ( x − y ) =
2 3, 3,
, c = x − y = e3 2
x2 + y 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4 2 2
2 c = − 32 , ln ( x − y ) = − 32 , x − y = e −3 2
3 3 x ⎛ 1⎞ 1
c = , = 2 , ⎜x − ⎟ + y =
2
2 2 x + y2 ⎝ 3⎠ 9 c = 2, ln ( x − y ) = 2, x − y = e2
2
3
−
3
= 2
x ⎛ 1⎞ 1 c = −2, ln ( x − y ) = −2, x − y = e −2
c = − , ⎜x + ⎟ + y =
2
,
2 2 x + y2 ⎝ 3⎠ 9
The level curves are lines.
2
x ⎛ 1⎞ 1 y
c = 2, 2 = 2 , ⎜x − ⎟ + y =
2 c=0
x + y2 ⎝ 4⎠ 16 c = −2
x
6
2 c = − 32
x ⎛ 1⎞ 1
c = − 2, −2 = , ⎜x + ⎟ + y =
2
c = −1
x2 + y 2 ⎝ 4⎠ 16 c = − 12
c = 12
c=1
−4
The level curves are circles. c = 32
y −6 c=2
c=−1 2
2
c= 1
c = −1 2 c=1 43. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.75 y 0.25
f (1500, 1000) = 100(1500) (1000)

0.75 0.25
x
−2 2
3
c= 3
2
≈ 135,540 units
c c=2
2
−2
c = −2
44. From Example 4, f ( x, y ) = Cx a y1− a .
f ( 2 x, 2 y ) = C ( 2 x ) ( 2 y ) = C 2a x a 2 1− a y 1− a = 2a 2 1− aCx a y 1− a = 2Cx a y 1− a = 2 f ( x, y )
a 1− a
45. P( x 1, x 2 ) = 50( x1 + x 2 ) − C1 ( x 1 ) − C 2 ( x 2 ) = 50( x1 + x 2 ) − (0.02 x 12 + 4 x1 + 500) − (0.05 x 22 + 4 x 2 + 275)
(a) P( 250, 150) = 50( 250 + 150) − ⎡0.02( 250) + 4(250) + 500⎤ − ⎡0.05(150) + 4(150) + 275⎤ = $15,250
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
(b) P(300, 200) = 50(300 + 200) − ⎡0.02(300) + 4(300) + 500⎤ − ⎡0.05( 200) + 4(200) + 275⎤ = $18,425
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
(c) P(600, 400) = 50(600 + 400) − ⎡0.02(600) + 4(600) + 500⎤ − ⎡0.05( 400) + 4( 400) + 275⎤ = $30,025
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡1 + 0.10(1 − R) ⎤
1 10
46. w( x, y ) = 47. V ( I , R) = 2000 ⎢
x − y ⎥
⎣ 1+ I ⎦
1 1
(a) W (15, 10) = hr = hr = 12 min
15 − 10 5 I
0 0.03 0.05
R
1 1
(b) W (12, 9) = hr = hr = 20 min 0 $5187.48 $3859.98 $3184.67
12 − 9 3
1 1 0.28 $4008.46 $2982.67 $2460.85
(c) W (12, 6) = hr = hr = 10 min
12 − 6 6
0.35 $3754.27 $2793.53 $2304.80
1 1
(d) W ( 4, 2) = hr = hr = 30 min
4−2 2
48. A( r , t ) = 5000e rt
Number of years
Rate 5 10 15 20
0.02 $5525.85 $6107.01 $6749.29 $7459.12
0.04 $6107.01 $7459.12 $9110.59 $11,127.70
0.06 $6749.29 $9110.59 $12,298.02 $16,600.58
0.08 $7459.12 $11,127.70 $16,600.58 $24,765.16
49. (a) C, highest pressure ⎛P ⋅ r⎞

(b) A, lowest pressure ⎜ ⎟
53. M = ⎝ 12 ⎠
12 t
(c) B, highest wind velocity ⎡ 1 ⎤
1− ⎢ ⎥
50. (a) The purple and blue areas represent the lowest levels ⎢⎣1 + ( r 12) ⎥⎦
of ozone.
⎡120,000(0.08) ⎤
(b) No, the level curves are uneven and sporadically ⎢ ⎥
spaced. ⎣ 12 ⎦
(a) M = 12( 20)
= $1003.73
⎡ 1 ⎤
51. z = 0.379 x − 0.135 y − 3.45 1− ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢1 + ( 0.08 12) ⎦⎥
(a) z = 0.379( 20) − 0.135(10) − 3.45
$1003.73 × 240 payments = $240,895.20
= $2.78 earnings per share
(b) The x-variable ⎡120,000(0.07) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 12 ⎦
Explanations will vary. Sample answer: The (b) M = = $798.36
12(30)
x-variable has a greater influence on the earnings per ⎡ 1 ⎤
1− ⎢ ⎥
share because the absolute value of its coefficient is
⎣⎢1 + ( 0.07 12) ⎦⎥
larger than the absolute value of the coefficient of
the y-term. $798.36 × 360 payments = $287,409.60
52. z = 0.175 x + 0.772 y − 275 ⎡120,000(0.07) ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎣ 12 ⎦
(a) z = 0.175(1000) + 0.772(500) − 275 (c) M = 12(15)
= $1078.59
⎡ 1 ⎤
= $286 million 1− ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣1 + (0.07 12) ⎥⎦
(b) The y-variable
Explanations will vary. Sample answer: The $1078.59 × 180 payments = $194,146.20
y-variable has a greater influence on shareholders’ Choices will vary, as well as explanations.
equity because the absolute value of its coefficient
is greater than that of the coefficient of the x-term.
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = x2 + 3 3. g (t ) = te 2t +1
1 2 x g ′(t ) = te 2t +1 ( 2) + e 2t +1 (1) = e 2t +1 ( 2t + 1)
( x + 3) (2 x) =
−1 2
f ′( x) =
2 x2 + 3
2. g ( x) = (3 − x 2 )
3
g ′( x) = 3(3 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) = −6 x(3 − x 2 )
2 2
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 435
4. f ( x) = e 2 x 1 − e 2 x
⎛1⎞
f ′( x) = e 2 x ⎜ ⎟(1 − e 2 x ) ( −e 2 x )( 2) +
−1 2
1 − e 2 x e 2 x ( 2)
⎝ ⎠
2
e 2 x ( −e 2 x )
=
1−e 2x
+ 2e2 x 1 − e 2 x =
e2 x
1−e 2x
( −e 2x
)
+ 2(1 − e 2 x ) =
e2 x
1 − e2 x
(2 − 3e2 x )
5. f ( x) = ln (3 − 2 x) 5x2
7. g ( x) =
f ′( x) =
−2 (4 x − 1)
2
3 − 2x
g ′( x) =
(4 x − 1) (10 x) − 5 x 2 ( 2)( 4 x − 1)( 4)
2
6. u (t ) = ln t 3 − 6t (4 x − 1)
4
1 ⎛1⎞ 3 (4 x − 1)10 x − 40 x 2
⎜ ⎟(t − 6t ) (3t − 6)
−1 2
u′(t ) = 2 =
(4 x − 1)
3
t − 6t ⎝ ⎠
3 2
3(t 2 − 2) = −
10 x
= (4 x − 1)
3
2t (t 2 − 6)
(x + 2)
3
8. f ( x) =
( x 2 − 9)
2
( x 2 − 9) (3)( x + 2) − ( x + 2) ( 2)( x 2 − 9)( 2 x)

2 2 3
f ′( x) =
( x 2 − 9)
4
3( x + 2) ( x 2 − 9) − 4 x( x + 2)
2 3
( x + 2)2 ⎡⎣3( x 2 − 9) − 4 x( x + 2)⎤⎦ (x + 2) ( x 2 + 8 x + 27)
2
= = = −
( x 2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9)
3 3 3
9. f ( x) = x 2e x − 2
f ′( x) = x 2e x − 2 + e x − 2 ( 2 x)
f ′( 2) = ( 2) e 2 − 2 + e 2 − 2 ( 2( 2)) = 4 + 4 = 8
2
10. g ( x) = x x2 − x + 2
⎛1⎞ x2 − x 2
g ′( x) = x⎜ ⎟( x 2 − x + 2) ( 2 x − 1) +
−1 2
x2 − x + 2 = + x2 − x + 2
⎝ 2⎠ x2 − x + 2
22 − 2 2 3 7
g ′( 2) = + 22 − 2 + 2 = + 2 =
22 − 2 + 2 2 2
∂z 3. f x ( x, y ) = 3
1. = 3
∂x f y ( x, y ) = −12 y
∂z
= 5
∂y 4. f x ( x, y ) = 1
2.
∂z
= 2x f y ( x, y ) = 6 y
∂x
∂z
= −2
∂y
5. f x ( x, y ) =
1
11. hx ( x, y ) = −2 xe
(
− x2 + y 2 )
y
x hy ( x, y ) = −2 ye
(
− x2 + y 2 )
f y ( x, y ) = − xy −2 = −
y2
1 xy
12. g x ( x, y ) = e
∂z y
6. = y
∂x x
g y ( x, y ) = − 2 e x y
∂z 1 x y
= xy −1 2 =
∂y 2 2 y
x + y
13. z = ln = ln ( x + y ) − ln ( x − y )
1 2 x x − y
( x + y 2 ) ( 2 x) =
−1 2
7. f x ( x, y ) =
2 x + y2
2 ∂z 1 1 2y
= − = − 2
∂x x + y x − y x − y2
1 2 y
( x + y 2 ) (2 y) =
−1 2
f y ( x, y ) = ∂z 1 1 2x
2 x + y2
2
= + = 2
∂y x + y x − y x − y2
8. f x ( x, y ) =
( x 2 + y 2 )( y) − ( xy)(2 x) =
y( y 2 − x 2 )
14. g x ( x, y ) =
2x
( x2 + y 2 ) (x + y ) x2 + y 2
2 2
2 2
2y
g y ( x, y ) = 2
f y ( x, y ) =
( x 2 + y 2 )( x) − ( xy)(2 y) =
x( x 2 − y 2 ) x + y2
( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
2 2
15. f x ( x, y ) = 6 x + y, f x ( 2, 1) = 13
∂z f y ( x, y ) = x − 2 y, f y ( 2, 1) = 0
9. = 2 xe 2 y
∂x
16. f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 y, f x (1, −1) = 5
∂z
= 2 x 2e 2 y
∂y f y ( x, y ) = − 3 x + 2 y, f y (1, −1) = − 5
∂z 17. f x ( x, y ) = 3 ye3 xy , f x (0, 4) = 12

10. = xe x + y + e x + y = ( x + 1)e x + y
∂x
f y ( x, y ) = 3 xe3 xy , f y (0, 4) = 0
∂z
= xe x + y
∂y 18. f x ( x, y ) = e x y 2 , f x (0, 2) = 4
f y ( x, y ) = 2e x y, f y (0, 2) = 4
19. f x ( x, y ) =
(x − y ) y − xy(1)
= −
y2
, f x ( 2, − 2) = −
1
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2
4
f y ( x, y ) =
(x − y ) x − xy( −1)
=
x2
, f y ( 2, − 2) =
1
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2
4
⎛1⎞
x 2 + y 2 ( 4 y ) − 4 xy⎜ ⎟( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 x)
−1 2
20. f x ( x, y ) = ⎝ ⎠
2
=
( x 2 + y 2 )(4 x) − 4 x 2 y = 4 y 3 , f (1, 0) = 0
x
x2 + y 2 ( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
32 32
⎛1⎞
x 2 + y 2 ( 4 x) − 4 xy ⎜ ⎟( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y )
−1 2
f y ( x, y ) = ⎝ 2⎠ =
( x 2 + y 2 )(4 x) − 4 xy 2 = 4 x3 , f (1, 0) = 4
y
x2 + y2 ( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
32 32
3 1 1
21. f x ( x, y ) = , f x (1, 0) = 1 22. f ( x, y ) = ln ( xy )
12
= ln x + ln y
3x + 5 y 2 2
1 1
f y ( x, y ) =
5
, f y (1, 0) =
5 f x ( x, y ) = , f x ( −1, −1) = −
3x + 5 y 3 2x 2
1 1
f y ( x, y ) = , f y ( −1, −1) = −
2y 2
∂z ∂z 32. wx = 6 xy − 5 yz, wx (3, 4, − 2) = 112

23. (a) = y (1, 2, 2) = 2
∂x ∂x
wy = 3 x 2 − 5 xz + 10 z 2 , wy (3, 4, − 2) = 97
∂z ∂z
(b) = x (1, 2, 2) = 1 wz = − 5 xy + 20 yz , wz (3, 4, − 2) = − 220
∂y ∂y
x 2
∂z x ∂z 3 33. wx = , wx ( 2, −1, 2) =
24. (a) = − (3, 0, 4) = − x + y + z
2 2 2 3
∂x 25 − x 2 − y 2 ∂x 4
y 1
∂z y ∂z wy = , wy ( 2, −1, 2) = −
(b) = − (3, 0, 4) = 0 x + y + z
2 2 2 3
∂y 25 − x 2 − y 2 ∂y
z 2
wz = , wz ( 2, −1, 2) =
∂z ∂z x2 + y 2 + z 2 3
25. (a) = −2 x (1, 1, 2) = −2
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z 3x 3 5
(b) = −2 y (1, 1, 2) = −2 34. wx = , wx (1, − 2, 1) =
∂y ∂y 3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 5
y 2 5
∂z ∂z wy = , wy (1, − 2, 1) = −
26. (a) = 2x (−2, 1, 3) = −4 3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 5
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z − 2z −2 5
(b) = −2 y (−2, 1, 3) = −2 wz = , wz (1, − 2, 1) =
∂y ∂y 3x + y − 2 z
2 2 2 5
27. wx = y 2 z 4 , wy = 2 xyz 4 , wz = 4 xy 2 z 3
35. wx = 4 xy 3 z 2e 2 x , wx
2
( 12 , −1, 2) = − 8 e
, w ( 12 , −1, 2) = 12 e
2
28. wx = 3x 2 yz 2 , wy = x3 z 2 , wz = 2 x3 yz wy = 3 y 2 z 2 e 2 x y
, w ( 12 , −1, 2) = − 4 e
2
(x + y )(0) − 2 z (1) 2z wz = 2 y 3 ze 2 x z
29. wx = = −
(x + y) (x + y)
2 2
36. wx = ye z , wx ( 2, 1, 0) = 1
2
wy =
( x + y )(0) − 2 z(1) = −
2z
wy = xe z , wy ( 2, 1, 0) = 2
2
(x + y) (x + y)
2 2
wz = 2 xyze z , wz ( 2, 1, 0) = 0
2
2
wz =
x+ y
5 1
37. wx = , wx ( 4, 1, −1) =
30. wx =
(x + y + z ) y − xy (1)
=
y 2 + yz 5 x + 2 y − 3z
3
5
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
6 y2 6
wy = , wy ( 4, 1, −1) =
wy =
(x + y + z ) x − xy (1)
=
x 2 + xz 5 x + 2 y − 3z
3
25
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
wz = −
3
, wz ( 4, 1, −1) = −
3
(x + y + z )(0) − xy (1) xy 5 x + 2 y 3 − 3z 25
wz = = −
(x + y + z) (x + y + z)
2 2
1
38. w = ln ln ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
2
31. wx = 2 z 2 + 3 yz , wx (1, −1, 2) = 2 x 3
wx = 2 , wx (3, 0, 4) =
wy = 3 xz − 12 yz , wy (1, −1, 2) = 30 x + y2 + z2 25
wz = 4 xz + 3 xy − 6 y 2 , wz (1, −1, 2) = −1 wy =
y
, wy (3, 0, 4) = 0
x + y2 + z2
2
z 4
wz = , wz (3, 0, 4) =
x2 + y 2 + z 2 25
39. f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 4 y − 4 = 0 ⇒ − 4 x − 8y = −8
f y ( x, y ) = 4 x + 2 y + 16 = 0 ⇒ 4 x + 2y = −16
−6 y = − 24
y = 4
x = −6
Solution: ( −6, 4)
3 2 ∂z
40. f x ( x, y ) = 9 x 2 − 12 y = 0 ⇒ y = x 44. = 4x
4 ∂x
2 ∂z
⎛ 3x 2 ⎞ = 5 y4
f y ( x, y ) = −12 x + 3 y 2 = 0 ⇒ −12 x + 3⎜ ⎟ = 0 ∂y
⎝ 4 ⎠
27 4 ∂ 2z
−12 x + x = 0 = 4
16 ∂x 2
3 ∂ 2z
x(9 x3 − 64) = 0 ∂x∂y
= 0
16
43 3 ∂ 2z
x = 0 or x = = 20 y 3
3 ∂y 2
43 9 ∂ 2z
y = 0 or y = = 0
3 ∂y∂x
⎛43 3 43 9⎞
Solutions: (0, 0), ⎜⎜ , ⎟ ∂z
= 2x − 2 y
⎝ 3 3 ⎟⎠ 45.
∂x
∂z
1 ⎫ = −2 x + 6 y
41. f x ( x, y ) = − + y = 0 ⇒ x 2 y = 1⎪ ∂y
x2 ⎪
1 ⎬ x = y =1 ∂ 2z
f y ( x, y ) = − 2 + x = 0 ⇒ y x = 1⎪
2 = 2
y ⎪⎭ ∂x 2
∂ 2z
Solution: (1, 1) = −2
∂x∂y
2x ∂ 2z
42. f x ( x, y ) = = 0 ⇒ x = 0 = −2
x + y2 + 1
2 ∂y∂x
2y ∂ 2z
f y ( x, y ) = 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 0 = 6
x + y2 + 1 ∂y 2
Solution: (0, 0)
∂z
46. = −4 y 2
∂z ∂x
43. = 3x 2
∂x ∂z
= 3 y 2 − 8 xy
∂z ∂y
= −8 y
∂y ∂ 2z
= 0
∂ z
2
∂x 2
= 6x
∂x 2 ∂ 2z
= −8 y
∂ 2z ∂x∂y
= 0
∂x∂y ∂ 2z
∂ 2z = −8 x
= 0 ∂y∂x
∂y∂x ∂ 2z
∂ 2z = 6 y − 8x
= −8 ∂y 2
∂y 2
∂z
= 3(3x 4 − 2 y 3 ) (12 x3 ) = 36 x3 (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )
2 2
47.
∂x
∂z
= 3(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 ) ( − 6 y 2 ) = −18 y 2 (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )
2 2
∂y
∂ 2z
= 36 x3 ⎡⎣2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(12 x3 )⎤⎦ + (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 ) (108 x 2 ) = 108 x 2 (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(11x 4 − 2 y 3 )
2
∂x 2
∂ 2z
= 36 x3 ⎡⎣2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )( − 6 y 2 )⎤⎦ = − 432 x3 y 2 (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )
∂y∂y
∂ 2z
= −18 y 2 ⎡⎣2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )( − 6 y 2 )⎤⎦ + (3x 4 − 2 y 3 ) (− 36 y ) = − 36 y (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(3x 4 − 8 y 3 )
2
∂y 2
∂ 2z
= −18 y 2 ⎡⎣2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(12 x3 )⎤⎦ = − 432 x3 y 2 (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )
∂y∂x
∂z 1 x
= (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x) = −
−1 2
48.
∂x 2 9 − x2 − y2
∂z 1 y
= ( 9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y ) = −
−1 2
∂y 2 9 − x2 − y2
⎛1⎞
9 − x 2 − y 2 (1) − x⎜ ⎟(9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x)
−1 2
∂2 z 2
⎝ ⎠ y2 − 9
= − =
∂x 2 9− x − y (9 − x 2 − y 2 )
2 2 32
⎛1⎞
9 − x 2 − y 2 (0) − x⎜ ⎟(9 − x 2 − y 2 ) (−2 y )
−1 2
∂2 z 2
⎝ ⎠ xy
= − = −
∂x∂y 9− x − y (9 − x − y 2 )
2 2 32
2
⎛1⎞
9 − x 2 − y 2 (0) − y ⎜ ⎟(9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x)
−1 2
∂ z
2
⎝ 2⎠ xy
= − = −
∂y∂x 9 − x2 − y 2 ( − y2 )
32
9 − x 2
⎛1⎞
9 − x 2 − y 2 (1) − y⎜ ⎟(9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y )
−1 2
∂2 z ⎝ 2⎠ x2 − 9
= − =
∂y 2 9− x − y (9 − x 2 − y 2 )
2 2 32
∂z 2 xy ( 2 x) − ( x 2 − y 2 )( 2 y ) x2 + y 2 51. f x ( x, y ) = 4 x3 − 6 xy 2 , f y ( x , y ) = −6 x 2 y + 2 y
49. = =
∂x 2 2
4x y 2x2 y
f xx ( x, y ) = 12 x 2 − 6 y 2 , f xx (1, 0) = 12
∂z 2 xy( −2 y ) − ( x 2 − y 2 )( 2 x) x + y2 2
= = − f xy ( x, y ) = −12 xy, f xy (1, 0) = 0
∂y 4x2 y2 2 xy 2
2 x 2 y( 2 x) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 4 xy ) f yx ( x, y ) = −12 xy, f yx (1, 0) = 0
∂2 z y
= = − 3
∂x 2 4 x4 y 2 x f yy ( x, y ) = −6 x 2 + 2, f yy (1, 0) = −4
∂ z
2 2 x y( 2 y ) − ( x + y
2 2 2
)(2 x 2
) x − y
2 2
= = −
∂x∂y 4x4 y 2 2x2 y 2 52. f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + 2 y 3 , f y ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2 − 3
∂2 z 2 xy 2 ( 2 x) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 2 y 2 ) x2 − y 2 f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, f xx (3, 2) = 18
= − = −
∂y∂x 4x2 y2 2x2 y 2
f xy ( x, y ) = 6 y 2 , f xy (3, 2) = 24
∂ z
2 2 xy 2 ( 2 y ) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 4 xy ) x
= − = 3 f yx ( x, y ) = 6 y 2 , f yx (3, 2) = 24
∂y 2 4x2 y4 y
f yy ( x, y ) = 12 xy, f yy (3, 2) = 72
50.
∂z
=
( x + y)(1) − x(1) = y
∂x ( x + y) 2
( x + y )2 53. f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy 3e x ,
2
f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2e x
2
∂z x
= −
f xx ( x, y ) = e x ( 4 x 2 y 3 + 2 y 3 ), f xx (1, −1) = − 6e
2
∂y ( x + y)
2
∂2 z 2y f xy ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2e x ,
2
f xy (1, −1) = 6e
= −
∂x 2 ( x + y )3
f yx ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2e x , f yx (1, −1) = 6e
2
( x + y ) (1) − y(2)( x + y )(1) = x − y

2
∂ z
2
=
f yy ( x, y ) = 6 ye x , f yy (1, −1) = − 6e
2
∂x∂y ( x + y) ( x + y)
4 3
( x + y ) (1) − x(2)( x + y)(1) = x − y

2
∂2 z
= −
∂y∂x ( x + y) ( x + y)
4 3
∂2 z 2x
=
∂y 2 ( x + y )3
54. f x ( x, y ) = 2 xe y , f y ( x, y ) = x 2 e y 55. wx = 2 x − 3 y, wy = − 3 x + 4 z , wz = 4 y + 3 z 2
f xx ( x, y ) = 2e y , f xx ( −1, 0) = 2 wxx = 2, wyx = − 3, wzx = 0
f xy ( x, y ) = 2 xe y , f xy ( −1, 0) = − 2 wxy = − 3, wyy = 0, wzy = 4

wxz = 0, wyz = 4, wzz = 6 z
f yx ( x, y ) = 2 xe y , f yx ( −1, 0) = − 2
f yy ( x, y ) = x 2e y , f yy ( −1, 0) = 1
56. wx = 2 xy 3 + 2 yz , wy = 3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xz − 3z , wz = 2 xy − 3 y,
wxx = 2 y 3 , wyx = 6 xy 2 + 2 z , wzx = 2 y,
wxy = 6 xy 2 + 2 z , wyy = 6 x 2 y, wzy = 2 x − 3,
wxz = 2 y, wyz = 2 x − 3, wzz = 0,
57. wx =
(x + y )( 4 z ) − 4 xz (1)
=
4 yz
(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
wy =
(x + y )(0) − 4 xz (1)
=
− 4 xz
( x + y) 2
( x + y) 2
4x
wz =
x + y
8 yz
wxx = 4 yz ⎡− 2( x + y ) (1)⎤⎦
−3
= −
⎣ (x + y)
3
4 z( x − y)
wxy = 4 yz ⎡− 2( x + y ) (1)⎤⎦ + ( x + y) (4 z)
−3 −2
=
⎣ (x + y)
3
4y
wxz =
(x + y)
2
4 z( x − y)
wyx = − 4 xz ⎡− 2( x + y ) (1)⎤⎦ + ( x + y) (− 4 z )
−3 −2
=
⎣ (x + y)
3
8 xz
wyy = − 4 xz ⎡− 2( x + y ) (1)⎤⎦
−3
=
⎣ ( x + y)
3
4x
wyz = −
( x + y) 2
wzx =
(x + y )( 4) − 4 x(1)
=
4y
(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
4x
wzy = 4 ⎡( −1)( x + y ) (1)⎤⎦
−2
= −
⎣ (x + y)
2
wzz = 0
58. wx =
(x + y + z ) y − xy(1)
=
y 2 + yz
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
wy =
(x + y + z ) x − xy (1)
=
x 2 + xz
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
wz =
(x + y + z )(0) − xy (1)
=
− xy
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
2( y 2 + yz )
wxx = ( y 2 + yz ) ⎡( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)⎤⎦
−3
= −
⎣ (x + y + z)
3
2 xy + xz + yz + z 2
wxy = ( y 2 + yz ) ⎡( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)⎤⎦ + ( x + y + z) (2 y + z) =
−3 −2
⎣ (x + y + z)
3
xy − yz − y 2
wxz = ( y 2 + yz ) ⎡( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)⎤⎦ + ( x + y + z) ( y)
−3 −2
=
⎣ (x + y + z)
3
2 xy + xz + yz + z 2
wyx = ( x 2 + xz ) ⎡( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)⎤⎦ + ( x + y + z) (2 x + z) =
−3 −2
⎣ (x + y + z)
3
− 2( x 2 + xz )
wyy = ( x 2 + xz ) ⎡( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)⎤⎦
−3
=
⎣ (x + y + z)
3
xy − x 2 − xz
wyz = ( x 2 + xz ) ⎡( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)⎤⎦ + ( x + y + z) ( x)
−3 −2
=
⎣ (x + y + z)
3
xy − y 2 − yz
wzx = ( − xy ) ⎡( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)⎤⎦ + ( x + y + z) (− y )
−3 −2
=
⎣ (x + y + z)
3
xy − x 2 − xz
wzy = ( − xy ) ⎡( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)⎤⎦ + ( x + y + z) ( − x)
−3 −2
=
⎣ (x + y + z)
3
2 xy
wzz = ( − xy ) ⎡( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)⎤⎦
−3
=
⎣ (x + y + z)
3
∂C 5y ∂C ∂f
0.3
59. (a) = + 149, (120, 160) ≈ 154.77 61. (a)
⎛ y⎞
= 140 x −0.3 y 0.3 = 140⎜ ⎟
∂x xy ∂x ∂x ⎝ x⎠
∂C 5x ∂C When x = 1000 and y = 500,
= + 189, (120, 160) ≈ 193.33
∂y xy ∂y 0.3 0.3
∂f ⎛ 500 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
= 140⎜ ⎟ = 140⎜ ⎟ ≈ 113.72.
(b) Increasing the production of racing bikes increases ∂x ⎝ 1000 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
the cost at a higher rate than increasing the
0.7
production of mountain bikes. This is determined by ∂f ⎛ x⎞
(b) = 60 x 0.7 y −0.7 = 60⎜ ⎟
comparing the marginal cost for mountain bikes ∂y ⎝ y⎠
∂C
= $154.77 to that for racing bikes When x = 1000 and y = 500,
∂x
0.7
∂C ∂f ⎛ 1000 ⎞
= 60( 2)
0.7
= $193.33 at the production level (120, 160). = 60⎜ ⎟ ≈ 97.47.
∂y ∂y ⎝ 500 ⎠
∂R
60. (a) = 200 − 8 x1 − 8 x2
∂x1
∂R
When x1 = 4 and x2 = 12, = 72.
∂x1
∂R
(b) = 200 − 8 x1 − 8 x2
∂x2
∂R1
When x1 = 4 and x2 = 12, = 72.
∂x2
∂f ⎛ y⎞
0.25 66. z = 0.175 x − 0.772 y − 275
62. (a) = 75 x −0.25 y 0.25 = 75⎜ ⎟
∂x ⎝ x⎠ ∂z ∂z
(a) = 0.175; = − 0.772
When x = 1000 and y = 500, ∂x ∂y
∂f
0.25 0.25 (b) For every increase of $1 million in sales for Skechers,
⎛ 500 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
= 75⎜ ⎟ = 75⎜ ⎟ ≈ 63.07. the shareholder’s equity for Skechers will increase by
∂x ⎝ 1000 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ $0.175 million. For every increase of $1 million in
∂f ⎛ x⎞
0.75 total assets for Skechers, the shareholder’s equity will
(b) = 25 x 0.75 y −0.75 = 25⎜ ⎟ decrease by $0.772 million.
∂y ⎝ y⎠
When x = 1000 and y = 500, 100
67. IQM =
0.75 C
∂f ⎛ 1000 ⎞
= 25( 2)
0.25
= 25⎜ ⎟ ≈ 42.04. −100 M
∂y ⎝ 500 ⎠ IQC =
C2
100
63. Complementary because
∂x1 5
= − < 0 and IQM (12, 10) = = 10
∂p2 2 10
∂x2 −100(12)
3
= − < 0. IQC (12, 10) = = −12
∂p1 2 102
For a child who has a current mental age of 12 years and
∂x a chronological age of 10 years, the IQ is increasing at a
64. Substitute because 1 = 1.8 > 0 and
∂p2 rate of 10 IQ points for every increase of 1 year in the
∂x2 child’s mental age. For a child who has a current mental
= 0.75 > 0. age of 12 years and a chronological age of 10 years, the
∂p1
IQ is decreasing at a rate of 12 IQ points for every
increase of 1 year in the child’s chronological age.
65. z = 0.62 x − 0.41y + 0.38
∂z ∂z 68. (a) f x ( 4, 1) < 0
(a) = 0.62; = − 0.41
∂x ∂y
(b) f y ( 4, 1) > 0
(b) For every increase of $1 billion in expenditures
on amusement parks and campgrounds, the (c) f x ( −1, − 2) < 0
expenditures for spectator sports will increase by
(d) f y ( −1, − 2) < 0
$0.62 billion. For every increase of $1 billion in
expenditures on live entertainment (excluding
sports), the expenditures for spectator sports will
decrease by $0.41 billion.
⎡1 + 0.10(1 − R ) ⎤
10
69. V ( I , R ) = 1000 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1+ I ⎦
10
⎡1 + 0.10(1 − R ) ⎤ ⎡ 1 + 0.10(1 − R ) ⎤ ⎡1 + 0.10(1 − R )⎤⎦
9
VI ( I , R ) = 10,000 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢− ⎥ = −10,000 ⎣
1+ I (1 + I ) (1 + I )
2 11
⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
VI (0.03, 0.28) ≈ −14,478.99
⎡1 + 0.10(1 − R )⎤⎦
9
⎡1 + 0.10(1 − R ) ⎤ ⎡ 0.10 ⎤
9
VR ( I , R ) = 10,000 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢− ⎥ = −1000 ⎣
(1 + I )
10
⎣ 1+ I ⎦ ⎣ 1 + I⎦
VR (0.03, 0.28) ≈ −1391.17
The rate of inflation has the greater negative influence on the growth of the investment because
−14,478.99 > −1391.17 .
70. Since both first partials are negative, an increase in the charge for food and housing or tuition will cause a
decrease in the number of applicants.
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 443
71. (a) U x = −10 x + y z

(b) U y = x − 6 y
(c) When x = 2 and y = 3, U x = −17 and U y = −16. y
The person should consume one more unit of good y, since the rate x
of decrease of satisfaction is less for y.
The slope of U in the x-direction is 0 when y = 10 x and negative when y < 10 x.
The slope of U in the y-direction is 0 when x = 6 y and negative when x < 6 y.
72. Answers will vary.
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables
Skills Warm Up
1. ⎧5 x = 15 5. ⎧2 x − y = 8 Equation 1
⎨ ⎨
⎩3 x − 2 y = 5 ⎩3x − 4 y = 7 Equation 2
5 x = 15 Multiply Equation 1 by −4: −8 x + 4 y = −32
x = 3 Add the new equation to Equation 2: −5 x = −25
Substitute in the other equation. Simplify: x = 5
3(3) − 2 y = 5 Substitute 5 for x in Equation 1: 2(5) − y = 8
−2 y = −4 Solve for y: y = 2
y = 2 The solution is (5, 2).
The solution is (3, 2).
6. ⎧2 x − 4 y = 14 Equation 1
2. ⎪⎧ 1y = 3
2 ⎨
⎨ ⎩3 x + y = 7 Equation 2
⎪⎩− x + 5 y = 19
Multiply equation 2 by 4: 12 x + 4 y = 28
1y = 3
2 Add new equation to Equation 1: 14 x = 42
y = 6 Simplify: x = 3
Substitute in the other equation. Substitute 3 for x in Equation 2: 3(3) + y = 7
− x + 5(6) = 19 Simplify: y = −2
− x = −11 The solution is (3, − 2).
x = 11
The solution is (11, 6). 7. ⎧⎪ x 2 + x = 0 Equation 1
⎨
⎪⎩2 yx + y = 0 Equation 2
3. ⎧x + y = 5
⎨ Factor Equation 1: x( x + 1) = 0
⎩ x − y = −3
Solve equation 1 for x: x = −1 or x = 0
Adding the two equations gives 2 x = 2, so x = 1.
Substitute. Substitute −1 for x in Equation 2: 2 y( −1) + y = 0
1+ y = 5 Solve for y: y = 0
y = 4 Substitute 0 for x in Equation 2: 2 y (0) + y = 0
The solution is (1, 4). Solve for y: y = 0
The solutions are ( −1, 0) and (0, 0).
4. ⎧ x + y = 8
⎨
⎩2 x − y = 4
Adding the two equations gives 3x = 12, so x = 4.
Substitute.
4+ y = 8
y = 4
The solution is (4, 4).
8. ⎪⎧ 3 y 2 + 6 y = 0 Equation 1 12. z = 2 x 2 − 3xy + y 2

⎨
⎪⎩xy + x + 2 = 0 Equation 2 ∂z ∂z
= 4 x − 3 y, = −3 x + 2 y
Factor Equation 1: y(3 y + 6) = 0 ∂x ∂y
Solve for y: y = 0 ∂2 z ∂z
= 4, = 2
3y + 6 = 0 ∂x 2 ∂y 2
y = −2 ∂2 z ∂2 z
= −3, = −3
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
Substitute 0 for y in Equation 2: x(0) + x + 2 = 0
Solve for x: x = −2 13. z = ye xy
2
Substitute −2 for y in Equation 2: x( −2) + x + 2 = 0

∂z
= y( y 2 )e xy = y 3e xy
2 2
Solve for x: x = 2 ∂x
The solutions are ( −2, 0) and ( 2, − 2). ∂z
= y( 2 xy )e xy + e xy (1) = 2 xy 2e xy + e xy
2 2 2 2
∂y
9. z = 4 x3 − 3 y 2
∂2 z
= y 3 ( y 2 )e xy = y 5e xy
2 2
∂z ∂z ∂x 2
= 12 x 2 , = −6 y
∂x ∂y
∂2 z
= 2 xy 2 ( 2 xy )e xy + e xy ( 4 xy ) + 2 xye xy
2 2 2
∂2 z ∂2 z ∂y 2
= 24 x, = −6
∂x 2 ∂y 2 2 2
= 4 x 2 y 3e xy + 6 xye xy
∂ z
2
∂ z2
= 0, = 0 ∂2 z 2 2
∂x∂y ∂y∂x = 2 xy 4e xy + 3 y 2e xy
∂x∂y
10. z = 2 x5 − y 3
∂2 z
= y 3 ( 2 xy )e xy + e xy 3 y 2 = 2 xy 4e xy + 3 y 2e xy
2 2 2 2
∂z ∂z ∂y∂x
= 10 x 4 , = −3 y 2
∂x ∂y
∂2 z ∂2 z 14. z = xe xy
= 40 x3 , = −6 y
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z
= xye xy + e xy = e xy ( xy + 1)
∂ z
2
∂ z2 ∂x
= 0, = 0
∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂z
= x 2e xy
∂y
11. z = x 4 − xy + 2 y
∂2 z
= e xy ( y ) + ( xy + 1) ye xy = ye xy ( xy + 2)
∂z y xy ∂x 2
= 4 x3 − = 4 x3 −
∂x 2 xy 2x ∂2 z
= x3e xy
∂z x xy ∂y 2
= − + 2 = − + 2
∂x 2 xy 2y ∂2 z
= e xy ( x) + ( xy + 1) xe xy = xe xy ( xy + 2)
∂2 z y 2 xy xy ∂x∂y
= 12 x 2 − + = 12 x 2 +
∂x 2 4 x xy 4x2 4 x2 ∂2 z
= x 2 ye xy + e xy ( 2 x) = xe xy ( xy + 2)
∂y∂x
∂2 z x xy xy
= − + =
∂y 2 4 y xy 2 y2 4 y2
∂2 z x xy
= − = −
∂x∂y 4 x xy 4 xy
∂2 z x xy
= − = −
∂y∂y 4 x xy 4 xy
1. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − y 2 + 4 x − 8 y − 11 4. f ( x, y ) = 25 − ( x − 2) − y 2
2
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 4 The first partial derivatives of f,

and f y ( x, y ) = −2 y − 8, are zero at the critical point 2− x
f x ( x, y ) = and
(−2, − 4). Because 25 − ( x − 2) − y 2
2
f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = −2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, −y
f y ( x, y ) = ,
25 − ( x − 2) − y 2
2
it follows that f xx ( −2, − 4) > 0 and
2 are zero at the critical point (2, 0). Because
f xx ( −2, − 4) f yy ( −2, − 4) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( −2, − 4)⎤⎦ = −4 < 0.
y 2 − 25
So, ( −2, − 4, 1) is a saddle point. There are no relative f xx ( x, y ) = 32
,
⎡25 − ( x − 2)2 − y 2 ⎤
extrema. ⎣ ⎦
( x − 2) − 25
2
2. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 6 y + 6 f yy ( x, y ) = 32
, and
⎡25 − ( x − 2)2 − y 2 ⎤
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2( x + 1) ⎣ ⎦
and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point
f xy ( x, y ) =
( 2 − x) y ,
32
(−1, 3). Because ⎡25 − ( x − 2)2 −
⎣
y2⎤
⎦
f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, 1
it follows that f xx ( 2, 0) = − < 0 and
it follows that f xx ( −1, 3) > 0 and 5
2 1
2 f xx ( 2, 0) f yy ( 2, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( 2, 0)⎤⎦ = > 0.
f xx ( −1, 3) f yy ( −1, 3) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( −1, 3)⎤⎦ = 4 > 0. 25
So, ( −1, 3, − 4) is a relative minimum. So, ( 2, 0, 5) is a relative maximum.
5. f ( x, y ) = ( x − 1) + ( y − 3)
2 2
3. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2 + 1
The first partial derivatives of f, The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2( x − 1)
x and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point
f x ( x, y ) = and
x2 + y2 + 1
(1, 3). Because
y
f y ( x, y ) = , are zero at the critical point
x2 + y2 + 1 f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,
(0, 0). Because it follows that f xx (1, 3) > 0 and

2
y2 + 1 f xx (1, 3) f yy (1, 3) − ⎡⎣ f xy (1, 3)⎤⎦ = 4 > 0.
f xx ( x, y ) = ,
( x2 + y 2 + 1)
32
So, (1, 3, 0) is a relative minimum.
x +1
2
f yy ( x, y ) = , and 6. f ( x, y ) = 9 − ( x − 3) − ( y + 2)
2 2
(x + y 2 + 1)
32
2
− xy The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = −2( x − 3)

f xy ( x, y ) = ,
( x2 + y 2 + 1)
32
and f y ( x, y ) = −2( y + 2), are zero at the critical point
(3, − 2). Because
it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 1 > 0 and
f xx ( x, y ) = −2, f yy ( x, y ) = −2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy (0, 0)⎤⎦ = 1 > 0.
2
it follows that f xx (3, − 2) < 0 and

2
f xx (3, − 2) f yy (3, − 2) − ⎡⎣ f xy (3, − 2)⎤⎦ = 4 > 0.
So, (3, − 2, 9) is a relative maximum.
7. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 + 2 x − 3 11. f ( x, y ) = 3x 2 + 2 y 2 − 6 x − 4 y + 16
The first partial derivatives of f, The first partial derivatives of f,
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x + 2 y + 2 and f y ( x, y ) = 2 x + 2 y, f x ( x, y ) = 6 x − 6 = 6( x − 1) and
are zero at the critical point ( −1, 1). f y ( x, y ) = 4 y − 4 = 4( y − 1),
Because f xx ( x, y ) = 4, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and are zero at the critical point (1, 1).
f xy ( x, y ) = 2, it follows that f xx ( −1, 1) > 0 and Because f xx ( x, y ) = 6, f yy ( x, y ) = 4, and
f xx ( −1, 1) f yy ( −1, 1) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( −1, 0)⎤⎦ = 4 > 0.
2
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, 1) > 0 and
So, ( −1, 1, − 4) is a relative minimum. f xx (1, 1) f yy (1, 1) − ⎡⎣ f xy (1, 1)⎤⎦
2
= 24 > 0.
8. f ( x, y ) = − x 2 − 5 y 2 + 8 x − 10 y − 13
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = −2 x + 8 12. f ( x, y ) = −3 x 2 − 2 y 2 + 3 x − 4 y + 5

and f y ( x, y ) = −10 y − 10, are zero at the critical point The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = −6 x + 3
(4, −1). Because f xx ( x, y ) = −2, f yy ( x, y ) = −10, and f y ( x, y ) = −4 y − 4, are zero at the critical
and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx ( 4, −1) < 0 and
2
point ( 12 , −1). Because f xx ( x, y ) = −6, f yy ( x, y ) = −4,
f xx ( 4, −1) f yy ( 4, −1) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( 4, −1)⎤⎦ = 20 > 0.
and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx 12 , −1 < 0 ( )
So, ( 4, −1, 8) is a relative maximum.
( ) ( 12 , −1) − ⎣⎡ f ( 12 , −1)⎦⎤ = 24 > 0.
2
and f xx 12 , −1 f yy xy
9. f ( x, y ) = −5 x 2 + 4 xy − y 2 + 16 x + 10 So, ( 12 , −1, 31
4)
is a relative maximum.
The first partial derivatives of f,
f x ( x, y ) = −10 x + 4 y + 16 and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 2 y, 13. f ( x, y ) = − x3 + 4 xy − 2 y 2 + 1
are zero at the critical point (8, 16). The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = −3 x 2 + 4 y
Because f xx ( x, y ) = −10, f yy ( x, y ) = −2, and and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y, are zero at the critical
f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx (8, 16) < 0 and
points (0, 0) and ( 43 , 43 ). Because
f xx (8, 16) f yy (8, 16) − ⎡⎣ f xy (8, 16)⎤⎦ = 4 > 0.
2
f xx ( x, y ) = −6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = −4, and
So, (8, 16, 74) is a relative maximum. f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0
10. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 6 xy + 10 y 2 − 4 y + 4
2
and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎣⎡ f xy (0, 0)⎦⎤ = −16 < 0.
The first partial derivatives of f, So, (0, 0, 1) is a saddle point.
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 6 y = 2( x + 3 y ) and
Because f xx ( x, y ) = −6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = −4, and
f y ( x, y ) = 6 x + 20 y − 4 = 2(3x + 10 y − 2),
are zero at the critical point ( −6, 2).
f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx ( 43 , 43 ) < 0 and
( 43 , 43 ) f ( 43 , 43 ) − ⎡⎣ f ( 43 , 43 )⎤⎦ = 16 > 0.
2
Because f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 20, and f xx yy xy
f xy ( x, y ) = 6, it follows that f xx ( −6, 2) > 0 and So, ( 43 , 43 , 59

27 )
is a relative maximum.
2
f xx ( −6, 2) f yy ( −6, 2) − ⎡⎣ f xy (−6, 2)⎤⎦ = 4 > 0.
14. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 3 xy − y 2
So, ( −6, 2, 0) is a relative minimum.
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 y
and f y ( x, y ) = −3x − 2 y, are zero at the critical point
(0, 0). Because f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = −2, and
f xy ( x, y ) = −3, it follows that f xx (0, 0) > 0 and
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎣⎡ f xy (0, 0)⎦⎤ = −13 < 0.
So, (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point.
15. f ( x, y ) = 1 xy
2 18. f ( x, y ) = 3e
(
− x2 + y 2 )
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 1y
2
and The first partial derivatives of f ,
f y ( x, y ) = 1 x,
2
are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
f x ( x, y ) = −6 xe
(
− x2 + y2 ) and f y ( x, y ) = − 6 ye
(
− x2 + y 2 ),
Because f xx ( x, y ) = 0, f yy ( x, y ) = 0, and
are zero at the critical point (0, 0). Because
f xy ( x, y ) = 1 , it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0 and
2
2 f xx ( x, y ) = 6e
(
− x2 + y 2 ) (2 x 2 − 1),
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy (0, 0)⎤⎦ = − 14 < 0.
So, (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point. f yy ( x, y ) = 6e
(
− x2 + y2 ) (2 y 2 − 1), and
16. f ( x, y ) = x + y + 2 xy − x 2 − y 2 f xy ( x, y ) = 12 xye
(
− x2 + y 2 ), it follows that
The first partial derivatives of f, f xx (0, 0) = −6 < 0 and
f x ( x, y ) = 1 + 2 y − 2 x and f y ( x, y ) = 1 + 2 x − 2 y,
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎣⎡ f xy (0, 0)⎦⎤ = 36 > 0.
2
are not zero at a specific point. Because the partial
derivatives exist for all real values of x and y and are So, (0, 0, 3) is a relative maximum.
never both zero, f does not have any relative extrema.
19. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = (9)( 4) − 62 = 0
2
17. f ( x, y ) = ( x + y )e 1− x 2 − y 2
Insufficient information
f x ( x, y ) = ( −2 x 2 − 2 xy + 1)e1− x 20. f xx < 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( −3)( −8) − 22 > 0
2 − y2 2
and
f y ( x, y ) = ( −2 y 2 − 2 xy + 1)e1− x
2 − y2
, are zero at f has a relative maximum at ( x0 , y0 ).
the critical points ( 12 , 12 ) and (− 12 , − 12 ). 21. f xx < 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( −9)(6) − 102 < 0
2
Because
f has a saddle point at ( x0 , y0 ).
f xx ( x, y ) = ( 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 y − 6 x − 2 y )e1− x
2 − y2
,
22. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( 25)(8) − 102 > 0
2
f yy ( x, y ) = ( 4 y 3 + 4 xy 2 − 6 y − 2 x)e1− x
2 − y2
, and
f has a relative minimum at ( x0 , y0 ).
f xy ( x, y ) = ( 4 x 2 y + 4 xy 2 − 2 y − 2 x)e1− x
2 − y2
,
23. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = (5)(5) − 32 > 0
2
it follows that f xx ( 12 , 12 ) = −3e < 0,
12
f has a relative minimum at ( x0 , y0 ).

f ( 12 , 12 ) f ( 12 , 12 ) − ⎡ f ( 12 , 12 )⎤ = 0,
2
xx yy ⎣ xy ⎦
24. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = (8)(7) − 92 < 0
2
f ( − 12 , − 12 ) = 3e > 0, and
xx
12
f has a saddle point at ( x0 , y0 ).

f ( − 12 , − 12 ) f ( − 12 , − 12 ) − ⎡ f (− 12 , − 12 )⎤
2
= 0.
xx yy ⎣ xy ⎦
25. f ( x, y ) = ( xy )
2
So, ( 2 , 2 , e ) is a relative maximum and
1 1 12
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy 2 and

(− 12 , − 12 , − e ) is a relative minimum.
12
f y ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 y , are zero at the critical points ( a, 0) and

(0, b) where a and b are any real numbers. Because
f xx ( x, y ) = 2 y 2 , f yy ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 , and
f xy ( x, y ) = 4 xy, it follows that
2
f xx ( a, 0) f yy ( a, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( a, 0)⎤⎦ = 0 and
2
f xx (0, b) f yy (0, b) − ⎣⎡ f xy (0, b)⎦⎤ = 0 and the
Second-Derivative Test fails. Note that f ( x, y ) = ( xy )
2
is nonnegative for all ( a, 0, 0) and (0, b, 0) where a and

b are real numbers.
So, ( a, 0, 0) and (0, b, 0) are relative minima.
26. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y2 29. f ( x, y ) = x 2 3 + y 2 3
x The first partial derivatives of f,
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 2 2
x2 + y 2 f x ( x, y ) = 3 and f y ( x, y ) = , are undefined
3 x 3 y
3
y
and f y ( x, y ) = , are undefined at the point 2
x + y2
2 at the point (0, 0). Because f xx ( x, y ) = − ,
9 43
x
(0, 0). Because 2
f yy ( x, y ) = − , f xy ( x, y ) = 0 and f xx (0, 0) is
y2 9 y4 3
f xx ( x, y ) = ,
( x2 + y 2 )
32
undefined, the Second-Derivative Test fails. Because
f ( x, y ) ≥ 0 for all points in the xy-coordinate plane,
x2
f yy ( x, y ) = , and (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
( x2 + y2 )
32
30. f ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y 2 )
23
− xy
f xy ( x, y ) = , it follows that f xx (0, 0) is
( x2 + y2 )
32
4x
The first partials of f , f x ( x, y ) = and
3( x + y 2 )
13
2
undefined and the Second-Derivative Test fails. Note
that f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is nonnegative for all real f y ( x, y ) =
4y
are zero at the critical point
3( x + y 2 )
13
numbers. So, (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
2
(0, 0). Because

27. f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 4( x 2 + 3 y 2 ) 4( y 2 + 3x 2 )
f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy = , and
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 and 9( x 2 + y 2 ) 9( x 2 + y 2 )
43 43
f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 , are zero at the critical point (0, 0). 8 xy

f xy = − are zero at the point (0, 0),
9( x 2 + y 2 )
43
Because
f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y, f xy ( x, y ) = 0,
the Second-Partials Test fails. Note that
f ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y 2 )
2
and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy (0, 0)⎤⎦ = 0, the
23
is positive for all points
Second-Partials Test fails. By testing “nearby” points, ( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0). So (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
you can conclude that (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point.
31. f ( x, y, z ) = ( x − 1) + ( y + 3) + z 2
2 2
28. f ( x, y ) = x3 + y 3 − 3x 2 + 6 y 2 + 3 x + 12 y + 7
Critical point: ( x, y, z ) = (1, − 3, 0)
f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 − 6 x + 3 = 3( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = 3( x − 1) Relative minimum
2
f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 + 12 y + 12 = 3 y 2 + 4 y + 4 ( ) 32. f ( x, y, z ) = 6 − ⎡⎣ x( y + 2)( z − 1)⎤⎦

2
= 3( y + 2) Critical points: Any points of the form (0, y, z ),

are zero at the critical point (1, − 2). Because ( x, − 2, z ), or ( x, y, 1). They all correspond to relative
f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x − 6, f xx (1, − 2) = 0, maxima because f ( x, y, z ) ≤ 6.
f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y + 12, f yy (1, − 2) = 0,
33. The sum is x + y + z = 45, or z = 45 − x − y,
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, the Second-Partials Test fails.
and the product is P = xyz , or
Note that f ( x, y ) = ( x − 1) + ( y + 2) .
3 3
P = xy ( 45 − x − y ) = 45 xy − x 2 y − xy 2 .
By testing “nearby” points, you can conclude that The first partial derivatives of P are
(1, − 2, 0) is a saddle point. Px ( x, y ) = 45 y − 2 xy − y 2 = y( 45 − 2 x − y )
Py ( x, y ) = 45 x − x 2 − 2 xy = x( 45 − x − 2 y ).
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
2 x + y = 45
x + 2 y = 45.
Solving the system, you have x = 15, y = 15, and
z = 45 − 15 − 15 = 15.
34. The sum is 37. The revenue function is

x + y + z = 32 R( x1 , x2 ) = −5 x12 − 8 x 22 − 2 x1 x 2 + 42 x1 + 102 x2 and
z = 32 − x − y the first partial derivatives of R are
R x = −10 x1 − 2 x2 + 42 and
and the product is P = xy 2 z = 32 xy 2 − x 2 y 2 − xy 3 . 1
R x = −16 x2 − 2 x1 + 102.
The first partial derivatives of P are 2
Px = 32 y − 2 xy − y = y (32 − 2 x − y )
2 2 3 2 Setting these equal to zero produces the system
5 x1 + x2 = 21
Py = 64 xy − 2 x 2 y − 3 xy 2 = xy(64 − 2 x − 3 y ).
x1 + 8 x2 = 51.
Solving the system, you have x1 = 3 and
2x + y = 32 x2 = 6. Because R x x = −10, R x1x 2 = −2, and
1 1
2 x + 3 y = 64.
R x 2 x 2 = −16, it follows that R x < 0 and
1 x1
Solving this system, you have x = 8, y = 16, and
( )
2
z = 8. Rx1 x1 R x 2 x 2 − Rx1 x > 0.
2
So, the revenue is maximized when x1 = 3 and x2 = 6.

and the sum of the squares is 38. The revenue function is
S = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = x 2 + y 2 + (60 − x − y ) .
2
R = 515 p1 + 805 p2 + 1.5 p1 p2 − 1.5 p12 − p22
The first partial derivatives of S are
and the first partial derivatives of R are
S x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 2(60 − x − y )(−1) = 4 x + 2 y − 120 R p = 515 + 1.5 p2 − 3 p1 and
1
and R p = 805 + 1.5 p1 − 2 p2 .
2
S y ( x, y ) = 2 y + 2(60 − x − y )( −1) = 2 x + 4 y − 120.
Setting these equal to zero produces the system 3 p1 − 1.5 p2 = 515
4 x + 2 y = 120 −1.5 p1 + 2 p2 = 805.
2 x + 4 y = 120.
Solving the system, you have p1 = 596 23 and
Solving this system, you have x = 20, y = 20, and
p2 = 850.
z = 60 − 20 − 20 = 20.
So, the revenue is maximized when p1 = 596 23 and
p2 = 850.
and the sum of the squares is
S = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = x2 + y 2 + (2 − x − y) .
2 39. The revenue function is
R = x1 p1 + x2 p2
The first partial derivatives of S are
S x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 2( 2 − x − y )( −1) = 4 x + 2 y − 4 = 1000 p1 + 1500 p2 + 3 p1 p2 − 2 p12 − 1.5 p22
and the first partial derivatives of R are
and
R p = 1000 + 3 p2 − 4 p1 and
S y ( x, y ) = 2 y + 2( 2 − x − y )( −1) = 2 x + 4 y − 4. 1
R p = 1500 + 3 p1 − 3 p2 .
Setting these equal to zero produces the system 2
4x + 2 y = 4 Setting these equal to zero produces the system

2 x + 4 y = 4. 4 p1 + 3 p2 = 1000
2, 2 , and −3 p1 + 3 p2 = 1500.
Solving this system, you have x = 3
y = 3
2 2 2. Solving this system, you have p1 = 2500 and
z = 2− − =
3 3 3 p2 = 3000, and by the Second-Partials Test you
can conclude that the revenue is maximized when
p1 = 2500 and p2 = 3000.
40. The revenue function is R = x1 p1 + x2 p2 = 1000 p1 − 4 p12 + 6 p1 p2 + 900 p2 − 3 p22

and the first partial derivatives of R are R p = 1000 − 8 p1 + 6 p2 and R p = 6 p1 + 900 − 6 p2 .
1 2

8 p1 − 6 p2 = 1000
−6 p1 + 6 p2 = 900.
Solving this system, you have p1 = $950.00 and p2 = $1100.00, and by the Second-Derivative Test
you can conclude that the revenue is maximized when p1 = $950.00 and p2 = $1100.00.
41. The profit is

P = R − C1 − C2
= ⎡⎣225 − 0.4( x1 + x2 )⎤⎦ ( x1 + x2 ) − (0.05 x12 + 15 x1 + 5400) − (0.03 x22 + 15 x2 + 6100)
= −0.45 x12 − 0.43x22 − 0.8 x1 x2 + 210 x1 + 210 x2 − 11,500
and the first partial derivatives of P are Px = −0.9 x1 − 0.8 x2 + 210 and Px = −0.86 x2 − 0.8 x1 + 210.
1 2
0.9 x1 + 0.8 x2 = 210
0.8 x1 + 0.86 x2 = 210.
Solving this system, you have x1 ≈ 94 and x2 ≈ 157, and by the Second-Partials Test you can conclude
that the profit is maximized when x1 ≈ 94 and x2 ≈ 157.
42. The profit function is

P( x1 , x2 ) = 15( x1 + x2 ) − c1 − c2
= 15 x1 + 15 x2 − (0.02 x12 + 4 x1 + 500) − (0.05 x22 + 4 x2 + 275)
= −0.02 x12 − 0.05 x22 + 11x1 + 11x2 − 775
and the first partial derivatives of P are Px = −0.04 x1 + 11 and Px = −0.10 x2 + 11.
1 2
− 0.04 x1 + 11 = 0
− 0.10 x2 + 11 = 0.
Solving this system, you have x1 = 275 and x2 = 110.
< 0 and Px x Px 2 x2 − ( Px1x 2 ) > 0.

2
Because Px = −0.04, Px1x 2 = 0, and Px 2 x 2 = −0.10, it follows that Px
1 x1 1 x1 1 1
So, the profit is maximized when x1 = 275 and x2 = 110.
43. Let x = length, y = width, and z = height.

The sum of length and girth is
x + ( 2 y + 2 z ) = 96
x = 96 − 2 y − 2 z.
The volume is V = xyz = 96 yz − 2 zy 2 − 2 yz 2 and the first partial derivatives are

Vy = 96 z − 4 zy − 2 z 2 = 2 z ( 48 − 2 y − z ) and Vz = 96 y − 2 y 2 − 4 yz = 2 y ( 48 − y − 2 z ).
2 y + z = 48
y + 2 z = 48.
So, x = 32.
Solving this system, you have y = 16 and z = 16. The volume is a maximum when the length
is 32 inches and the width and height are each 16 inches.
44. Let x = length, y = width, and z = height.

The sum of length and girth is
x + ( 2 y + 2 z ) = 144
x = 144 − 2 y − 2 z.
The volume is V = xyz = 144 yz − 2 zy 2 − 2 yz 2 and the first partial derivatives are
Vy = 144 z − 4 zy − 2 z 2 = 2 z (72 − 2 y − z ) and Vz = 144 y − 2 y 2 − 4 yz = 2 y(72 − y − 2 z ).
2 y + z = 72
y + 2 z = 72.
Solving this system, you have y = 24 and z = 24.
So, x = 48.
The volume is a maximum when the length is 48 inches and the width and height are each 24 inches.
45. Let x = length y = width, h = height and 46. Let x = length, y = width, h = height, and
C = cost. C = cost.
18 1584
The volume is xyz = 18 or z = . The volume is xyz = 1584 or z = .
xy xy
The cost is C = 0.2 xy + 0.15( 2) xz + 0.15( 2) yz The paint cost (per coat) is
= 0.2 xy + 0.3xz + 0.3 yz C = 0.11xy + 0.06( 2) xz + 0.06( 2) yz
⎛ 18 ⎞ ⎛ 18 ⎞ = 0.11xy + 0.12 xz + 0.12 yz
= 0.2 xy + 0.3x⎜ ⎟ + 0.3 y⎜ ⎟
xy
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ xy ⎠ ⎛ 1584 ⎞ ⎛ 1584 ⎞
= 0.11xy + 0.12 x⎜ ⎟ + 0.12 y ⎜ ⎟
5.4 5.4 ⎝ xy ⎠ ⎝ xy ⎠
= 0.2 xy + + .
y x 190.08 190.08
= 0.11xy + + .
The first partial derivatives of C are y x
5.4 The first partial derivatives of C are
Cx = ( x, y ) = 0.2 y − and
x2 190.08
Cx = ( x, y ) = 0.11y − and
5.4 x2
C y = ( x, y ) = 0.2 x − 2 .
y 190.08
C y = ( x, y ) = 0.11x − .
Setting these equal to zero produces the system y2
5.4 Setting these equal to zero produces the system
− + 0.2 y = 0
x2 190.08
− + 0.11y = 0
5.4 x2
0.2 x − 2 = 0.
y 190.08
0.11x − = 0.
Solving this system, you have x = 3, y = 3, and y2
18 Solving this system, you have x = 12, y = 12, and
z = = 2.
(3)(3) 1584
z = = 11.
The cost is a minimum when (12)(12)
x = 3 feet, y = 3 feet, and z = 2 feet. The cost is a minimum when
x = 12 feet, y = 12 feet, and z = 11 feet.
The minimum cost is
5.4 5.4
C = 0.2(3)(3) + + = $5.40. The minimum cost (per coat) is
3 3 190.08 190.08
C = 0.11(12)(12) + + = $47.52.
12 12
47. The total cost function is C ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 15 x − 20 y + 4 xy + 39 and the first partial derivatives are
Cx = 4 x − 15 + 4 y and C y = 6 y − 20 + 4 x.
4 x + 4 y = 15
4 x + 6 y = 20.
Solving this system, you have x = 1.25 and y = 2.5. So, the minimum total cost is
2(1.25) + 3( 2.5) − 15(1.25) − 20( 2.5) + 4(1.25)( 2.5) + 39 = $4.625 million.
2 2
48. The duration function is D( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − 18 x − 24 y + 2 xy + 120 and the first partial derivatives are
Dx = 2 x − 18 + 2 y and Dy = 4 y − 24 + 2 x.
2 x + 2 y = 18
2 x + 4 y = 24.
Solving this system, you have x = 6 and y = 3.
So, to minimize the duration of the infection you should take 600 milligrams of the first drug and 300 milligrams
of the second drug.
49. The total weight function is

T = xW1 + yW2
= x(3 − 0.002 x − 0.001 y ) + y ( 4.5 − 0.004 x − 0.005 y )
= 3 x − 0.002 x 2 + 4.5 y − 0.005 y 2 − 0.005 xy
and the first partial derivatives are Tx = 3 − 0.004 x − 0.005 y and Ty = 4.5 − 0.010 y − 0.005 x.
0.004 x + 0.005 y = 3
0.005 x + 0.01y = 4.5.
Solving this system, you have x = 500 and y = 200.
The lake should be stocked with approximately 500 smallmouth bass and 200 largemouth bass.
50. Points A and B are relative extrema. Points C and D are saddle points.
51. The population function is P( p, q, r ) = 2 pq + 2 pr + 2qr.

Because p + q + r = 1, r = 1 − p − q.
So, P = 2 pq + 2 p(1 − p − q) + 2q(1 − p − q )
= −2 p 2 + 2 p − 2q 2 + 2q − 2 pq
and the first partial derivatives are
Pp = −4 p + 2 − 2q
Pq = −4q + 2 − 2 p.
4 p + 2q = 2
2 p + 4q = 2.
Solving this system, you have p = 1 and q = 13 . So, r = 13.
3
The proportion is a maximum when p = 13 , q = 13 , and r = 13.
The maximum proportion is P = 2 ( 13 )( 13 ) + 2( 13 )( 13 ) + 2( 13 )( 13 ) = 6

9
= 32 .
Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself 453
52. Because x + y + z = 1, you have z = 1 − x − y.

Then H = − x ln x − y ln y − (1 − x − y ) ln (1 − x − y ).
The first partial derivatives of H are
⎛1⎞ ⎡ ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎤
H x ( x, y ) = − x⎜ ⎟ + ( −1) ln x − ⎢(1 − x − y )⎜ ⎟ + ln (1 − x − y )( −1)⎥
⎝ x⎠ ⎣ ⎝1 − x − y ⎠ ⎦
⎣ 1 − ln (1 − x − y )⎤⎦
= −1 − ln x − ⎡−
= − ln x + ln (1 − x − y )
and
⎛1⎞ ⎡ ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎤
H y ( x, y ) = − y ⎜ ⎟ + ( −1) ln y − ⎢(1 − x − y )⎜ ⎟ + ln (1 − x − y )(−1)⎥
y
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 1 − x − y ⎠ ⎦
⎣ 1 − ln (1 − x − y )⎦⎤
= −1 − ln y − ⎡−
= − ln y + ln (1 − x − y ).
− ln x + ln (1 − x − y ) = 0
− ln y + ln (1 − x − y ) = 0.
Solving this system, you have ln x = ln y ⇒ x = y. So, using H x ,
− ln x + ln (1 − 2 x) = 0
ln x = ln (1 − 2 x)
x = 1 − 2x
3x = 1
1
x = .
3
1 1 1 1 1
So, x = , y = , and z = 1 − − = .
3 3 3 3 3
1 ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
The maximum value of H is H = − ln ⎜ ⎟ − ln ⎜ ⎟ − ln ⎜ ⎟ = − ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln 3 ≈ 1.0986.
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
53. True
54. False. Relative maxima sometimes occur at points where one or more of the partial derivatives do not exist.
Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself

z
1. (a) 2. (a) z
3 4 (−1, 3, 4)
2
2 −2 −2
2 2
1 −2 4 −2 4
−1 (1, 3, 2) x y
−4
1 −6
(−1, 2, 0)
2 2
x
(5, 1, −6)
y
(5 − (−1)) + (1 − 3) + ( −6 − 4)
2 2 2
(b) d =
(−1 − 1) + ( 2 − 3) + (0 − 2)
2 2 2
(b) d = = 3
= 140 = 2 35
⎛ 1 + ( −1) 3 + 2 2 + 0 ⎞
(c) Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎛ 5 + ( −1) 1 + 3 − 6 + 4 ⎞
(c) Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 5 ⎞
= ⎜ 0, , 1⎟ = ( 2, 2, −1)
⎝ 2 ⎠
(0, −3, 3)
3. (a) z (b) d = ( 3 − 0) 2 + (0 + 3) + ( −3 − 3)
2 2
= 54 = 3 6
3
⎛ 0 + 3 −3 + 0 3 + −3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 3 ⎞
(c) Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ⎜ , − , 0⎟
−4
−3
2
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
−2 1 −2
−1 −1
1 1
2 −1 2
y
3
4 −2
x
−3
(3, 0, −3)
4. ( x − 2) + ( y + 1) + ( z − 3) = 16
2 2 2
⎛ 0 + 2 3 + 5 1 + ( −5) ⎞
5. Center: ⎜ , , ⎟ = (1, 4, − 2)
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
Radius = (1 − 0)2 + ( 4 − 3) + (−2 − 1)

2 2
= 11
Standard form: ( x − 1) + ( y − 4) + ( z + 2) = 11
2 2 2
6. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x − 2 y − 6 z − 23 = 0
( x2 − 8x + 16) + ( y 2 − 2 y + 1) + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = 23 + 16 + 1 + 9
(x − 4) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 3) = 49
2 2 2
Center: ( 4, 1, 3)
Radius: 49 = 7
7. 2 x + 3 y + z = 6
z z
9.
(0, 0, 6)
To find the x-intercept, 6
6
let y = 0 and z = 0.
4
2x = 6 ⇒ x = 3 3
2
To find the y-intercept, 2
let x = 0 and z = 0. 1
−1 2 2 (0, 3, 0)
3y = 6 ⇒ y = 2 1 1 (0, 2, 0) 4 4
(3, 0, 0) 6 6
To find the z-intercept, 4
3 3
4
x y
let x = 0 and y = 0.
y
x 5
z = 6 The only intercept is y = 3. The plane is parallel to

the xz-plane.
8. x − 2 z = 4
x2 y2 z2
To find the x-intercept, 10. The graph of + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
let z = 0. z
4 9 16
x = 4 1 11. The graph of z 2 − x 2 − y 2 = 25 or
Because the
y-coefficient is 0, 1 z2 x2 y2
− − = 1 is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
1
(4, 0, 0) 2
(0, 0, − 2)
there is no y-intercept. 4 25 25 25
The plane is x 5
−3 y
parallel to the y-axis. −4 x2 y2

12. The graph of 81z − 9 x 2 − y 2 = 0 or z = +
To find the z-intercept, −5 9 81
let x = 0. is an elliptic paraboloid.
−2 z = 4 ⇒ z = −2
13. f ( x, y ) = x − 9 y 2
f (1, 0) = 1 − 9(0) = 1
2
f ( 4, −1) = 4 − 9( −1) = −5
2
Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself 455
14. f ( x, y ) = 4 x2 + y 16. (a) The temperatures in the Great Lakes region range
from about 30° to about 50°.
f (1, 0) = 4(1) + 0 = 2
2
(b) The temperatures in the United States range from
40° to 80°.
f ( 4, −1) = 4( 4) + ( −1) =
2
63 = 3 7 (c) The temperatures in Mexico range from about 70° to
almost 90°.
15. f ( x, y ) = ln ( x − 2 y )
17. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − 3 x − y + 1
f (1, 0) = ln (1) = 0
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 f x ( −2, 3) = 2( −2) − 3 = −7
f ( 4, −1) = ln ( 4 − 2( −1)) = ln 6 ≈ 1.79
f y ( x, y ) = 4 y − 1 f y ( −2, 3) = 4(3) − 1 = 11
3x − y 2
18. f ( x, y ) =
x+ y
(x + y )(3) − (3x − y 2 ) y2 + 3y y( y + 3) 32 + 3(3)

f x ( x, y ) = = = , f x ( −2, 3) = = 18
(x + y) (x + y) (x + y) (−2 + 3)
2 2 2 2
(x + y )( −2 y ) − (3 x − y 2 ) − y 2 − 2 xy − 3 x −32 − 2( −2)(3) − 3( −2)

f y ( x, y ) = = , f y ( −2, 3) = = 9
(x + y) (x + y) (−2 + 3)
2 2 2
19. f ( x, y ) = x3e 2 y
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 e 2 y , f x ( − 2, 3) = 3( − 2) e 2(3) = 12e6 ≈ 4841.15

2
f y ( x, y ) = 2 x 3e 2 y , f y ( − 2, 3) = 2( − 2) e 2(3) = −16e6 ≈ − 6454.86

3
20. f ( x, y ) = ln ( 2 x + 7 y )
2 2 2
f x ( x, y ) = , f x ( − 2, 3) = = ≈ 0.118
2x + 7 y 2( − 2) + 7(3) 17
7 7 7
f y ( x, y ) = , f y ( − 2, 3) = = ≈ 0.412
2x + 7 y 2( − 2) + 7(3) 17
21. f ( x, y ) = 3x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy − 6 x + 2 y
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 6 x − 2 y − 6 and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y − 2 x + 2, are zero at the point

(1, 0). Moreover, because f xx ( x, y ) = 6, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = −2, it follows that f xx (1, 0) > 0 and
2
f xx (1, 0) f yy (1, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy (1, 0)⎤⎦ = 8 > 0. So, (1, 0, − 3) is a relative minimum.
22. f ( x, y ) = − x3 + 4 xy − 2 y 2 + 1
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = −3 x 2 + 4 y and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y, are zero at the points (0, 0) and
( 43 , 43 ). Moreover, because f xx ( x, y ) = −6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = −4, and f xy = 4, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0 and
( 43 , 43 ) = −8 and f ( 43 , 43 ) f ( 43 , 43 ) − ⎣⎡ f ( 43 , 43 )⎦⎤
2 2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy (0, 0)⎤⎦ = −16 < 0, f xx xx yy xy = 16 > 0.
So, (0, 0, 1) is a saddle point and ( 43 , 43 , 5927 ) is a relative maximum.

23. The cost function is C ( x, y ) = 1 x2
16
+ y 2 − 10 x − 40 y + 820 and the first partial derivatives are Cx = 1x
8
− 10
and C y = 2 y − 40. Setting these equal to zero and solving for x and y gives you x = 80 and y = 20.
The minimum combined cost is 1

16 (80)2 + 202 − 10(80) − 40( 20) + 820 = 20, or $20,000.
Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers
Skills Warm Up
1. ⎧4 x − 6 y = 3 Equation 1 3. ⎧5 x − y = 25 Equation 1
⎨ ⎨
⎩2 x + 3 y = 2 Equation 2 ⎩ x − 5 y = 15 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 2 by 2: 4 x + 6 y = 4 Multiply Equation 2 by − 5: −5 x + 25 y = −75
Add to Equation 1: 8x = 7 Add to Equation 1: 24 y = −50
Simplify: x = 7 Simplify: 25
y = − 12
8
Substitute 7
8
for x in Equation 2: 2 ( 78 ) + 3 y = 2
25 for y in Equation 1:
Substitute − 12
Solve for y: y = 1
12
( )
25 = 25
5 x − − 12
The solution is ( 78 , 121 ). Solve for x: x = 55

12
2. ⎧ 6 x − 6 y = 5 Equation 1
The solution is ( 1255 , − 1225 ).
⎨
⎩−3 x − y = 1 Equation 2 4. ⎧ 4 x − 9 y = 5 Equation 1
⎨
Multiply Equation 2 by 2: −6 x − 2 y = 2 ⎩− x + 8 y = −2 Equation 2
Add to Equation 1: −8 y = 7 Multiply Equation 2 by 4: −4 x + 32 y = −8
Simplify: y = − 78 Add to Equation 1: 23 y = −3
( ) Simplify: 3
Substitute − 78 for x in Equation 2: −3 x − − 78 = 1 y = − 23
3 for y in Equation 2:
Substitute − 23
1
Solve for x: x = − 24
(
1 , −7 .
The solution is − 24 ) ( )3 = −2
− x + 8 − 23
8
Solve for x: x = 22
23
The solution is ( 2223 , − 233 ).

5. ⎧ 2 x − y + z = 3 Equation 1
⎪
⎨2 x + 2 y + z = 4 Equation 2
⎪
⎩− x + 2 y + 3 z = −1 Equation 3
Multiply Equation 3 by 2: −2 x + 4 y + 6 z = −2
Add to Equation 2: 6 y + 7z = 2 New Equation 1
Multiply Equation 3 by 2: −2 x + 4 y + 6 z = −2
Add to Equation 1: 3y + 7z = 1 New Equation 2
Subtract New Equation 2 from New Equation 1: 3y = 1
Simplify: y = 1
3
Substitute 1
3
for y in New Equation 2: 3 ( 13 ) + 7 z =1
Solve for z : z = 0
Substitute 1 for y and 0 for z in Equation 3:
3
−x + 2 ( 13 ) + 3(0) = −1
Solve for x: x = 5
3
The solution is ( 53 , 13 , 0).
Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 457

6. ⎧− x − 4 y + 6 z = −2 Equation 1
⎪
⎨ x − 3 y − 3z = 4 Equation 2
⎪
⎩ 3x + y + 3z = 0 Equation 3
Add Equation 2 and Equation 3: 4x − 2 y = 4 New Equation 1
Multiply Equation 2 by 2: 2x − 6 y − 6z = 8
Add to Equation 1: x − 10 y = 6 New Equation 2
Multiply New Equation 1 by 5: 20 x − 10 y = 20 New Equation 3
Subtract New Equation 2 from New Equation 3: 19 x = 14
Simplify: x = 14
19
Substitute 14 for x in New Equation 2: 14 − 10 y = 6

19 19
Solve for y: y = − 10
19
Substitute 14
19
for x and − 10
19
for y in Equation 3: 3 (1419 ) + (− 1910 ) + 3z = 0
32
Solve for z : z = − 57
The solution is (1419 , − 1019 , − 5732 ).

7. f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + xy 2 9. f ( x, y, z ) = x( x 2 − 2 xy + yz )
f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy + y 2 f x ( x, y, z ) = x( 2 x − 2 y ) + ( x 2 − 2 xy + yz )(1)
f y ( x, y ) = x + 2 xy
2
= 3x 2 − 4 xy + yz
f y ( x, y, z ) = x( −2 x + z ) + ( x 2 − 2 xy + yz )(0)
f ( x, y ) = 25( xy + y 2 )
2
8.
= −2 x 2 + xz
f x ( x, y ) = 50( xy + y 2 )( y )
f z ( x, y, z ) = x( y ) + ( x 2 − 2 xy + yz )(0)
= 50 y 2 ( x + y )
= xy
f y ( x, y ) = 50( xy + y 2 )( x + 2 y )
10. f ( x, y, z ) = z ( xy + xz + yz )
= 50 y( x + y )( x + 2 y )
f x ( x, y, z ) = z ( y + z ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(0)
= z 2 + yz
f y ( x, y , z ) = z ( x + z ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(0)
= z 2 + xz
f z ( x, y, z ) = z ( x + y ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(1)
= xy + 2 xz + 2 yz
1. F ( x, y, λ ) = xy − λ ( x + y − 10) 2. F ( x, y, λ ) = xy − λ ( x + 3 y − 6)
Fx = y − λ = 0, y = λ Fx = y − λ = 0, y = λ
Fy = x − λ = 0, x = λ Fy = x − 3λ = 0, x = 3λ
Fλ = −( x + y − 10) = 0, 2λ = 10, λ = 5 Fλ = −( x + 3 y − 6) = 0, −6λ = −6, λ = 1
So, λ = 5, x = 5, y = 5, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum So, λ = 1, x = 3, and y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a

at (5, 5). The maximum is f (5, 5) = 25. maximum at (3, 1). The maximum is f (3, 1) = 3.
3. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( x + y − 8) 8. F ( x, y, λ ) = 3 x + y + 10 − λ ( x 2 y − 6)
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0, x = 1λ Fx = 3 − 2 xyλ = 0
2
1
Fy = 2 y − λ = 0, y = 1λ
2
Fy = 1 − x 2λ = 0, λ =
x2
Fλ = −( x + y − 8) = 0, −λ = −8, λ = 8 6
Fλ = −( x 2 y − 6) = 0, y =
So, λ = 8, x = 4, and y = 4, and f ( x, y ) has a x2
For Fx , you can write
minimum at ( 4, 4). The minimum is f ( 4, 4) = 32.
⎛ 6 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
3 = 2 x⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟
4. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( −2 x − 4 y + 5) ⎝ x ⎠⎝ x ⎠
Fx = 2 x + 2λ = 0, x = −λ 3x3 = 12
Fy = 2 y + 4λ = 0, y = −2λ x = 3
4.
33 4
Fλ = −( −2 x − 4 y + 5) = 0, −10λ = 5, λ = − 12 So, x = 3
4, y = , and f ( x, y ) has a
2
So, λ = − 12 , x = 1 , and
2
y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a ⎛ 33 4 ⎞
minimum at ⎜⎜ 3 4, ⎟.
minimum at ( 12 , 1). The minimum is f ( 12 , 1) = 5. ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
4
The minimum is
5. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 − y 2 − λ ( 2 y − x 2 ) ⎛ 33 4 ⎞ 9 3 4 + 20
f ⎜⎜ 3 4, ⎟⎟ = ≈ 17.143.
Fx = 2 x + 2λ x = 0, 2 x(1 + λ ) = 0, λ = −1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
Fy = −2 y − 2λ = 0, y = −λ
9. Note: f ( x, y ) has a maximum value when
Fλ = −( 2 y − x 2 ) = 0, x = 2y g ( x, y ) = 6 − x 2 − y 2 is maximum.
So, λ = −1, x = 2, y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a F ( x , y , λ ) = 6 − x 2 − y 2 − λ ( x + y − 2)
maximum at ( )
2, 1 . The maximum is f ( )
2, 1 = 1.
Fx = −2 x − λ = 0, −2 x = λ ⎫
⎬ x = y
Fy = −2 y − λ = 0, −2 y = λ ⎭
6. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 − y 2 − λ ( x − 2 y + 6) Fλ = −( x + y − 2) = 0, 2 x = 2, x = 1
So, x = 1, y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (1, 1).
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0, x = 1λ
2
The maximum is f (1, 1) = 2.
Fy = −2 y + 2λ = 0, y = λ
Fλ = −( x − 2 y + 6) = 0, 3λ = 6, λ = 4 10. Note: f ( x, y ) has a minimum when

2
g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is minimum.
So, λ = 4, x = 2, and y = 4, and f ( x, y ) has a
minimum at (2, 4). The minimum is f ( 2, 4) = −12. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( 2 x + 4 y − 15)
Fx = 2 x − 2λ = 0, x = λ
7. F ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x + 2 xy + y − λ ( 2 x + y − 100)
Fy = 2 y − 4λ = 0, y = 2λ
Fx = 2 + 2 y − 2λ = 0, y = λ − 1 3
Fλ = −( 2 x + 4 y − 15) = 0, −10λ = −15, λ =
λ −1 2
Fy = 2 x + 1 − λ = 0, x =
2 3 3
So, λ = , x = , y = 3, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum
2 2
Fλ = −( 2 x + y − 100) = 0,
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞ 3 5
⎛ λ − 1⎞ at ⎜ , 3⎟. The minimum is f ⎜ , 3⎟ = .
−2⎜ ⎟ − (λ − 1) = −100, λ = 51 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 2
⎝ 2 ⎠
So, λ = 51, x = 25, y = 50, and f ( x, y ) has
a maximum at ( 25, 50). The maximum is
f ( 25, 50) = 2600.
11. F ( x, y, λ ) = e xy − λ ( x 2 + y 2 − 8) 15. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − λ ( x + y + z − 1)
2 xλ ⎫ Fx = 2 x − λ = 0 ⎫
Fx = ye xy − 2 xλ = 0, e xy = ⎪
y ⎪⎪ Fy = 2 y − λ = 0⎬ x = y = z
⎬ x = y ⎪
2 yλ ⎪ Fz = 2 z − λ = 0 ⎭
Fy = xe xy − 2 yλ = 0, e xy =
x ⎪⎭
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 1) = 0, 3 x = 1, x = 1
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 − 8) = 0, 2 x 2 = 8, x = 2 3
So, x = 13 , y = 13 , z = 13 , and f ( x, y, z ) has a

So, x = 2, y = 2, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at
(2, 2). The maximum is f ( 2, 2) = e 4 .
minimum at ( 13 , 13 , 13 ). The minimum is f ( 13 , 13 , 13 ) = 1.
3
16. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 − 8 x + y 2 − 12 y + 48 − λ ( x + y − 8)
12. F ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x + y − λ ( xy − 32)
Fx = 2 − λ y = 0, y = 2 λ ⎫
Fx = 2 x − 8 − λ = 0 ⎪⎫ 2 x − 8 = 2 y − 12
⎬ y = 2x ⎬
Fy = 1 − λ x = 0, x = 1 λ ⎭ Fy = 2 y − 12 − λ = 0⎪⎭ y = x + 2
Fλ = −( x + y − 8) = 0, x + ( x + 2) = 8, x = 3
Fλ = −( xy − 32) = 0, −2 x 2 = −32, x = 4
So, x = 3, y = 5, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at
So, x = 4, y = 8, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at
(4, 8). The minimum is f (4, 8) = 16. (3, 5). The minimum is f (3, 5) = −2.
17. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = x + y + z − λ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1)
13. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 z 2 − λ ( x + y + z − 24)
Fx = 4 x − λ = 0, λ = 4x Fx = 1 − 2 xλ = 0 ⎫
⎪
Fy = 6 y − λ = 0, λ = 6y Fy = 1 − 2 yλ = 0⎬ x = y = z
⎪
Fz = 1 − 2 zλ = 0 ⎭
Fz = 4 z − λ = 0, λ = 4z
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 24) = 0 3
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1) = 0, 3x 2 = 1, x =
3
λ λ λ
+ + = 24 3 3 3
4 6 4 So, x = , y = , z = , and f ( x, y, z )
8λ = 288 3 3 3
⎛ 3 3 3⎞
λ = 36 has a maximum at ⎜⎜ , ,
3 3 3 ⎟⎟.
So, λ = 36, x = 9, y = 6, z = 9, and f ( x, y, z ) ⎝ ⎠
has a minimum at (9, 6, 9). ⎛ 3 3 3⎞

The maximum is f ⎜⎜ , , ⎟ = 3.
⎝ 3 3 3 ⎟⎠
The minimum is f (9, 6, 9) = 432.
18. F ( x, y z , λ ) = x 2 y 2 z 2 − λ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1)
14. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( x + y + z − 6)
Fx = yz − λ = 0⎫ Fx = 2 xy 2 z 2 − 2λ x = 0, y 2 z 2 = λ ⎫
⎪⎪
⎪ Fy = 2 x 2 yz 2 − 2λ y = 0, x 2 z 2 = λ ⎬ x = y = z
Fy = xz − λ = 0⎬ x = y = z
⎪ ⎪
Fz = 2 x 2 y 2 z − 2λ z = 0, x y = λ ⎪⎭
2 2
Fz = xy − λ = 0⎭
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 6) = 0, −3 x = −6, x = 2 3
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1) = 0, 3 x 2 = 1, x =
3
So, x = 2, y = 2, z = 2, and f ( x, y, z ) has a
3 3 3
maximum at ( 2, 2, 2). The maximum is f ( 2, 2, 2) = 8. So, x = , y = , z = , and f ( x, y, z )
3 3 3
⎛ 3 3 3⎞
has a maximum at ⎜⎜ , , ⎟⎟.
⎝ 3 3 3 ⎠
⎛ 3 3 3⎞ 1
The maximum is f ⎜⎜ , , ⎟⎟ = .
⎝ 3 3 3 ⎠ 27
19. Maximize f ( x, y, z ) = xyz subject to the constraint x + y + z = 60.
F ( x, y z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( x + y + z − 60)
Fx = yz − λ = 0, yz = λ ⎫
⎪
Fy = xz − λ = 0, xz = λ ⎬ yz = xz = xy ⇒ x = y = z
Fz = xy − λ = 0, xy = λ ⎪⎭
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 60) = 0, − 3x = − 60, x = 20
So, x = 20, y = 20, and z = 20.
20. Maximize f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 yz subject to the constraint x + y + z = 80.
F ( x, y z , λ ) = x 2 yz − λ ( x + y + z − 80)
Fx = 2 xyz − λ = 0, λ = 2 xyz
Fx = 2 xyz − λ = 0, λ = 2 xyz ⎫⎪
⎬y = z
Fy = x 2 z − λ = 0, λ = x 2 z ⎪⎭
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 80) = 0
Using Fx and Fz , 2 xy 2 = x 2 y ⇒ 2 y = x
and using Fx , − ( 2 y + y + y − 80) = 0 ⇒ y = 20.
So, x = 40, y = 20, and z = 20.
21. Minimize f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the constraint x + y + z = 120.
F ( x, y, z , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − λ ( x + y + z − 120)
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0 ⎫
⎪
Fy = 2 y − λ = 0⎬ x = y = z
⎪
Fz = 2 z − λ = 0 ⎭
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 120) = 0, 3x = 120, x = 40
So, x = 40, y = 40, and z = 40.
22. Minimize f ( x, y, z ) = x3 + y 3 + z 3 subject to the constraint x + y + z = 36.
F ( x, y z , λ ) = x3 + y 3 + z 3 − λ ( x + y + z − 36)
Fx = 3 x 2 − λ = 0, λ = 3x 2 ⎫
⎪
Fy = 3 y − λ = 0, λ = 3 y 2 ⎬ x = y = z
2
Fz = 3z 2 − λ = 0, λ = 3 z 2 ⎪⎭
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 36) = 0
Using Fλ , − ( x + x + x − 36) = 0, x = 12.

So, x = 12, y = 12, and z = 12.
23. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( x + y − 6)
λ
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0, x =
2
λ
Fy = 2 y − λ = 0, y = = x
2
Fλ = −( x + y − 6) = 0, x + x = 6 ⇒ x = 3
So, x = 3, y = 3, and d = x2 + y 2 = 9+9 = 18 = 3 2.
24. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + ( y − 10) − λ ⎡( x − 4) + y 2 − 4⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦
x ⎫
Fx = 2 x − 2λ ( x − 4) = 0, λ =
x − 4 ⎪⎪
⎬ 5 x + 2 y = 20
y − 10 ⎪
Fy = 2( y − 10) − 2λ y = 0, λ =
y ⎪⎭
2
⎛ 20 − 5 x ⎞
Fλ = − ⎡( x − 4) + y 2 − 4⎤ = 0, ( x − 4) + ⎜
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎟ = 4
⎝ 2 ⎠
116 ± 4 29
x = (x ≈ 3.2572, 4.7428)
29
116 − 4 29
So, x = (the other value of x results in a negative y-value),
29
2 2
10 29 ⎛ 116 − 4 29 ⎞ ⎛ 10 29 ⎞
y = , and d = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ − 10 ⎟⎟ ≈ 8.770.
29 ⎝ 29 ⎠ ⎝ 29 ⎠
25. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = ( x − 2) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 1) − λ ( x + y + z − 1)
2 2 2
Fx = 2( x − 2) − λ = 0⎫
⎪⎪ x − 2 = y − 1 = z − 1
Fy = 2( y − 1) − λ = 0 ⎬
⎪ x −1 = y = z
Fz = 2( z − 1) − λ = 0 ⎪⎭
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 1) = 0
(1 − 2) + (0 − 1) + (0 − 1)
2 2 2
So, y = 0, z = 0, x = 1, and d = = 3.
(
26. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = ( x − 4) + y 2 + z 2 − λ x 2 + y 2 − z 2
2
)
Fx = 2( x − 4) − 2 xλ = 0, 2 x(1 − λ ) = 8
Fy = 2 y − 2 yλ = 0⎫⎪ 2 y (1 − λ ) = 0
⎬
Fz = 2 z + 2 zλ = 0 ⎪⎭ 2 z (1 + λ ) = 0
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 − z 2 ) = 0, z = x2 + y 2
From Fy , you have y = 0 or λ = 1. From Fx , you know that λ ≠ 1 (since 0 ≠ 8), so, y = 0.
From Fλ and Fz , you now have x = z and λ = −1. So, x = 2, y = 0, z = 2, and
d = ( 2 − 4) 2 + ( 0) + ( 2)
2 2
= 2 2.
27. Maximize f ( x, y, z ) = xyz subject to the constraint 2 x + 3 y + 5 z − 90 = 0.
F ( x, y z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( 2 x + 3 y + 5 z − 90)
1 ⎫
Fx = yz − 2λ = 0, λ = yz
2 ⎪ 1y 1x 2x
1 ⎪ 2
= 3
⇒ y = 3
Fy = xz − 3λ = 0, λ = xz
3 ⎬ 1z 1y 3
1 ⎪ 3
= 5
⇒ z = 5
y
Fz = xy − 5λ = 0, λ = xy ⎭
5 ⎪
Fλ = − ( 2 x + 3 y + 5 z − 90) = 0
( ( )
Using Fλ , − 2 x + 3 23 x + 5⎡ 53
⎣ ( 23 x)⎤⎦ − 90) = 0
− 2 x − 2 x − 2 x + 90 = 0 ⇒ x = 15.
So, x = 15, y = 10, and z = 6.
The rectangular box has dimensions 15 units by 10 units by 6 units.
28. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( x + 2 y + 2 z − 108)
Fx = yz − λ = 0 ⎫⎪
⎬ x = 2y
Fy = xz − 2λ = 0⎪⎭
Fz = xy − 2λ = 0, y = z
Fλ = − ( x + 2 y + 2 z − 108) = 0, 6 y = 108, y = 18
So, x = 36, y = 18, and z = 18.
The volume is maximized when the dimensions are 36 × 18 × 18 inches.
29. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = xyz − λ (3 xy + 2 xz + 2 yz − 1296)
Fx = yz − (3λ y + 2λ z ) = 0⎫⎪
⎬ x = y or z = 3λ
Fy = xz − (3λ x + 2λ z ) = 0 ⎪⎭
Fz = xy − ( 2λ x + 2λ y ) = 0, x = 4λ (if x = y )
Fλ = −(3 xy + 2 xz + 2 yz − 1296) = 0
From Fy , z = 6λ = 3
2
x and Fλ gives x = 12.
So, x = 12, y = 12, and z = 3

2
(12) = 18.
(The case z = 3λ results in λ = 0 or z = 0, which are impossible.)

The volume is maximized when the dimensions are 12 × 12 × 18 feet.
30. Minimize C ( x, y, z ) = 5 xy + 3( xy + 2 xz + 2 yz ) = 8 xy + 6 xz + 6 yz subject to the constraint xyz = 480.
F ( x, y, z , λ ) = 8 xy + 6 xz + 6 yz − λ ( xyz − 480)
Fx = 8 y + 6 z − λ yz = 0 ⎫ x = y z
⎪
Fy = 8 x + 6 z − λ xz = 0 ⎬ 4y
⎪ 4 y = 3z, z = 3
Fz = 6 x + 6 y − λ xy = 0⎭
x
Fλ = −( xyz − 480) = 0, y( y ) ( 43 y) = 480, y = 2 3 45

y
83
So, x = 2 45, y = 2 45, and z =
3 3
3
45.
8 3
The dimensions for minimizing cost are 2 3 45 × 2 3 45 × 3
45 feet.
31. F ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.25 x12 + 25 x1 + 0.05 x22 + 12 x2 − λ ( x1 + x2 − 1000)

Fx1 = 0.5 x1 + 25 − λ = 0, x1 = 2λ − 50
Fx 2 = 0.1x2 + 12 − λ = 0, x2 = 10λ − 120
Fλ = −( x1 + x2 − 1000) = 0
(2λ − 50) + (10λ − 120) = 1000

12λ = 1170
λ = 97.5
So, x1 = 145 and x2 = 855.
To minimize cost, let x1 = 145 units and x2 = 855 units.
32. F ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 − λ ( x1 + x2 − 2000)
Fx1 = 0.5 x1 + 10 − λ = 0, x1 = 2λ − 20
Fx 2 = 0.3 x2 + 12 − λ = 0, x2 = 10 λ
3
− 40
Fλ = −( x1 + x2 − 2000)
(2λ − 20) + (103 λ − 40) = 2000

16 λ = 2060
3
λ = 386.25
So, x1 = 752.5 and x2 = 1247.5.
To minimize cost, let x1 = 753 units and x2 = 1247 units.
33. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.25 y 0.75 subject to the constraint 48 x + 36 y = 100,000.
F ( x, y, λ ) = 100 x 0.25 y 0.75 − λ ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000)
Fx = 25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 − 48λ = 0

Fy = 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25 − 36λ = 0
Fλ = − ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000) = 0
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25

Using Fx , λ = and Fy , λ = , so
48 36
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25
=
48 36
25 y 0.75 75 x 0.25
0.75
=
48 x 36 y 0.25
3
y = 3x
4
y = 4 x.
3125
Then using Fλ , − ( 48 x + 36( 4 x) − 100,000) = 0 ⇒ x = .
6
3125 6250 ⎛ 3125 6250 ⎞
So, x = and y = , and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at ⎜ , ⎟.
6 3 ⎝ 6 3 ⎠
⎛ 3125 6250 ⎞
The maximum production level is f ⎜ , ⎟ ≈ 147,314 units.
⎝ 6 3 ⎠
(b) Using Fx , 25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 − 48λ = 0, so

− 0.75 0.75
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 25 ⎛ 3125 ⎞ ⎛ 6250 ⎞
λ = = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 1.4731.
48 48 ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
(c) 147,314 + (125,000 − 100,000)λ ≈ 147,314 + 25,000(1.4731) ≈ 181,142 units
(d) 147,314 + (350,000 − 100,000)λ ≈ 147,314 + 250,000(1.4731) ≈ 515,589 units
34. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.6 y 0.4 subject to the constraint 48 x + 36 y − 100,000 = 0.
F ( x, y, λ ) = 100 x 0.6 y 0.4 − λ ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000)
Fx = 60 x − 0.4 y 0.4 − 48λ = 0

Fy = 40 x 0.6 y − 0.6 − 36λ = 0
Fλ = − ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000) = 0
60 x − 0.4 y 0.4 40 x 0.6 y − 0.6

Using Fx , λ = and Fy , λ = , so
48 36
5 x − 0.4 y 0.4 10 x 0.6 y − 0.6
=
4 9
5 y 0.4 10 x 0.6
0.4
=
4x 9 y 0.6
45 y = 40 x
8
y = x.
9
⎛ ⎛8 ⎞ ⎞
Then using Fy , − ⎜ 48 x + 36⎜ x ⎟ − 100,000 ⎟ = 0 ⇒ x = 1250.
⎝ ⎝9 ⎠ ⎠
10,000 ⎛ 10,000 ⎞
So, x = 1250 and y = , and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at ⎜1250, ⎟.
9 ⎝ 9 ⎠
⎛ 10,000 ⎞
The maximum production level is f ⎜1250, ⎟ ≈ 119,247 units.
⎝ 9 ⎠
60 y 0.4
(b) Using Fx , − 48λ = 0, so
x 0.4
0.4
⎛ 10,000 ⎞
60 y 0.4
60 ⎜ 9 ⎟
λ = = ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 1.192.
48 x 0.4 48 ⎜ 1250 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(c) 119,247 + (125,000 − 100,000)(1.192) ≈ 149,047 units
(d) 119,247 + (350,000 − 100,000)(1.192) ≈ 417,247 units
35. (a) Minimize f ( x, y ) = 50 x + 100 y subject to 36. (a) Minimize f ( x, y ) = 50 x + 100 y subject to
100 x y0.7 0.3
− 20,000 = 0. 100 x 0.4 y 0.6 − 20,000 = 0
F ( x, y, λ ) = 50 x + 100 y − λ (100 x 0.7 y 0.3 − 20,000) F ( x, y, λ ) = 50 x + 100 y − λ (100 x 0.4 y 0.6 − 20,000)
Fx = 50 − 70λ x − 0.3 y 0.3 = 0 Fx = 50 − 40λ x − 0.6 y 0.6 = 0

Fy = 100 − 30λ x y 0.7 − 0.7
= 0 Fy = 100 − 60λ x 0.4 y − 0.4 = 0
Fλ = − (100 x 0.7 y 0.3 − 20,000) = 0 Fλ = − (100 x 0.4 y 0.6 − 20,000) = 0
0.3 0.6
⎛ y⎞ 50 ⎛ y⎞ 50
Using Fx , ⎜ ⎟ = and Using Fx , ⎜ ⎟ = and
⎝ x⎠ 70λ ⎝ x⎠ 40λ
0.7 0.4
⎛ y⎞ 30λ ⎛ y⎞ 60λ
using Fy , ⎜ ⎟ = . using Fy , ⎜ ⎟ = .
⎝ x⎠ 100 ⎝ x⎠ 100
0.3 0.7 0.4 0.6
⎛ y⎞ ⎛ y⎞ y ⎛ 50 ⎞⎛ 30λ ⎞ ⎛ y⎞ ⎛ y⎞ y ⎛ 50 ⎞⎛ 60λ ⎞
So, ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ So, ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠ x ⎝ 70λ ⎠⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠ x ⎝ 40λ ⎠⎝ 100 ⎠
y 3 3 y 3 3
= ⇒ y = x. = ⇒ y = x.
x 14 14 x 4 4
Since 100 x 0.7 y 0.3 = 20,000, Since 100 x 0.4 y 0.6 = 20,000
0.3 0.6
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
100 x 0.7 ⎜ x ⎟ = 20,000 100 x 0.4 ⎜ x ⎟ = 20,000
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
0.3 0.6
⎛3⎞ ⎛3⎞
⎜ ⎟ x = 200 ⎜ ⎟ x = 200
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝4⎠
200 200
x = 0.3
≈ 317 units. x = 0.6
≈ 238 units.
⎛3⎞ ⎛3⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝4⎠
3 3
So, x ≈ 317 units and y = (317) ≈ 68 units. So, x = 238 units and y = ( 238) ≈ 179 units.
14 4
(b) f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.7 y 0.3 (b) f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.4 y 0.6
f x ( x, y ) = 70 x − 0.3 y 0.3 f x ( x, y ) = 40 x − 0.6 y 0.6
f y ( x, y ) = 30 x 0.7 y − 0.7 f y ( x, y ) = 60 x 0.4 y − 0.4
f x ( x, y ) 70 x − 0.3 y 0.3 50 f x ( x, y ) 40 x − 0.6 y 0.6 50

= = = =
f y ( x, y ) 30 x 0.7 y − 0.7 100 f y ( x, y ) 60 x 0.4 y − 0.4 100
70 y 50 40 y 50
= =
30 x 100 60 x 100
y 3 y 3
= =
x 14 x 4
3 3
So, y = x and the conditions are met. So, y = x and the conditions are met.
14 4
37. (a) Barn 39. Minimize C ( x, y, z ) = x + 2 y + 3 z subject to the

constraint 12 xyz = 0.13.
F ( x, y, z , λ ) = x + 2 y + 3z − λ (12 xyz − 0.13)
x x x
y y Fx = 1 − 12λ yz = 0, 12λ yz = 1 ⎫
⎪ x = 2y
Fy = 2 − 12λ xz = 0, 12λ xz = 2⎬
Minimize
⎪ x = 3z
f ( x, y ) = 10( 2 x + 2 y ) + 4 x = 24 x + 20 y subject Fz = 3 − 12λ xy = 0, 12λ xy = 3⎭
to the constraint g ( x, y ) = 2 xy − 6000 = 0. ⎛ x ⎞⎛ x ⎞
Fλ = −(12 xyz − 0.13) = 0, 12 x⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.13
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
F ( x, y, λ ) = 24 x + 20 y − λ ( 2 xy − 6000)
2 x3 = 0.13
Fx = 24 − 2λ y = 0⎫⎪ y = 12 λ
⎬ x = 3
0.065 ≈ 0.402
Fy = 20 − 2λ x = 0⎪⎭ x = 10 λ
So,
Fλ = −2 xy + 6000 = 0 1
x = 3
0.065 ≈ 0.402, y = 3
0.065 ≈ 0.201,
2 xy = 6000 2
⎛ 10 ⎞⎛ 12 ⎞ 13
2⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 6000 z = 0.065 ≈ 0.134, and f ( x, y, z )
⎝ λ ⎠⎝ λ ⎠ 3
1 is a minimum at about (0.402, 0.201, 0.134). To
= 25
2
λ minimize the cost, use 0.402 liter of solution x,
1 0.201 liter of solution y, and 0.134 liter of solution z.
λ =
5
40. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = x + 2 y + 3z − λ (0.01x 2 y 2 z 2 − 0.13)
So, x = 50 and y = 60.
To minimize the cost of the fencing, make the fence Fx = 1 − 0.02λ xy 2 z 2 = 0, 100 = 2λ xy 2 z 2 ⎫⎪
⎬ x = 2y
50 feet by 120 feet. Fy = 2 − 0.02λ x 2 yz 2 = 0, 200 = 2λ x 2 yz 2 ⎪⎭
(b) f (50, 60) = $2400
Fz = 3 − 0.02λ x 2 y 2 z = 0, 300 = 2λ x 2 y 2 z , x = 3 z
The minimum cost is $2400.
Fλ = −(0.01x 2 y 2 z 2 − 0.13) = 0, x 2 y 2 z 2 = 13
38. (a) Minimize C ( x, y ) = 600 x + 240 y subject to the 2 2
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
constraint 2 x − 2 y = 360. x 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 13
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
F ( x, y, λ ) = 600 x + 240 y − λ ( 4 xy − 360)
x 6 = 468
Fx = 600 − 4λ y = 0⎫⎪ y = 150 λ x = 6
468 ≈ 2.786
⎬
Fy = 240 − 4λ x = 0⎪⎭ x = 60 λ So,
Fλ = −( 4 xy − 360) = 0 1
x = 6
468 ≈ 2.786, y = 6
468 ≈ 1.393,
2
⎛ 60 ⎞⎛ 150 ⎞ 16
360 = 4⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ z = 468 ≈ 0.929, and f ( x, y, z ) is a minimum
⎝ λ ⎠⎝ λ ⎠ 3
λ 2 = 100 at about ( 2.786, 1.393, 0.929). To minimize the cost,
λ = 10 use 2.786 liters of solution x, 1.393 liters of
So, x = 6 and y = 15. To minimize the cost, make solution y, and 0.929 liter of solution z.
the partitions 6 feet by 15 feet.
(b) The minimum cost is $7200.
C (6, 15) = 7200
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis 467
41. Maximize G ( x, y, z ) = 0.05 x 2 + 0.16 xy + 0.25 z 2 subject to the constraint 9 x + 4 y + 4 z = 400.
F ( x, y, z , λ ) = 0.05 x 2 + 0.16 xy + 0.25 z 2 − λ (9 x + 4 y + 4 z − 400)
Fx = 0.1x + 0.16 y − 9λ = 0
Fy = 0.16 x − 4λ = 0⎫⎪ x = 25λ
⎬
Fz = 0.5 z − 4λ = 0 ⎪⎭ z = 8λ
Fλ = −(9 x + 4 y + 4 z − 400) = 0
From Fλ , you have 9( 25λ ) + 4 y + 4(8λ ) = 400. So, y = 100 − 64.25λ . From Fx , you have
0.1( 25λ ) + 0.16(100 − 64.25λ ) − 9λ = 0. So, λ = 800
839
≈ 0.953516. So, x ≈ 23.8, y ≈ 38.7, z ≈ 7.6,
and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at about ( 23.8, 38.7, 7.6). To maximize the amount of ice cream you can eat,
have f ( 23.8, 38.7, 7.6) ≈ 190.1 grams.
42. (a) z (1, 2) = 2
(b) z ( 2, 2) = 8
43. (a) Maximize A = 0.0001t 2 pr1.5 subject to the constraint 30t + 12 p + 15r = 2700.
F ( A) = 0.0001t 2 pr1.5 − λ (30t + 12 p + 15r − 2700)
Ft = 0.0002tpr1.5 − 30λ = 0
0.0001t 2 r1.5
Fp = 0.0001t 2 r1.5 − 12λ = 0, λ =
12
Fr = 0.00015t 2 pr 0.5 − 15λ = 0
Fλ = −(30t + 12 p + 15r − 2700) = 0
From Ft , you obtain t = 0.8 p.
From Fr , you obtain r = 1.2 p.
From Fλ , you obtain p = 50.
So, t = 40 and r = 60. To maximize the number of responses, spend 30( 40) = $1200 on a cable television ad,
12(50) = $600 on a newspaper ad, and $15(60) = $900 on a radio ad.
(b) A = 0.0001( 40) (50)(60)

2 1.5
≈ 3718
The maximum number of responses is about 3718.
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis
Skills Warm Up
1. ( 2.5 − 1) + (3.25 − 2) + (4.1 − 3) = (1.5) + (1.25) + (1.1) = 2.25 + 1.5625 + 1.21 = 5.0225
2 2 2 2 2 2
2. (1.1 − 1) + ( 2.08 − 2) + ( 2.95 − 3) = (0.1) + (0.08) + ( −0.05) = 0.01 + 0.0064 + 0.0025 = 0.0189
2 2 2 2 2 2
3. S = a 2 + 6b 2 − 4a − 8b − 4ab + 6 4. S = 4a 2 + 9b 2 − 6a − 4b − 2ab + 8
∂S ∂S
= 2a − 4 − 4b = 8a − 6 − 2b
∂a ∂a
∂S ∂S
= 12b − 8 − 4a = 18b − 4 − 2a
∂b ∂b

5 4
1 1 1 1 1 25
5. ∑i = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 7. ∑i = + + +
1 2 3 4
=
12
i =1 i =1
6 3
6. ∑2i = 2(1) + 2( 2) + 2(3) + 2( 4) + 2(5) + 2(6) 8. ∑i 2 = 12 + 22 + 32 = 14
i =1 i =1
= 42
6
∑( 2 − i ) = ( 2 − 1) + ( 2 − 2) + ( 2 − 3) + ( 2 − 4) + ( 2 − 5) + ( 2 − 6)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
9.
i =1
= 12 + 02 + (−1) + ( −2) + (−3) + ( −4) = 31

2 2 2 2
∑(30 − i 2 ) = (30 − 1) + (30 − (22 )) + (30 − (32 )) + (30 − (42 )) + (30 − (52 ))
5
10.
i =1
= 29 + 26 + 21 + 14 + 5 = 95
1.
x-values −3 −2 −1 0 1
Actual y-values 2 2 4 6 8
Linear model,
1.2 2.8 4.4 6 7.6
f ( x) = 1.6 x + 6
Quadratic model,
2.01 2.76 4.09 6 8.49
g ( x) = 0.29 x 2 + 2.2 x + 6
Linear model sum of the squared errors:

S = (1.2 − 2) + ( 2.8 − 2) + ( 4.4 − 4) + (6 − 6) + (7.6 − 8) = 1.6
2 2 2 2 2
Quadratic model sum of the squared errors:

S = ( 2.01 − 2) + ( 2.76 − 2) + ( 4.09 − 4) + (6 − 6) + (8.49 − 8) = 0.8259
2 2 2 2 2
2.
x-values −3 −1 1 3
Actual y-values 4 2 1 0
Linear model,
4.1 2.7 1.3 −0.1
f ( x) = − 0.7 x + 2
Quadratic model,
3.64 1.76 0.36 −0.56
g ( x) = 0.06 x 2 − 0.7 x + 1

S = ( 4.1 − 4) + ( 2.7 − 2) + (1.3 − 1) + ( − 0.1 − 0) = 0.6
2 2 2 2

S = (3.64 − 4) + (1.76 − 2) + (0.36 − 1) + ( − 0.56 − 0) = 0.9104
2 2 2 2
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis 469
3.
x-values 0 1 2 3
Actual y-values 10 9 6 0
Linear model,
11 7.7 4.4 1.1
f ( x) = − 3.3 x + 11
Quadratic model,
10 9.25 6 0.25
g ( x) = −1.25 x 2 + 0.5 x + 10

S = (11 − 10) + (7.7 − 9) + ( 4.4 − 6) + (1.1 − 0) = 6.46
2 2 2 2

S = (10 − 10) + (9.25 − 9) + (6 − 6) + (0.25 − 0) = 0.125
2 2 2 2
4.
x-values −1 1 2 4 6
Actual y-values −4 −3 0 5 9
Linear model,
−5 −1 1 5 9
f ( x) = 2.0 x − 3
Quadratic model,
−4.16 −1.56 0.16 4.44 9.84
g ( x) = 0.14 x 2 + 1.3 x − 3
S = ( − 5 − (− 4)) + (−1 − ( − 3)) + (1 − 0) + (5 − 5) + (9 − 9) = 6

2 2 2 2 2
S = ( − 4.16 − (− 4)) + (−1.56 − ( − 3)) + (0.16 − 0) + ( 4.44 − 5) + (9.84 − 9) = 3.144

2 2 2 2 2
5. The sum of the squared errors is as follows.

y
S = ( −2a + b + 1) + (0a + b) + ( 2a + b − 3)
2 2 2
5
∂S 4
= 2( −2a + b + 1)( −2) + 2( 2a + b − 3)( 2) = 16a − 16 3
(2, 3)
∂a 2
∂S
= 2( −2a + b + 1) + 2b + 2( 2a + b − 3) = 6b − 4
1
(0, 0)
∂b
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
(−2, −1) −1
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces a = 1 −2

−3
2 2
and b = . So, y = x + .
3 3
6. The sum of the squared errors is as follows. y
S = ( −3a + b) + ( − a + b − 1) + ( a + b − 1) + (3a + b − 2)
2 2 2 2 4
3
∂S
= −6( −3a + b) − 2(− a + b − 1) + 2( a + b − 1) + 6(3a + b − 2) = 40a − 12
(3, 2)
2
∂a (−1, 1)
(−3, 0) (1, 1)
∂S
= 2( −3a + b) + 2( − a + b − 1) + 2( a + b − 1) + 2(3a + b − 2) = 8b − 8 −3 −2 −1
x
∂b
1 2 3
−1
3 3 −2
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces a = and b = 1. So, y = x + 1.
10 10
7. The sum of the squared errors is as follows. y
S = ( −2a + b − 4) + ( − a + b − 1) + (b + 1) + ( a + b + 3)
2 2 2 2 5
(−2, 4) 4
3
∂S
= −4( −2a + b − 4) − 2( − a + b − 1) + 2( a + b + 3) = 12a − 4b + 24 2
∂a (−1, 1) 1
x
∂S
= 2( −2a + b − 4) + 2( − a + b − 1) + 2(b + 1) + 2( a + b + 3) = −4a + 8b − 2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 (0, −1)
∂b −2
−3 (1, −3)
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces: −4
12a − 4b = −24
−4a + 8b = 2
So, a = −2.3 and b = −0.9, and y = −2.3x − 0.9.
8. The sum of the squared errors is as follows.

y
S = ( −5a + b + 3) + ( −4a + b + 2) + ( −2a + b + 1) + (− a + b − 1)
2 2 2 2
2
∂S (−1, 1)
= −10( −5a + b + 3) − 8( −4a + b + 2) − 4( −2a + b + 1) − 2(− a + b − 1)
∂a x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −1
= 92a − 24b − 48 (−2, −1)
−1
(−4, −2)
∂S −2
= 2( −5a + b + 3) + 2( −4a + b + 2) + 2( −2a + b + 1) + 2(− a + b − 1) −3
∂b (−5, −3)
−4
= −24a + 8b + 10
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces:
92a − 24b = 48
−24a + 8b = −10
So, a = 0.9 and b = 1.45, and y = 0.9 x + 1.45.
9. y = 0.8 x + 2 15. (a) y = 0.138 x + 22.1

(b) Let x = 160.
10. y = 0.4118 x + 3
y = 0.138(160) + 22.1 = 44.18 bushels acre
11. y = −1.1824 x + 6.3851
16. (a) y = 0.22 x − 7.5 matches (iv).
12. y = −0.4519 x + 5.6 The positive slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the
data points can be used.
13. (a) y = 4.13t + 11.6, t = 2 is 2002.
(b) y = − 0.35 x + 11.5 matches (i).
(b) 2014: Let t = 14. The negative slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the
y = 4.13(14) + 11.6 = 69.42 or $69.42 billion
(c) y = 0.09 x + 19.8 matches (iii).
(c) Let y = 85 and find t. The positive slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the
85 = 4.13t + 11.6 data points can be used.
73.4 = 4.13t (d) y = −1.29 x + 89.8 matches (ii).
t ≈ 17.77 or 2018 The negative slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the
14. (a) y = −1.78 x + 127.6
17. Positive correlation y
(b) Let x = 32.95.

r ≈ 0.9981 16
y = −1.78(32.95) + 127.6 = 70 14
12
(c) Let y = 83 and find x. 10
8
83 = −1.78 x + 127.6 6
− 44.6 = −1.78 x 4
2
$25 ≈ x x
1 2 3 4 5 6
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane 471
18. Negative correlation 21. No linear correlation

r ≈ −0.9652 r ≈ 0.0750
y
y
36
8
30
6
24
4
18
2 12
x 6
2 4 6 8
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
19. No correlation
r = 0 22. Negative correlation
r ≈ −0.9907
y
y
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
x
x 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6
23. False, the slope is positive, which means there is a
20. Positive correlation positive correlation.
r ≈ 0.9276 24. True
y
25. True
4
26. True
3
27. True
2
28. False, there is a strong negative correlation, so the

1
regression line will fit the data well.
x
1 2 3 4
29. Answers will vary.
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane
Skills Warm Up
∫ 0 (4 − y ) dy
1 2 2
= x]0 = 1
1
∫ 0 dx = ⎡⎣4 y − 1 y3 ⎤ = 16
2
1. 6. 3 ⎦0 3
2
= 3 y]0 = 6
2 2
2. ∫ 0 3 dy 7. ∫1
2 2
2
2⎤
dx = − ⎥ = −
2
+
2
=
1
7x 7 x ⎦1 14 7 7
= ⎡⎣ 23 ( 43 ) − (13 )⎤⎦
4 4
3. ∫1 2 x 2 dx = 2 3⎤
x
3 ⎦1
2
3
= 42 4 2 4
8. ∫1 x
dx = 4 x ⎤⎦ = 8 − 4 = 4
1
1 1
∫ 0 2x dx = 1 x4 ⎤ = 1
3
4. 2 ⎦0 2
2x
dx = ln ( x 2 + 1)⎤⎦
2 2
9. ∫0 x +1
2 0
∫1 (x − 2 x + 4) dx = ⎡⎣ 14 x 4 − x 2 + 4 x⎤⎦
2 2
3
5.
1 = ln 5 − ln 1
= ( 4 − 4 + 8) − ( 14 − 1 + 4) = ln 5
19 ≈ 1.609
= 4

e 1 e 14. y = x, y = 3, x = 0
10. ∫2 dy = ln ( y − 1)⎤⎦ 2
y −1 y
= ln (e − 1) − ln ( 2 − 1) 4
= ln (e − 1) ≈ 0.541 3
2
2 2
x 2 +1 1 e x 2 +1 ⎤
11. ∫0 xe dx = 2 ⎥⎦ 0
1
x
= 1 e5 − 12 e 1 2 3 4
2
≈ 72.847
15. y = 4 − x 2 , y = 0, x = 0
1 1
∫0 e dy = − 12 e −2 y ⎤⎦
−2 y
12. y
0
= − 12 e −2 + 1
2
4
≈ 0.432 3
2
13. y = x, y = 0, x = 3
1
y
x
1 2 3 4
4
16. y = x 2 , y = 4 x
3
2
y
1
20
x
1 2 3 4 16
12
x
1 2 3 4 5
∫ 4 ( xy + 4 y ) dy = ⎡⎣ 14 xy 4 + 2 y 2 ⎤⎦
x x x
x ⎡ y2 ⎤ 3x 2 6. 3
1. ∫ 0 (2 x − y ) dy = ⎢2 xy −
⎣
⎥ =
2 ⎦0 2
4
= ( 14 x 5
)
+ 2 x 2 − (64 x + 32)
y y
∫ 0 (5 x + 8 y) dx
1 5
2. = ⎡⎣ 52 x 2 + 8 xy⎤⎦ = 4
x + 2 x 2 − 64 x − 32
0
= ( 52 y 2
)
+ 8 y 2 − (0) = 21 y 2
∫ x3 ( x + 3 y 2 ) dy = ⎡⎣ x 2 y + y 3 ⎤⎦ 3
2 x x
2
7.
x
x2
x2 y y2 ⎤ x3 x x
= ( x 2 − 1) = ( x 5 2 + x 3 2 ) − ( x 5 + x9 )
3. ∫x x
dy = ⎥ =
2x ⎦ x 2
−
2 2
= − x9 − x5 + x5 2 + x3 2
2y y 2y
4. ∫1 dx = y ln x ⎤⎦1 = y ln 2 y 1− y2 1− y2
x 8. ∫ − 1− y2
( x2 + y 2 ) dx = ⎡⎣ 13 x3 + xy 2 ⎤⎦
− 1− y2
∫ 2 (6 x y + y ) dx (1 − y 2 )
y y 32
5. 2 2
= ⎡⎣2 x3 y + xy 2 ⎤⎦ = 2
+ 2 y2 1 − y2
2 3
= ( 2 y 4 + y 3 ) − (16 y + 2 y 2 ) = 2
3
1 − y 2 ⎡⎣(1 − y 2 ) + 3 y 2 ⎤⎦
= 2 y 4 + y 3 − 2 y 2 − 16 y = 2
3
1 − y 2 (1 + 2 y 2 )
ey 2
⎡ 2 y3 ⎤
y(ln x) ⎤ ∫ −1 ∫ − 2 ( x − y 2 ) dy dx =
2 1 2 1
ey
∫ −1 ⎣ −
2
y ln x 14. ⎢ x y ⎥ dx
9. ∫1 x
dx =
2
⎥
⎥⎦1
3 ⎦ −2
1 ⎛ 16 ⎞
= ∫ −1 ⎜⎝ 4 x −
2
y(ln e y ) ⎟ dx
2
y(ln 1)
2
3⎠
= −
2 2
⎡ 4 x3 16 x ⎤ 1
y3 = ⎢ − ⎥
= ⎣ 3 3 ⎦ −1
2
= −8
3 xy 3
10. ∫y dx = y x + 1⎤
2
x2 + 1 ⎦y 2 6 x2 2 6 x2
15. ∫0 ∫0 x3 dy dx = ∫0 x3 y⎤⎦
0
dx
= 10 y − y y2 + 1
2
( )
= ∫ 0 6x
5
dx
= y 10 − y +1
2
2
= x 6 ⎤⎦
0
2
1⎡ y2 ⎤
1 2
= 64
11. ∫ 0 ∫ 0 (x + y ) dy dx = ∫ 0 ⎢⎣xy + 2 ⎥⎦ dx
0
2 2 y − y2 2 2 y − y2
∫ 0 3xy]3 y2 − 6 y
1
= ∫ 0 (2 x + 2) dx 16. ∫ 0 ∫ 3 y2 − 6 y 3 y dx dy = dy
∫ 0 (24 y − 12 y 3 ) dy
1 2
= ⎡⎣ x 2 + 2 x⎤⎦ = 2
0
= 3 2
= ⎡⎣8 y 3 − 3 y 4 ⎤⎦
0
∫ 0 ∫ 0 (6 − x ) dy dx ∫ 0 (6 − x ) y⎤⎦ 0
2 2 2 2
12. 2
= 2
dx = 16
(6 − x 2 ) dx
2 y
= 2∫ 1 y 1 ⎡ x2 ⎤
0 17. ∫ 0 ∫ 0 (x + y ) dx dy = ∫0 ⎢ + xy⎥ dy
⎣ 2 ⎦0
2
= 2 ⎡⎣6 x − 13 x3 ⎤⎦
0 1 3y2
56
= ∫0 2
dy
=
3 1
⎡ y3 ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥
3 4 3 4 ⎣ 2 ⎦0
13. ∫0 ∫0 xy dx dy = ∫0 ⎡⎣ 12 x 2 y⎤⎦ dy
0
1
3 =
= ∫0 8 y dy 2
3
= ⎡⎣4 y 2 ⎤⎦ 1− y 2
0 2 1− y 2 2 x2 ⎤
= 36
18. ∫0 ∫0 − 5 xy dx dy = −5∫
0
y⎥
2 ⎦0
dy
−5 2
=
2 ∫0
( y − y 3 ) dy
2
5 ⎡ y2 y4 ⎤
= − ⎢ − ⎥
2⎣ 2 4 ⎦0
5
= − (2 − 4) = 5
2
∫ 0 ∫ 0 (3 x + 3 y 2 + 1) dy dx =
1 3x 1 3x
∫ 0 ⎡⎣3x y + y 3 + y⎤⎦ dx
2 2
19.
0
∫ 0 (9 x + 27 x 3 + 3 x) dx
1
= 3
∫ 0 (36 x + 3 x) dx
1
= 3
1
= ⎡⎣9 x 4 + 3 2⎤
x
2 ⎦0
= 21
2
2y 1
⎡ 2 x3 ⎤ ⎛ 20 3 ⎞ ⎡ y2 5 y4 ⎤ 13
∫ 0 ∫ y (1 + 2 x + 2 y 2 ) dx dy =
1 2y 1 1
∫0 ⎢x + + 2 xy 2 ⎥ dy = ∫0 ⎝ + = + ⎥ =
2
20. ⎜ y y ⎟ dy ⎢
⎣ 3 ⎦y 3 ⎠ ⎣2 3 ⎦0 6
x 3 3 3
2 dx = 2 x]1 = 4
3
∫1 ∫1 ∫1
1 x 1
21. ∫0 ∫0 1 − x 2 dy dx = ∫0 1 − x 2 y⎤ dx 26. A = dy dx =
⎦0
1 4 x
= − 12 ∫ 1 − x 2 ( −2 x) dx 27. A = ∫ 0 ∫ 0 dy dx
0
1 4
= − 13 (1 − x 2 ) ⎤ ∫ 0 [ y] 0 dx
32 x
=
⎥⎦ 0
4
= 1
3
= ∫0 x dx
4
x = ⎡⎣ 12 x 2 ⎤⎦
4 x 2 4 2y ⎤ 0
22. ∫0 ∫0 x2 + 1
dy dx = ∫0 x 2 + 1⎥⎦ 0
dx
= 8
4 2x
= ∫0 x2 + 1
dx
28. A = ∫0 ∫0
6 x2
dy dx
4
= ln x + 1 ⎤⎦2 6
∫ 0 [ y] 0 dx
x2
0 =
= ln 17
6 x
≈ 2.833 = ∫0 2
dx
6
23. Because (for a fixed x) ⎡1 ⎤
= ⎢ x2 ⎥
b ⎣4 ⎦ 0
lim −2e −( x + y) 2 ⎤⎦ = 2e − x 2 ,
b →∞ 0 = 9
you have
2 4 − x2
∞
∫0 ∫0
∞
e −( x + y) 2
dy dx = ∫0
∞
2e − x 2 dx 29. A = ∫0 ∫0 dy dx
∫ 0 (4 − x ) dx
2
= lim −4e − x 2 ⎤⎦ = 4.
b = 2
b →∞ 0
2
⎡ x3 ⎤
24. Because (for a fixed y) = ⎢4 x − ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦0
( )⎤
b
− x2 + y 2
lim − 12 ye 1 ye − y 2 , you
b →∞
⎥ = 2
have
=
16
⎦0 3
∞ ∞ (
− x2 + y2 ) ∞
1 ye − y 2
∫0 ∫0 xye dx dy = ∫0 2
dy 4 x
b
30. A = ∫0 ∫0 dy dx
= lim − 4 e 1 − y2 ⎤
⎥⎦ 0 4
∫ 0 [ y] 0
x
b →∞ = dx
= 1.
4 4
= ∫0 x dx
8 3
25. A = ∫ 0 ∫ 0 dy dx = ⎡⎣ 23 x3 2 ⎤⎦
0
4
8
∫ 0 [ y] 0 dx
3
= = 16
3
8
= ∫0 3 dx 3 9 − x2 y
31. A = ∫ −3 ∫ 0 dy dx
y = 9 − x2
= [3 x] 0
8 10
∫ − 3 (9 − x ) dx
3 8
= 2
= 24 6
4
3
⎡ x3 ⎤
= ⎢9 x − ⎥ 2
⎣ 3 ⎦ −3 x
−2 −1 1 2 3
= 36
1 x 36. The points of intersection of the two graphs are found by

32. A = ∫ 0 ∫ x3 2 dy dx y
equating y = 4 − x 2 and y = x + 2, which yields
∫ 0 ( x − x ) dx (− 2, 0) and (1, 3).

1
= 32
1
y=x
1 1 4 − x2 y
⎡ x2 ⎤
2
= ⎢ − x5 2 ⎥ y= x 3/2
A = ∫ −2 ∫ x + 2 dy dx y=x+2
⎣ 2 5 ⎦0 y=4− x2
5
4 − x2
x 1
=
1
1
= ∫ − 2 [ y] x + 2 dx
3 (1, 3)
10
∫ − 2 (− x − x + 2) dx
1
= 2 2
1
2 − y +5 (−2, 0)
33. A = ∫ 0 ∫ 32 y dx dy y
= ⎡⎣− 13 x3 − 12 x 2 + 2 x⎤⎦
−2
1
−3 −1 1 3
x
5 −1
∫ (− y + 5 − 32 y) dy
2
= 9
= 4
x = 3y 2
0 2
3
∫ (− 52 y + 5) dy
2 (3, 2) x = − y + 5
= 2
1 2 1
0 1 37. ∫ 0 ∫ 0 dy dx = ∫ 0 2 dx = 2
2
⎡ 5y ⎤
2 x
2 1 2
∫ 0 ∫ 0 dx dy ∫ 0 dy
1 2 3 4 5
= ⎢− + 5 y⎥ = = 2
⎣ 4 ⎦0
= 5 y
34. The point of intersection of the two graphs is found by

equating y = 9 x and y = x, which yields 2
x = y = 3.
3 x 9 9 x
A = ∫ 0 ∫ 0 dy dx + ∫ 3 ∫ 0 dy dx
x
3 9 9
= ∫0 x dx + ∫3
2
dx y
x
6
2 3 2 4 2 2
x ⎤
∫ 1 x]2 dy 2 dy = 2 y]1 = 2
4 2
∫ 1 ∫ 2 dx dy ∫1
y=x
=
9 38. = =
⎥ + 9 ln x ⎤⎦ 3 4 (3, 3)
y = 9x
2 ⎦0
4 2 4 4
∫ 2 y]1 = x]2 = 2
2 4
∫ 2 ∫1 dy dx = dx = ∫ 2 dx
2 (9, 1)
9
= + 9(ln 9 − ln 3) x
2 2 4 6 8
y
−2
9
= + 9 ln 3 ≈ 14.388 4
2
3
35. The point of intersection of the two graphs is found by 2

equating y = 2 x and y = x, which yields x = y = 0.
1
2 2x
A = ∫0 ∫x
y
dy dx x
5 1 2 3 4
2 y = 2x
= ∫ 0 (2 x − x) dx 4
3 1 2 1 1
2 39. ∫ 0 ∫ 2 y dx dy = ∫ 0 (2 − 2 y) dy = ⎡⎣2 y − y 2 ⎤⎦ = 1
= ∫0
2 0
x dx
1
y=x 2
2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x x2 ⎤
=
x ⎤
⎥ = 2
−1
−1
1 2 3 4 5
∫0 ∫0 dy dx = ∫0 2
dx = ⎥ =1
4 ⎦0
2 ⎦0
y
x
1 y= (2, 1)
2
x
1 2
∫0 (3 )
4 1 3 y 1
2 3 2⎤ 16
∫ 0 ∫ y2 dx dy = y − y 2 dy
4 x 4
43.
40. ∫0 ∫0 dy dx = ∫0 x dx =
3
x ⎥ =
⎦0 3
1
2 ⎡3 y3 ⎤
⎡ y3 ⎤ 16 = ⎢ y4 3 −
∫ 0 (4 − y )
2 4 2
⎥
∫ 0 ∫ y2 dx dy = dy = ⎢4 y − ⎥ =
2
3 3 ⎣4 3 ⎦0
⎣ ⎦0
5
y
=
12
4
∫0 ( )
1 x 1
3
y= x
∫ 0 ∫ x3 dy dx = x − x3 dx
(4, 2)
2 1
⎡2 x4 ⎤
= ⎢ x3 2 − ⎥
⎣3 4 ⎦0
1
x
1 2 3 4 5
=
12
2
2 1 2 ⎛ x⎞ ⎡ x2 ⎤
∫ 0 ∫ x 2 dy dx = ∫ 0 ⎜⎝1 − ⎟ dx = ⎢ x − ⎥ =1
y
41.
2⎠ ⎣ 4⎦0
2 x = y2
1 2y 1 1
∫0 ∫0 dx dy = ∫ 0 2y dy = y 2 ⎤⎦ = 1 3
x= y
0
y 1
(1, 1)
2 x
1 2
(2, 1)
1
4 − y2
∫ − 2 (4 − y ) dy
x 2 2
∫ −2 ∫ 0 dx dy = 2
y=
2 44.
x
1 2 2
⎡ y3 ⎤ 32
= ⎢4 y − ⎥ =
⎣ 3 ⎦ −2 3
∫ 0 (2 − )
4 2 4
42. ∫0 ∫ dy dx = x dx 4 4− x 4
∫0 ∫− ∫0 2
x
dy dx = 4 − x dx
4 4− x
⎡ 2 ⎤
= ⎢2 x − x3 2 ⎥ 4
(4 − x) ⎤⎥ =
⎣ 3 ⎦0 4 32 32
= −
3 ⎦0 3
8
=
3 y
2
y3 ⎤
2
2 y2 2 8
∫0 ∫0 dx dy = ∫0 y 2 dy = ⎥ =
3 ⎦0 3 1
x
y
1 2 3
−1
3
x = 4 − y2
−2
2 (4, 2)
1
y= x
x
1 2 3 4
−1
3 3 2 2y
x2
45. (a) ∫0 ∫ y e dx dy cannot be evaluated in the order as 46. (a) Area = ∫ 0 ∫ y2 dx dy
2
given since no antiderivative for e x can be found. 4 x
The region bounded by y ≤ x ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 3

(b) Area = ∫0 ∫x 2 dy dx
y
1 2
− x2 − y 2
∫0 ∫0 e
x=y
47. dx dy ≈ 0.6588
4
y=3
∫ 0 ∫ x2 ( x + 3 y 2 ) dy dx ≈ 15.8476
2 2x
3
48.
2 x=3
1 2 x
∫1 ∫ 0 e dy dx ≈ 8.1747
y=0 xy
49.
x
1 2 4
2 2y
is rewritten as 0 ≤ y ≤ x and 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 so that 50. ∫1 ∫ y ln ( x + y ) dx dy ≈ 2.0006
3 x
x2
the integral can be changed to ∫0 ∫0 e dy dx.
1 1
3 x 3 x
51. ∫0 ∫x 1 − x 2 dy dx ≈ 0.4521
∫ 0 ⎡⎢⎣e y⎤⎥ dx
x2 x2
∫0 ∫0 e dy dx =
⎦0
3 x2
3
x2
52. ∫0 ∫0 x 1 + x dy dx ≈ 24.3082
= ∫ 0 xe dx
3
4 − x2 4
= ⎡⎢ 12 e x ⎤⎥ xy
2 2
⎣ ⎦0 53. ∫0 ∫ 4 − x2 x2 + y2 + 1
dy dx ≈ 1.1190
= 1
2 (e9 − 1)
4 y 2
≈ 4051.042 54. ∫ 0 ∫ 0 ( x + 1)( y + 1) dx dy ≈ 2.5903
2 2
− y2
(b) ∫0 ∫x e dy dx cannot be evaluated in the order as
2
given since no antiderivative for e − y can be found.
The region bounded by x ≤ y ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
y
y=x
x=0
3
y=2
x=2
1
x
1 3
is rewritten as 0 ≤ x ≤ y and 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 so that

2 y 2
the integral can be changed to ∫0 ∫0 e − y dx dy.
2 y 2 y
2
⎡ xe − y 2 y⎤ dy
∫0 ∫0 e − y dx dy = ∫0 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0
2 2
= ∫0 ye − y dy
2
= ⎡⎢− 12 e − y ⎤⎥
2
⎣ ⎦0
= − 12 (e − 4 − 1)
≈ 0.491
55. True
2
1 2 1 y2 ⎤ 1
∫ −1 ∫ − 2 y dy dx = ∫ −1 ⎥ dx =
2 ⎦ −2 ∫ −1 0 dx = 0
1 2 1 1 1
∫ −1 ∫ − 2 y ∫ −1 xy] − 2 ∫ −1 4 y dy = 2 y 2 ⎤⎦
2
dx dy = dy = = 0
−1
56. True
5
5 6 5 5 5x2 ⎤ 105
∫ 2 ∫1 x dy dx = ∫2 yx] 16 dx = ∫2 5 x dx = ⎥ =
2 ⎦2 2
5 6
6 5 6 x2 ⎤ 6 21 21 y ⎤ 105
∫1 ∫ 2 x dx dy = ∫1 ⎥ dy =
2 ⎦2 ∫1 2
dy =
2 ⎥⎦1
=
2
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals
Skills Warm Up
1. y 1 2 1 1
∫ 0 y]1 = x]0 = 1
2 1
5. ∫ 0 ∫1 dy dx = dx = ∫ 0 dx
2
3 3 3 3
∫ 0 x]1 = 2 y] 0 = 6
3
∫ 0 ∫1 ∫ 0 2 dy
3
6. dx dy = dy =
1
1 x 1
∫ 0 xy]0
x
1 2
x
7. ∫0 ∫0 x dy dx = dx
1 1
= ∫0 x dx = 1 x3 ⎤
2
3 ⎦0
2. y
= 1
3
4
y
xy⎤ dy = ∫0 (y − y ) dy
4 y 4 4
∫ 0 ∫1 ∫0
3
8. y dx dy = 2
⎥⎦1
2
= ⎡⎣ 13 y 3 − 1 y2 ⎤ 4
1
2 ⎦0
x = 40
1 2 3 4 3
3. y
x2
3 3 x2
9. ∫1 ∫ x 2 dy dx = ∫1 2 y]x dx
10
∫ 1 (2 x − 2 x) dx
3
= 2
8
6
3
4 = ⎡⎣ 23 x3 − x 2 ⎤⎦
1
2
= 9+ 1
x 3
1 2 3 4 5
= 28
3
4. y
1 − x2 + 2 1 − x2 + 2
4
10. ∫0 ∫x dy dx = ∫ 0 y] x dx
3
∫ 0 (− x + 2 − x) dx
1
= 2
2
1
1 = ⎡⎣− 13 x3 + 2 x − 1 x2 ⎤
2 ⎦0
x
= 7
1 2 3 4 6
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals 479
2 1 2 1 4 − x2
1. ∫ 0 ∫ 0 (3x + 4 y) dy dx = ∫0 ⎡⎣3 xy + 2 y 2 ⎤⎦ dx 2 4 − x2 2 xy 3 ⎤
2
0 4. ∫0 ∫0 xy 2 dy dx = ∫0 3 ⎦0
⎥ dx
= ∫ 0 (3x + 2) dx x
∫ 0 3 (4 − x )
2 3
2
= 2
dx
= ⎡ 3 x2 + 2 x⎤⎦
⎣2 0 2
1
(4 − x 2 ) ⎤⎥⎦
4
= 10 = −
y 24 0
32
2
=
3
y
1
4 y = 4 − x2
3
x
1 2
2
3 1 3 1
2. ∫ 0 ∫ 0 (2 x + 6 y) dy dx = ∫ 0 ⎡⎣2 xy + 3 y 2 ⎤⎦ dx x
−1 1 2 3
0
3
= ∫ 0 (2 x + 3) dx 5. ∫ 0 ∫ y2 ( x
1 y
2
+ y 2 ) dx dy =
1
∫ 0 ⎡⎣13 x
3
+ xy 2 ⎤⎦ 2 dy
y
y
3
= ⎡⎣ x 2 + 3x⎤⎦ = 18
∫ 0 ( 43 y )
1
0 = 3
− 1 y6 − y 4 dy
3
y
1
= ⎡⎣ 13 y 4 − 1 y7
21
− 1 y5 ⎤
5 ⎦0
4
= 3
3 35
2 y
1
x = y2
x 1
1 2 3 4
x=y
1 1− x 2 1 1− x 2
3. ∫ −1 ∫ 0 x 2 y dy dx = ∫ −1 ⎡⎣ 12 x 2 y 2 ⎤⎦
0
dx
1
x
(1 − x 2 ) dx
1
= 1
∫
2 −1
x2
3
⎡ x2 ⎤
∫ (x − x 4 ) dx
1 6 3 6
∫ 0 ∫ y 2 ( x + y) dx dy ∫ 0 ⎢⎣ 2
= 1 2
2 −1 6. = + xy⎥ dy
⎦y 2
1
= 1 ⎡1 x3 − 15 x5 ⎤⎦
2 ⎣3 −1 6 ⎛9 5 y2 ⎞
2
= ∫ 0 ⎜⎝ 2 + 3y −
8 ⎠
⎟ dy
= 15
6
y ⎡9 3y2 5 y3 ⎤
= ⎢ y + − ⎥
y= 1 − x2
⎣2 2 24 ⎦ 0
= 36
y
x
−1 1 y = 2x (3, 6)
6
−1 4
x=3
2
x
2 4 6
3 5 5 3
a 2 − x2 a2 − x2
∫0 ∫0 xy dy dx = ∫ 0 ∫ 0 xy dx dy
a a
7. ∫ −a ∫ − a2 − x2
dy dx = ∫ − a y]− a2 − x2
dx 9.
5
a
xy 2 ⎤
∫ −a 2
3 5 3
= a 2 − x 2 dx
∫0∫0 xy dy dx = ∫0 2 ⎦0
⎥ dx
= π a 2 (area of circle) 3 25
y
= ∫0 2
x dx
y = a2 − x2
3
a 25 2 ⎤
= x
4 ⎥⎦ 0
−a
x 225
a
=
4
−a
5 25 − x 2 5 25 − y 2
10. 2∫ ∫0 x dy dx = 2∫ ∫0 x dx dy
0 0
a a2 − x2 a
8. ∫0 ∫0 dy dx = ∫0 a 2 − x 2 dx
5 25 − y 2 5 x2 ⎤
25 − y 2
2∫ ∫0 x dx dy = 2 ∫ ⎥ dy
π a2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 0 0 2 ⎦0
= ⎜ area of circle ⎟
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠
∫ 0 (25 − y ) dy
5
y
= 2
5
y= a2 − x2 ⎡ y3 ⎤
= ⎢25 y −
a
⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦0
250
=
3
x
a
2 2x y 2 y y 4 2 y
11. ∫0 ∫x x + y2
2
dy dx = ∫ 0 ∫ y 2 x2 + y2
dx dy + ∫ 2 ∫ y 2 x2 + y2
dx dy
2x
y 1 ⎤
ln ( x 2 + y 2 )⎥ dx
2 2x 2
∫0 ∫x x + y2
2
dy dx = ∫0 2 ⎦x
2
1 2⎡ 1 2 5 ⎛1 5⎞ ⎤ 5
ln (5 x 2 ) − ln ( 2 x 2 )⎤⎦ dx = ∫ ln dx = ⎜ ln ⎟ x⎥ = ln
2∫0 ⎣
= ≈ 0.916
2 0 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎦0 2
4 x y 2 4 y 2 4 y
12. ∫0 ∫0 1 + x2
dy dx = ∫ 0 ∫ y2 1 + x2
dx dy 13. V = ∫0 ∫0 2
dx dy y
4
x 4
⎤ 2 xy ⎤
∫0 ∫0
4 x y
dy dx = ∫0
4 y2
⎥ dx
= ∫0 2 ⎥⎦ 0
dy 3
1 + x2 2(1 + x 2 ) ⎥⎦ 2
0 2
4 x
= ∫0 2 y dy
= ∫ 0 2(1 + x 2 )
1
dx
2
= y 2 ⎤⎦ 1 2 3 4
x
0
1
ln (1 + x 2 )⎤⎦
4
= = 4
4 0
1
= ln 17
4
≈ 0.708
∫ 0 (4 − x − y 2 ) dy dx
2 4 1 1
14. V = ∫ 0 ∫ 0 (6 − 2 y) dx dy 19. V = 4∫
y 2
0
4
2 1
∫ 0 [6 x − 2 xy]0
4
= dy 1 ⎡ y3 ⎤
3 = 4∫ ⎢4 y − x 2 y − ⎥ dx
2
0
⎣ 3 ⎦0
= ∫ 0 (24 − 8 y) dy
2 y
1 ⎡ 1⎤
1 = 4∫ ⎢4 − x − 3 ⎥ dx
2
2
= ⎡⎣24 y − 4 y 2 ⎤⎦
2 0
⎣ ⎦
0 x
1 2 3 4 1 ⎛ 11 ⎞
= 32 = 4∫ ⎜ − x 2 ⎟ dx
0
⎝ 3 ⎠ −2 2
x
6 (−2 3) x + 4 ⎛ 12 − 2 x − 3 y ⎞ ⎡11x x3 ⎤ 40
1
15. V = ∫0 ∫0 ⎜
⎝ 4
⎟ dy dx
⎠
= 4⎢
3
− ⎥ =
3 3 −2
⎣ ⎦0
6 1⎡ 3 ⎤ (−2 3)x + 4
= ∫0 ⎢
4⎣
12 y − 2 xy − y 2 ⎥
2 ⎦0
dx
1 x
∫0 ∫0
y
20. V = 1 − x 2 dy dx
⎛1 ⎞
y
6
= ∫ 0 ⎜⎝ 6 x − 2 x + 6 ⎟ dx
2
1
⎠ = ∫0 x 1 − x 2 dx
5
1
y = − 23 x + 4
4
6
⎡1 ⎤ 1
= ⎢ x 3 − x 2 + 6 x⎥ 3
= − 13 (1 − x 2 ) ⎤ =
32
1
⎣18 ⎦0 2
⎥⎦ 0 3
x
= 12 1 1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
3 2x
∫ 0 ∫ 0 ( xy) dy dx
y
2 2− x
21. V =
16. V = ∫ 0 ∫ 0 (2 − x − y ) dy dx
3 2x
6 y = 2x
= ∫ ⎡ 1 xy 2 ⎤⎦ dx 5
2− x 0 ⎣2 0
⎡ y2 ⎤
y
2 4
= ∫0 ⎢2 y − xy −
⎣
⎥
2 ⎦0
dx
= 1
∫
3
4 x3 dx 3
2 2 0
y=2−x 2
2 1 1 ⎡x4 ⎤ 3
= ∫0 (2 − x)2 dx = 2⎣ ⎦0
1
2 1 x
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
= 81
(2 − x)3 ⎤⎥ =
1 4 2
= − x
6 ⎦0 3 1 2
4 x
22. V = ∫0 ∫0
y
x dy dx
2 y
17. V = ∫ 0 ∫ 0 (4 − x − y) dx dy
4
4
∫ 0 xy]0
x
= dx 3
y
2 ⎡ x2 ⎤ y
4
= ∫0 ⎢4 x −
⎣ 2
− xy⎥ dy
⎦0
= ∫0 x 2 dx 2
2 1
4
2 ⎛ 3y2 ⎞ x3 ⎤ 64
= ∫0 ⎜4 y − ⎟ dy = ⎥ =
x
1 2 3 4
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 3 ⎦0 3
2 y=x
⎡ y3 ⎤
= ⎢2 y 2 − ⎥ = 4 x
⎣ 2 ⎦0 1 2
1 y
18. V =
∫ 0 ∫ 0 (1 − xy) dx dy
y
1 ⎡ x2 y ⎤
= ∫0 ⎢x −
y
⎥ dy
⎣ 2 ⎦0
1 ⎛ y3 ⎞ 1
= ∫ 0 ⎜⎝ y − 2⎠
⎟ dy
1 y=x
⎡ y2 y4 ⎤
= ⎢ − ⎥ 1
x
⎣2 8 ⎦0
3
=
8
∫ 0 ∫ 0 (9 − x ) dy dx
x+2
23. V =
2
2 0 4 5000 xe y
26. P = ∫ −2 ∫ 0 1 + 2x2
dx dy
2 x+2
= ∫0 ⎡⎣9 y − x 2 y⎤⎦ dx 0 4 1250e y ( 4 x)
0 = ∫ −2 ∫ 0 1 + 2x2
dx dy
∫ 0 (− x − 2 x + 9 x + 18) dx
2
= 3 2
0 4
∫ − 2 1250e
y⎡ 2 ⎤
= ⎣ln 1 + 2 x ⎦ 0 dy
2
= ⎡⎣− 14 x 4 − 2 x3 + 9 x2 + 18 x⎤⎦ 0
∫ − 2 1250e
3 2 0 = y
ln 33 dy
= 134
3 0
= 1250 ln 33⎡⎣e y ⎤⎦
y −2
4
y=x+2
= 1250 ln 33(1 − e −2 ) ≈ 3779 people
3
5 3
2
27. Average = 1
15 ∫ 0 ∫ 0 y dy dx
5 3
1
= 1
15 ∫0 ⎡ 1 y 2 ⎤ dx
⎣2 ⎦ 0
x
5
∫ 0 9 dx
1 2 3 4
= 1
30
4 − x2
24. V =
2
∫0 ∫0 (x + y ) dy dx = 1
30 [9 x] 50
3
2 4 − x2
= 2
= ∫0 ⎡⎣ xy + 1 y2⎤
2 ⎦0
dx
∫ 0 (x ) dx
1 4 2
8 ∫0 ∫0
2
= 4 − x2 + 2 − 1 x2 28. Average = xy dy dx
2
2 2
1 4 xy 2 ⎤
= ⎡− 13 ( 4 − x 2 ) + 2 x − 16 x3 ⎤ =
32
16
8 ∫ 0 2 ⎦0
= ⎥ dx
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ 0 3
y
1 4
8∫ 0
= 2 x dx
y= 4 − x2
2
4
x2 ⎤
= ⎥ = 2
1 8 ⎦0
1 2
∫ 0 (x + y 2 ) dx dy
2
4∫ 0
x
1 2 29. Average = 2
2
1 2 ⎡ x3 2⎤
4∫ 0
2 2 120,000 = ⎢ + xy ⎥ dy
25. P = ∫ 0 ∫ 0 (2 + x + y)
3
dy dx
⎣3 ⎦0
1 2 ⎛8 2⎞
4∫ 0 ⎝3
2
2 = ⎜ + 2 y ⎟ dy
∫ 0 −60,000(2 + x + y ) ⎤ dx
−2
= ⎠
⎦0
2
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 ⎡8 2 ⎤
= −60,000 ∫
2
⎜ − ⎟ dx = ⎢ y + y3 ⎥
⎜ (4 + x) 4 ⎣3 3 ⎦0
0
⎝
2
( 2 + x) ⎟⎠
2
8
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
2 =
= 60,000 ⎢ − 3
⎥
⎣ 4 + x 2 + x ⎦0
= 10,000 people
(e 2 y − e y ) dy
1 y 1 y 1
30. Average = 2 ∫ ∫0 e x + y dx dy = 2∫ e x + y ⎤⎦ dy = 2∫
0 0 0 0
1 1
= 2 ⎡⎣ 12 e 2 y − e y ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣e 2 y − 2e y ⎤⎦ = e 2 − 2e + 1
0 0
= (e − 1) ≈ 2.952
2
1 50 50
31. Average =
50 ∫ 45 ∫ 40
(192 x1 + 576 x2 − x12 − 5 x22 − 2 x1x2 − 5000) dx1 dx2
50
1 50 ⎡ x13 ⎤
= ∫ ⎢96 x1 + 576 x1 x2 − − 5 x1x22 − x12 x2 − 5000 x1 ⎥ dx2
2
50 45
⎣ 3 ⎦ 40
1 50 ⎛ 48,200 ⎞
50 ∫ 45 ⎝ 3
= ⎜ + 4860 x2 − 50 x22 ⎟ dx2
⎠
50
1 ⎡ 48,200 x 50 x23 ⎤
= ⎢ + 2430 x22 − ⎥ = $13,400
50 ⎣ 3 3 ⎦ 45
1 60
∫ 55 (200 x1 + 580 x2 − x12 − 5 x22 − 2 x1 x2 − 7500) dx1 dx2
65
100 ∫ 50
32. Average =
65
1 60 ⎡ x13 ⎤
= ∫ + − − 5 x1x22 − x12 x2 − 7500 x1 ⎥ dx2
2
⎢100 x1 580 x1 x2
100 50
⎣ 3 ⎦ 55
1 60 ⎛ 26,750 ⎞
100 ∫ 50 ⎝ 3
= ⎜ + 4600 x2 − 50 x22 ⎟ dx
⎠
60
1 ⎡ 26,750 50 3⎤
= x2 + 2300 x22 − x2
100 ⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦ 50
= $11,025
1 150 75
⎡(500 − 3 p1 ) p1 + (750 − 2.4 p2 ) p2 ⎤⎦ dp1 dp2
1250 ∫ 100 ∫ 50 ⎣
33. Average =
1 150 75
1250 ∫ 100 ∫ 50 ⎣
= ⎡−3 p12 + 500 p1 − 2.4 p22 + 750 p2 ⎤⎦ dp1 dp2
1 150 75
1250 ∫ 100 ⎣
= ⎡− p13 + 250 p12 − 2.4 p1 p22 + 750 p1 p2 ⎤⎦ dp2
50
1 150
1250 ∫ 100 ⎣
= ⎡484,375 − 60 p22 + 18,750 p2 ⎤⎦ dp2
1 150
= ⎡⎣484,375 p2 − 20 p23 + 9375 p22⎤⎦
1250 100
= $75,125
34. (a) The value of ∫ R ∫ f ( x, y) dA would represent the total (volume) of annual snowfall for Erie County, New York.
∫ R ∫ f ( x, y) dA or 1
(b) The value of ∫ R ∫ f ( x, y) dA would represent the annual average total (volume) snowfall for
∫R∫ dA ∫R∫ dA
Erie County, New York.
250
1 1 x1.6 ⎤
(100 y 0.4 )
325 250 325
35. Average =
1250 ∫ 300 ∫ 200
100 x 0.6 y 0.4 dx dy =
1250 ∫ 300 ⎥
1.6 ⎦ 200
dy
325
128,844.1 325 0.4 ⎡ y1.4 ⎤
=
1250 ∫ 300
y dy = 103.0753⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1.4 ⎦ 300
≈ 25,645.24
250
1 325 250 1 325 x1.25 ⎤
36. Average = ∫ ∫
1250 300 200
x 0.25 y 0.75 dx dy = ∫
1250 300 1.25
y 0.75 ⎥
⎦ 200
dy
325
193.5742 325 0.75 193.5742 ⎡ y1.75 ⎤
≈
1250 ∫ 300
y dy ≈ ⎢ ⎥
1250 ⎣1.75 ⎦ 300
≈ 287.74
Review Exercises for Chapter 7

z
1.
(2, −1, 4) 4
3. d = (3 − 1)2 + (5 − 0) + (8 − 2)
2 2
(−2, − 2, 1)
3 = 4 + 25 + 36 = 65
(3, 1, 2)
−3
−2 1 −2
2
⎡⎣1 − ( −4)⎤⎦ + (3 − 1) + (7 − 5)
2 2
4. d =
1
2 2
x −2
3
4
= 25 + 4 + 4 = 33
y
−3
(−1, 3, − 3) ⎛ 2 + ( −4) 6 + 2 4 + 8 ⎞
5. Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ( −1, 4, 6)
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
2. (−4, −3, 5)
⎛ 5 + ( −1) 0 + ( −2) 7 + 9⎞
z 6. Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ( 2, −1, 8)
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
4
(−2, 2, 2)
−4 2 −4 7. (x − 0) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 0) = 52
2 2 2
(4, 52, 1) x 2 + ( y − 1) + z 2 = 25
2
2
−2 4
2
(x − 4) + ⎡⎣ y − ( −5)⎤⎦ + ( z − 3) = 102
x y 2 2
(1, −2, −3) 8.
(x − 4) + ( y + 5) + ( z − 3) = 100
2 2 2
⎛ 3 + 1 − 4 + 0 −1 + ( − 5) ⎞
9. Center = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ( 2, − 2, − 3)
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
Radius = (2 − 3)2 + ( − 2 + 4) + (− 3 + 1)
2 2
= 1+ 4+ 4 = 3
Sphere: ( x − 2) + ( y + 2) + ( z + 3) = 9
2 2 2
⎛3 + 5 4 + 8 0 + 2⎞
10. Center = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ( 4, 6, 1)
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
Radius = (4 − 3) + (6 − 4) + (1 − 0)
2 2 2
= 1+ 4+1 = 6
Sphere: ( x − 4) + ( y − 6) + ( z − 1) = 6
2 2 2
11. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x + 4 y − 6 z − 20 = 0
( x2 − 8x + 16) + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = 20 + 16 + 4 + 9
(x − 4) + ( y + 2) + ( z − 3) = 49
2 2 2
Center: ( 4, − 2, 3)
Radius: 7
12. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4 y − 10 z − 7 = 0
x 2 + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 − 10 z + 25) = 7 + 4 + 25
x 2 + ( y + 2) + ( z − 5) = 36
2 2
Center: (0, − 2, 5)
Radius: 6
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 485
13. Let z = 0. 17. 3x − 6 z = 12

(x + 2) + ( y − 1) + (0 − 3) = 25
2 2 2
To find the x-intercept, let z = 0.
3x = 12 ⇒ x = 4
(x + 2) + ( y − 1) = 16
2 2
Because the coefficient of y is zero, there is no

Circle of radius 4 y-intercept.
z
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0.
4 −6 z = 12 ⇒ z = −2
x-intercept: (4, 0, 0)
z-intercept: (0, 0, −2)
4 y
x −2
6
The plane is parallel to the y-axis.
z
14. Let z = 0. 1
(x − 1) + ( y + 3) + (0 − 6) = 72
2 2 2
2
1 1
(4, 0, 0) (0, 0, − 2)
(x − 1) + ( y + 3) = 36
2 2 4
x 5 y
−3
Circle of radius 6 −4
−5
z
18. 4 x − y + 2 z = 8
8
− 10
−6 To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
4x = 8 ⇒ x = 2
4
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0.
y
8 −4
x
−6
− y = 8 ⇒ y = −8
15. x + 2 y + 3z = 6 To find the z-intercept, let x = 0 and y = 0.
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. 2z = 8 ⇒ z = 4 z
x = 6
5
x-intercept: (2, 0, 0) (0, 0, 4)
4
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0. y-intercept: (0, − 8, 0) (0, − 8, 0) 3

2
2y = 6 ⇒ y = 3 −9
z-intercept: (0, 0, 4) y
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0 and y = 0. (2, 0, 0) 1
x 3
3z = 6 ⇒ z = 2 z
x-intercept: (6, 0, 0) 19. The graph of x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x + 4 y − 6 z + 5 = 0

(0, 0, 2)
is a sphere whose standard equation is
y-intercept: (0, 3, 0)
z-intercept: (0, 0, 2)
(0, 3, 0)
y (x − 1) + ( y + 2) + ( z − 3) = 9.
2 2 2
20. The graph of 16 x 2 + 16 y 2 − 9 z 2 = 0 is an elliptic cone

x
(6, 0, 0) whose standard equation is
16. 2 y + z = 4 x2 y2 z2
+ − = 0.
1 16 1 16 1 9
Because the coefficient of x is zero, there is no
x-intercept.
y2 z2
To find the y-intercept, let z = 0. 21. The graph of x 2 + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
16 9
2y = 4 ⇒ y = 2 z
To find the z-intercept, 5 y2 z2

(0, 0, 4) 22. The graph of x 2 − − = 1 is a hyperboloid of
let y = 0. 16 9
two sheets.
z = 4
(0, 2, 0)
y-intercept: (0, 2, 0) x2
x 5
3
4 23. The graph of z = + y 2 is an elliptic paraboloid.
z-intercept: (0, 0, 4)
5 y
9
The plane is parallel to the x-axis.
24. The graph of −4 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 is a hyperboloid of 33. z = 10 − 2 x − 5 y

one sheet whose standard equation is c = 0: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 0, 2 x + 5 y = 10
2 2
y z c = 2: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 2, 2 x + 5 y = 8
+ − x 2 = 1.
4 4
c = 4: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 4, 2 x + 5 y = 6
25. The graph of z = x + y is the top half of a circular
2 2
c = 5: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 5, 2 x + 5 y = 5
cone whose standard equation is x + y − z = 0.
2 2 2
c = 10: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 10, 2 x + 5 y = 0
y2 The level curves are lines of slope − 52 .

26. The graph of z = x 2 − is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
4 y
27. f ( x, y ) = xy 2 3
(a) f ( 2, 3) = 2(3) = 18
2
1 c=0
c=2
x
−3 −2 −1 c=4
(b) f (0, 1) = 0(1) = 0
2 3
−1 c=5
c = 10
(c) f ( −5, 7) = −5(7) = −245

2
34. z = 9 − x2 − y 2
(d) f ( −2, − 4) = −2( −4) = −32
2
c = 0: 9 − x 2 − y 2 = 0, x 2 + y 2 = 9
2
x
28. f ( x, y ) = c = 1: 9 − x 2 − y 2 = 1, x 2 + y 2 = 8
y
62 c = 2: 9 − x 2 − y 2 = 2, x 2 + y 2 = 5
(a) f (6, 9) = = 4
9
c = 3: 9 − x 2 − y 2 = 3, x 2 + y 2 = 0 (point)
82
(b) f (8, 4) = = 16 The level curves are y
4 c=0
circles (except c = 3).
2
t
(c) f (t , 2) = c=1
2 1
x
r2
(d) f ( r , r ) =
−1 1
= r, r ≠ 0 −1
c=2
r
c=3
29. The domain of f ( x, y ) = 1 − x 2 − y 2 is the set of all

35. z = ( xy )
2
points inside or on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1. The range is y c=1
c=4
[0, 1].
c=9
1 c = 12
c = 1: ( xy ) = 1, y = ±
2 c = 16
x
30. The domain of f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 3 is the set of all 1
2
c = 4: ( xy ) = 4, y = ±
2 x
points in the xy-plane. The range is [− 3, ∞). x
−1
−1
1
3
31. The domain of f ( x, y ) = e xy is the set of all points in c = 9: ( xy ) = 9, y = ±
2
x
the xy-plane. The range is (0, ∞).
2 3
c = 12: ( xy ) = 12, y = ±
2
1 x
32. The domain of f ( x, y ) = is the set of all points
x + y 4
c = 16: ( xy ) = 16, y = ±
2
except those on the line y = − x. The range is all real x
numbers except 0. The level curves are hyperbolas.
z = ( xy + 2 x + 4 y )
2
36. z = y − x 2 44.
c = 0: y − x 2 = 0, y = x 2 ∂z
= 2( xy + 2 x + 4 y )( y + 2)
c = −1: y − x = −1, y = x − 1
2 2 ∂x
∂z
c = 1: y − x 2 = 1, y = x 2 + 1 = 2( xy + 2 x + 4 y )( x + 4)
∂y
c = −2: y − x 2 = −2, y = x 2 − 2
45. f ( x, y ) = ln (5 x + 4 y )
c = 2: y − x 2 = 2, y = x 2 + 2
5
The level curves are parabolas. f x ( x, y ) =
y
5x + 4 y
4
5 f y ( x, y ) =
4 c=2 5x + 4 y
3 c=1
c=0
c = −1
c = −2 46. f ( x, y ) = ln 2x + 3y
x
−4 −3 −2 2 3 4
1⎛ 2 ⎞ 1
−2 f x ( x, y ) = ⎜ ⎟ =
−3 2⎝ 2x + 3 y ⎠ 2x + 3y
37. (a) No; the precipitation increments are 7.99 inches, 1⎛ 3 ⎞ 3
9.99 inches, 9.99 inches, 9.99 inches, and f y ( x, y ) = ⎜ ⎟ =
2⎝ 2x + 3 y ⎠ 2( 2 x + 3 y )
19.99 inches.
(b) You could increase the number of level curves to
correspond to smaller increments of precipitation. 47. f ( x, y ) = xe y + ye x
f x = ye x + e y
38. Southwest to northeast
f y = xe y + e x
39. z = − 4.51 + 0.046 x + 0.060 y
(a) z (100, 40) = − 4.51 + 0.046(100) + 0.060( 40) 48. f ( x, y ) = x 2e −2 y
= $2.49 f x ( x, y ) = 2 xe −2 y
∂z ∂z
(b) Because = 0.060 > = 0.46, y has the f y ( x, y ) = −2 x 2e −2 y
∂y ∂x
greater influence on earnings per share.
49. w = xyz 2
40. z = 1.54 + 0.116 x + 0.122 y
∂w
(a) z (300, 130) = 1.54 + 0.116(300) + 0.122(130) = yz 2
∂x
= $52.20 ∂w
= xz 2
∂z ∂z ∂y
(b) Because = 0.122 > = 0.116, y has the
∂y ∂x ∂w
= 2 xyz
greater influence on shareholders’ equity. ∂z
41. f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + 3xy + 2 x − 5 y 50. w = 3 xy − 5 xz + 2 yz

f x = 2 xy + 3 y + 2 ∂w
= 3 y − 5z
f y = x 2 + 3x − 5 ∂x
∂w
42. f ( x, y ) = 4 xy + xy 2 − 3 x 2 y = 3x + 2 z
∂y
f x = 4 y + y 2 − 6 xy ∂w
= −5 x + 2 y
f y = 4 x + 2 xy − 3x 2 ∂z
x2 51. z = 3 xy
43. z =
y2 ∂z ∂z
(a) = 3 y; ( − 2, − 3, 18) = − 9
∂z 2x ∂x ∂x
= 2
∂x y ∂z ∂z
(b) = 3 x; ( − 2, − 3, 18) = − 6
∂z 2x2 ∂y ∂y
= − 3
∂y y
52. z = y 2 − x 2 y
56. f ( x, y ) =
∂z ∂z x + y
(a) = − 2 x; (1, 2, 3) = − 2
∂x ∂x y x
fx = − fy =
( x + y) ( x + y)
2 2
∂z ∂z
(b) = 2 y; (1, 2, 3) = 4
∂y ∂y 2y 2x
f xx = f yy = −
( x + y) ( x + y)
3 3
53. z = 8 − x − y 2 2
∂z ∂z y − x
(a) = − 2 x; (1, 1, 6) = − 2 f xy = f yx =
(x + y)
3
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
(b) = − 2 y; (1, 1, 6) = − 2 57. f ( x, y ) = 1+ x + y
∂y ∂y
1 1
fx = fy =
54. z = 100 − x 2 − y 2 2 1+ x + y 2 1+ x + y
∂z x ∂z
(a) = − ; (0, 6, 8) = 0 f xx = f yy = f xy = f yx =
1
∂x 100 − x − y 2 2 ∂x
4(1 + x + y )
32
∂z y ∂z 3
(b) = − ; (0, 6, 8) = −
58. f ( x, y ) = x 2e − y
2
∂y 100 − x − y 2 2 ∂y 4
2 2
55. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − xy + 2 y 3 f x = 2 xe − y f y = −2 x 2 ye − y
f yy = 2 x 2 ( 2 y 2 − 1)e − y
2 2
fx = 6x − y f y = −x + 6 y2 f xx = 2e − y
2
f xx = 6 f yy = 12 y f xy = f yx = −1 f xy = f yx = −4 xye − y
59. f ( x, y, z ) = xy + 5 x 2 yz 3 − 3 y 3 z
f x = y + 10 xyz 3 f y = x + 5x2 z3 − 9 y 2 z f z = 15 x 2 yz 2 − 3 y 3
f xx = 10 yz 3 f yx = 1 + 10 xz 3 f zx = 30 xyz 2
f xy = 1 + 10 xz 3 f yy = −18 yz f zy = 15 x 2 z 2 − 9 y 2
f xz = 30 xyz 2 f yz = 15 x 2 z 2 − 9 y 2 f zz = 30 x 2 yz
3 yz
60. f ( x, y, z ) =
x+ z
3 yz 3z 3 xy
fx = − fy = fz =
(x + z)
2
x+ z (x + z)
2
6 yz 3z 3 y( x − z )
f xx = f yx = − f zx = −
( x + z) 3
( x + z) 2
(x + z)
3
3z 3x
f xy = − f yy = 0 f zy =
(x + z) (x + z)
2 2
3 y( x − z ) 3x 6 xy
f xz = − f yz = f zz = −
(x + z)
3
(x + z)
2
(x + z)
3
61. C = 15( xy ) 1 2 1 2 1
13
+ 99 x + 139 y + 2293 62. R = 15 x1 + 16 x2 − x1 − x2 − x1 x2
10 10 100
∂C ∂C
(a) = 5 x −2 3 y1 3 + 99; At (500, 250), = $99.50. ∂R 1 1 ∂R
∂x ∂x (a) = 15 − x1 − x2 (50, 40) = $4.60
∂x1 5 100 ∂x1
∂C
= 5 x1 3 y −2 3 + 139; ∂R 1 1 ∂R
∂y (b) = 16 − x2 − x1 (50, 40) = $7.50
∂C ∂x2 5 100 ∂x2
At (500, 250), = $140.00.
∂y
(b) Downhill skis; this is determined by comparing the
marginal costs for the two models of skis at the
production level (500, 250).
63. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 67. f ( x, y ) = x3 + y 2 − xy
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 2 x and The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − y

f y ( x, y ) = 4 y, are zero at the critical point (0, 0). and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y − x, are zero at the critical points
Because f xx ( xy ) = 2, f yy ( xy ) = 4, and (0, 0) and ( 16 , 121 ). Because f xx ( x, y) = 6 x, f yy ( x, y) = 2,
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (0, 0) > 0 and and f xy ( x, y ) = −1, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0,
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( x, y )⎤⎦ = 8 > 0.
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎣⎡ f xy (0, 0)⎦⎤ = −1 < 0,
So, (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum. ( 121 ) = 1 > 0, and
f xx 16 ,
64. f ( x, y ) = x3 − 3xy + y 2 f ( 16 , 12 ) ( 16 , 121 ) − ⎡⎣ f ( 16 , 121 )⎤⎦ = 1 > 0.
2
1 f
xx yy xy
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − 3 y

So, (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point and ( 16 , 12 432 )
1, − 1
and f y ( x, y ) = −3x + 2 y, are zero at the critical points
is a relative minimum.
(0, 0) and ( 3, 9
2 4 )
. Because f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x,
68. f ( x, y ) = y 2 + xy + 3 y − 2 x + 5
f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = −3, it follows
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = y − 2
that f xx (0, 0) = 0,
and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y + x + 3, are zero at the critical
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy (0, 0)⎤⎦ = −9 < 0, point (−7, 2). Because f xx ( x, y) = 0, f yy ( x, y ) = 2,
( ) = 9 > 0, and
f xx 32 , 94 and f xy ( x, y ) = 1, it follows that f xx ( −7, 2) > 0 and
f ( 32 , 94 ) f ( 32 , 94 ) − ⎡ f ( 32 , 94 )⎤ = 9 > 0. So, (0, 0, 0)

2 2
f xx ( −7, 2) f yy ( −7, 2) − ⎣⎡ f xy ( −7, 2)⎦⎤ = −1 < 0.
xx yy ⎣ xy ⎦
is a saddle point and ( 2 , 4 , − 16 ) is a relative minimum.
3 9 27 So, ( −7, 2, 15) is a saddle point.
69. f ( x, y ) = x3 + y 3 − 3 x − 3 y + 2
65. f ( x, y ) = 1 − ( x + 2) + ( y − 3)
2 2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − 3

f x ( x, y ) = −2( x + 2) and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are and f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 − 3, are zero at the critical points
zero at the critical point ( −2, 3). Because (1, 1), (−1, −1), (1, −1), and (−1, 1). Because
f xx ( x, y ) = −2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,
it follows that f xx ( −2, 3) > 0 and it follows that f xx (1, 1) = 6 > 0,
2
2
f xx ( −2, 3) f yy ( −2, 3) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( −2, 3)⎤⎦ = −4 < 0. f xx (1, 1) f yy (1, 1) − ⎣⎡ f xy (1, 1)⎦⎤ = 36 > 0,
So, ( −2, 3, 1) is a saddle point. f xx ( −1, −1) = −6 < 0,
2
66. f ( x, y ) = e x − x + y 2 f xx ( −1, −1) f yy ( −1, −1) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( −1, −1)⎤⎦ = 36 > 0,
f xx (1, −1) = 6 > 0,
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = e x − 1
2
and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y, are zero at the critical point (0, 0). f xx (1, −1) f yy (1, −1) − ⎡⎣ f xy (1, −1)⎤⎦ = −36 < 0,
Because f xx ( x, y ) = e x , f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xx ( −1, 1) = −6 < 0, and

2
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 1 > 0 f xx ( −1, 1) f yy ( −1, 1) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( −1, 1)⎤⎦ = −36 < 0.
and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy (0, 0)⎤⎦ = 2 > 0.

2
So, (1, 1, − 2) is a relative minimum, ( −1, −1, 6) is
So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum. a relative maximum, (1, −1, 2) is a saddle point, and
(−1, 1, 2) is a saddle point.
70. f ( x, y ) = − x 2 − y 2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = − 2 x and f y ( x, y ) = − 2 y, are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
Because f xx ( x, y ) = − 2, f yy ( x, y ) = − 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 1 < 0 and
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎡⎣ f xy (0, 0)⎤⎦ = 4 > 0.
71. R = x1 p1 + x2 p2
= x1 (100 − x1 ) + x2 ( 200 − 0.5 x2 )
= − x12 − 0.5 x22 + 100 x1 + 200 x2
Rx = −2 x1 + 100 = 0 ⇒ x1 = 50
1
Rx2 = − x2 + 200 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 200
Rx1 x1 = − 2
Rx 2 x 2 = −1
Rx1 x 2 = 0
2
d = Rx1 x1 Rx 2 x 2 − ⎡⎣Rx1 x 2 ⎤⎦
d = ( − 2)( −1) − (0) = 2 > 0

2
Since Rx1 x1 < 0, R is maximum at (50, 200), or when x1 = 50 and x2 = 200.
The maximum revenue is $22,500.
72. P = 10( x1 + x2 ) − C1 − C2
= 10( x1 + x2 ) − (0.03 x12 + 4 x1 + 300) − (0.05 x22 + 7 x2 + 175)
Px = 6 − 0.06 x1 = 0 ⇒ x1 = 100
1
Px 2 = 3 − 0.1x2 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 30
By the Second-Partials Test, profit is maximized at x1 = 100 and x2 = 30.
73. F ( x, y, λ ) = 2 xy − λ ( 2 x + y − 12) 75. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( x + y − 4)
Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 2 y − 2λ = 0 ⎫⎪ Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x − λ = 0 ⎫⎪
⎬ y = 2x ⎬ x = y
Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x − λ = 0 ⎪⎭ Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 2 y − λ = 0⎪⎭
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( 2 x + y − 12) = 0 Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = −( x + y − 4) = 0, x = y = 2
Using Fx , − ( 2 x + 2 x − 12) = 0 Minimum f ( 2, 2) = 8.
− 4 x = −12
So, x = 2, y = 2, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum
x = 3.
at ( 2, 2). The relative minimum is f ( 2, 2) = 8.
So, x = 3 and y = 6, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at
(3, 6). The relative maximum is f (3, 6) = 36. 76. F ( x, y, λ ) = 3 x 2 − y 2 − λ ( 2 x − 2 y + 5)
74. F ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x + 3 xy + y − λ ( x + 2 y − 29) Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 6 x − 2λ = 0 ⎫⎪
⎬ y = 3x
Fy ( x, y, λ ) = −2 y + 2λ = 0⎪⎭
Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 2 + 3 y − λ = 0 ⎫⎪
⎬ x − 2y = 1 Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( 2 x − 2 y + 5) = 0
Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 3 x + 1 − 2λ = 0⎪⎭
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( x + 2 y − 29) = 0 Using Fλ , − ( 2 x − 2(3 x) + 5) = 0
Using Fλ , x + 2 y = 29 4x = 5
and x − 2y = 1 x = 54 .
2 x = 30 So, x = 5 and y = 15 , and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at
4 4
x = 15.
( 54 , 154 ). The relative minimum is f ( 54 , 154 ) = − 758 .
So, x = 15 and y = 7, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at
(15, 7). The relative maximum is f (15, 7) = 352.
77. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = xyz − λ ( x + 2 y + z − 4) 78. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = x 2 z + yz − λ ( 2 x + y + z − 5)
Fx = yz − λ = 0 ⎫ Fx = 2 xz − 2λ = 0
⎪
Fy = xz − 2λ = 0⎬ xz = 2 yz = 2 xy ⇒ x = 2 y Fy = z − λ = 0, z = λ
⎪ z = 2y
Fz = xy − λ = 0 ⎭ Fz = x 2 + y − λ = 0
Fλ = −( x + 2 y + z − 4) = 0 Fλ = −( 2 x + y + z − 5) = 0
2y + 2y + 2y − 4 = 0 Substituting z = λ into Fx yields x = 1. From Fz ,

you have y = λ − 1. Substituting that into Fλ yields
So, y = 2, x = 4, z = 4 , and f ( x, y, z ) has
3 3 3 λ = 2. So, x = 1, y = 1, z = 2, and f ( x, y, z ) has
a maximum at ( 43 , 23 , 43 ). The relative maximum a maximum at (1, 1, 2).
is f ( 4, 2, 4
3 3 3 )= 32 .
27 The relative maximum is f (1, 1, 2) = 4.
79. Minimize C = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 subject to the constraint x1 + x2 = 1000.
F ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 − λ ( x1 + x2 − 1000)
Fx ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.50 x1 + 10 − λ = 0 ⎫⎪
⎬ 5 x1 − 3 x2 = 20
1
Fx ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.30 x2 + 12 − λ = 0⎪⎭
2
Fλ ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = −( x1 + x2 − 1000) = 0, x2 = 1000 − x1
So, x1 = 377.5 and x2 = 622.5, and f ( x1 , x2 ) has a minimum at (377.5, 622.5).

The cost is minimized when 378 units of x1 and 623 units of x2 are ordered.
80. Maximize f ( x, y ) = 4 x + xy + 2 y subject to the constraint 20 x + 4 y = 2000.
F ( x, y, λ ) = 4 x + xy + 2 y − λ ( 20 x + 4 y − 2000)
Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 4 + y − 20λ = 0⎫⎪ 4 + y = 5( x + 2)
⎬
Fy ( x, y, λ ) = x + 2 − 4λ = 0 ⎪⎭ y = 5x + 6
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = −( 20 x + 4 y − 2000) = 0, y = 500 − 5 x
Adding y = 5 x + 6 and y = 500 − 5 x yields y = 253.
So, x = 49.4. f ( x, y ) has a maximum at ( 49.4, 253).
The maximum production level is f ( 49.4, 253) ≈ 13,202.
∑ xi = 1 ∑ xi = − 2
y y
81. 82.
3 3 y = 20 x + 8
43 43
∑ yi = 0 ∑ yi = 0
(1, 2)
2 2
(3, 2)
1
(1, 1)
(−3, −1)
∑ xi 2 = 15 ∑ xi 2 = 18
1
(2, 1)
x
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−3 −2 1 2 3
(−1, −1)
∑ xi yi = 15 −2 y = 60 x − 15
59 59
∑ xi yi = 8 (−2, −1)
−1
−2
(0, 0)
4(15) − (1)(0) 5(8) − ( − 2)(0)

−3
60 (−2, −3) 20 −3
a = = −4 a = =
4(15) − (1) 5(18) − ( − 2)
2 2
59 43
1⎛ 60 ⎞ 1⎛
(− 2) ⎞⎟ =
15 20 8
b = ⎜0 − (1) ⎟ = − b = ⎜0 −
4⎝ 59 ⎠ 59 5⎝ 43 ⎠ 43
60 15 20 8
y = x − y = x+
59 59 43 43
83. (a) y = − 2.6 x + 347 4 16 − x 2 4 16 − x 2

88. ∫0 ∫0 2 x dy dx = ∫0 2 xy]0 dx
(b) Let x = 85.
4
y = − 2.6(85) + 347 = 126 cameras = ∫ 0 2x 16 − x 2 dx
(c) Let y = 200 and find x. 32 4

= 2
3 (16 − x 2 ) ⎤
⎥⎦ 0
200 = − 2.6 x + 347
= 128
−147 = − 2.6 x 3
x ≈ $56.54
2 9 − x2
84. (a) y = 0.90 x − 2.2

89. A = ∫ −2 ∫ 5 dy dx
2 9 − x2
(b) Let x = 80. = ∫ − 2 [ y] 5 dx
y = 0.90(80) − 2.2 ≈ 69.8 million women
∫ − 2 (4 − x ) dx
2
= 2
1 1+ x 1 1+ x
∫ 0 ∫ 0 (4 x − 2 y) dy dx = ∫ 0 ⎡⎣4 xy − y ⎤⎦ 0
2
85. 2
dx = ⎡⎣4 x − 13 x3 ⎤⎦
−2
1
∫ 0 ⎡⎣4 x(1 + x) − (1 + x) ⎤⎦ dx
2
= 32
= 3
∫ 0 (3x + 2 x − 1) dx
1
= 2 4 4 x
90. A = ∫1 ∫ 0 dy dx
1
= ⎡⎣ x3 + x 2 − x⎤⎦ 4
∫ 1 [ y] 0
4 x
0 = dx
=1
4 4
4
= ∫1 x
dx
⎡x 2
⎤
∫ − 3 ∫ 0 ( x − y ) dx
3 4 3
dy = ∫ − 3 ⎢⎣ 2 − xy 2 ⎥
2
86. dy = ⎡⎣4 ln x ⎤⎦ 1
4
⎦ 0
= 4 ln 4
∫ − 3 (8 − 4 y ) dy
3
= 2
3 6 x+3
⎡ 4 ⎤
= ⎢8 y − y 3 ⎥
91. A = ∫ −3 ∫ (1 3)x +1 dy dx
⎣ 3 ⎦ −3 6
∫ −3 [ y] (1 3)x +1 dx
x +3
= ( 24 − 36) − ( −24 + 36) =
= −24
∫ −3 ( )
6
= x + 3 − 13 x − 1 dx
2y 6
2 2y x 2 x2 ⎤ = ⎡ 23 ( x + 3) − 16 x 2 − x⎤
32
87.
∫1 ∫1 y2
dx dy = ∫1 ⎥ dy
2 y 2 ⎦1
⎣ ⎦ −3
= 9
2 ⎛ 4 y2 1 ⎞ 2
= ∫1 ⎜ 2 −
⎝ 2y
⎟ dy
2 y2 ⎠ 2 −x
2 ⎛ 1 −2 ⎞
92. A = ∫ −1 ∫ x2 − 2 x − 2 dy dx
= ∫1 ⎜ 2 − y ⎟ dy
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
∫ −1 [ y] x2 − 2 x − 2
−x
= dx
2
⎡ 1⎤
= ⎢2 y +
∫ −1 (− x + x + 2) dx
2
⎥ = 2
⎣ 2 y ⎦1
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
2
= ⎜4 + ⎟ − ⎜2 + ⎟ = ⎢− x3 + x 2 + 2 x⎥
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎣ 3 2 ⎦ −1
7
= 9
4 =
2
6 − (1 2) x
∫ 0 ∫ 0 (3 − ) dy dx (8 − 23 x − 43 y) dy dx
4 2 12
93. V = 1y
2
94. V = ∫0 ∫0
2 y2 ⎤ ( )
4 2 12 6− 1 2 x
= ∫0 ⎡⎣3 y − 1 y2 ⎤
4 ⎦0
dx = ∫0 ⎡8 y − 2 xy −
⎣ 3 3 ⎦0
dx
∫ 0 ( 16 x )
4 12
= ∫ 0 5 dx = 2
− 4 x + 24 dx
= [5 x] 0
4 12
= ⎡⎣18
1 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 24 x⎤
⎦0
= 20 = 96
2 x 2 2 2
∫ 0 [4 y ] 0
x
95. V = ∫0 ∫0 4 dy dx = dx = ∫ 0 4x dx = ⎡⎣2 x 2 ⎤⎦
0
= 8
∫ 0 ∫ x (4 − y ) dy dx ∫ 0 (163 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
96. V = = ∫0 ⎡4 y − 1 y3 ⎤ dx = − 4 x + 13 x3 dx = ⎡⎣16 x − 2x2 + 1 x4 ⎤ = 4
2
⎣ 3 ⎦x 3 12 ⎦ 0
4 4
4 4 4 4 4 x2 y3 ⎤ 4 64 x 2 64 x3 ⎤ 4096
∫ 0 ∫ 0 ( xy)
2
97. V = dy dx = ∫0 ∫0 x 2 y 2 dy dx = ∫0 3 ⎦0
⎥ dx = ∫0 3
dx =
9 ⎦0
⎥ =
9
x 3
3 x 3 ⎡ y2 ⎤ 3 y2 3 3x 2 x3 ⎤ 27
98. V = ∫0 ∫0 ( x + y ) dy dx = ∫0 ⎢ xy + ⎥ dx = ∫0 x2 + dx = ∫0 dx = ⎥ =
⎣ 2 ⎦0 2 2 2 ⎦0 2
∫ 0 ∫ 0 (x + 2 xy + y 2 ) dy dx
4 3 2 5
99. Average = 1
∫ 0 ∫ 0 xy dy dx 100. Average = 1 2
12 10
4 3 2 5
= 1
12 ∫0 ⎡⎣ 12 xy 2 ⎤⎦ dx
0
= 1
10 ∫0 ⎡ x 2 y + xy 2 +
⎣
1 y3 ⎤
3 ⎦0
dx
∫ 0 (5 x ) dx
4 2
= 1
24 ∫ 0 9 x dx = 1
10
2
+ 25 x + 125
3
4 2
= 1 ⎡ 9 x2 ⎤ = 1 ⎡5 x2 + 25 x 2 + 125 x⎤
24 ⎣ 2 ⎦ 0 10 ⎣ 3 2 3 ⎦0
= 3 = 44
3
1 50 40
101. Average =
100 ∫ 40 ∫ 30
(150 x1 + 400 x2 − x12 − 5 x22 − 2 x1x2 − 3000) dx1 dx2
40
1 50 ⎡ 1 ⎤
100 ∫ 40 ⎢⎣
= 75 x12 + 400 x1 x2 − x13 − 5 x1x22 − x12 x2 − 3000 x1 ⎥ dx2
3 ⎦ 30
1 50 ⎛ 30,500 ⎞
100 ∫ 40 ⎝ 3
= ⎜ + 3300 x2 − 50 x22 ⎟ dx2
⎠
50
1 ⎡ 30,500 50 3 ⎤
= x2 + 1650 x22 − x2
100 ⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦ 40
= $5700
∫ 437.5 ∫ 525 (200 x1 − )

375 375
102. Average = 1
1250
2 x2
5 1
+ 250 x2 − 13 x22 dx2 dx1
375 375
= 1
1250 ∫ 437.5 ⎡⎣200 x1x2 − 2 x2 x
5 1 2
+ 125 x22 − 19 x23 ⎤⎦
525
dx1
∫ 437.5 (− 30,000 x1 + 60 x1 − 6,656,250) dx1

375
= 1 2
1250
375
= 1
1250
⎡⎣−15,000 x12 + 20 x13 − 6,656,250 x1 ⎤⎦
437.5
= $446,093.75
1 5280 3960
103. Average =
20,908,800 ∫ 0 ∫0 0.003x 2 3 y 3 4 dy dx
3960
5280 ⎡ 0.012
1 2 3 7 4⎤
=
20,908,800 ∫ 0 ⎢ 7 x y ⎥
⎣ ⎦0
dx
1
(3388.830 x 2 3 ) dx
5280
20,908,800 ∫ 0
=
1 5280
= ⎡⎣2033.298x5 3 ⎤⎦
20,908,800 0
≈ $155.69 ft 2
Chapter 7 Test Yourself

z
1. (a) 2. (a) z (−4, 0, 2)
3 3 (−2, 2, 3)
−4 2 2
−3 −3
−2 1 −2 −2 1
(1, − 3, 0) −1 −1 −1
(3, − 1, 0) 1
1 1 1
2 −1 2 −1 2
y 2
x
3 3
−2 y
4 −2
x
−3 −3
(3 − 1) + ( −1 + 3) + (0 − 0) (−4 + 2) + (0 − 2) + ( 2 − 3)
2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) d = (b) d =
= 4+ 4 + 0 = 2 2 = 4+ 4 +1 = 3
⎛ 1 + 3 −3 − 1 0 + 0 ⎞ ⎛ −2 − 4 2 + 0 3 + 2 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
(c) Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ( 2, − 2, 0) (c) Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ⎜ −3, 1, ⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
z
3. (a)
6
(3, −7, 2)
4
−6
−4 2 −4
−2 −2
2 2
4 −2 4
6 6
8 8
x 10
−6 12
y
(5, 11, −6)
(5 − 3) + (11 + 7) + ( −6 − 2)
2 2 2
(b) d = = 4 + 324 + 64 = 14 2
⎛ 3 + 5 −7 + 11 2 − 6 ⎞
(c) Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ( 4, 2, − 2)
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
4. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 20 x + 10 y − 10 z + 125 = 0
( x2 − 20 x + 100) + ( y 2 + 10 y + 25) + ( z 2 − 10 z + 25) = −125 + 100 + 25 + 25
(x − 10) + ( y + 5) + ( z − 5) = 25
2 2 2
Center: (10, − 5, 5)
Radius: 5
Chapter 7 Test Yourself 495
5. The graph of 4 x 2 + 2 y 2 − z 2 = 16 is a hyperboloid 11. f ( x, y ) = 3x 2 + 9 xy 2 − 2

of one sheet whose standard equation is f x ( x, y ) = 6 x + 9 y 2
x2 y2 z2
+ − = 1. f x (10, −1) = 6(10) + 9( −1) = 69
2
4 8 16
f y ( x, y ) = 18 xy
6. The graph of 36 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 4 z 2 = 0 is an elliptic cone
y2 z2 f y (10, −1) = 18(10)( −1) = −180
whose standard equation is x 2 + − = 0.
4 9
12. f ( x, y ) = x x+ y
7. The graph of 4 x 2 − y 2 − 16 z = 0 is a hyperbolic
⎛1⎞
f x ( x, y ) = x⎜ ⎟( x + y ) (1) + x + y (1)
−1 2
x2 y2
paraboloid whose standard equation is z = − . 2
⎝ ⎠
4 16
x
= + x+ y
8. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + 1 2 x + y
f (3, 3) = 32 + 3(3) + 1 = 19 10 14
f x (10, −1) = + 10 − 1 =
2 10 + ( −1) 3
f (1, 4) = 12 + 1( 4) + 1 = 6
⎛1⎞
f y ( x, y ) = x⎜ ⎟( x + y ) (1) + x + y (0)
−1 2
x + 2y ⎝ 2⎠
9. f ( x, y ) =
3x − y x
=
3 + 2(3) 9 3 2 x + y
f (3, 3) = = =
3(3) − 3 6 2 10 5
f y (10, −1) = =
1 + 2( 4) 2 10 + ( −1) 3
f (1, 4) = = −9
3(1) − 4
⎛ x⎞
10. f ( x, y ) = xy ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ y⎠
⎛ 3⎞
f (3, 3) = 3(3) ln ⎜ ⎟ = 9 ln (1) = 0
⎝ 3⎠
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
f (1, 4) = 1( 4) ln ⎜ ⎟ = 4 ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ − 5.5
⎝ ⎠
4 ⎝ 4⎠
13. f ( x, y ) = 3x 2 + 4 y 2 − 6 x + 16 y − 4
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 6 x − 6 and f y ( x, y ) = 8 y + 16, are zero at the point (1, − 2).
Moreover, because f xx ( x, y ) = 6, f yy ( x, y ) = 8, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, − 2) > 0 and
2
f xx (1, − 2) f yy (1, − 2) − ⎡⎣ f xy (1, − 2)⎤⎦ = 48 > 0.
So, (1, − 2, − 23) is a relative minimum.
14. f ( x, y ) = 4 xy − x 4 − y 4
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 4 y − 4 x3 and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y 3 , are zero at the points

(0, 0), (1, 1), and (−1, −1).
Moreover, because f xx ( x, y ) = −12 x 2 , f yy ( x, y ) = −12 y 2 , and f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0,
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − ⎡⎢ f xy (0, 0)⎤⎦ = −16 < 0, f xx (1, 1) = −12 < 0, f xx (1, 1) f yy (1, 1) − ⎡⎣ f xy (1, 1)⎤⎥ = 128 > 0,
2
⎣ ⎦
2
f xx ( −1, −1) = −12 < 0, and f xx ( −1, −1) f yy ( −1, −1) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( −1, −1)⎤⎦ = 128 > 0.
So, (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point, (1, 1, 2) is a relative minimum, and ( −1, −1, 2) is a relative minimum.
15. Maximize f ( x, y ) = 60 x 0.7 y 0.3 subject to the constraint 42 x + 144 y = 240,000.

F ( x, y, λ ) = 60 x 0.7 y 0.3 − λ ( 42 x + 144 y − 240,000)
42 x −0.3 y 0.3
Fx = 42 x −0.3 y 0.3 − 42λ = 0, λ = , λ = x −0.3 y 0.3
42
Fy = 18 x 0.7 y −0.7 − 144λ = 0
Fλ = −42 x − 144 y + 240,000 = 0
Substituting λ = x −0.3 y 0.3 into Fy yields 18 x 0.7 y −0.7 − 144 x −0.3 y 0.3 = 0 ⇒ x = 8 y.
From Fλ , you can obtain y = 500. So, x = 4000. To maximize production, the company should use
4000 units of labor and 500 units of capital.
16. ∑ xi = 29
∑ yi = 22
∑ xi2 = 231
∑ xi yi = 160
5(160) − ( 29)( 22)
a = ≈ 0.52
5( 231) − ( 29)
2
1
b =
5
(22 − 0.52(29)) ≈ 1.4
y = 0.52 x + 1.4
∫ 0 ∫ x (30 x y − 1) dy dx =
1 1 1 1
∫ 0 ⎡⎣15 x y − y⎤⎦ dx
2 2 2
17.
x
= ∫ 0 ⎡⎣⎢(15 x
1
2
(
− 1) − 15 x 2 ( x) − x ⎤⎥ dx
2
⎦ )
∫ 0 (−15 x + 15 x 2 + x − 1) dx
1
= 4
1
⎡ x ⎤ 3
= ⎢−3 x5 + 5 x3 + − x⎥ =
⎣ 2 ⎦0 2
2y
e −1 2y 1 e −1 ⎡ x ⎤ e −1 2y e −1
18. ∫0 ∫0 y2 + 1
dx dy = ∫0 ⎢ 2 ⎥ dy =
⎣ y + 1⎦ 0
∫0 y2 + 1
dy = ⎡⎣ln y 2 + 1 ⎤⎦
0
= ln e = 1
2
⎡ x3 ⎤ 4
⎡3 − ( x 2 − 2 x + 3)⎤ dx =
∫ 0 (− x + 2 x) dx
2 3 2 2
∫0 ∫ dy dx = ∫0 = ⎢− + x2 ⎥ =
2
19. ⎣ ⎦ square units
x2 − 2 x + 3 3 3
⎣ ⎦0
4 3 4 4 4
∫ 0 ∫ 0 (8 − 2 x) dy dx ∫ 0 [8 y − 2 xy]0 ∫ 0 (24 − 6 x) dx
3
20. V = = dx = = ⎡⎣24 x − 3x 2 ⎤⎦ = 48
0
3
1 ⎡ 2 y2 ⎤ ⎛ 9⎞ ⎡ 3 9 ⎤
1
∫0
1
∫ 0 ∫ 0 (x + y ) dy dx ⎢x y + ⎥ dx ∫ 0 ⎜⎝ 3x x + x⎥
1 3
2 2
+ ⎟ dx
⎣ 2 ⎦0 2⎠ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦0 11
21. Average = = = = =
area 3 3 3 6
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III.
Itku pitkästä ilosta.
"Oi, Tellervo viekas ja vienoinen, mihin poikasen polosen

veitkään, miks' piirtelit syömeeni pilkkojas' ja sen hurmaten
hulluksi teitkään! sua vihaa en, sua soimaa en, mut tee minut
järkihin jällehen.
Oi, Tellervo huima ja huoleton, en ole ma leikkihin luotu, ei

minulle kaunojen karkeloon Lipon tiukkahan suksia suotu,
minut luotihin vaan pojaks' erämaan ja Hiisien hirviä
ajelemaan.
En luotu ma vaan huvihiihtäjäks', en käymähän saloa

samaa, minut luotihin uria uurtamaan ja oksia osoittamaan.
En viipyä saa pois vuorien taa käy tieni, miss' yhtyvi taivas ja
maa.
Ma olen sua pettänyt onneton; ja pettänyt kauvan liika:

minä olen vain ihminen syntinen, sinä metsien sinipiika. Mua
lemmi et. Siis kahlehet nämä katkaise kaunihit, utuiset!
Kas, sun on jalkasi keveä ja sulla on mieli nuori, mut mulla
on murhe sydämessäin ja harteilla harmaja vuori. Sinä
semmoinen, minä tämmöinen — mitä leikistä meidän
molempien!
Sa näethän, ett' olen orjasi —

mitä vaadit sa enempi multa?
Ei mull' ole kultia, hopeita.
Oli ylpeys köyhän kulta.
Sen saithan sa jo.
Oi, Tellervo,
et kovempi liene kuin kohtalo!
Minut kohtalo korpehen tuomitsi ja synkkä on sydämen

yöni, mut latuja uusia laulella kylän kansalle kaunis on työni.
Ja hankihin jos vaivunkin, niin kuolen ma miehenä kuitenkin.
Näet meihin pannut on muutamiin Isä-Jumala semmoisen

vaivan, me ettemme tyydy tomuhun, vaan tahdomme ilmaa
taivaan, ja lennämme vaan ja laulamme vaan — ja laulajoiks'
meitä sanotaan.
Ei leimua meille ne liedet maan, ei vilku ne ikkunan valot,

meille tuikkivat taivahan tähdet vaan ja pilkkuvat pilvien talot.
ja kuun polut vain yli kunnahain — oi, kauniit on kartanot
laulajain!
Olen kyllin jo lyönyt mä leikkiä.

Niin pitkä on taival mulla.
Mun täytyvi kärsiä, taistella.
Oi, suothan mun kotihin tulla!
Siis hyvästi jää!
Yö yllättää.
Taas yksin-hiihtäjä hiihtämään!"
Näin lauleli hiihtäjä hiljakseen,

käden hyvästiksi hän tarjos'.
Mut Tellervo itkuhun purskahti
ja hän kädellä silmänsä varjos'.
Yö hiljainen,
Humu honkien.
Ja laulaja lauleli jällehen.
IV.
Kuoleman kannel.
Mut jos mua tyttö sä rakastat, niin vie minut Metsolaasi! Me

heitämme maailman herjan tään ja etsimme elomaasi, ja minä
olen sun ja sinä olet mun ja me elämme onnea unhotetun.
Me tahdomme kaiken sen unhottaa, mikä maailmassa on

väärää, mikä sydämet sykkivät erottaa ja ihmisten onnen
määrää, mik' on likaista mik' on lokaista sekä orjantappura-
okaista.
Me tahdomme kaiken sen unhottaa ja meitä ei kukaan

muista. Sun taattosi Tapion linnan luo majan teemme me
pienistä puista, ja vuotehen mesinukkaisen, sen päälle
peittehen kukkaisen.
Ja viikot ne vierivät hiljalleen ja päivä seuraa toistaan. Mut

kauvaksi kuusien lomitse tuli illoin tuvasta loistaa. Ja kulkija,
ken luo majan sen yöss' eksyvi, löytävi lämpöisen.
Hän löytävi lieden lämpöisen ja huuruvan hutun mi maistaa.
Mut kun hän on käynyt nukkumaan ja kuutamo sisähän
paistaa, niin herää hän sävelhyminään — hän kuulee ja
koettavi sydäntään.
Hän kuulevi laulun kummallisen kuin kuoleman kannel soisi

eikä se häntä säikytä, vaan on kuin tuttua oisi, se soittavi
vaan, mitä kodistaan hän sai sekä unohti matkallaan.
Se soittavi rauhaa maailmaan ja se silmihin utua seuloo, se

yhtehen yön ja päivän soi ja hämärän huntua neuloo, yli
linnojen, yli töllien, ja ylitse kruunujen kultaisten.
Ja silloin prinssit ja prinsessat ne silmänsä kiinni painaa ja

ajatus lentävi aurinkoon, joka valonsa kaikille lainaa, niin
hyville kuin pahoille, niin köyhille kuin myös rikkaille.
Ja on kuin lamput ne linnoissa niin heikosti liekuttaisi, ja alla

sammalekatonkin sydän särkynyt hoivan saisi ja on kuin ois'
surut, riemut poiss' ja elämä kaukana karkelois'.
Ja ihmiset tuumivat itsekseen:

Mikä on tuo laulu kumma?
Miks' kullan kiilto kalpenee
ja hopean hohto on tumma?
Miks' herkut nää
kaikki pöydälle jää?
Mit' tää on? Miks' meitä väsyttää?
Ja äidit ne laulavat lapsilleen: "Hussa, hussa, lulla, oi nuku

mun nuppuni kultainen, ei eess' ole elämä sulla, vaan Tuonen
maat, hyvät, autuaat; siellä silmät auki sa uinua saat."
Ja mies, joka tahtoi mullistaa maan kaiken juuriltansa, hän
äkkiä seisoo ja hämmästyy: "On poissa valtio, kansa, poissa
toimi ja työ, ei kenkään myö, ei kenkään osta. On maailman
yö."
Näin laulaja lauleli hiljakseen, käden tervehdyksehen

tarjos'. Mut Tellervo selin hän seisoi vaan ja hän kädellä
silmänsä varjos'. Yö hiljainen. Humu honkien. Ja sitten muuta
ma muista en.
V.
Metsolassa.
Mut oli kuin hiihtäjän syömehen ois' syttynyt oudot mielet ja

oli kuin ilmassa kaartuneet ois' korkeat pihtipielet ja ikkunat
isot, valoisat — kah, Metsolan linnat jo kangastavat!
Kas, tuossahan Tapio harmaapää jo seisovi portahilla:

"Ohoh, mun poikani poloinen, olit jäädä jo suuhun illan. Käy
tupahan, niin katsotaan, mitä talossa on sekä tarjotaan!"
Ja Mielikki, metsien muori, vie minut päähän honkaisen

pöydän: "Syö poikani, pistä piirakkaa, mut uota kun oltta
löydän." Kera isännän näin me istumme päin ja rauha on
suloinen sydämessäin.
Hän haastavi metsien haluista ja hirvien hiihtäjistä. Minä

kerron suurista kylistä ja pienistä ihmisistä. Kuink' ollakaan,
niin huomataan, että kumpikin yhtä tarkoittaa.
Ja Tapio tarttuvi kätehein: "Kun ollaan me veljet ja kuomat,

niin miks' emme yhtenä asua vois' kuin yhden Luojan luomat.
Talo riittää kai, tytär metsän nai, niin sulla on elo kuin
sunnuntai.
On kyllin kystä mun aitassain, on peuroja, kontioita, ja

metsän tyttäret kirnuaa kesät meille keltaista voita. Me
syödään vaan, me juodaan vaan ja juotua sitten me
nukutaan."
Näin haasteli Tapio harmaapää ja sitten me kättä lyötiin ja

kun oli lyöty tarpeeksi, niin tarpeheksi myös syötiin. Ja
syödessä niin, me päätettiin, mikä tyttö se talosta naitaisiin.
Kas, siinähän Tellervo vienosuu jo tuopilla oltta kantaa: "Oi,

juo'os mun veioni väsynyt, olut Metsolan onnea antaa." Minä
oltta join, hän katseen loi, — ja niin hän oli minun morsioin.
Ja niinpä jäin minä metsähän ja mull' oli metsän mieli. Mitä

kaikkea siellä mä nähdä sain. sitä kertoa ei voi kieli. Minä
kerron vaan, miten Metsolaan, minä tulin ja kuinka taas
maailmaan.
VI.
Tähdet.
En tiedä, kauanko elellyt lien, minä Metsolan mesimailla.

Mut syntyi hiuka mun sydämessäin kuin öisin ma jotakin
vailla. Meni päivä, kaks', yhä kummemmaks' kävi pääni ja
mieleni tummemmaks'.
Minä astuin Tapion etehen ja lausuin: "Tee mulle sukset!

Mun mieleni palaa kotihin, ovat ahtahat linnasi ukset. Mut
tyttöni vien minä päähän tien, vaikka tielle sille ma vaipuva
lien!"
Teki Tapio sukset ja varoitti: "Toki poikani matkalla muista,

kun ilta alkavi hämärtää, maja laittele laakson puista niin tiivis
ain', ett' taivahain ei tähtöset lävitse tuikkine vain!"
Se Tapio peijakas puijasi!

Tuon huomasin sitten vasta.
Mut kanssa kaunihin Tellervon
me läksimme Metsolasta.
Yöks' tehtihin
maja tiivis niin
ja majassa makeesti nukuttiin.
Ja nukuttu ois' kai vieläkin, jos ei olis' erhe tullut: Tein

kerran ma majani kiireessä, joka ei niin tiivis ollut. Kun
heräsin, ma säikähdin, — yö yll' oli tähdin tuhansin.
Ei kenkään voi sitä aavistaa, mitä tähdet ne pienet haastaa,

kun niitä ääneti katselee mies yksin miettivä maasta. Mua
itketti, mua hävetti — ja sitten mua myös suututti.
Ne kertoivat tarua muinaista, miten isänmaall' oli hätä,

miten vieraan miekalla lyötihin ja ristillä maata tätä. Mut kansa
nous' kuin teräsjous' ja sotapurret maassa sous'.
Mut tähtien silmät ne hämärtyy,

jo katkesi kansan jousi.
Ja vesillä Suomeni sorjan tään
vain sorron haahdet sousi.
Käsi vierahan
oli ohjissa maan.
Savut hiljaiset korvesta kohosi vaan.
Taas tähdet ne tuikkivat kiivaammin, ja korven kansa nousi,

ja kautta Suomeni sorjan tään taas Suomen purret sousi.
Maat, kunnahat jo kukkivat. Helavalkeat vuorilla leimuavat.
Ken tohtii ne valkeat sammuttaa?

Ken ryöstää soihtusi sulta?
Ken kurja uhata uskaltaa
tään kansan pyhää tulta?
Miks' itkette
oi, tähdet te,
mitä mietitte, miksi te pelkäätte?
Ulos juoksin. Yö oli haihtunut puut punasi aamurusko. Pois

sammui soihdut tähtien, mut mull' oli uusi usko. Ja kun
katsahdin, niin huomasin, että kodin jo nurkilla olinkin.
Minä huusin ja hurjana riemastuin, mut kun minä katsoin

taaksi, oli poissa mun metsäni morsian ja maja oli mennyt
maaksi. Kaikk' untako? Sen tiesin jo. Toki kiitos kaikesta,
Tellervo!
Pyhä kevät
(1901)
Pyhä kevät.
Hertan henki mailla kulkee, haudat kaikki aukeaa. Kas, jo

kätkee kääriliinat, sydän uuden uskon saa.
Maa, mi nukkui hangen

herää uuteen elohon,
kautta ilman kannel kaikuu:
"Vapahtaja noussut on!"
Herää sydän ihmisenki iloinensa suruineen. Astu, aatos,
lennä, liidä kirkastuksen korkeuteen!
Aleksis Kivi.
[Sylvester, vuoden viimeinen päivä: Kivi kuoli Uudenvuoden

päivänä, syntyi 10 p. lokak.]
Syntyi lapsi syksyllä — tuulet niin vinhasti vinkui — tuult' oli

koko elämä, nähnyt ei kesää, ei kevättä, eli vain syksystä
jouluun.
Syksyn lapsilla kiire on — päre pihdissä sammuu — aatos

lentävi, aivot takoo, veri paksuna päähän sakoo, ovella
Sylvester uottaa.
"Varro vielä, oi vanha vuos'!" —

tuulet niin vinhasti vinkuu —
"jouda en viel' sua seuraamaani"
Vanhus ovella nyökkää vaan:
"Saat elää syksystä jouluun."
"Viivy, viivy, oi vanha vuos'!" — päre pihdissä sammuu —

"niin täysi, niin täysi on sydämein sen tahtoisin antaa ma
kansallein, en vielä jouda ma kuolooni"
Hetket rientävi, kello lyö —

tuulet niin vinhasti vinkuu —
"Onko, onko jo keskiyö?"
"Päätä, lapsi, nyt päivätyö,
jo aamun tähtöset tuikkii."
Vielä hetki, oi vanha vuos'!" — päre pihdissä sammuu —

kannel heikosti helkähtää, kääntyvä ovella harmaapää —
loppui laulajan vuosi.
"Minne viet mua, vanha vuos'?" tuulet niin lauhasti tuoksuu

— "minä niin pelkään ja vapisen". "Rauhoitu, rakas lapsonen,
ovella taivaan jo ollaan."
Astuvi sisähän vanha vuos' —

taivaan kynttilät loistaa —
saattavi laulajan Luojan luo:
"Tässä poian ma pienen tuon,
jok' eli vain syksystä jouluun."
Virkkavi Herra Jumala —

tuulet niin lauhasti tuoksuu —
"Etkö kesää sa nähnytkään?"
"Näin vain syksyn ja talven sään,"
laulaja vavisten vastaa.
Kyyneltyy silmä Jumalan —

taivaan kynttilät loistaa —
"Siis suvi suli' olkohon ikuinen!
Mut virka, poikanen poloinen,
ken olet ja mistä sa tulet?"
"Laulaja olen ma laadultain" —
tuulet niin lauhasti tuoksuu —
"tulen tähtösestä ma pienestä,
min nimi on maa." — "Mihin kuolit sä?"
"Kurjuuteen kuolin ja nälkään."
Vihastuu Herra Jumala —

taivaan kynttilät sammuu —
"Sano kansas', niin kostan ma kuolosi sun!"
"Ei, ei, hyvä, suuri on kansani mun,
et sille saa sinä kostaa.
Mut hiukan hillitse viimojas',

ne liian vinhasti vinkuu
mun maani armahan aukoilla.
Suo paistaa päiväsi Suomen soilla!" —
Näin laulaja tuskassa huutaa.
Hymyilee hyvä Jumala — taivaan kynttilät loistaa — "Voi

oikein olla. Ehk' koetin ma sun kansaas' liiaksi tuulilla. Taas
kukat kummuille nouskoon!"
Mökkiläinen ja hänen poikansa.
"Noh pojat, päivä valkeaa, on aika työn ja toimen. Jo aura

pelloll' odottaa ja hepo eessä soimen.
On sääli heitä herättää,

ois' hyvä maata heidän,
mut säälittää myös kaunis sää,
ja pien' on mökki meidän.
Ken nuorna tottui nukkumaan,

ei vanhanakaan herää.
Vain työttömyys se ruostuttaa,
ei kyntö auran terää.
Ja näin ma heitä lohdutan,

kun väsyvät ne milloin:
tuo aika uuden huomenen,
jo parempi on silloin.
Ja usein huomen valkeaa

ja työ on yhtä kovaa,
ma silloin koetan lohduttaa:
nyt saatte hetken lomaa.
Ja tyytyväisnä työhönsä he nousee nukkumasta. Oi, heitä

siunaa, Herra sä, oi, siunaa mökin lasta!"
Pursi yössä.
Ilta hiljainen lankeaa, purje leutona lepattaa, terhen nousevi

tuolta, täältä, lahden pohjasta, laineen päältä, kutovi
verkkonsa ylitse veen — poikanen yössä on yksikseen.
Huokaa öiset ulapat, saapuu sadat unelmat.

Vait'! Mikä valkoinen välkähtää Vellamon neitosen
kyynärpää, tuolla polvi ja täällä kaula: "Laula, poikanen, mulle
laula synnyt lempivän sydämen. Saat sinä suukkoni
lämpöisen!"
Ja poikanen laulavi lauluaan niin vienon-soipoa, sorjaa,

miten kuinka jos kauniit on kukkaset maan ne kuolo kuitenkin
korjaa,
Mut tummanpa Tuonelan laineilla

siell' lumpehet valkeat päilyy;
ken siellä kohtaa kultansa,
sen rakkaus iäti säilyy.
Varo, poikanen!
joki eessä lie.
Käy airoilleni
jo virta vie!
Siellä kasvavi korkeat tammipuut,

tuvat tummat on tammien alla,
ei paistele siellä päivät, ei kuut,
ei tähtöset taivahalla,
vaan iäti pirtissä pienessä vain

siell' loistavi silmä armaan,
ja keskellä leppien varjoavain
ui Tuonelan joutsen harmaa,
Ylös, onneton!
Vesi kiihtyvi!
Kohta koski on!
Se surmasi!
Ja Tuonelan joutsen se joikuu näin:

"Yö, maailman äiti, sä hellä!
Moni poikasi pyrkivi päivähän päin,
mut kellä on onnea, kellä?
On hullu ja houkka se lapsonen maan,

joka suruja syömeensä sulkee."
Ja kauaksi orhit ne korskahtaa,
kun kuoleman valtias kulkee.
Lakkasi laulu poikasen, Heräs' hän keskellä kuohujen;

koski pauhasi, vaahto pärskyi, mela vapisi, venhe tärskyi,
kastuvi poski poikasen — se on suudelma Vellamon neitosen.
Laulun lapsi.
Hyvä oli iso minulle, siskoset sitäi paremmat, paras armas

äitimuori.
Mie itse hyväpä kelle?
Paha oli maailma minulle, pahempi impi ilkkuvainen, pahin

paatunut poveni.
Mie itse pahapa kelle?

En ole hyvä, en paha, olen lapsi laulavainen, laulun
lapsena pysynkin, kunis kuoppahan kuperrun. Kaikki' on
kaunista minulle tämän ilman kannen alla: ilo, murhe, itku,
nauru, luonto, maailma, lokakin, rauha suuren rakkauden,
vihurit vihan ja lemmen; kaiketi' on kajastuksensa Luojan
suuresta suvesta, ikuisesta auringosta tähtitarhojen takana.
Välirauha.
Ma tiedän, tunnenhan tarkalleen, ett' tää on vain

välirauhaa, vain hetkisen virtaa vierivää. Taas kohta jo kosket
pauhaa.
Vain hetkeksi rauhan ma tehnyt oon

sun kanssasi, sydän kulta.
Ole valmis, kun leijona valveutuu!
taas silloin me iskemme tulta.
Ja tietköhön myös koko maailma sen, ett' tää on vain

väliaikaa. Sun tänään ma rauhassa levätä suon. taas
huomenna torvet raikaa!
Sähkö fantasia.
Voima mahtava, voima ankara, ken olet sa, oletko

Jumala?
Tulen tunnen ma kyllä. Hän veljeni on. Tuli sieluni onhan
sammumaton. Maan tunnen ma myös, meren välkkyvät veet,
pihat taivahan, pilvien jyrkänteet, oman itsenikin osaks' tuntea
voin — sa yksinkö outo ja verhottu noin?
Siis lienet sentään Jumala. Sun ukkosessa kuulen ma,

nään revontulten räiskehessä, myös ihmisessä,
eläimessä, kannella taivaan, kaikkialla, ilmassa, maassa,
maankin alla.
Mun sielussainkin olet siis. Jumala, Lempo taikka Hiis, Sa

hirmuinen, sua palvelen. Sa suloinen, sua rukoilen: "Suo
voimasi minussa vallita, minut lataa liekeillä, laululla!"
Kuin? Kaksi virtaako tarvitaan? Ne minusta löydät ainiaan,

yön virran yhden ja toisen pyhän, epätoivon ja uskon uuden
yhä, ivan ilkeän, haavehet hartahimmat, ujot unelmat,
herjaisat kiimat, kimmat, pelon pelkurimman, myös miehen
mielen, meren kantelon, laaksojen, lampien kielen, kaikk'
kaikki löydät. Ei sinulta ole vastavirtoja puuttuva.
Ja olenhan itse vain vastavirta. Käy halki henkeni elämän

pirta, teen työtä, taistelen, pyrin, toimin, en tiedä, lienenkö
kude, loimi. Ma kuulun jonnekin. Minne? mietin.
Sukkulan surinan pääni päällä kuulen enkä arvaa, päivän

neitikö helskyttää hääkangasta kultakarvaa. Mut jos hän
Paivatär päreä ois', niin tottahan aamu koittais', ja jos hän
kultakangasta lois', niin ilosta ilmat soittais'!
En tiedä. Yön sylissä yksin seison. Ukon jyrinän kuulen,

nään salamat, tunnen päässäni nousevan hiusten —
pelostako? kauhustako? Sanasta salaisen sähkön.
Voima mahtava, voima ankara, ken olet sa, oletko

Jumala?
Jos olet myötäinen minulle, miksi et minulle taivu? Jos olet

viholliseni, iske, että eessäs' vaivun! Virrat sieluni sulata
yhdeksi! Asetu itse myötä tai vastahan! Valitse!
Maininkeja.
Tahtoi meri taideniekaks' tulla, lepäs' tyynnä,

peilipintaisena, kajasteli kaikki ilman kaaret, rannan raidat,
suvi-illan ihmeet; kysyi vanhemmalta veljeltänsä taivahalta:
"Oonko taideniekka?"
Päätään pudistaen veikko virkkoi

"Viel' ei riitä, viel' et taideniekka."
Muutti meren poika muotoansa, meni sydämensä

syövereihin, nosti hyökyaallot hyrskymähän, pirstoi purret,
mastot maalle heitti; kysyi vanhemmalta veljeltänsä: "Taitanen
jo olla taideniekka?"
Päätään pudistaen veikko vastas':

"Viel' ei riitä, viel' et taideniekka."
Lakkas' myrskylaulu meren rinnan, souti selkää pitkät, loivat

laineet, kajastellen sinikantta taivaan, muistutellen meren

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Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System.....................................417

Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space................................................................................423

Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables ..........................................................428

Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives ..............................................................................434

Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables ...........................................443

Quiz Yourself .............................................................................................................453

Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers ..........................................................................456

Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis ...................................................467

Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in a Plane ................................................471

Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals.......................................................478

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................484

Test Yourself .............................................................................................................494

6. ( −1, − 2), (3, 2)

3. z 16. ( 4, 0, − 6), (8, 8, 20)

9. The z-coordinate is 0. ⎛ x + 0 y + ( −2) z + 1 ⎞

Because d ( AB) = d ( AC ), the triangle is isosceles. 29. x 2 + ( y − 2) + ( z − 2) = 4

The triangle is not a right triangle because

d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( AC ) = (3) + (3)

= 18 31. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.

32. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.

The radius is the distance from the center to either

36. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. Center: ( 52 , 0, 0)

To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. −6

To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. 4

To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. 8 −12

To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.

To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.

To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. 2 −4

53. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 54. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 169

(b) To find the trace, let y = 12.

Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space

Skills Warm Up —continued—

To find the y-intercept, (0, 0, 3) To find the y-intercept, 3

to the xy-plane. 1 (0, 0, −1)

To find the y-intercept, 6

z = 5 The planes are parallel.

To find the x-intercept, 4

x = 4 16. For the first plane, x + 3 y + 2 z = 6, a1 = 1,

2y = 4 ⇒ y = 2 x (4, 0, 0) c2 = 8. The planes are not parallel because

20. For the first plane, 2 x − z = 1, a1 = 2, b1 = 0, and 26. y 2 = 4 x 2 + 9 z 2 is an elliptic cone.

(c) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z = x 2

(b) Trace in plane y = 1: x2 + z 2 = 1 Circle

(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y = z2 Parabola

(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z 2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola

(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle

51. z = 0.62 x − 0.41y + 0.38

The approximated values of z are very close to the actual values.

Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables

f ( −3) = 5 − 2( −3) = 11 f ( −3) = −( −3) + 4(−3) + 5 = −16

Skills Warm Up —continued—

(a) f (0, 0) = 4 − 02 − 4(0) = 4 xy

(a) f (0, 5, 4) = 0+5+ 4 = 9 = 3

3. f ( x, y ) = xe y (b) f (6, 8, − 3) = 6 + 8 + ( −3) = 11

(a) A(500, 0.10, 5) = 500e(0.10)(5) = 500e0.5 ≈ 824.36