TEX Reference Card Relations Accents

(for Plain TEX) ≤ \leq or \le ≥ \geq or \ge ≡ \equiv Type Example In Math In Text
≺ \prec  \succ ∼ \sim hat â \hat \^
Greek Letters ¹ \preceq º \succeq ' \simeq expanding hat acbc \widehat none
α \alpha ι \iota % \varrho ¿ \ll À \gg ³ \asymp check ǎ \check \v
β \beta κ \kappa σ \sigma ⊂ \subset ⊃ \supset ≈ \approx tilde ã \tilde \~
γ \gamma λ \lambda ς \varsigma ⊆ \subseteq ⊇ \supseteq ∼
= \cong expanding tilde afbc \widetilde none
δ \delta µ \mu τ \tau v \sqsubseteq w \sqsupseteq ./ \bowtie acute á \acute \’
² \epsilon ν \nu υ \upsilon ∈ \in ∈
/ \notin 3 \ni or \owns grave à \grave \‘
ε \varepsilon ξ \xi φ \phi ` \vdash a \dashv |= \models dot ȧ \dot \.
.
ζ \zeta o \o ϕ \varphi ^ \smile | \mid = \doteq double dot ä \ddot \"
η \eta π \pi χ \chi _ \frown k \parallet ⊥ \perp breve ă \breve \u
θ \theta $ \varpi ψ \psi ∝ \propto bar ā \bar \=
ϑ \vartheta ρ \rho ω \omega Most relations can be negated by prefixing them with \not. vector ~a \vec none
Γ \Gamma Ξ \Xi Φ \Phi 6≡ \not\equiv ∈
/ \notin 6= \ne The \skewhnumberi command shifts accents for proper posi-
∆ \Delta Π \Pi Ψ \Psi tioning, the larger the hnumberi, the more right the shift.
Θ \Theta Σ \Sigma Ω \Omega Arrows
Λ \Lambda Υ \Upsilon Elementary Math Control Sequences
← \leftarrow or \gets ←− \longleftarrow
⇐ ⇐= \Longleftarrow overline a formula x+y \overline{x+y}
Symbols of Type Ord \Leftarrow
underline a formula x+y \underline{x+y}
→ \rightarrow or \to −→ \longrightarrow √
ℵ \aleph 0 \prime ∀ \forall ⇒ square root x+2 \sqrt{x+2}
\Rightarrow =⇒ \Longrightarrow √
h̄ \hbar ∅ \emptyset ∃ \exists ↔ \leftrightarrow ←→ \longleftrightarrow higher order roots n
x + 2 \root n\of{x+2}
ı \imath ∇
√ \nabla ¬ \neg or \lnot ⇔ \Leftrightarrow ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow n+1
fraction {n+1\over 3}
 \jmath \surd [ \flat 7→ \mapsto 7−→ \longmapsto 3
` > \ n+1
\ell \top \natural ←- \hookleftarrow ,→ \hookrightarrow fraction, no line {n+1\atop 3}
℘ \wp ⊥ \bot ] \sharp ↑ \uparrow ⇑ \Uparrow ¡n +3 ¢
< k ♣ 1
\Re \| \clubsuit ↓ \downarrow ⇓ \Downarrow binomial coeff. {n+1\choose 3}
= 6 ♦
\Im \angle \diamondsuit l \updownarrow m \Updownarrow ©n +3 ª
1
∂ \partial 4 \triangle ♥ \heartsuit % \nearrow & \searrow braced fraction {n+1\brace 3}
∞ \infty \ \backslash ♠ \spadesuit - \nwarrow . \swarrow £n +3 ¤
1
bracketed fraction {n+1\brack 3}
The \buildrel macro puts one symbol over another. The for- 3
Large Operators
P T J mat is \buildrelhsuperscripti\overhrelationi. Commands which specify a style for typesetting formulas:
αβ
Q \sum S \bigcap N \bigodot
−→ \buildrel\alpha\beta\over\longrightarrow \displaystyle \textstyle \scriptstyle \scriptscriptstyle
` \prod F \bigcup L \bigotimes def
R \coprod
W \bigsqcup
U \bigoplus f (x) = x + 1 f(x)\; {\buildrel\rm def\over=} \;x+1 Non-Italic Function Names
H \int
V \bigvee \biguplus Delimiters \arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min \sinh
\oint \bigwedge \arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr \sup
[ \lbrack or [ { \lbrace or \{ h \langle
\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec \tan
Binary Operations ] \rbrack or ] } \rbrace or \} i \rangle
\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin \tanh
| \vert or | b \lfloor d \lceil
± \pm ∩ \cap ∨ \vee or \lor k \Vert or \| c \rfloor e \rceil The following examples use \mathop to create function names.
∓ \mp ∪ \cup ∧ \wedge or \land [[ [\![ (( (\!( hh \langle\!\langle Example Command Plain TEX Definition
\ \setminus ] \uplus ⊕ \oplus ]] ]\!] )) )\!) ii \rangle\!\rangle lim \lim_{x\to2} \def\lim{\mathop{\rm lim}}
· \cdot u \sqcap ª \ominus x→2
Left and right delimiters will be enlarged if they are prefixed
× \times t \sqcup ⊗ \otimes log2 \log_2 \def\log{\mathop{\rm log}\nolimits}
with \left or \right. Each \left must have a matching
∗ \ast / \triangleleft ® \oslash
\right, one of which may be an empty delimiter (\left. or
? \star . \triangleright ¯ \odot
\right.). To specify a particular size, use the following:
Useful Parameters and Conversions
¦ \diamond o \wr † \dagger \day,\month,\year the current day, month, year
\bigl, \bigr \Bigl, \Bigr \biggl, \biggr
◦ \circ ° \bigcirc ‡ \ddagger \jobname name of current job
You can also say \bigm for a large delimiter in the middle of a
• \bullet 4 \bigtriangleup q \amalg \romannumeralhnumberi convert to lower case roman nums.
formula, or just \big for one that acts as an ordinary symbol.
÷ \div 5 \bigtriangledown \uppercase{htoken listi} convert to upper case
Page Layout Every Time Insertions \lowercase{htoken listi} convert to lower case
\everypar insert whenever a paragraph begins
\hsize=hdimeni set width of page
\everymath insert whenever math in text begins
\vsize=hdimeni set height of page
\everydisplay insert whenever displayed math begins
\displaywidth=hdimeni set width of math displays
\everycr insert after every \cr °c 1997 Blue Sky Research, Permissions on back. v0.1
\hoffset=hdimeni move page horizontally Send comments and corrections to Blue Sky Research, 317 SW Alder,
\voffset=hdimeni move page vertically Portland, OR 97204 USA. http://www.bluesky.com
Fills, Leaders and Ellipses Indentation and Itemized Lists
Text or Math: . . . \dots \indent indent
. ..
Math: . . . \ldots · · · \cdots .. \vdots . \ddots \noindent do not indent
\parindent=hdimeni set indentation of paragraphs
The following fill space with the indicated item. \displayindent=hdimeni set indentation of math displays
\hrulefill \rightarrowfill \leftarrowfill \dotfill \leftskip=hdimeni skip space on left
The general format for constructing leaders is \rightskip=hdimeni skip space on right
\leadershbox or rulei\hskiphgluei repeat box or rule \narrower make paragraph narrower
\leadershbox or rulei\hfill fill space with box or rule \item{hlabeli} singly indented itemized list
\itemitem{hlabeli} doubly indented itemized list
TEX Fonts and Magnification \hangindent=hdimeni hanging indentation for paragraph
\rm Roman \bf Bold \tt Typewriter \hangafter=hnumberi start hanging indent after line n.
\sl Slant \it Italic \/ “italic correction” If n < 0, indent first |n| lines.
\parshape=hnumberi general paragraph shaping macro
\magnification=hnumberi scale document by n/1000
\magstephnumberi n
√ × 1000
scaling factor of 1.2 Braces and Matrices
\magstephalf scalling factor of 1.2 \matrix rectangular array of entries
\font\FN=hfontnamei load a font, naming it \FN \pmatrix matrix with parentheses
\font\FN=hfontnamei at hdimeni \bordermatrix matrix with labels on top and left
load font scaled to dimension \overbrace overbrace, may be superscripted
\font\FN=hfontnamei scaled hnumberi \underbrace underbrace, may be subscripted
load font scaled by n/1000
true hdimeni dimension with no scaling ¡ a b¢
For small matrices in text, use the following constructions:
{a\,b \choose c\,d}
Alignment Displays ¡cadb ¢
\left( {a\atop c} {b\atop d} \right) cd
\settabshnumberi\columns set equally spaced tabs
\settabs\+hsample linei\cr set tabs as per sample line Displayed Equations
\+htext1 i&htext2 i&· · ·\cr tabbed text to be typeset \eqno equation number at right
\halign horizontal alignment \leqno equation number at left
\halign tohdimeni horizontal alignment \eqalign display several aligned equations
\openuphdimeni add space between lines \eqalignno display aligned eqns numbered at right
\noalign{hvmode materiali} insert material after any \cr \leqalignno display aligned eqns numbered at left
\tabskip=hgluei set glue at tab stops \displaylines display several equations, centered
\omit omit the template for a column \cases case by case definitions
\span span two columns \noalign to insert space between lines in displays,
\multispanhnumberi span several columns use \noalign{\vskiphgluei} after any \cr
\hidewidth ignore the width of an entry \openuphdimeni add space between all lines in a display
\crcr insert \cr if one is not present
Boxes
\hbox tohdimeni hbox of given dimension
\vbox tohdimeni vbox, bottom justified
\vtop tohdimeni vbox, top justified
\vcenter tohdimeni vbox, center justified (math only)
\rlap right overlap material
\llap left overlap material
Overfull Boxes
\hfuzz allowable excess in hboxes Copyright °c 1997 Blue Sky Research, October 1997 v0.1
\vfuzz allowable excess in vboxes Used with permission from J.H. Silverman
\overfullrule width of overfull box marker. To eliminate Math. Dept., Brown Univ., Providence, RI 02912 USA
TEX is a trademark of the American Mathematical Society
entirely, set \overfullrule=0pt.
Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of this card pro-
vided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on
all copies.