EE33080 - Introduction to Electrical Machines

DC MACHINES

Eng. M.R.F. Razeeya

Department of Electrical and Telecommunication Engineering
SEUSL
December 2022
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DC Machinery Fundamentals
• Consider a moving conductor in a magnetic field.

• The induced electro motive force in the conductor. 2

 DC Machinery Fundamentals
Induced voltage on a conductor moving in a magnetic field (generator action):

• If a wire with proper orientation moves through a magnetic field, a voltage will be induced in it.

𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒅 = 𝒗 × 𝑩 . 𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 Emf

• 𝑣 - Velocity of the wire
• 𝐵 - Magnetic flux density
• 𝑙 - Length of the conductor in the magnetic field

The production of induced force on a wire (motor action):

• If a conductor with “l” meters long carries current “i” placed in a uniform magnetic field with flux
density B, then the force induced on the conductor

𝑭 = 𝒊 𝒍 × 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
• 𝑖 - Magnitude of the current
• 𝑙 - Length of the wire, direction is same as the direction of current
• 𝐵 - Magnitude of the flux density
• 𝜃 - Angle between the wire and the flux density vector 3
Basic DC machines arrangement

• DC Gene

Elementary DC generator

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 DC Machines - Construction
• Direct current (dc) motors operate on a magnetic field produced by the field winding in the stator
(stationary part of the motor) interacting with the field produced by the armature winding in the rotor
(rotating part).

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 Construction of DC Machines
Stator
• Stationary part of the DC machine which provides the mechanical support for the machine.

• Contains the field poles ( provide magnetic fields) and yoke (provides a highly permeable path for the magnetic flux).

Rotor
• Inner part of the DC machine, rotates within the poles.
• Provides slots in its outer periphery in which armature windings are placed.

Armature Winding
• Insulated copper conductors are placed inside the armature slots
• Within the slots, the armature windings are connected according to the winding arrangement.
• Lap winding
• Wave winding 6
 Construction of DC Machines
Commutator

• Convert generated AC voltage in the armature winding into DC voltage across the load circuit.

• Made out of hard copper segments

• Known as mechanical rectifier

Brushes

• Made out of carbon and touched the commutator with suitable pressure of control spring.

• Function is to provide proper electrical connection between the commutator and the load circuit.

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DC motor

• Circuit model of a DC motor

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Types of DC motors

• The dc motors can be categorised into four basic types dependent on the method of connection of the field
Winding.

• Separately excited DC motor

• Self excited DC motor

• Shunt motor

• Series motor

• Compound motor

• Short shunt

• Long shunt

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 Series DC Motor

The equivalent circuit of a series dc motor.

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Series DC Motor

The torque-speed characteristic of a series DC motor.

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Speed control of series DC motor
• Change the terminal voltage of the motor.

• If the terminal voltage is increased, the first term in Equation is increased, resulting in a higher speed for any
given torque.

• The speed of series dc motors can also be controlled by the insertion of a series resistor into the motor
circuit , but this technique is very wasteful of power and is used only for intermittent periods during the
start-up of some motors.

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Shunt DC Motor

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Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors

There are two common methods and one less common method;
1. Adjusting the field resistance (and thus the field flux) : common

2. Adjusting the terminal voltage applied to the armature : common

3. Inserting a resistor in series with the armature circuit: less common

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 Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors
1. Adjusting the field resistance

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Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors
2. Changing the armature voltage

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 Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors

3. Inserting a resistor in series with the armature

A wasteful method of speed control due to the losses

occurred in the inserted resistor. Hence, rarely used where
the motor spends most of its operating time at full speed
or in applications too expensive to justify better form of
speed control.

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The Compounded DC Motor

Long shunt connection

Short shunt connection

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 Separately Excited DC motor
• In the separately excited type, the field winding is connected to a separate or external dc source.

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 DC Motor Starters
• In order for a dc motor to function properly on the job, it must have some special control and protection
equipment associate with it.

1. To protect the motor against damage due to short circuits in the equipment

2. To protect the motor against damage from long-term overloads

3. To protect the motor against damage from excessive starting currents

4. To provide a convenient manner in which to control the operating speed of the motor

• The basic concept behind every DC motor starter is adding external resistance to the armature winding
during starting.

• There are various types of dc motor starters, such as 3 point starter, 4 point starter, no-load release coil
starter, thyristor controller starter etc.

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DC Generator
• DC generators convert mechanical energy to DC electric energy. There is no real difference between a
generator and a motor except for the direction of power flow.
• There are five major types of dc generators, classified according to the manner in which their field flux is
produced:
1. Separately excited generator: the field flux is derived from a separate power source independent of the
generator itself.
2. Shunt generator: the field flux is derived by connecting the field circuit directly across the terminals of
the generator.
3. Series generator: the field flux is produced by connecting the field circuit in series with the armature of
the generator.
4. Cumulatively compounded generator: both a shunt and a series field are present, and their effects are
additive.
S. Differentially compounded generator: both a shunt and a series field are present, but their effects are
subtractive .

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 Types of DC generators
Shunt generator
Separately excited DC generator

Series generator
cumulatively compounded dc generator

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Power losses of a DC machine
• Electrical or Copper Loss (I2R loss): Copper losses are the losses that occur in the armature and field
windings of the machine.

• Brush loss: The brush drop loss is the power lost across the contact potential at the brushes of the machine.

• Mechanical loss
• Friction loss: caused by the friction of the bearings in the machine
• windage losses: caused by the friction between the moving parts of the machine and the air inside the
motor's casing.

• Iron or Magnetic loss (Core loss)

• Eddy current loss

• Hysteresis loss

• Stray losses (or Miscellaneous losses)

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The Power Flow Diagram: DC motor

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝝉𝒂𝒑𝒑 𝝎𝒎

𝑬𝑨𝑰𝑨 = 𝝉𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝝎𝒎

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The power Flow Diagram: DC Generator

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Efficiency of a DC Machine
Efficiency
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= =
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

Speed Regulation of a DC motor

𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 −𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

Voltage Regulation of a DC motor

𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒−𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Voltage𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

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 DC Motor Applications
The DC shunt motor

• Has a fairly constant speed against a varying load or torque.

• Thus, applications include situations where a constant speed is required such as in

• Lathes
• Conveyors
• Fans
• Machine-tool drives.

DC series motor

• Able to create large torques at low speeds (high starting torque), it can be used to accelerate very heavy loads from
standstill.

• So, DC series motors are used for driving cranes, electric locomotives, group drive shafts (where the motor is used as
a drive for a whole assembly line), steel-rolling mills and so on. 27
 DC Motor Applications
Compound motors

• Combine the characteristics of both shunt and series wound motors.

• The series winding gives good starting torque and shunt winding ensures a comparatively constant speed.

• The actual characteristics of the compound motor can be varied by varying the ratio of shunt to series field turns.

• They are used in applications such as planers, shears, guillotines, printing machines and power presses that need peak
loads at certain instances (normally used with fly wheels to even out the load).

• Separately excited motors

• Used in applications where an independent armature control and field control is required.

• Examples of their use are in steel and aluminium rolling mills (high power) and control motors (low power).
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Example 01

• A shunt generator delivers 450 A at 230 V and the resistance of the shunt field
and armature are 50 Ω and 0.03 Ω respectively. Calculate the generated e.m.f.

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Example 02

• In a long-shunt compound generator, the terminal voltage is 230 V when generator delivers 150 A.
Determine (i) induced e.m.f. (ii) total power generated and . Given that shunt field, series field,
divertor and armature resistance are 92 Ω, 0.015 Ω, 0.03 Ω and 0.032 Ω respectively.

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Example 03

• Separately excited DC motor’s armature is supplied by a 600V DC source. The field circuit is
supplied by a 125V DC source. The armature resistance is Ra=0.03 Ω and the field resistance is
Rf=25 Ω. The voltage constant of the motor is 152.7 mV/A rads-1. At a certain operating point the
measured armature current is 450A. Assuming only the copper losses are existing, calculate the
motor speed and the torque produced by the armature.

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Example 04

• Long-shunt dynamo running at 1000 r.p.m. supplies 22 kW at a terminal voltage of 220 V. The
resistances of armature, shunt field, and the series field are 0.05, 110 and 0.06 Ω respectively. The
overall efficiency at the above load is 88%. Find (a) Copper losses (b) iron and friction losses (c)
the torque exerted by the prime mover

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