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Chapter 6
APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE

6.1 Absolute Extrema Setting f ¢( x) equal to 0, we have x = 0, x = -4, or
x = 1.
Your Turn 1
x f ( x)
2/3 5/3
To find the absolute extrema of f ( x) = 3x - 3x -4 148
on [0, 8], first find the critical numbers in the interval 0 20
(0,8). 1 23
f ¢( x) = 2 x-1/3 - 5x 2/3 The absolute maximum is 148, at x = -4. As noted

above, there is no absolute minimum.
2
= 1/3 - 5 x 2/3
x
2 5x
= 1/3 - 1/3 6.1 Warmup Exercisess
x x
1
= 1/3 (2 - 5 x)
x W1. f ( x) = 4 x3 - 7 x 2 - 40 x + 5
f ¢( x) is 0 when 2 - 5 x = 0, that is, when f ¢( x) = 12 x 2 - 14 x - 40
x = 52 = 0.4. Now evaluate the function f at the = 2(6 x 2 - 7 x - 20)

critical value 0.4 and at the endpoints 0 and 8. f ¢ is defined everywhere, so the only critical
x f ( x) numbers will occur where f ¢( x) = 0.

0 0 2(6 x 2 - 7 x - 20) = 0
0.4 0.977 2(3x + 4)(2 x - 5) = 0
8 -84 3x + 4 = 0 or 2 x - 5 = 0
4 5
The absolute maximum of approximately 0.977 occurs x =- or x =
when x = 2/5; the absolute minimum of -84 occurs 3 2
when x = 8. 4 5
The critical numbers are - and .
3 2
Your Turn 2
W2. f ( x) = 15x7 / 2 - 7 x9 / 2
The domain of the function
105 5 / 2 63 7 / 2
f ( x) = - x 4 - 4 x3 + 8x 2 + 20 f ¢( x) = x - x
2 2
is the open interval (-¥, ¥). As x approaches +¥
æ 21 ö
and -¥ the dominant term is -x 4 , and this approaches = çç x5 / 2 ÷÷÷ ( 3x - 5 )
çè 2 ø
-¥. Thus the function has no absolute minimum. To
f ¢ is defined everywhere, so the only critical
find the absolute maximum, we evaluate f at the critical
points. numbers will occur where f ¢( x ) = 0, which
happens at x = 0 and at x = 5/3.
f ¢( x) = -4 x3 - 12 x 2 + 16 x
= -4 x( x 2 + 3x - 4) 6.1 Exercises
= -4 x( x + 4)( x - 1)
1. As shown on the graph, the absolute maximum
occurs at x3; there is no absolute minimum. (There
is no functional value that is less than all others.)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 403

404 Chapter 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE
2. As shown on the graph, the absolute minimum x f ( x)

occurs at x1; there is no absolute maximum. -3 23
(There is no functional value that is greater than -2 33 Absolute maximum
all others.)
4 -75 Absolute minimum
3. As shown on the graph, there are no absolute 6 -31
extrema.
1 3 3
13. f ( x) = x + x 2 - 4 x + 1; [-5, 2]
4. As shown on the graph, there are no absolute 3 2
extrema. Find critical numbers:
5. As shown on the graph, the absolute minimum f ¢( x ) = x 2 + 3 x - 4 = 0

occurs at x1; there is no absolute maximum. ( x + 4)( x - 1) = 0
x = -4 or x =1
x f ( x)
occurs at x1; there is no absolute minimum.
59
-4 » 19.67 Absolute maximum
3
7
occurs at x1; the absolute minimum occurs at x2. 1 - » -1.17 Absolute minimum
6
101
8. As shown on the graph, the absolute maximum -5 » 16.83
6
occurs at x2 ; the absolute minimum occurs at x1.
5
2 » 1.67
3
11. f ( x) = x3 - 6 x 2 + 9 x - 8; [0,5]
1 3 1 2
Find critical numbers: 14. f ( x) = x - x - 6 x + 3; [-4, 4]
3 2
f ¢( x) = 3x 2 -12 x + 9 = 0 Find critical numbers:
x2 - 4x + 3 = 0 f ¢( x ) = x 2 - x - 6 = 0
( x - 3)( x - 1) = 0 ( x + 2)( x - 3) = 0
x = 1 or x = 3 x = -2 or x = 3
x f ( x)
x f ( x)
0 -8 Absolute minimum
7
1 -4 -4 - » -2.3
3
3 -8 Absolute minimum 31
-2 » 10.33 Absolute maximum
5 12 Absolute maximum 3
21
3 - » -10.5 Absolute minimum
2
12. f ( x) = x3 - 3x 2 - 24 x + 5; [-3,6]
23
Find critical numbers: 4 - » -7.7
3
f ¢( x) = 3x 2 - 6 x - 24 = 0
3( x 2 - 2 x - 8) = 0 15. f ( x) = x 4 - 18 x 2 + 1; [-4, 4]
3( x + 2)( x - 4) = 0 f ¢( x) = 4 x3 - 36 x = 0
x = -2 or x = 4 4 x( x 2 - 9) = 0
4 x( x + 3)( x - 3) = 0
x = 0 or x = -3 or x = 3
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.1 405
x f ( x) x -1
19. f ( x) = ; [1, 5]
-4 - 31 x2 + 1
-3 - 80 Absolute minimum -x 2 + 2 x + 1
f ¢( x ) =
0 1 Absolute maximum ( x 2 + 1)2
3 - 80 Absolute minimum f ¢( x) = 0 when
4 - 31
-x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0
16. f ( x) = x 4 - 32 x 2 - 7; [-5, 6] x = 1  2,
f ¢( x) = 4 x3 - 64 x = 0 but 1 - 2 is not in [1, 5].

2
4 x( x - 16) = 0 x f ( x)
4 x( x - 4)( x + 4) = 0 1 0 Absolute minimum
x = 0 or x = 4 or x = -4 2
5 » 0.15
13
x f ( x)
2 -1
-5 -182 1+ 2 » 0.21 Absolute maximum
2
-4 -263 Absolute minimum
0 -7 x
20. f ( x) = 2
; [0, 4]
4 -263 Absolute minimum x +2
6 137 Absolute maximum ( x 2 + 2)1 - x(2 x)
f ¢( x ) =
( x 2 + 2) 2
-x 2 + 2
1- x = =0
17. f ( x) = ; [0, 3] ( x 2 + 2)2
3+ x
-4 -x 2 + 2 = 0
f ¢( x ) =
(3 + x) 2 x2 = 2
No critical numbers x = 2 or x = - 2, but - 2 is not in [0, 4].
x f ( x) f ¢( x) is defined for all x.
1
0 Absolute maximum
3 x f ( x)
1 0 0 Absolute minimum
3 - Absolute minimum
3
2 » 0.35 Absolute maximum
2
4
8+x 2
18. f ( x) = ; [4, 6] 4
8-x 9
(8 - x)(1) - (8 + x)(-1) » 0.22
f ¢( x) =
(8 - x) 2
16 21. f ( x) = ( x 2 - 4)1/3; [-2, 3]
= 2
(8 - x) 1
f ¢( x) = ( x 2 - 4)-2/3 (2 x)
f ¢( x) is never zero. Although f ¢( x) fails to exist 3
if x = 8, 8 is not in the given interval. 2x
=
3( x - 4) 2/3
2
x f ( x)
f ¢( x) = 0 when 2 x = 0
4 3 Absolute minimum
x =0
6 7 Absolute maximum
f ¢( x) is undefined at x = -2 and x = 2, but
f ( x) is defined there, so -2 and 2 are also
critical numbers:

x f ( x) 24. f ( x) = x + 3x 2/3; [-10, 1]

-2 0
f ¢( x) = 1 + 2 x-1/3
1/3
0 (-4) » -1.587 Absolute minimum 2
=1+ 3
2 0 x
3 51/3 » 1.710 Absolute maximum 3
x +2
= 3
x
2 2/3
22. f ( x) = ( x - 16) ; [-5, 8] f ¢( x) = 0 when 3
x +2=0
2 4x
f ¢( x) = ( x 2 - 16)-1/3 (2 x) = 3
x = -2
3 3( x - 16)1/3
2
x = -8
f ¢( x) = 0 when 4 x = 0
x =0 f ¢( x) is undefined at x = 0, but f ( x) is defined
at x = 0, so 0 is also a critical number.
f ¢( x) is undefined at x = -4 and x = 4; but
f ( x) is defined there, so -4 and 4 are also x f ( x)
critical numbers. -10 3.925
-8 4 Absolute maximum
x f ( x)
-5 92/3 » 4.327
-4 0 Absolute minimum
0 (-16)2/3 » 6.350
25. f ( x) = x 2 - 8 ln x; [1, 4]
8
8 482/3 » 13.208 Absolute maximum f ¢( x) = 2 x -
x
8
f ¢( x) = 0 when 2x - =0
23. f ( x) = 5 x 2/3 + 2 x5/3; [-2, 1] x
10 -1/3 10 2/3 8
f ¢( x ) = x + x 2x =
3 3 x
10 10 x 2/3 2x2 = 8
= +
3x1/3 3 x2 = 4
10 x + 10 x = -2 or x = 2
=
3x1/3
10( x + 1) but x = -2 is not in the given interval.
=
33 x Although f ¢( x) fails to exist at x = 0, 0 is not in
the specified domain for f ( x), so 0 is not a critical
f ¢( x) = 0 when 10( x + 1) = 0
number.
x +1 = 0
x = -1. x f ( x)
1 1
f ¢( x) is undefined at x = 0, but f ( x) is defined 2 -1.545 Absolute minimum
at x = 0, so 0 is also a critical number. 4 4.910 Absolute maximum
x f ( x)
-2 1.587
-1 3

Section 6.1 407
ln x 28. f ( x) = x 2e-0.5 x ;[2, 5]

26. f ( x) = 2
; [1, 4]
x æ 1 ö
f ¢( x) = x 2 çç - e-0.5 x ÷÷÷ + 2 xe-0.5 x
x 2 ⋅ 1x - ln x ⋅ 2 x èç 2 ø
f ¢( x ) =
x4 æ 1 ö
= e-0.5 x çç 2 x - x 2 ÷÷÷
x - 2 x ln x çè 2 ø
=
x4 f ¢( x) = 0 when
x(1 - 2 ln x) æ 1 ö
= e-0.5 x çç 2 x - x 2 ÷÷ = 0
x4 çè 2 ÷ø
1 - 2 ln x x = 0 or x = 4
=
x3 but x = 0 is not in the given interval.
f ¢( x) = 0 when 1 - 2 ln x = 0 x f ( x)
- 2 ln x = -1 2 1.472 Absolute minimum
1 4 2.165 Absolute maximum
ln x =
2 5 2.052
1/2
x =e
Although f ¢( x) fails to exist at x = 0, 0 is not in -5 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 9

29. f ( x) = ; [-1, 1]
the specified domain for f ( x), so 0 is not a critical x 4 - x3 + x 2 + 7
number. The indicated domain tells us the x-values to use
for the viewing window, but we must experiment
x f ( x)
to find a suitable range for the y-values. In order to
1 0 Absolute minimum show the absolute extrema on [-1, 1], we find that
e1/2 0.1839 Absolute maximum a suitable window is [-1, 1] by [0, 1.5] with
Xscl = 0.1, Yscl = 0.1.
4 0.0866
From the graph, we see that on [-1, 1], f has an
27. f ( x) = x + e-3x ; [-1, 3] absolute maximum of 1.356 at about 0.6085 and
an absolute minimum of 0.5 at -1.
f ¢( x) = 1 - 3e-3x
f ¢( x) = 0 when 1 - 3e-3x = 0 x3 + 2 x + 5
30. f ( x) = ; [-3, 0]
-3e-3x = -1 x 4 + 3x3 + 10
1 The indicated domain tells us the x-values to use
e-3x =
3 for the viewing window, but we must experiment
1 to find a suitable range for the y-values. In order to
-3x = ln show the absolute extrema on [-3, 0] , we find that
3
a suitable window is [-3, 0] by [-9, 1] .
ln 3
x =
3 From the graph, we see that on [-3, 0], f has an
absolute maximum of 0.5 at 0 and an absolute
x f ( x)
minimum of −8.10 at about -2.35.
-1 19.09 Absolute maximum
ln 3 8
0.6995 Absolute minimum 31. f ( x) = 2 x + 2 + 1, x > 0
3
x
3 3.000
16
f ¢( x ) = 2 - 3
x
2 x3 - 16
=
x3
2( x - 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
=
x3

Since the specified domain is (0, ¥), a critical The critical numbers are 0, 1, and 2.
number is x = 2. x f ( x)
x f ( x) 0 1
2 7 1 2
2 1
There is an absolute minimum of 7 at x = 2;
there is no absolute maximum, as can be seen by There is no absolute maximum, as can be seen by
looking at the graph of f. looking at the graph of f. There is an absolute
minimum of 1 at x = 0 and x = 2.
9
32. f ( x) = 12 - x - , x>0 x -1
x 35. f ( x) = 2
9 x + 2x + 6
f ¢ ( x ) = -1 + 2
x ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)(1) - ( x - 1)(2 x + 2)
f ¢( x ) =
9 - x2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)2
=
x2 x2 + 2x + 6 - 2x2 + 2
=
(3 + x)(3 - x) ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)2
= 2
x
-x 2 + 2 x + 8
=
f ¢( x) = 0 when x = -3 or x = 3, and f ¢( x) ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)2
does not exist when x = 0. However, the
-( x 2 - 2 x - 8)
specified domain for f is (0, ¥). Since -3 and 0 =
are not in the domain of f, the only critical number ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)2
is 3. -( x - 4)( x + 2)
=
x f ( x) ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)2
3 6 Critical numbers are 4 and -2.
x f ( x)
There is an absolute maximum of 6 at x = 3.
There is no absolute minimum, as can be seen by 1
-2 -
looking at the graph of f. 2
4 0.1
33. f ( x) = -3x 4 + 8 x3 + 18x 2 + 2 There is an absolute maximum of 0.1 at x = 4
and an absolute minimum of −0.5 at x = -2.
f ¢( x) = -12 x3 + 24 x 2 + 36 x
This can be verified by looking at the graph of f.
= -12 x( x 2 - 2 x - 3)
= -12 x( x - 3)( x + 1) x
36. f ( x) = 2
Critical numbers are 0, 3, and -1. x +1
( x 2 + 1) - x(2 x)
x f ( x) f ¢( x ) =
-1 9 ( x 2 + 1)2
0 2 x2 + 1 - 2x2
=
3 137 ( x 2 + 1) 2
There is an absolute maximum of 137 at x = 3; 1 - x2

=
there is no absolute minimum, as can be seen by ( x 2 + 1)2
looking at the graph of f. (1 + x)(1 - x)
=
( x 2 + 1) 2
4 3 2
34. f ( x) = x - 4 x + 4 x + 1 The critical numbers are -1 and 1.
f ¢( x) = 4 x3 - 12 x 2 + 8x
= 4 x( x 2 - 3x + 2)
= 4 x( x - 2)( x - 1)

Section 6.1 409
x f ( x) 39. f ( x) = 2 x - 3x 2/3
-1 -0.5
2 23 x - 2
1 0.5 f ¢( x) = 2 - 2 x-1/3 = 2 - 3
= 3
x x
There is an absolute maximum of 0.5 at x = 1 3
f ¢( x) = 0 when 2 x - 2 = 0
and an absolute minimum of -0.5 at x = -1.
23 x = 2
This can be verified by looking at the graph of f.
3
x =1
ln x x =1
37. f ( x) =
x3
f ¢( x) is undefined at x = 0, but f ( x) is defined
x3 ⋅ 1x - 3x 2 ln x at x = 0. So the critical numbers are 0 and 1.
f ¢( x ) =
x6 (a) On [-1, 0.5]
x 2 - 3x 2 ln x
= x f ( x)
x6
-1 -5
x 2 (1 - 3ln x)
= 0 0
x6
1 - 3ln x 1 -1
= 0.5 -0.88988
x4
Absolute minimum of -5 at x = -1;
f ¢( x) = 0 when x = e1/3 , and f ¢( x) does not
absolute maximum of 0 at x = 0
exist when x £ 0. The only critical number is e1/3.
(b) On [0.5, 2]
x f ( x)
x f ( x)
1 -1
e1/3 e » 0.1226 0.5 -0.88988
3
1 -1
There is an absolute maximum of 0.1226 at 2 -0.7622
x = e1/3 . There is no absolute minimum, as can
be seen by looking at the graph of f. Absolute maximum of about -0.76 at
x = 2; absolute minimum of -1 at x = 1.
38. f ( x) = x ln x
1 40. Let P( x) be the perimeter of the rectangle with
f ¢( x) = x ⋅ + 1 ⋅ ln x
x vertices (0, 0), ( x, 0), ( x, f ( x)), and (0, f ( x)) for
= 1 + ln x x > 0 when f ( x) = e-2 x .
f ¢( x) = 0 when x = e-1 , and f ¢( x) does not
exist when x £ 0. The only critical number is e-1.
x f ( x)
-1 -1
e -e » -0.3679
There is an absolute minimum of -0.3679 at

x = e-1. There is no absolute maximum, as can
be seen by looking at the graph of f.
The length of the rectangle is x and the width is

given by e-2 x . Therefore, an equation for the
perimeter is

P( x) = x + e-2 x + x + e-2 x and P¢( x) < 0 on the interval (10, ¥). Thus,
= 2( x + e-2 x ). P( x) is a maximum at x = 10.
Since x is measured in hundreds thousands,
P¢( x) = 2 - 4e-2 x 10 hundred thousand or 1,000,000 tires
must be sold to maximize profit.
P¢( x) = 0 when 2 - 4e-2 x = 0
Also,
- 4e-2 x = -2
1 P(10) = -(10)3 + 9(10)2 + 120(10) - 400
-2 x
e =
2 = 700.
2x
e = 2 The maximum profit is $700 thousand or
2 x = ln 2 $700,000.
ln 2
x =
2 44. P( x) = -0.02 x3 + 600 x - 20, 000, [50,150]
x P( x) P¢( x) = -0.06 x 2 + 600
ln 2 = -0.06( x 2 - 10, 000)
1 + ln 2 » 1.693
2 = -0.06( x + 100)( x - 100)
There is an absolute minimum of 1.693 at There are critical numbers at x = -100 and
x =
ln 2
. There is no absolute maximum, as can x = 100. Only x = 100 is in the domain of P( x).
2
be seen by looking at the graph of P. Therefore, x P ( x)
the correct statement is a. 50 7500
100 20, 000
41. (a) Looking at the graph we see that there are 150 2500
relative maxima of 8496 in 2001, 7556 in
2004, 6985 in 2006, and 6700 in 2008. There The maximum profit is $20,000, which occurs
are relative minima of 7127 in 2000, 7465 in when 100 units per week are made.
2003, 6748 in 2005, 5933 in 2007, and 5014
in 2011. 45. C ( x) = x3 + 37 x + 250
(b) The absolute maximum is 8496 (in 2001) and
the absolute minimum is 5014 (in 2011). (a) 1 £ x £ 10
C ( x) x3 + 37 x + 250
C ( x) = =
42. (a) Looking at the graph we see that there are x x
relative maxima of 341 in 2000 and 218 250
= x 2 + 37 +
in 2007. There are relative minima of 131 x
in 2003 and 60 in 2011.
250
(b) The absolute maximum is 341 (in 2000) and C ¢( x ) = 2 x -
the absolute minimum is 60 (in 2011). x2
3
2 x - 250
= = 0 when
3 2
43. P( x) = -x + 9 x + 120 x - 400, x ³ 5 x2
2 x3 = 250
P¢( x) = -3x 2 + 18x + 120
x3 = 125
= -3( x 2 - 6 x - 40)
x = 5.
= -3( x - 10)( x + 4) = 0
x = 10 or x = -4 Test for relative minimum.
-4 is not relevant since x ³ 5, so the only

critical number is 10.
The graph of P¢( x) is a parabola that opens
downward, so P¢( x) > 0 on the interval [5, 10)

Section 6.1 411
C ¢(4) = -7.625 < 0 f ( x)

47. The value x = 11.5 minimizes x
because this
C ¢(6) » 5.0556 > 0 is the point where the line from the origin to the
C (5) = 112 curve is tangent to the curve.
A production level of 11.5 units results in the
C (1) = 1 + 37 + 250 = 288
minimum cost per unit.
C (10) = 100 + 37 + 25 = 162
f ( x)
The minimum for 1 £ x £ 10 is 112. 48. The value x = 20 minimizes x
because this is
the point where the line from the origin to the
(b) 10 £ x £ 20 curve is tangent to the curve.
There are no critical values in this interval. A production level of 20 units results in the minimum
Check the endpoints. cost per unit.
C (10) = 162
f ( x)
C (20) = 400 + 37 + 12.5 = 449.5 49. The value x = 100 maximizes x
because this
The minimum for 10 £ x £ 20 is 162. is the point where the line from the origin to the
curve is tangent to the curve.
46. C ( x) = 81x 2 + 17 x + 324 A production level of 100 units results in the
maximum profit per item produced.
(a) 1 £ x £ 10
f ( x)
2 50. The value x = 280 maximizes because this
C ( x) 81x + 17 x + 324 x
C ( x) = = is the point where the line from the origin to the
x x
curve is tangent to the curve.
324
= 81x + 17 + A production level of 280 units results in the
x
maximum profit per item produced.
324
C ¢( x ) = 81 - 2 = 0 when
x 52. To simplify the calculations, write
81 = 2
324 P(i ) as P(i ) = D ⋅ i t - E ⋅ i + F
x where D and E are positive constants,
x = 2. and 0 < t < 1.
-2 is not meaningful is this application and P¢(i ) = D ⋅ t ⋅ i t -1 - E
is not in the given domain.
P¢¢(i ) = D ⋅ t ⋅ (t - 1) ⋅ i t - 2
Test 2 for minimum.
P¢ will be 0 when
C ¢(1) = -243 < 0 æ D ⋅ t ö÷1/ (1-t )
i = çç
C ¢(3) = 45 > 0 çè E ø÷÷
C ( x) is minimum when x = 2. This represents a maximum of P since the factor of

(t - 1) makes P¢¢ negative everywhere. To
324 recover the formula for the location of the
C (2) = 81(2) + 17 + = 341
2 maximum given in the exercise, substitute the
The minimum on the interval 1 £ x £ 10 is original expressions for D and E and simplify.
341.
x 2 + 36
(b) 10 £ x £ 20 53. f ( x) = , 1 £ x £ 12
2x
There are no critical numbers in this interval.
2 x(2 x) - ( x 2 + 36)(2)
Test the endpoints. f ¢( x ) =
(2 x)2
C (10) = 859.4
4 x 2 - 2 x 2 - 72
C (20) = 1620 + 17 + 16.2 =
4x2
= 1653.2
2 x 2 - 72 2( x 2 - 36)
The minimum on the interval 10 £ x £ 20 = =
is 859.4. 4x2 4x2

( x + 6)( x - 6) T R(T )
= 2
2x 15 81.01
f ¢( x) = 0 when x = 6 and when x = -6. 21.92 79.29
Only 6 is in the interval 1 £ x £ 12. 46 98.89
Test for relative maximum or minimum. The relative humidity is minimized at about
(11)(-1) 21.92°C.
f ¢(5) = <0
50
(13)(1) 1 2
f ¢(7) = >0 57. M ( x) = - x + 2 x - 20, 30 £ x £ 65
98 45
The minimum occurs at x = 6, or at 6 months. 1 2x
M ¢( x) = - (2 x) + 2 = - +2
Since f (6) = 6, f (1) = 18.5, and f (12) = 7.5, 45 45
the minimum percent is 6%. When M ¢( x) = 0,
54. S ( x) = -x3 + 3x 2 + 360x + 5000; 6 £ x £ 20 -

2x
+2=0
45
S ¢( x) = -3x 2 + 6 x + 360
2x
2=
= -3( x 2 - 2 x - 120) 45
S ¢( x) = -3( x - 12)( x + 10) = 0 45 = x.
x = 12 or x = -10 (not in the interval) x M ( x)
x f ( x) 30 20
6 7052 45 25
12 8024 145
65 » 16.1
10 7900 9
The absolute maximum miles per gallon is 25 at 45
12° is the temperature that produces the maximum
mph and the absolute minimum miles per gallon is
number of salmon.
about 16.1 at 65 mph.
55. Since we are only interested in the length during
weeks 22 through 28, the domain of the function 58. M ( x) = -0.015x 2 + 1.31x - 7.3, 30 £ x £ 60
for this problem is [22, 28]. We now look for any M ¢( x) = -0.03x + 1.31 = 0
critical numbers in this interval. We find x » 43.7
L¢(t ) = 0.788 - 0.02t x M ( x)
There is a critical number at t = 0.788 = 39.4.
0.02
30 18.5
which is not in the interval. Thus, the maximum 43.7 21.3
value will occur at one of the endpoints. 60 17.3
t L(t ) The absolute maximum of 21.3 mpg occurs at 43.7
22 5.4 mph. The absolute minimum of 17.3 mpg occurs at
60 mph.
28 7.2
The maximum length is about 7.2 millimeters. æ x ö÷2 æ 12 - x ö÷

2
59. Total area A( x) = π çç ÷ + ççç ÷÷ø
èç 2π ÷ø è 4
56. The function is defined on the interval [15, 46].
x2 (12 - x)2
We look first for critical numbers in the interval. = +
We find 4π 16
R¢(T ) = -0.00021T 2 + 0.0802T - 1.6572
Using our graphing calculator, we find one critical

number in the interval at about 21.92

Section 6.2 413
x 12 - x Therefore, the circle formed by piece of length

A¢( x) = - =0 x = 412+ππ can be inscribed inside the square.
2π 8
4 x - π (12 - x)
=0 62. (a)
8π I ( p) = - p ln p - (1 - p) ln (1 - p)
12π æ1ö
x = » 5.28 I ¢( p) = - p ççç ÷÷÷ + (ln p)(-1)
4+π è p ø÷
x Area é -1 ù
- ê (1 - p) + [ln (1 - p)](-1) ú
0 9 ê 1- p ú
ë û
5.28 5.04 = -1 - ln p + 1 + ln (1 - p)
12 11.46 = - ln p + ln (1 - p)
The total area is minimized when the piece used to (b) - ln p + ln (1 - p) = 0

form the circle is 412+ππ feet, or about 5.28 feet long. ln (1 - p) = ln p
1- p = p
60. Total area = A( x) 1= 2p
æ x ö÷2 æ 12 - x ö÷2 1
= p
= π çç ÷ + ççç ÷
èç 2π ÷ø è 4 ÷ø 2
x2 (12 - x)2 I ¢(0.25) = 1.0986

= + I ¢(0.75) = -1.099
4π 16
x 12 - x There is a relative maximum of 0.693 at p = 1.
A¢( x) = - =0 2
2π 8
4 x - π (12 - x)
=0
8π
12π 6.2 Applications of Extrema
x = » 5.28
4+π
Your Turn 1
x Area
0 9 Assign a variable to the quantity to be minimized:
5.28 5.04 M = x2 y
12 11.46
Use the given condition to express M in terms of one
The total area is maximized when all 12 feet of variable, say x :
wire are used to form the circle.
x + 3 y = 30
61. For the solution to Exercise 59, the piece of length
30 - x
x used to form the circle is 412+ππ feet. The circle y =
3
can be inscribed inside the square if the side of the
2 æç 30 - x ö÷ 2 1 3
square equals the diameter of the circle (that is, M = x ç ÷÷ = 10 x - x
çè 3 ø 3
twice the radius).
side of the square = 2 (radius) Find the domain of M:
12 - x æ x ö÷ Since x and y must be nonnegative, we have x ³ 0

= 2 çç ÷÷
4 çè 2π ø and 30- x ³ 0 which requires x £ 30. Thus the
3
12 - x x domain of M is [0, 30].
=
4 π
Find the critical numbers:
4x = 12π - π x
x(4 + π ) = 12π dM
= 20 x - x 2 = x(20 - x)
12π dx
x =
4+π dM is 0 when x = 0 (already found as an endpoint)
dx
and when x = 20.

Evaluate M at the critical numbers and endpoints: Your Turn 3

x M We follow the procedure of Example 3, but now our
0 0 volume function is
4000
20 3 V ( x) = x(8 - 2 x) 2 = 4(16 x - 8 x 2 + x3 ).
30 0 For nonnegative side lengths we require x ³ 0 and
The maximum of M occurs at x = 20. 8 - 2 x ³ 0 or x £ 4; the domain of V is thus [0, 4].
The corresponding value of y is 30-3 20 or 10 .
3
Set the derivative of V equal to 0 and solve for x.
Your Turn 2
V ¢( x) = 4(16 - 16 x + 3x 2 ) = 4(3x - 4)( x - 4)
The first steps of the solution follow Example 2. As in
Example 2, 300 - x will be the distance the professor This derivative has two positive roots, x = 4 and
must run along the trail. The first change in the model x = 4/3. We have already identified one of these as an
occurs when we compute the professor’s total time. endpoint of the domain and the other lies within the
Since his speed through the woods is now 40 m/min domain. Evaluating V at 0, 4/3 and 4 gives the following
rather than 70 m/min, his total time T ( x) is now table.
x V
300 - x 8002 + x 2
T ( x) = + . 0 0
160 40
4/3 1024
27
4 0
As before, the domain of T is [0, 300]. The derivative
of T is The maximum volume is 1024/27 m3 and occurs when
1 1 æç 1 ö÷ x = 4/3 m.
2 2 -1/2
T ¢( x ) = - + ç ÷ (800 + x ) (2 x)
160 40 çè 2 ø÷ Note that we can solve this problem efficiently using a
scaling argument. Since the proportions of the largest-
Now find the critical numbers by setting the derivative
volume box should not depend on the linear scale we
of T equal to 0.
adopt (that is, on the units in which we measure length),
1 1 æç 1 ö÷ 2 2 -1/2 we can just note that our piece of metal is 8/12 or the
- + ç ÷ (800 + x ) (2 x) = 0
160 40 çè 2 ø÷ 2/3 size of the one in Example 3. Our minimizing
x 1 length x will be 2/3 of the value we found in Example
= 3, or (2/3)(2) = 4/3 m.
2
40 800 + x 2 160
4x = 8002 + x 2 Your Turn 4

16 x 2 = 8002 + x 2 Follow the procedure of Example 4 with a volume of
2
15 x = 800 2 500 cm3 instead of 1000 cm3.
800
x = V = π r 2h = 500
15 so
x » 206.56
500
Calculate the total time at this critical number and at the h=
πr2
endpoints of the domain.
and
x T
500
0 21.875 S = 2π r 2 + 2π r
πr2
206.56 21.24 1000
300 21.36 = 2π r 2 + .
r
The minimum travel time occurs for x = 206.56. The Excluding a radius of 0 gives a domain for S of
professor runs 300 - 206.56 meters or about 93 meters (0, ¥). Now find the critical numbers of S.
along the path and then heads into the woods.

Section 6.2 415
1000 2x + 1
S ¢ = 4π r - W2. f ( x) =
r 2
x2 + 3
1000 (2)( x 2 + 3) - (2 x + 1)(2 x )
4π r = 2 f ¢( x ) =
r ( x 2 + 3)2
250
r3 = 2x 2 + 6 - 4x2 - 2x
π =
( x 2 + 3)2
æ 250 ö÷1/3
r = çç » 4.301
çè π ÷÷ø (-2)( x 2 + x - 3)
=
( x 2 + 3)2
We can verify that S ¢ is negative to the left of 4.3 and
positive to the right (for example, S ¢(4) » -12.2 and
f ¢( x ) = 0 when x 2 + x - 3 = 0.
S ¢(5) » 22.8). Thus the function S is decreasing as we The roots of this equation are given by
move toward 4.3 from left and increasing as we move
past 4.3 to the right, so there is a relative minimum at -1  13
the quadratic formula as x =
4.3. Since there is only one critical number, the critical 2
point theorem tells us that it corresponds to an absolute -1  13
minimum of the area function. so the critical numbers include .
2
Then h » 500 » 8.604. The minimum surface
π (4.301)2
Since f ¢ is defined everywhere, these will be the
area is obtained with a radius of 4.3 cm and a height of
only critical numbers.
8.6 cm.
As with the box in Your Turn 3, we could obtain this
answer directly from Example 4 using a scaling
argument. Changing the volume by a factor of 1/2
6.2 Exercises
(from 1000 to 500) scales all linear measures by a factor
of (1/2)1/3, so we can find the new r and h by dividing 1. x + y = 180, P = xy
the values found in Example 4 by (1/2)1/3 : (a) y = 180 - x
5.419 (b) P = xy = x(180 - x)

r = 1/3
» 4.301
2 (c) Since y = 180 - x and x and y are
10.84
h= » 8.604 nonnegative numbers, x ³ 0 and
21/3 180 - x ³ 0 or x £ 180. The domain
of P is [0, 180].
(d) P¢( x) = 180 - 2 x

6.2 Warmup Exercises 180 - 2 x = 0
2(90 - x) = 0
W1. f ( x ) = 5x 4 - 18 x 3 - 28 x 2 + 12
x = 90
f ¢( x ) = 20 x 3 - 54 x 2 - 56 x
(e) x P
(
= (2 x ) 10 x 2 - 27 x - 28 ) 0 0
= (2 x )(5x + 4)(2 x - 7) 90 8100
f ¢( x ) = 0 when 180 0
2 x = 0 or 5x + 4 = 0 or 2 x - 7 = 0.
(f) From the chart, the maximum value of P is
Thus the critical numbers are 8100; this occurs when x = 90 and y = 90.
4 7
0, - , .
5 2 2. x + y = 140
Minimize x 2 + y 2.
(a) y = 140 - x

(b) Let 4. x + y = 105

2 2 2 2
P = x + y = x + (140 - x)
Maximize xy 2.
2 2
= x + 19,600 - 280x + x
(a) y = 105 - x
= 2 x 2 - 280 x + 19, 600.
(b) Let P = xy 2 = x(105 - x)2
(c) Since y = 140 - x and x and y are
nonnegative numbers, the domain of P = x(11, 025 - 210 x + x 2 )
is [0, 140]. = 11, 025x - 210 x 2 + x3.
(d) P¢ = 4 x - 280
4 x - 280 = 0 nonnegative numbers, the domain of
4 x = 280 P is [0, 105].
x = 70
(d) P¢ = 11, 025 - 420 x + 3x 2
(e) x P
0 19, 600 3x 2 - 420 x + 11, 025 = 0
70 9800 3( x 2 - 140 x + 3675) = 0
140 19, 600 3( x - 35) ( x - 105) = 0
x = 35 or x = 105
(f) The minimum value of x 2 + y 2 occurs
when x = 70 and y = 140 - x (e) x P
= 140 -70 = 70. The minimum value 0 0
is 9800. 35 171,500
105 0
3. x + y = 90
(f) The maximum value of xy 2 occurs when
2
Minimize x y. x = 35 and y = 70. The maximum value
(a) y = 90 - x is 171,500.
(b) Let P = x 2 y = x 2 (90 - x) 1 3

5. C ( x) = x + 2 x 2 - 3x + 35
2 3 2
= 90 x - x .
The average cost function is
nonnegative numbers, the domain of C ( x)
A( x) = C ( x) =
P is [0, 90]. x
1 x3 + 2 x 2 - 3x + 35
(d) P¢ = 180 x - 3x 2 = 2
x
180 x - 3x 2 = 0 1 2 35
= x + 2x - 3 +
3x(60 - x) = 0 2 x
x = 0 or x = 60 1 2
or x + 2 x - 3 + 35x-1.
2
(e) x P
Then
0 0
60 108, 000 A¢( x) = x + 2 - 35x-2
90 0 35
or x + 2 - .
x2
(f) The maximum value of x 2 y occurs when
Graph y = A¢( x) on a graphing calculator.
x = 60 and y = 30. The maximum value is
A suitable choice for the viewing window is
108,000.
[0,10] by [-10,10]. (Negative values of x are not
meaningful in this application.) Using the

Section 6.2 417
calculator, we see that the graph has an x-intercept The maximum revenue is 64,000,000 cents or
at x » 2.722. Thus, 2.722 is a critical number. $640, 000.
Now graph y = A( x) and use this graph to
confirm that a minimum occurs at x » 2.722. x
8. p( x) = 12 -
8
Thus, the average cost is smallest at x » 2.722.
At this value of x, A » 19.007. (a) Revenue from x thousand compact discs:
R( x) = 1000 xp
6. C ( x) = 10 + 20 x1/2 + 16 x3/2 æ xö
= 1000 x çç12 - ÷÷÷
The average cost function is çè 8ø
A( x) = C ( x) =
C ( x) = 12,000 x - 125 x 2
x
(b) R¢( x) = 12, 000 - 250 x
10 + 20 x1/2 + 16 x3/2
=
x 12,000 - 250 x = 0
10 12,000 = 250 x
= + 20 x-1/2 + 16 x1/2
x 48 = x
or 10 x-1 + 20 x-1/2 + 16 x1/2.
The maximum revenue occurs when
Then 48 thousand compact discs are sold.
A¢( x) = -10 x-2 - 10 x-3/2 + 8x-1/2. (c) R(48) = 12,000(48) - 125(48)2

= 288,000
Graph y = A¢( x) on a graphing calculator.
The maximum revenue is $288,000.
A suitable choice for the viewing window is
[0, 10] by [-10,10]. (Negative values of x are not
meaningful in this application.) We see that this 9. Let x = the width
graph has one x-intercept. Using the calculator, we and y = the length.
find that this x-value is about 2.110, which shows
that 2.110 is the only critical number of A. (a) The perimeter is
Now graph y = A( x) and use this graph to P = 2x + y
confirm that a minimum occurs at x » 2.110.
= 1400,
Thus, the average cost is smallest at x » 2.110.
At this value of x, A » 41.749. so
y = 1400 - 2 x.
x
7. p( x) = 160 -
10 (b) Area = xy = x(1400 - 2 x)
(a) Revenue from sale of x thousand candy bars: A( x) = 1400 x - 2 x 2
R( x) = 1000 xp
(c) A¢ = 1400 - 4 x
æ x ö
= 1000 x çç160 - ÷÷÷ 1400 - 4 x = 0
çè 10 ø
1400 = 4 x
= 160,000 x - 100 x 2 350 = x
(b) R¢( x) = 160, 000 - 200 x A¢¢ = -4, which implies that x = 350 m
leads to the maximum area.
160, 000 - 200 x = 0
800 = x (d) If x = 350,
The maximum revenue occurs when y = 1400 - 2(350) = 700.

800 thousand bars are sold.
The maximum area is (350)(700)
(c) R(800) = 160,000(800) - 100(800) 2
= 245, 000 m 2.
= 64,000,000

10. Let x = length of field 1800 - 4 x = 0

y = width of field. 1800 = 4 x
Perimeter: 450 = x
P = 2 x + 2 y = 300 A¢¢ = -4, which implies that x = 450 is the

x + y = 150 location of a maximum.
y = 150 - x If x = 450, y = 1800 - 2(450) = 900.
Area: The maximum area is
A = xy (450)(900) = 405, 000 m 2.

= x(150 - x)
= 150 x - x 2 12.
1200 − (3/2)x
Thus,
A( x) = 150 x - x 2 x x x
A¢( x) = 150 - 2 x.
A¢( x) = 0 when 1200 − (3/2)x
150 - 2 x = 0
x = 75. There are three fence pieces of length x, which
leaves 2400 - 3x for the two remaining sides.
Each of these remaining sides thus has length
A¢¢( x) = -2, so A¢¢(75) = -2 < 0, which 1200 - (3/2) x. The area enclosed is
confirms that a maximum value occurs at x = 75.
A( x) = x[1200 - (3/2) x]
If x = 75.
3x 2
y = 150 - x = 150 - 75 = 75. = 1200 x - ,
2
A maximum area occurs when the length is 75 m
measured in square meters. Both x and
and the width is 75 m.
1200 - (3/2) x must be nonnegative, so the
domain of A is [0,800]. Now set the derivative
11. Let x = the width of the rectangle
equal to zero to solve for any critical numbers:
y = the total length of the rectangle.
A¢( x) = 1200 - 3x
1200 - 3x = 0
1200 = 3x
x = 400
Evaluate A at the endpoints of the domain and at
the single critical value x = 400.
x A
An equation for the fencing is 0 0
3600 = 4 x + 2 y 400 240, 000
2 y = 3600 - 4 x 800 0
y = 1800 - 2 x. The maximum area enclosed by the pen is
Area = xy = x(1800 - 2 x) 240,000 m 2. To achieve this, the farmer will use
three fence sections of length 400 m and two of
A( x) = 1800 x - 2 x 2
length 1200 - (3/2) (400) = 600 m.
A¢ = 1800 - 4 x

Section 6.2 419
13. Let x = length at $1.50 per meter 128, 000

5- = 0
y = width at $3 per meter. x2
128, 000
xy = 25,600 5=
x2
25,600
y = 5x 2 = 128, 000
x
51, 200 x 2 = 25, 600
Perimeter = x + 2 y = x + x = 160
x
51, 200 20, 000
Cost = C ( x) = x(1.5) + (3) y = = 125
x 160
153, 600 320 ft at $2.50 per foot will cost $800. 250 ft at
= 1.5x +
x $3.20 per foot will cost $800. The entire cost will
be $1600.
Minimize cost:
153, 600 15. Let x = the number of refunds.
C ¢( x) = 1.5 -
x2 Then 90 + x = the number of passengers.
153,600
1.5 - =0 (a) Revenue = R( x) = (90 + x)(1600 - 10 x)
x2
153,600 = 144, 000 + 700 x - 10 x 2
1.5 =
x2 Assume that the number of refunds is
2 nonnegative and that the number of refunds is
1.5 x = 153,600 limited to 160 so that the revenue will be
x 2 = 102, 400 nonnegative. Thus the domain of R is [0,160].
x = 320 Now set the derivative of R equal to 0 and
solve.
25,600
y = = 80
320 R¢ = 700 - 20 x = 0
x = 35
320 m at $1.50 per meter will cost $480. 160 m at
$3 per meter will cost $480. The total cost will be Check the value of R at this critical number
$960. and at the endpoints of the domain:
x R
14. Let x = the length at $2.50 per foot
0 144, 000
y = the width at $3.20 per foot.
35 156, 250
xy = 20,000
160 0
20,000
y =
x Thus the maximum revenue is obtained with
35 refunds, which happens when there are 125
40, 000 passengers.
Perimeter = 2 x + 2 y = 2 x +
x
(b) The maximum revenue is $156,250.
40, 000
Cost = C ( x) = 2 x(2.5) + (3.2)
x 16. Let x = the number of seats.
128, 000
= 5x + Profit is 8 dollars per seat for 0 £ x £ 50.
x
Profit (in dollars) is 8 - 0.1( x - 50) per seat for
Minimize cost: x > 50.
128, 000 We except that the total number of seats which
C ¢( x ) = 5 -
x2 makes the total profit a maximum will be greater
than 50 because after 50 the profit is still increasing,
though at a slower rate. (Thus we know the
function is concave down and its one extremum
will be a maximum.)

(a) The total profit for x seats is R = (160 - 0.50 x)(250 + x)

P( x) = [8 - 0.1( x - 50)]x = 40, 000 + 35x - 0.50 x 2
= (8 - 0.1x + 5) x R¢ = 35 - x = 0
= (13 - 0.1x) x x = 35
2
= (13x - 0.1x ) R¢¢ = -1 < 0, so when 250 + 35 = 285 tables
P¢( x ) = 13 - 0.2 x are ordered, revenue is maximum.
13 - 0.2 x = 0 Thus, the maximum revenue is
x = 65 R(35) = 40,000 + 35(35) - 0.50(35)2
65 seats will produce the maximum profit. = 40,612.5
2
(b) P(65) = 13(65) - 0.1(65 ) The maximum revenue is $40,612.50.
= 845 - 422.5 Minimum revenue is found by letting R = 0.
= 422.5 (160 - 0.50 x)(250 + x) = 0
The maximum profit is $422.50. 160 - 0.50 x = 0 or 250 + x = 0
x = 320 or x = -250
17. Let x = the number of days to wait.
(impossible)
12, 000
= 120 = the number of 100-lb groups So when 250 + 320 = 570 tables are ordered,
100
collected already. revenue is 0, that is, each table is free.
I would fire the assistant.
Then 7.5 - 0.15 x = the price per 100 lb;
4 x = the number of 100-lb groups
collected per day; 19. Let x = a side of the base
h = the height of the box.
120 + 4 x = total number of 100-lb groups
collected.
Revenue = R( x)
= (7.5 - 0.15 x)(120 + 4 x)
= 900 + 12 x - 0.6 x 2
R¢( x) = 12 - 1.2 x = 0
x = 10
An equation for the volume of the box is
R¢¢( x) = -1.2 < 0 so R( x) is maximized at
x = 10. V = x 2h,
The scouts should wait 10 days at which time their so 32 = x 2h
income will be maximized at 32
h= .
2
R(10) = 900 + 12(10) - 0.6(10) = $960. x2
The box is open at the top so the area of the
18. Let x = the number of additional surface material m ( x) in square inches is the area
tables.
of the base plus the area of the four sides.
Then 160 - 0.50 x = the cost per table
m( x) = x 2 + 4 xh
and 250 + x = the number of tables
æ 32 ö
ordered. = x 2 + 4 x çç 2 ÷÷÷
çè x ø
128
= x2 +
x
128
m¢( x) = 2 x -
x2

Section 6.2 421
2 x 3 - 128 The dimensions are 3 ft by 6 ft by 2 ft.

= 0
x2
21. Let x = the length of the side
2 x 3 - 128 = 0
of the cutout square.
2( x 3 - 64) = 0
Then 3 - 2 x = the width of the box
x = 4
and 8 - 2 x = the length of the box.
m¢( x) = 2 + 256 > 0 since x > 0.
x3 V ( x) = x(3 - 2 x)(8 - 2 x)
So, x = 4 minimizes the surface material. = 4 x3 - 22 x 2 + 24 x
If x = 4.
The domain of V is ( 0, 32 ) .
32 32
h= = = 2. Maximize the volume.
x2 16
The dimensions that will minimize the surface V ¢( x) = 12 x 2 - 44 x + 24
material are 4 in. by 4 in. by 2 in.
12 x 2 - 44 x + 24 = 0
20. Let x = the width. Then 2 x = the length 4(3x 2 - 11x + 6) = 0
and h = the height. 4(3x - 2)( x - 3) = 0
2
An equation for volume is x = or x = 3
3
V = (2 x)( x)h = 2 x 2h 3 is not in the domain of V.
36 = 2 x 2h.
V ¢¢( x) = 24 x - 44
So, h = 18 . æ2ö
x2 V ¢¢ çç ÷÷÷ = -28 < 0
çè 3 ø
The surface area S ( x) is the sum of the areas of
the base and the four sides. This implies that V is maximized when x = 2.
3
The box will have maximum volume when
S ( x) = (2 x)( x) + 2 xh + 2(2 x)h x = 23 ft or 8 in.
= 2 x 2 + 6 xh
æ 18 ö 22. (a) From Example 3, the area of the base is
= 2 x 2 + 6 x çç 2 ÷÷÷
çè x ø (12 - 2 x)(12 - 2 x) = 4 x 2 - 48x + 144 and
108 the total area of all four walls is 4 x(12 - 2 x)
= 2x2 +
x
= -8x 2 + 48x. Since the box has maximum
108 volume when x = 2, the area of the base is
S ¢( x ) = 4 x -
x2 4(2)2 - 48(2) + 144 = 64 square inches
3
4 x - 108 and the total area of all four walls is -8(2) 2
2
= 0
x + 48(2) = 64 square inches. So, both are
3
4( x - 27) = 0 64 square inches.
x = 3 (b) From Exercise 21, the are of the base is
108(2) (3 - 2 x)(8 - 2 x) = 4 x 2 - 22 x + 24 and
S ¢¢( x) = 4 +
x3 the total area of all four walls is 2 x(3 - 2 x)
216
= 4 + 3 > 0 since x > 0 + 2 x(8 - 2 x) = -8 x 2 + 22 x. Since the box
x
has maximum volume when x = 2, the area
So x = 3 minimizes the surface material. 3
2
If x = 3, of the base is 4 ( 23 ) - 22 ( 23 ) + 24 = 1009
18 18 square feet and the total area of all four walls
h= 2
= = 2.
x 9

2 24. Let x = the width of printed material

is -8 ( 23 ) + 22 ( 23 ) = 1009 square feet.
and y = the length of printed material.
So, both are 100 square feet.
9 Then, the area of the printed material is
(c) Based on the results from parts (a) and (b), it xy = 36,
appears that the area of the base and the total
36
area of the walls for the box with maximum so y = .
volume are equal. (This conjecture is true.) x
Also, x + 2 = the width of a page
23. Let x = the length of a side of and y + 3 = the length of a page.
the top and bottom.
The area of a page is
Then x2 = the area of the top and
A = ( x + 2)( y + 3)
bottom
= xy + 2 y + 3x + 6
and (3)(2x2) = the cost for the top
æ 36 ö
and bottom = 36 + 2 çç ÷÷÷ + 3x + 6
çè x ø
72
Let y = depth of box. = 42 + + 3x.
x
Then xy = the area of one side, 72
A¢ = - 2 + 3 = 0
4xy = the total area of the x
sides. x 2 = 24
and (1.50)(4xy) = The cost of the sides x = 24
The total cost is = 2 6
C ( x) = (3)(2 x 2 ) + (1.50)(4 xy) = 6 x 2 + 6 xy. (We discard x = -2 6 since must have x > 0.)
The volume is A¢¢ = 216

3
> 0 when x = 2 6, which implies
x
V = 16,000 = x 2 y. that A is minimized when x = 2 6.

16,000 36 36 18 18 6
y = y = = = = =3 6
x2 x 2 6 6 6
æ 16, 000 ö÷ 96, 000 The width of a page is
C ( x) = 6 x 2 + 6 x çç ÷ = 6x2 +
çè x 2 ÷ø x
x+2= 2 6 +2
96, 000
C ¢( x) = 12 x - =0 » 6.9 in.
x2
x3 = 8000 The length of a page is
x = 20 y+3= 3 6 +3
» 10.3 in.
192,000
C ¢¢( x ) = 12 + > 0 at x = 20, which
x3
implies that C ( x) is minimized when x = 20. 25. (a) S = 2π r 2 + 2π rh, V = π r 2h
2V
16,000 S = 2π r 2 +
y = = 40 r
(20)2
Treat V as a constant.
So the dimensions of the box are x by x by y, or 2V
20 cm by 20 cm by 40 cm. S ¢ = 4π r - 2
r
96,000
C (20) = 6(20) 2 + = 7200
20
The minimum total cost is $7200.

Section 6.2 423
2V r( x ) = (100 - 6 x )(2 + x )2 (5)

4π r - 2
=0
r
= -30 x 3 + 380 x 2 + 1880 x + 2000
3
4π r - 2V
=0 r ¢( x ) = -90 x 2 + 760 x + 1880
r2
= (-10)( x + 2)(9 x - 94)
4π r 3 - 2V = 0
The domain of both r and r ¢ is [0, 16.5] since 2-by-
2π r 3 - V = 0 2 is the minimum size and the number sold must be
2π r 3 = V nonnegative.
The only positive root of r¢( x ) is 94/9 » 10.444.
2π r 3 = π r 2h
2r = h Since r¢¢( x ) = -180 x + 760
æ 94 ö
and r¢¢ çç ÷÷÷ = -1120 < 0,
çè 9 ø
26. V = π r 2h = 16
94/9 represents a local maximum for r. Since x
16 must be a multiple of 0.5, we evaluate r at x = 10
h=
πr2 and x = 10.5.
r(10) = 28,800
The total cost is the sum of the cost of the top and
bottom and the cost of the sides. r(10.5) = 28,906.25
Check the value of r at the endpoints of the
C = 2(2)(π r 2 ) + 1(2π rh) domain of r, which are also possible locations for
æ 16 ö an absolute maximum.
= 4(π r 2 ) + 1(2π r ) çç 2 ÷÷÷ r(0) = 2000 and r(16.5) = 1711.25
èç π r ø
Thus the maximum revenue of $28,906.25 is
32
= 4π r 2 + obtained when the carpets have length and width
r equal to 2 + 10.5 = 12.5 feet.
Minimize cost.
32 28. As in Exercise 9, the dimensions of the lot are x
C ¢ = 8π r - 2 meters perpendicular to the river and
r 1400 - 2 x meters along the river. The number
32 sold will be half the river frontage, or 700 - x;
8π r - 2 = 0
r since this number must be an integer, x must be an
integer.
8π r 3 = 32
The revenue will be the number sold times
π r3 = 4 the lot area in square meters times the price per
square meter, or
4 r( x ) = (700 - x )( x )(1400 - 2 x )(0.50)
r = 3
π
= x(700 - x )2 .
» 1.08
r ¢( x ) = (1)(700 - x )2 + ( x )(-2)(700 - x )
16
h= » 4.34 = (700 - x )(700 - 3x )
π (1.08) 2
r ¢¢( x ) = 6 x - 2800
The radius should be 1.08 ft and the height should r¢ has two positive roots, 700 and
be 4.34 ft. If these rounded values for the height
700/3 » 233.333. Evaluate r¢¢ at each of these
and radius are used, the cost is
roots:
$2(2)(π r 2 ) + $1(2π rh) r¢¢(700) = 1400
= 4π (1.08) 2 + 2π (1.08)(4.34) r¢¢(700/3) = -1400 < 0
= $44.11. Thus r has a local maximum at x = 700/3. We
should also check the endpoints of the domain of
r, which are x = 0 and x = 700, but clearly the
27. Let x be the number of feet over the minimum 2-
foot length and width. The revenue r( x) is then revenue is 0 at both of these points. Thus
x = 700/3 delivers the maximum revenue. Since
the number sold times the area in square feet times
the price per square foot: x must be an integer, evaluate r( x ) at x = 233

and x = 234. 1000

h= » 11.75.
r(233) = 50,814,737 π (5.206) 2
r(234) = 50,814,504
To minimize cost, the can should have radius
Thus the maximum revenue of $50,814,737 occurs
5.206 cm and height 11.75 cm.
when the lot dimensions are 233 meters by
1400 - 2(233) = 934 meters. The number sold
will be 700 - 233 = 467. 30. In Exercise 29, we found that the cost of the
aluminum to make the can is
29. From Example 4, we know that the surface area of æ 2000 ö÷ 60

0.03çç 2π r 2 + 2
÷÷ = 0.06π r + .
the can is given by çè r ø r
2000 The cost for the vertical seam is 0.01h. From
S = 2π r 2 + .
r Example 4, we see that h and r are related by the
2 equation
/
Aluminum costs 3c/cm , so the cost of the
aluminum to make the can is 1000
h= ,
πr2
æ 2000 ÷ö 60
0.03çç 2π r 2 + 2
÷÷ = 0.06π r + . so the sealing cost is
çè r ø r
æ 1000 ö
The perimeter (or circumference) of the circular 0.01h = 0.01çç 2 ÷÷÷
top is 2π r. Since there is a 2c/cm
/ charge to seal çè π r ø
the top and bottom, the sealing cost is 10
= .
0.02(2)(2π r ) = 0.08π r. πr2
Thus, the total cost is given by the function
Thus, the total cost is given by the function
60 10
60 C (r ) = 0.06π r 2 + + 2
C (r ) = 0.06π r 2 + + 0.08π r r πr
r
10
= 0.06π r 2 + 60r -1 + 0.08π r. or 0.06π r 2 + 60r -1 + r -2 .
π
Then
Then
-2
C ¢(r ) = 0.12π r - 60r + 0.08π 20
C ¢( x) = 0.12π r - 60r -2 - r -3
60 π
= 0.12π r - 2 + 0.08π .
r 60 20
or 0.12π r - 2
- .
Graph r π r3
60 Graph
y = 0.12π x - 2 + 0.08π
x 60 20
y = 0.12π r - 2
-
on a graphing calculator. Since r must be positive r π r3
in this application, our window should not include
negative values of x. A suitable choice for the on a graphing calculator. Since r must be positive,
viewing window is [0,10] by [-10, 10]. From the our window should not include negative values
graph, we find that C ¢( x ) = 0 when x » 5.206. of x. A suitable choice for the viewing window is
Thus, the cost is minimized when the radius is [0, 10] by [-10, 10]. From the graph, we find
about 5.206 cm. that C ¢( x ) = 0 when x » 5.454.
We can find the corresponding height by using the Thus, the cost is minimized when the radius is
equation about 5.454 cm.
1000 We can find the corresponding height by using the
h= equation.
πr2
from Example 4. 1000
h=
If r = 5.206. πr2

Section 6.2 425
1000 V = π r 2h
h= 2
» 10.70.
π (5.454)
V = π r 2 (30 - 2r )
To minimize cost, the can should have radius = 30π r 2 - 2π r 3
5.454 cm and height 10.70 cm.
Maximize volume.
31. In Exercise 29 and 30, we found that the cost of the V ¢ = 60π r - 6π r 2
2 60 ,
aluminum to make the can is 0.06π r + the
r 60π r - 6π r 2 = 0
cost to seal the top and bottom is 0.08π r , and the
6π r (10 - r ) = 0
cost to seal the vertical seam is 10 . Thus, the
π r2 r = 0 or r = 10
total cost is now given by the function
If r = 0, there is no box, so we discard this value.
260 10 V ¢¢ = 60π - 12π r < 0 for r = 10, which
C (r ) = 0.06π r + + 0.08π r +
r π r2 implies that r = 10 gives maximum volume.
10 When r = 10, h = 30 - 2(10) = 10.
or 0.06π r 2 + 60r -1 + 0.08π r + r -2 .
π The volume is maximum when the radius and
Then height are both 10 cm.
20 -3
C ¢(r ) = 0.12π r - 60r -2 + 0.80π - r 33. Distance on shore: 9 - x miles
π
60 20 Cost on shore: $400 per mile
or 0.12π r - 2 + 0.08π - 3 .
r πr Distance underwater: x 2 + 36
Graph Cost underwater: $500 per mile
60 20 Find the distance from A, that is, (9 - x),
y = 0.12π r - + 0.08π -
r 2
π r3 to minimize cost, C ( x).
on a graphing calculator. A suitable choice for the æ ö

C ( x) = (9 - x)(400) + çç x 2 + 36 ÷÷÷ (500)
viewing window is [0, 10] by [-10, 10]. From the è ø
graph, we find that C ¢( x) = 0 when x » 5.242. = 3600 - 400 x + 500( x 2 + 36)1 2
Thus, the cost is minimized when the radius is æ1ö
about 5.242 cm. To find the corresponding height, C ¢( x) = -400 + 500 çç ÷÷÷ ( x 2 + 36)-1 2 (2 x)
çè 2 ø
use the equation
500 x
1000 = -400 +
h= x 2 + 36
πr2
from Example 4. If C ¢( x) = 0,
If r = 5.242, 500 x
= 400
1000 x 2 + 36
h= » 11.58.
π (5.242) 2 5x
= x 2 + 36
4
To minimize cost, the can should have radius 25 2
5.242 cm and height 11.58 cm. x = x 2 + 36
16
9 2
32. 120 centimeters of ribbon are available; it will x = 36
cover 4 heights and 8 radii. 16
6⋅4
4h + 8r = 120 x = = 8.
3
h + 2r = 30 (Discard the negative solution.)
h = 30 - 2r Then the distance should be
9- x = 9-8
= 1 mile from point A.

34. Distance on shore: 7 - x miles 1 2 1

t = 0 or 3 - t = 0
Cost on shore: $400 per mile 50 5
t = 0 or t = 15
Distance underwater: x 2 + 36
t p(t )
Cost underwater: $500 per mile
0 0
Find the distance from A, that is, 7 - x.
to minimize cost, C ( x). 15 16.875
20 0
C ( x) = (7 - x)(400) + ( x 2 + 36)(500)
The number of people infected reaches a
= 2800 - 400 x + 500( x 2 + 36)1/2 maximum in 15 days.
æ1ö (b) P(15) = 16.875%
C ¢( x) = -400 + 500 çç ÷÷÷ ( x 2 + 36)1/2 (2 x)
çè 2 ø
500 x
= -400 + 36. (a) p(t ) = 10te-t /8 , [0, 40]
x 2 + 36
æ 1ö
p¢(t ) = 10te-t /8 çç - ÷÷÷ + e-t /8 (10)
If C ¢( x) = 0, çè 8 ø
500 x æ t ö
= 400 = 10e-t /8 çç - + 1÷÷
çè 8 ÷ø
x 2 + 36
5x Critical numbers:
= x 2 + 36
4 p¢(t ) = 0 when
25 2
x = x 2 + 36 t
16 - +1 = 0
9 2 8
x = 36 t = 8.
16
36 ⋅ 16 t p(t )
x2 =
9 0 0
6⋅4 8 29.43
x = = 8.
3 40 2.6952
(Discard the negative solution.)
x = 8 is impossible since Point A is only 7 miles The percent of the population infected reaches
a maximum in 8 days.
from point C.
Check the endpoints. (b) P(8) = 29.43%
x C ( x)
0 5800 37. H (S ) = f (S ) - S
7 4610 f (S ) = 12S 0.25
The cost is minimized when x = 7. H (S ) = 12S 0.25 - S

7 - x = 7 - 7 = 0, so the company should H ¢(S ) = 3S -0.75 - 1
angle the cable at Point A.
H ¢(S ) = 0 when
20t 3 - t 4 3S -0.75 - 1 = 0
35. p(t ) = , [0, 20]
1000 1
S -0.75 =
3 2 1 3 3
(a) p¢(t ) = t - t 1 1
50 250 =
1 2é 1 ù S 0.75 3
= t ê3 - t ú S 3/4 = 3
50 êë 5 úû
Critical numbers: S = 34/3
S = 4.327.

Section 6.2 427
The number of creatures needed to sustain the é 1 12 æç 1 ö÷ ùú

population is S0 = 4.327 thousand. N ¢(t ) = 20 ê - ç ÷
ê 12
ë t èç 12 ÷ø úû
H ¢¢(S ) = -2.25 < 0 when S = 4.327, so H (S ) æ1 1ö
1.75
S = 20 çç - ÷÷÷
çè 12 tø
is maximized.
20(t - 12)
H (4.327) = 12(4.327)0.25 - 4.327 =
12t
» 12.98
N ¢(t ) = 0 when
The maximum sustainable harvest is 12.98
thousand. t - 12 = 0
38. H (S ) = f (S ) - S t = 12.
25S
f (S ) =
S +2 N ¢¢(t ) does not exist at t = 0, but 0 is not in the
( S + 2)(25) - 25S domain of N.
H ¢( S ) = -1
(S + 2)2 Thus, 12 is the only critical number.
25S + 50 - 25S - (S + 2)2 To find the absolute extrema on [1, 15], evaluate N
=
(S + 2) 2 at the critical number and at the endpoints.
50 - (S 2 + 4S + 4) t N (t )
=
(S + 2)2 1 81.365
12 50
-S 2 - 4S + 46
= 15 50.537
(S + 2) 2
H ¢( S ) = 0 when Use this table to answer the questions in (a)-(d).
(a) The number of bacteria will be a minimum at
S 2 + 4S - 46 = 0 t = 12, which represents 12 days.
-4  16 + 184 (b) The minimum number of bacteria is given by
S =
2 N (12) = 50, which represents 50 bacteria
= 5.071. per mL.
(Discard the negative solution.) (c) The number of bacteria will be a maximum at
The number of creatures needed to sustain the t = 1, which represents 1 day.
population is S0 = 5.071 thousand. (d) The maximum number of bacteria is give by
N(1) = 81.365, which represents 81.365
(S + 2)2 (-2S - 4) - (S 2 - 4S + 46)(2S + 4) bacteria per mL.
H ¢¢ = < 0,
(S + 2)4
so H is a maximum at S0 = 5.071. 40. (a) H (S ) = f (S ) - S

= Ser (1- S /P) - S
25(5.071)
H (S0 ) = - 5.071 æ rö
7.071 H ¢(S ) = Ser (1- S /P) çç - ÷÷÷ + er (1- S /P) - 1
» 12.86 çè P ø
The maximum sustainable harvest is 12.86 thousand. Note that

f (S ) = Ser (1- S /P)
æ t æ t öö æ rö
39. N (t ) = 20 çç - ln çç ÷÷÷ ÷÷÷ + 30; f ¢(S ) = Ser (1- S /P) çç - ÷÷÷ + er (1- S /P).
çè 12 èç 12 ø ÷ø çè P ø
1 £ t £ 15

æ rö f (S ) = Ser (1- S /P)

H ¢(S ) = Ser (1- S /P) çç - ÷÷÷ + er (1- S /P) - 1 = 0
çè P ø
0.4 0.4(1- S /500)
f ¢(S ) = - Se + e0.4(1- S /500)
æ rö 500
Ser (1- S /P) çç - ÷÷÷ + er (1- S /P) = 1
çè P ø
f ¢(S0 ) = -0.0008S0e0.4(1- S0 /500) + e0.4(1- S0 /500)
f ¢( S ) = 1
Graph
r (1- S /P)
(b) f (S ) = Se
Y1 = -0.0008 x e0.4(1- x /500) + e0.4(1- x /500)
æ rö
f ¢(S ) = çç - ÷÷÷ Ser (1- S /P) + er (1- S /P) and
çè P ø
Set f ¢(S0 ) = 1 Y2 = 1
é -rS0 ù on the same screen. A suitable choice for the

r (1- S0 /P )
e ê + 1ú = 1 viewing window is [0, 300] by [0.5, 1.5] with
êë P úû
Xscl = 50, Yscl = 0.5. By zooming or using the
1 “intersect” option, we find that the graphs intersect
er (1- S0 /P) = -rS0
+1 when x » 237.10.
P
The maximum sustainable harvest is 237.10.
Using H (S ) from part (a), we get
43. Let x = distance from P to A.
H ( S0 ) = S0e r (1- S0 /P) - S0
(
= S0 e r (1- S0 /P ) - 1 )
æ ö÷
ç 1 ÷÷.
= S0 ççç - 1 ÷÷
çè 1 - rS0 ÷ø
P
41. r = 0.1, P = 100
f (S ) = Ser (1- S /P) Energy used over land: 1 unit per mile
1 Energy used over water: 4 units per mile
f ¢(S ) = - ⋅ Se0.1(1- S /100) + e0.1(1- S /100) 3
1000
Distance over land: (2 - x) mi
f ¢(S0 ) = -0.001S0e0.1(1- S0 /100) + e0.1(1- S0 /100)
Distance over water: 1 + x 2 mi
Graph
Find the location of P to minimize energy used.
Y1 = -0.001xe0.1(1- x /100) + e0.1(1- x /100)
4
E ( x) = 1(2 - x) + 1 + x 2 , where 0 £ x £ 2.
and 3
4æ1ö
Y2 = 1 E ¢( x) = -1 + çç ÷÷÷ (1 + x 2 )-1/2 (2 x)
3 çè 2 ø
on the same screen. A suitable choice for the
viewing window is [0, 60] by [0.5, 1.5] with If E ¢( x) = 0,
Xscl = 10 and Yscl = 0.5. By zooming or using
the “intersect” option, we find the graphs intersect 4
x(1 + x 2 )-1/2 = 1
when x » 49.37. 3
The maximum sustainable harvest is 49.37. 4x
= 1
3(1 + x 2 )1/2
42. r = 0.4, P = 500 4
x = (1 + x 2 )1/2
3
16 2
x = 1 + x2
9

Section 6.2 429
7 2 10
x =1 x(1 + x 2 )-1/2 = 1
9 9
9 10 x
x2 = = 1
7 9(1 + x 2 )1/2
3 3 7 10
x = = . x = (1 + x 2 )1/2
7 7 9
100 2
x E ( x) x = 1 + x2
81
0 3.3333
19 2
1.134 2.8819 x = 1
81
2 2.9814 81
x2 =
19
The absolute minimum occurs at x » 1.134. 9
x =
3 7 19
Point P is 7
» 1.134 mi from Point A.
9 19
=
44. Let x = distance from P to A. 19
» 2.06.
This value cannot give the absolute maximum

since the total distance from A to L is just 2 miles.
Test the endpoints of the domain.
x E ( x)
0 3 19 » 3.1111
2 2.4845
Energy used over land: 1 unit per mile Point P must be at Point L.
Energy used over water: 10 units per mile

9
45. (a) f (S ) = aSe-bS f (S ) = Se r (1- S /P)
Distance over land: (2 - x) mi
= Se r -rS /P
2
Distance over water: 1 + x mi = Se r e-rS /P
Find the location of P to minimize energy used. = e r Se-(r /P) S
10 Comparing the two terms, replace a with
E ( x) = 1(2 - x) + 1 + x 2 , where 0 £ x £ 2.
9 er and b with r /P.
10 æç 1 ö÷ 2 -1/2
E ¢( x ) = -1 + ç ÷ (1 + x ) (2 x) (b) Shepherd:
9 çè 2 ÷ø
aS
If E ¢( x) = 0, f (S ) =
1 + (S /b)c
[1 + (S /b)c ](a) - (aS )[c(S /b)c-1(1/b)]
f ¢( S ) =
[1 + (S /b)c ]2
a + a(S /b)c - (acS /b)(S /b)c-1
=
[1 + (S /b)c ]2
a + a(S /b)c - ac(S /b)c
=
[1 + (S /b)c ]2
a[1 + (1 - c)(S /b)c ]
=
[1 + (S /b)c ]2

Ricker: population is about 194,000 tons. This can be

verified by examing the graph of f (S ).
f (S ) = aSe-bS
(e) First find the critical numbers by solving
f ¢(S ) = ae-bS + aSe-bS (-b)
f ¢(S ) = 0.
= ae-bS (1 - bS )
Ricker:
Berverton-Holt: f ¢( S ) = 0
aS -bS
f (S ) = ae (1 - bS ) = 0
1 + (S /b) 1 - bS = 0
[1 + (S /b) ](a) - aS (1/b) 1
f ¢( S ) = S =
[1 + (S /b)]2 b
a + a(S /b) - a(S /b) Substitute b = 0.0039 and solve for S.
=
[1 + (S /b)]2 1
a S =
= 0.0039
[1 + (S /b)]2 S » 256.410
(c) Shepherd: Using the Ricker model, next year’s
population is maximized when this year’s
a[1 + (1 - c)(0/b)c ]
f ¢(0) = = a population is about 256,000 tons. This can be
[1 + (0/b)c ]2 verified by examining the graph of f (S ).
Ricker:
aS
f ¢(0) = ae-b(0)[1 - b(0)] = a 46. f (S ) = - rS
S
1+
Beverton-Holt: b
a Find the critical numbers:
f ¢(0) = = a
[1 + (0/b)]2 æ abS ö¢
f ¢( S ) = çç - rS ÷÷÷
çè b + S ø
The constant a represents the slope of the
graph of f (S ) at S = 0. (ab)(b + S ) - (abS )(1)
= -r
(d) First find the critical numbers by solving (b + S ) 2
f ¢(S ) = 0. ab2
= -r
Shepherd: (b + S ) 2
f ¢( S ) = 0 f ¢(S ) = 0 when
a[1 + (1 - c)(S /b)c ] = 0 ab2

= r
c (b + S ) 2
(1 - c)(S /b) = -1
ab2
(c - 1)(S /b)c = 1 (b + S ) 2 =
r
Substitute b = 248.72 and c = 3.24 and b + S = b a / r (we assume b > 0)
solve for S.
(3.24 - 1)( S /248.72)3.24 = 1
S = -b + b a / r = b ( a/r - 1 )
-2ab3
æ S ö÷3.24 1 Since f ¢¢(S ) = < 0 everywhere
çç = (b + S )3
çè 248.72 ÷ø÷ 2.24
on the domain of f , assuming a and b are
S æ 1 ÷ö1/3.24
= çç positive, there is a local maximum of f at
248.72 çè 2.24 ø÷÷
æ 1 ö÷1/3.24
S = b ( a/r - 1 . )
S = 248.72 çç » 193.914
çè 2.24 ÷÷ø
47. The goal is to minimize surface area for a
Using the Shepherd model, next year’s fixed volume, that is, to
population is maximized when this year’s

Section 6.2 431
minimize 2π r 2 + 2π rh when π r h = 65.

2
(aSv3 + I )kE - kEv(3aSv 2 )
(b) D¢(v) =
h =
65
so we can write the surface as a (aSv3 + I ) 2
π r2 kE (aSv3 + I - 3aSv3 )
function of r alone: =
(aSv3 + I ) 2
æ 65 ö
S ( r ) = 2π r 2 + 2π r çç 2 ÷÷÷ kE ( I - 2aSv3 )
çè π r ø
=
2 130 (aSv3 + I )2
= 2π r +
r Find the critical numbers by solving
Find the critical numbers. D¢(v) = 0 for v.
130
S ¢( r ) = 4π r - 2
r I - 2aSv3 = 0
¢
S ( r ) = 0 implies 2aSv3 = I
130 I
4π r = 2 v3 =
r 2aS
130
r3 = æ I ö÷1/3
4π v = çç
çè 2aS ÷ø÷
æ 130 ÷ö1/ 3
r = çç = 2.1789 » 2.18
çè 4π ÷÷ø
49. Let 8 - x = the distance the hunter
æ 65 ö will travel on the river.
The formula S (r ) = 2π r 2 + 2π r çç 2 ÷÷
çè π r ÷ø
shows that letting r go to 0 and increasing r Then 9 + x 2 = the distance he will travel
without limit both increase the surface area on land.
without limit, so the critical value found
above represents a local minimum for the
surface area. r = 2.1789 implies
65
h = = 4.3580 » 4.36.
π (2.1789)2
Thus the radius and height of the cell of
minimum surface area are 2.18 μ m and
4.36 μ m.
48. (a) Solve the given equation for effective power The rate on the river is 5 mph, the rate on land is 2
for T, time. mph. Using t = dr ,
kE
= aSv3 + I 8- x
T = the time on the river,
5
kE
=T 9 - x2
aSv3 + I = the time on land.
2
Since distance is velocity, v, times time, T, we
have The total time is
kE 8- x 9 + x2
D(v) = v T ( x) = +
aSv3 + I 5 2
kEv 8 1 1
= . = - x + (9 + x 2 )1/2.
aSv3 + I 5 5 2
1 1
T ¢ = - + ⋅ 2 x(9 + x 2 )-1/2
5 4

1 x
- + = 0 8-x 361 + x 2
5 2(9 + x 2 )1/2 T ( x) = +
5 2
1 x 8 1 1
= = - x + (361 + x 2 )-1/2.
5 2(9 + x 2 )1/2 5 5 2
2(9 + x 2 )1/2 = 5x 1 1
T ¢( x) = - + ⋅ 2 x(361 + x 2 )-1/2
5 4
4(9 + x 2 ) = 25x 2
1 x
36 + 4 x 2 = 25x 2 - + =0
5 2(361 + x 2 )1/2
36 = 21x 2
1 x
6 =
= x 5 2(361 + x 2 )1/2
21
2(361 + x 2 )1/2 = 5x
6 21 2 21
= = x
21 7 4(361 + x 2 ) = 25 x 2
x T ( x) 1444 + 4 x 2 = 25 x 2
0 3.1 1444 = 21x 2
2 21 2.98 38
7 = x
21
8 4.27
8.29 = x
Since the maximum time is 2.98 hr, the hunter 8.29 is not possible, since the cabin is only 8 miles
2 21 56- 2 21 west. Check the endpoints.
should travel 8 - 7
= 7
or about
6.7 miles along the river. x T ( x)
0 11.1
50. Let 8 - x = the distance the hunter will 8 10.3
travel on the river.
T ( x) is minimized when x = 8.
The distance along the river is given by 8 - x, so
the hunter should travel 8 - 8 = 0 miles along
the river. He should complete the entire trip
on land.
51. Let x = width.

Then x = height
and 108 - 4 x = length.
(since length plus girth = 108 )

V ( x) = l ⋅ w ⋅ h
Then 192 + x 2 = the distance he will = (108 - 4 x) x ⋅ x
travel on land.
Since the rate on the river is 5 mph, the rate on = 108x 2 - 4 x3
land is 2 mph, and t = dr , V ¢( x) = 216 x - 12 x 2
8- x Set V ¢( x) = 0, and solve for x.

= the time on the river
5
216 x - 12 x 2 = 0
2
361 + x 12 x(18 - x) = 0
= the time on the land.
2
x = 0 or x = 18
The total time is
0 is not in the domain, so the only critical number
is 18.

Section 6.3 433
Width = 18 Your Turn 3

Height = 18 q = 24,000 - 3 p 2
Length = 108 - 4(18) = 36 dq
= -6 p
The dimensions of the box with maximum volume dp
are 36 inches by 18 inches by 18 inches. p dq 6 p2
E =- =
q dp 24,000 - 3 p 2
When p = 50,
6.3 Further Business Applications:
Economic Lot Size; Economic Order 6(502 )
Quantity; Elasticity of Demand E =
24,000 - 3(502 )
» 0.909,
Your Turn 1
which corresponds to inelastic demand.
Use Equation (3) with k = 3, M = 18, 000 and
f = 750. Your Turn 4
2fM q = 200e-0.4 p
q =
k dq
= -80e-0.4 p
2(750)(18,000) dp
=
3 p dq
E =-
= (900)(10,000) q dp
= 3000 80 p e-0.4 p
=
To minimize production costs there should be 3000 cans 200e-0.4 p
per batch, requiring 18, 000/3, 000 = 6 batches per year. = 0.4 p
For p = 100 we have E = 0.4(100) = 40, which

Your Turn 2
corresponds to elastic demand.
Use Equation (3) with k = 2, M = 320 and f = 30.
Your Turn 5
2(30)(320)
q =
2 q = 3600 - 3 p 2
= 9600 dq
= -6 p
» 97.98 dp
p dq
E =-
q dp
Since q is very close to 98 we expect a q of 98 to
6 p2
minimize costs, but we will check both 97 and 98 =
fM kq 3600 - 3 p 2
using T (q) = q
+ 2
. T (97) » 195.969 and T (98)
2 p2
» 195.959, so the company should order 98 units in =
1200 - p 2
each batch. The time between orders will be about
12 ( 320 )
98 = 3.675 months. The demand has unit elasticity when E = 1.
2 p2
=1
1200 - p 2
2 p 2 = 1200 - p 2
3 p 2 = 1200
p 2 = 400
p = 20

Testing value for p smaller and larger than 20 p dq

6. E =- ⋅
(say 15 and 25) we find q dp
E (15) < 1 Since p ¹ 0, E = 0 when
dq
= 0. The
dp
E (25) > 1
derivative is zero, which implies that the
Thus demand is inelastic when p < 20 and elastic demand function has a horizontal tangent line
when p > 20. at the value of p where E = 0.
Revenue is maximized at the price corresponding to unit m

elasticity, which is p = $20. At this price the revenue is 7. q = m - np for 0 £ p £
n
pq = (20)[3600 - 3(202 )] dq
= -n
= (20)(2400) dp
= 48,000 p dq
E =- ⋅
q dp
or $48,000.
p
E =- (-n)
m - np
6.3 Warmup Exercises pn
E = =1
k m - np
W1. f ( x) = = kx-1
x pn = m - np
k 2np = m
f ¢( x) = k (-1) x-2 = -
x2 m
p =
a 2n
W2. f ( x) = 2
= ax-2
x Thus, E = 1 when p = m , or at the midpoint
2n
-3 2a
f ¢( x) = a(-2) x =- of the demand curve on the interval 0 £ p £ m.
x3 n
8. (a) q = Cp-k
6.3 Exercises dq
= -Ckp-k -1
dp
2fM
1. When q < k
, T ¢(q) < - k2 + k
2
= 0; and - p dq
E = ⋅
2fM k k
q dp
when q > , T ¢(q) > - + = 0. Since
k 2 2 -p
= (-Ckp-k -1)
the function T (q) is decreasing before q =
2fM Cp-k
k
2fM kp-k
and increasing after q = , there must be a = = k
k p-k
2fM
relative minimum at q = k
. By the critical
point theorem, there is an absolute minimum there. 9. Use equation (3) with k = 1, M = 100,000, and
f = 500.
3. The economic order quantity formula assumes that
M, the total units needed per year, is known. Thus, 2fM 2(500)(100,000)
q = =
c is the correct answer. k 1
= 100,000,000 = 10,000
5. The demand function q( p) is positive and
10,000 lamps should be made in each batch to
dq minimize production costs.
increasing, so dp
is positive. Since p0 and q0 are
p dq
also positive, the elasticity E = - q 0 ⋅ dp
is
0
negative.

Section 6.3 435
10. Use equation (3) with k = 9, M = 13,950, and -f M

+k =0
f = 31. q2
fM
2fM k =
q = q2
k
2(31)(13,950) q 2k = f M
= fM
9 q2 =
= 96,100 = 310 k
fM
310 cases should be made in each batch to q =
k
minimize production costs.
Since lim T (q) = ¥,
11. From Exercise 9, M = 100,000, and q = q0
10, 000. The number of batches per year is lim T (q) = ¥, and
q ¥
M 100,000
q
= 10,000
= 10. fM
q = k
is the only critical value in (0, ¥),
12. From Exercise 10, M = 13,950 and q = 310. fM

q = k
is the number of unit that should be
The number of batches per year is
ordered or manufactured to minimize total costs.
M 13,950
= = 45
q 310
fM
16. Use q = k
from Exercise 15 with k = 6,
13. Here k = 0.50, M = 100, 000, and f = 60. M = 5000, and f = 1000.
We have
fM (1000)(5000)
2fM 2(60)(100,000) q = = » 912.9
q = = k 6
k 0.50
fM
= 24,000,000 » 4898.98 with T (q) = q
+ kq (assume g = 0 since the
T (4898) = 2449.489792 and T (4899) subsequent cost per book is so low that it can be
ignored), T (912) » 10,954.456 and T (913)
= 2449.489743, so ordering 4899 copies
per order minimizes the annual costs. » 10,954.451. So, 913 books should be printed
in each print run.
14. Here k = 1, M = 900, and f = 5. We have
17. Assuming an annual cost, k1, for storing a single
2f M unit, plus an annual cost per unit, k2, that must be
q =
k paid for each unit up to the maximum number of
2(5)(900) units stored, we have
=
1 fM kq
T (q ) = + gM + 1 + k2q; (0, ¥)
= 9000 » 94.9 q 2
-f M k
T (94) » 94.872 and T (95) » 94.868, so ordering T ¢( q ) = 2
+ 1 + k2
q 2
95 bottles per order minimizes the annual costs.
Set the derivative equal to 0.
15. Using maximum inventory size,
fM
T (q ) = + gM + kq; (0, ¥)
q
-f M
T ¢( q ) = +k
q2

-f M k (b) R = pq
2
+ 1 + k2 = 0
q 2 dR
= q(1 - E )
k1 + 2k2 fM dp
= 2
2 q When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0.
2
q (k1 + 2k2 ) Since q = 0 means no revenue, set
= fM
2 1 - E = 0, so E = 1.
2f M
q2 = From (a),
k1 + 2k2
p
2f M =1
q = 200 - p
k1 + 2k2
p = 200 - p
Since lim T (q) = ¥, lim T (q) = ¥, and p = 100.
q0 q ¥
p
2f M q = 50 -
q = k1 + 2k2
is the only critical value in (0, ¥), 4
100
2f M = 50 -
q = is the number of units that should 4
k1 + 2k2
= 25
be ordered or manufactured to minimize the total
cost in this case. Total revenue is maximized if q = 25.
2f M 20. q = 25,000 - 50 p
18. Use q = k1 + 2k2
from Exercise 17 with k1 = 1,
k2 = 2, M = 30, 000, and f = 750. Also, note dq
(a) = -50
that g = 8. dp
p dq
E =- ⋅
2fM q dp
q =
k1 + 2k2 p
=- (-50)
2(750)(30,000) 25,000 - 50 p
=
1 + 2(2) p
=
500 - p
= 9,000,000 = 3000
(b) R = pq
The number of production runs each year to
minimize her total costs is dR
= q(1 - E )
dp
M 30,000
= = 10.
q 3000 When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0.
p Since q = 0 means no revenue, set

19. q = 50 - 1 - E = 0.
4
dq 1 E =1
(a) =-
dp 4 From part (a),
p dq p
E =- ⋅ =1
q dp 500 - p
p æ 1 ö÷ p = 500 - p
=- çç - ÷
50 -
p çè 4 ÷ø
4 p = 250.
q = 25,000 - 50 p
æ 1ö
p
= - 200- p çç - ÷÷÷ = 25,000 - 50(250)
çè 4 ø
4 = 12,500
p
= Total revenue is maximized if q = 12,500.
200 - p

Section 6.3 437
21. (a) q = 37,500 - 5 p 2 2 p2

=
dq 4800 - p 2
= -10 p
dp
(b) R = pq
- p dq
E = ⋅ dR
q dp = q(1 - E )
dp
-p
= (-10 p) When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0. Since
37,500 - 5 p 2
q = 0 means no revenue, set 1 - E = 0.
10 p 2
=- E =1
37,500 - 5 p 2
From part (a),
2 p2
=
7500 - p 2 2 p2
=1
(b) R = pq 4800 - p 2
dR 2 p 2 = 4800 - p 2
= q(1 - E )
dp 3 p 2 = 4800
When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0. Since p 2 = 1600
q = 0 means no revenue, set 1 - E = 0. p = 40.
E =1 Since p must be positive, p = 40.
From (a),
q = 48, 000 - 10 p 2
2 p2 = 48, 000 - 10(40)2
2
=1
7500 - p = 48, 000 - 10(1600)
2 p 2 = 7500 - p 2 = 48, 000 - 16, 000
2 = 32, 000
3 p = 7500
p 2 = 2500
23. p = 400e-0.2q
p = 50.
dq
In order to find the derivative , we first need to
Since p must be positive, p = 50. dp
solve for q in the equation p = 400e-0.2q .

q = 37,500 - 5 p 2
p
= 37,500 - 5(50)2 (a) = e-0.2q
400
= 37,500 - 5(2500)
æ p ÷ö
ln çç = ln (e-0.2q ) = -0.2q
= 37,500 - 12,500 çè 400 ÷÷ø
= 25,000.
p
ln 400 æ p ÷ö
q = = -5 ln çç
22. q = 48,000 - 10 p 2 -0.2 çè 400 ÷÷ø
dq Now
(a) = -20 p
dp dq 1 1 -5
= -5 p ⋅ = , and
p dq dp 400 p
E =- ⋅ 400
q dp p dq p -5 5
-p E =- ⋅ =- ⋅ = .
= (-20 p) q dp q p q
48,000 - 10 p 2
(b) R = pq
20 p 2 dR
=- = q(1 - E )
48, 000 - 10 p 2 dp

When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0. Since 25. q = 400 - 0.2 p 2

q = 0 means no revenue, set 1 - E = 0. dq
= 0 - 0.4 p
E =1 dp
p dq
E =- ⋅
From part (a), q dp
5 P
=1 E =- (-0.4 p)
q 400 - 0.2 p 2
5= q 0.4 p 2
=
400 - 0.2 p 2
24. q = 10 - ln p
(a) If p = $20,
dq 1
(a) =-
dp p (0.4)(20) 2
E =
p dq 400 - 0.2(20) 2
E =- ⋅
q dp = 0.5.
- p æç 1 ö÷
= ç- ÷ Since E < 1, demand is inelastic. This
10 - ln p çè p ÷÷ø indicates that total revenue increases as price
1 increases.
=
10 - ln p (b) If p = $40,
(b) R = pq
(0.4)(40) 2
dR E =
= q(1 - E ) 400 - 0.2(40) 2
dp
= 8.
When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0. Since
q = 0 means no revenue, set 1 - E = 0. Since E > 1, demand is elastic. This indicates
that total revenue decreases as price increases.
E =1
From part (a), 26. q = 300 - 2 p
1 dq
=1 = -2
10 - ln p dp
1 = 10 - ln p p dq
E =- ⋅
ln p = 9 q dp
p(-2)
p = e9 E =-
300 - 2 p
q = 10 - ln p
2p
= 10 - ln e9 =
300 - 2 p
= 10 - 9
(a) When p = $100,
=1
Note that E = 1, thus we would expect E to 200
q E =
300 - 200
be maximum when q = 1. = 2.
Since E > 1, demand is elastic. This indicates
that a percentage increase in price will result
in a greater percentage decrease in demand.
(b) When p = $50,
100
E =
300 - 100
1
= < 1.
2

Section 6.3 439
Since E < 1, supply is inelastic. This indicates 30. q = 342.5 p-0.5314

that a percentage change in price will result in
a smaller percentage change in demand. dq
= 342.5(-0.5314) p-0.5354-1
dp
27. q = 2, 431,129 p-0.06 -182
= 1.5314
dq
= (-0.06)[2, 431,129 p-1.06 ] p
dp p dq
E =- ⋅
p dq q dp
E =-
q dp -p -182
= -0.5314
⋅ 1.5314
p 342.5 p p
=- (-0.06)[2, 431,129 p-1.06 ]
2, 431,129 p-0.06 182
=
= 0.06 342.5
» 0.5314
At any price (including $100/barrel) the elasticity
is 0.06 and the demand is inelastic. Since E < 1, the demand is inelastic.
28. q = Ap-0.13 31. (a) q = 55.2 - 0.022 p

dq
= (-0.13)[ Ap-1.13 ] dq
= -0.022
dp dp
p dq p dq
E =- E =- ⋅
q dp q dp
p
= - -0.13 (-0.13)[ Ap-1.13 ] =
-p
⋅ (-0.022)
Ap 55.2 - 0.022 p
= 0.13 0.022 p
=
At any price the elasticity is 0.13 and the demand 55.2 - 0.022 p
for rice is inelastic.
When p = $166.10,
29. q = 3,751, 000 p-2.826
3.6542
dq E = » 0.071.
= (-2.826)[3,751,000 p-3.826 ] 55.2 - 3.6542
dp
(b) Since E < 1, the demand for airfare is inelastic
p dq
E =- at this price.
q dp
p
(c) R = pq
=- (-2.826) dR
3,751, 000 p-2.826 = q(1 - E )
dp
[3,751, 000 p-3.826 ]
= 2.826 When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0.
Since q = 0 means no revenue, set
At any price the elasticity is 2.826 and the demand
is elastic. 1 - E = 0.
E =1
From (a),
0.022 p
=1
55.2 - 0.022 p
0.022 p = 55.2 - 0.022 p
0.044 p = 55.2
p » 1255
Total revenue is maximized if p » $1255.

32. p = 0.604q 2 - 20.16q + 263.067 But E = - q 0 ⋅

p dq
so the ratio PB equals the
0 dp PA
dq elasticity E.
= 1.208q - 20.16
dp 34. (a) q( p) = mp + b
p dq p The p and q intercepts are
E =- ⋅ = (-b / m, 0) and (0, b).
q dp -q
dp
( dq ) (b) The midpoint of the line joining these
0.604q 2 - 20.16q + 263.067 intercepts is (-b /(2m), b /2).
= (c) The elasticity is
-q(1.208q - 20.16)
p dq p
- = - ⋅ m.
(a) Since q = 11, q dp q
114.391 At the point found in (b) the elasticity is
E = » 1.51 -b /(2m)
-11(-6.872) - ⋅ m = 1.
b /2
(b) Since E > 1, demand is elastic.
(c) As q approaches 16.6887, the denominator of
E approaches zero, so E approaches infinity.
6.4 Implicit Differentiation
33. Your Turn 1
x 2 + y 2 = xy
d 2 d
(x + y2) = xy
dx dx
dy dy
2x + 2 y = x + y
dx dx
dy
(2 y - x) = y - 2x
dx
dy y - 2x
=
dx 2y - x
In the figure, we label P0 as P. The slope of the
Your Turn 2
tangent line is
xe y + x 2 = ln y
dq BR OB - OR OB - q0
=- = =
dp RP -RP - p0 d d
( xe y + x 2 ) = ln y
or dx dx
d d 2 d
dq xe y + x = ln y
- p0 = OB - q0 dx dx dx
dp dy 1 dy
e y + xe y + 2x =
p dq OB dx y dx
- 0 ⋅ = -1
q0 dp q0 æ y ö
çç xe - 1 ÷÷ dy = -2 x - e y
=
OB
-1 çè y ø÷÷ dx
OR
dy
( xye y - 1) = -2 xy - ye y
Because triangles AOB and PRB are similar, dx
p dq AB dy -2 xy - ye y ye y - 2 xy
- 0 ⋅ = -1 = =
q0 dp AP dx xye y - 1 1 - xye y
AB - AP
= Your Turn 3
AP
PB y 4 - x4 - y 2 + x2 = 0
=
PA

Section 6.4 441
d 4 d 6.4 Warmup Exercises

( y - x4 - y 2 + x2 ) = (0)
dx dx
dy dy W1. f ( x) = x ln( x 2 + 1)
4 y3 - 4 x3 - 2 y + 2x = 0
dx dx Use the product rule and write the factor
dy
(4 y 3 - 2 y) = 4 x3 - 2 x ln( x 2 + 1) as h( g ( x)) with h( x) = ln x and
dx
g ( x) = x 2 + 1 and apply the chain rule.
3
At the point (1, 1), 4 y - 2 y ¹ 0 so we can divide 2x
both sides of the equation above by this factor. f ¢( x) = (1) ln( x 2 + 1) + ( x) 2
x +1
dy 4 x3 - 2 x 2x2
= = ln( x 2 + 1) +
dx 4 y3 - 2 y 2
x +1
At (1, 1), W2. Use the quotient and chain rules, writing
3
dy 3
4x - 2x 4-2 e x as h( g ( x )) with h( x ) = e x and
= = =1
dx 4 y3 - 2 y 4-2 g ( x ) = x 3.
3
so the slope of the tangent line is m = 1. Use the point- ex
f ( x) =
slope form of the equation of a line. x2
y - y1 = m( x - x1) æ 2 x 3 ö÷ 2 æ 3ö
y - 1 = 1( x - 1)
( )
çç 3x e ÷÷ x - çç e x ÷÷÷( 2 x )
è ø è ø
f ¢( x ) = 2
y = x ( x2 )
e x ( 3x 4 - 2 x )
3
The equation of the tangent line at the point (1, 1)
is y = x. =
x4
( )
3
Your Turn 4 e x 3x 3 - 2
= 3
100,000 x
p = 2
= 100,000(q 2 + 100q)-1
q + 100q
d d
6.4 Exercises
p = [100, 000 (q 2 + 100q)-1]
dp dp 1. 6 x 2 + 5 y 2 = 36
2q + 100 dq
1 = -100, 000 2 d d
(q + 100q) 2 dp (6 x 2 + 5 y 2 ) = (36)
dx dx
dq (q 2 + 100q) 2 d d d
=- (6 x 2 ) + (5 y 2 ) = (36)
dp 100, 000 (2q + 100) dx dx dx
dy
Substitute q = 200 in this expression for the 12 x + 5 ⋅ 2 y =0
dx
derivative.
dy
10 y = -12 x
dq (q 2 + 100q)2 dx
=-
dp 100, 000 (2q + 100) dy 6x
=-
2
[200 + 100(200)] 2 dx 5y
=-
(100, 000)[2(200) + 100]
= -72
When the price is 200, the rate of change of demand with
respect to price is -72 units per unit change in price.

2. 7 x 2 - 4 y 2 = 24 5. 5x3 = 3 y 2 + 4 y
d d d d
(7 x 2 - 4 y 2 ) = (24) (5x3 ) = (3 y 2 + 4 y)
dx dx dx dx
d d d d d
(7 x 2 ) - (4 y 2 ) = (24) 15 x 2 = (3 y 2 ) + (4 y)
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy dy
14 x - 8 y =0 15 x 2 = 6 y +4
dx dx dx
dy 15 x 2 dy
8y = 14 x =
dx 6y + 4 dx
dy 7x
=
dx 4y
6. 3x3 - 8 y 2 = 10 y
3. 8 x 2 - 10 xy + 3 y 2 = 26 d d
(3x3 - 8 y 2 ) = (10 y)
dx dx
d d d d dy
(8 x 2 - 10 xy + 3 y 2 ) = (26) (3x3 ) - (8 y 2 ) = 10
dx dx dx dx dx
d d dy dy
16 x - (10 xy) + (3 y 2 ) =0 2
9 x - 16 y = 10
dx dx dx dx
dy d dy dy
16 x - 10 x - y (10 x) + 6 y =0 9 x 2 = (16 y + 10)
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
16 x - 10 x - 10 y + 6 y =0 9x2 dy
dx dx =
16 y + 10 dx
dy
(-10 x + 6 y) = -16 x + 10 y
dx
-16 x + 10 y 2- y
dy
= 7. 3x 2 =
dx -10 x + 6 y 2+ y
dy 8x - 5 y d d çæ 2 - y ÷ö
= (3x 2 ) = ç ÷÷
dx 5x - 3 y dx dx çèç 2 + y ÷ø
(2 + y) d (2 - y) - (2 - y) d (2 + y)
6x = dx dx
2 2
4. 7 x = 5 y + 4 xy + 1 (2 + y) 2
d
(7 x 2 ) =
d
(5 y 2 + 4 xy + 1) 6x =
(2 + y) - ( dydx ) - (2 - y) dydx
dx dx (2 + y) 2
d
14 x = (5 y 2 + 4 xy + 1) -4
dy
dx 6x = dx
d d d (2 + y)2
14 x = 10 y y + 4 x ( y) + y (4 x)
dx dx dx dy
6 x(2 + y)2 = -4
dy dy dx
14 x = 10 y + 4 x (1) + 4 y
dx dx 3x(2 + y) 2 dy
- =
dy 2 dx
14 x - 4 y = (10 y + 4 x)
dx
14 x - 4 y dy
=
10 y + 4 x dx
7x - 2 y dy
=
2x + 5 y dx

Section 6.4 443
5+ x 11. x 4 y 3 + 4 x3/2 = 6 y 3/2 + 5

8. 2 y2 =
5- x
d 4 3 d
d d æç 5 + x ö÷ ( x y + 4 x3/2 ) = (6 y 3/2 + 5)
(2 y 2 ) = ç ÷ dx dx
dx dx çè 5 - x ÷ø d 4 3 d d d
dy (1)(5 - x) - (-1)(5 + x) (x y ) + (4 x3/2 ) = (6 y 3/2 ) + (5)
4y = dx dx dx dx
dx (5 - x) 2 dy dy
4 x3 y 3 + x 4 ⋅ 3 y 2 + 6 x1/2 = 9 y1/2 +0
dy 5-x+5+ x dx dx
4y =
dx (5 - x)2 dy dy
4 x3 y 3 + 6 x1/2 = 9 y1/2 - 3x 4 y 2
10 dx dx
=
(5 - x)2 dy
4 x3 y 3 + 6 x1/2 = (9 y1/2 - 3x 4 y 2 )
dy 10 dx
=
dx 4 y(5 - x) 2 4 x3 y 3 + 6 x1/2 dy
1/2 4 2
=
5 9y - 3x y dx
= 2
2 y(5 - x)
12. ( xy)4/3 + x1/3 = y 6 + 1
9. 2 x + 4 y = 5y
d d 6
[( xy)4/3 + x1/3 ] = ( y + 1)
d d dx dx
(2 x1/2 + 4 y1/2 ) = (5 y )
dx dx d 4/3 4/3 d 1/3 d 6 d
(x y ) + (x ) = (y ) + (1)
dy dy dx dx dx dx
x-1/2 + 2 y-1/2 =5
dx dx 4 1/3 dy 4 1
dy x 4/3 ⋅ y + x1/3 y 4/3 + x-2/3
-1 2
(2 y - 5) = -x-1/2 3 dx 3 3
dx dy
= 6 y5 +0
dy x-1/2 çæ x1/2 y1/2 ö÷÷ dx
= çç ÷
dx 5 - 2 y-1/2 çè x1/2 y1/2 ø÷÷ 4 1/3 4/3 1 dy 4 dy
x y + x-2/3 = 6 y 5 - x 4/3 y1/3
1/2 3 3 dx 3 dx
y
= 1/2 1/2
x (5 y - 2) 1/3 4/3 -2/3 5 dy 4/3 1/3 dy
4x y +x = 18 y - 4x y
dx dx
y dy
= 1/3 4/3
4x y +x-2/3 5 4/3 1/3
= (18 y - 4 x y ) ⋅
x (5 y - 2) dx
4 x1/3 y 4/3 + x-2/3 dy
3/2 5 4/3 1/3
=
10. 4 x - 8 y = 6 y 18 y - 4 x y dx
2/3 1 3 4/3 -2/3
d d x 4x y +x dy
(4 x1/2 - 8 y1/2 ) = 6 ( y 3/2 ) 2/3
⋅ 5 4/3 1/3
=
dx dx x 18 y - 4 x y dx
dy 3 dy 4/3
+1
2 x-1/2 - 4 y-1/2 = 6 ⋅ y1/2 4 xy
=
dy
dx 2 dx 18x 2/3 5
y - 4x y 2 1/3 dx
dy
2 x-1/2 = (9 y1/2 + 4 y-1/2 )
dx
2 x-1/2 dy
1/2 -1/2
=
9y + 4y dx
2 y dy
=
x (9 y + 4) dx

16. y ln x + 2 = x3/2 y5/2

2
13. e x y
= 5x + 4 y + 2
d x2 y d d d 3/2 5/2
(e ) = (5 x + 4 y + 2) ( y ln x + 2) = (x y )
dx dx dx dx
d d d d dy y 3 5 dy
= x1/2 y 5/2 + x 3/2 y 3/2
2
e x y ( x 2 y) = (5 x) + (4 y) + (2) ln x + +0
dx dx dx dx dx x 2 2 dx
2 æ dy ö dy dy 5 3/2 3/2 dy 3 1/2 5/2 y
e x y çç 2 xy + x 2 ÷÷÷ = 5 + 4 +0 ln x - x y = x y -
çè dx ø dx dx 2 dx 2 x
æ
dy ç 5 3/2 3/2 ö 3 y
çç ln x - x y ÷÷÷ = x1/2 y 5/2 -
2 2 dy dy
2 xye x y + x 2e x y = 5+4 dx è 2 ø 2 x
dx dx
2 dy dy 2 3 x1/2 y 5/2 - y
x 2e x y -4 = 5 - 2 xye x y dy 2 x
dx dx =
dx ln x - 25 x 3/2 y 3/2
2 dy 2
( x 2e x y - 4) = 5 - 2 xye x y
dx 3x 3/2 y 5/2 - 2 y
=
2 x(2 ln x - 5x 3/2 y 3/2 )
dy 5 - 2 xye x y
= 2
dx x 2e x y - 4
17. x 2 + y 2 = 25; tangent at (-3, 4)
14. x 2e y + y = x3 d 2 d
(x + y2) = (25)
dx dx
d 2 y d 3
( x e + y) = (x ) dy
dx dx 2x + 2 y =0
dx
d 2 y d
(x e ) + ( y) = 3x 2 dy
dx dx 2y = -2 x
dx
dy dy
2 xe y + x 2e y + = 3x 2 dy x
dx dx =-
dx y
dy dy
x 2e y + = 3x 2 - 2 xe y
dx dx x -3 3
m=- =- =
dy y 4 4
( x 2e y + 1) = 3x 2 - 2 xe y
dx y - y1 = m( x - x1)
dy 3x 2 - 2 xe y 3
= y-4= [ x - (-3)]
dx x 2e y + 1 4
4 y - 16 = 3x + 9
15. x + ln y = x 2 y 3 4 y = 3x + 25
3 25
d d 2 3 y = x+
( x + ln y) = (x y ) 4 4
dx dx
1 dy dy
1+ = 2 xy 3 + 3x 2 y 2 18. x 2 + y 2 = 100; tangent at (8, - 6)
y dx dx
1 dy dy d 2 d
- 3x 2 y 2 = 2 xy 3 - 1 (x + y2) = (100)
y dx dx dx dx
æ1 ö dy
çç - 3x 2 y 2 ÷÷ dy = 2 xy 3 - 1 2x + 2 y =0
çè y ÷÷ dx dx
ø
dy x
dy 2 xy 3 - 1 =-
= dx y
dx 1 - 3x 2 y 2
y x 8 4
m=- =- =
y(2 xy 3 - 1) y -6 3
=
1 - 3x 2 y 3

Section 6.4 445
y - y1 = m( x - x1) 2 xy 3 2(-1)(2)3
m =- =-
4 3x 2 y 2 3(-1)2 (2)2
y+6= ( x - 8)
3 16 4
3 y + 18 = 4 x - 32 = =
12 3
3 y = 4 x - 50 4
4 50 y - 2 = ( x + 1)
y = x- 3
3 3 3 y - 6 = 4x + 4
3 y = 4 x + 10
19. x 2 y 2 = 1; tangent at (-1, 1) 4 10
y = x+
3 3
d 2 2 d
(x y ) = (1) 1
dx dx y - 2 = - ( x - 4)
4
d d
x2 ( y 2 ) + y 2 ( x2 ) = 0 1
dx dx y =- x+3
4
dy
x 2 (2 y) + y 2 (2 x) = 0
dx
dy 21. 2 y2 - x = 4; tangent at (16, 2)
2x2 y = -2 xy 2
dx
d d
dy -2 xy 2 y (2 y 2 - x ) = (4)
= =- dx dx
dx 2 x
2x y dy 1
4y - x-1/2 =0
dx 2
y 1
m=- =- =1 dy 1
x -1 4y =
y - 1 = 1[ x - (-1)]
dx 2 x1/2
dy 1
y = x +1+1 =
dx 8 yx1/2
y = x+2
1 1
m= 1/2
=
2 3
20. x y = 8; tangent at (-1, 2) 8 yx 8(2)(16)1/2
1 1
d 2 3 d = =
(x y ) = (8) 8(2)(4) 64
dx dx
dy 1
2 xy3 + 3x 2 y 2 =0 y - 2 = - ( x - 4)
dx 4
dy 2 xy 3 1
=- 2 2 y =- x+3
dx 4
3x y
1
y-2= ( x - 16)
64
64 y - 128 = x - 16
64 y = x + 112
x 7
y = +
64 4

dy
22. y +
x
= 3; tangent at (4, 2) dy - 1 yx-1/2 + x
y = 2 dx
dx y2
d æç x ö÷
÷÷ = d (3) y2
dy 1
= - yx-1/2 + x
dy
çç y + dx 2 dx
dx çè y ÷ø dx
dy 1 -1/2
dy d æç x ö÷÷ ( y2 - x) = - yx
+ ç ÷=0 dx 2
dx dx ççè y ÷ø dy -y
= 1/2 2
dy
+
y ( 12 ) x-1/ 2 - x
dy
dx
=0
dx 2x ( y - x )
-y
dx y2 m = 1/2 2
2x ( y - x )
-2
=
2(2)(4 - 2)
1
=-
4
2
+ y2
23. ex = xe5 y - y 2e5 x /2 ; tangent at (2,1)
d x2 + y 2 d
(e )= ( xe5 y - y 2e5 x /2 )
dx dx
2
+ y2 d 2 d é dy d æ 5x ö ù
ex ⋅ ( x + y 2 ) = e5 y + x (e5 y ) - ê 2 y e5 x /2 + y 2e5x /2 çç ÷÷÷ ú
dx dx ê dx
ë dx çè 2 ø úû
2
+ y 2 æç dy ö 5 y dy dy 5
ex çç 2 x + 2 y ÷÷÷ = e + x ⋅ 5e
5y
- 2 ye5 x /2 - y 2e5x /2
è dx ø dx dx 2
æ x2 + y 2 ö dy 2 2 5
ç
çè 2 ye - 5xe5 y + 2 ye5 x /2 ÷÷ = -2 xe x + y + e5 y - y 2e5 x /2
ø dx 2
2 2
dy -2 xe x + y + e5 y - 52 y 2e5x /2
= 2 2
dx 2 ye x + y - 5xe5 y + 2 ye5 x /2
-4e5 + e5 - 5 e5
2
- 11
2
e5 11
m= 5 5 5
= 5
=
2e - 10e + 2e -6e 12
11
y -1 = ( x - 2)
12
11 5
y = x-
12 6

Section 6.4 447
3 2
24. 2 xe xy = e x + ye x ; tangent at (1, 1)
d d æç x3 2ö
(2xe xy ) = ç e + ye x ÷÷÷
dx dx è ø
d 3 d dy 2 2 d 2
2e xy + 2x ⋅ e xy ( xy) = e x ( x3) + ⋅ 2 x + ye x ⋅ (x )
dx dx dx dx
æ dy ö 3 dy 2 2
2e xy + 2xe xy çç y + x ÷÷÷ = e x ⋅ 3x2 + e x + ye x ⋅ 2x
çè dx ø dx
æ 2 xy x2 ö÷ dy xy xy x2 2 x3
ç
çè 2x e - e ÷÷ø dx = -2e - 2xye + 2xye + 3x e
2 3
dy -2e xy - 2xye xy + 2xye x + 3x2e x
= 2
dx 2x2e xy - e x
-2e - 2e + 2e + 3e e
m= = =1
2e - e e
y - 1 = 1( x - 1)
y = x
25. ln( x + y) = x3 y 2 + ln( x 2 + 2) - 4; tangent at (1, 2)
d d 3 2
[ln( x + y)] = [ x y + ln( x 2 + 2) - 4]
dx dx
1 d dy 1 d 2 d
⋅ ( x + y ) = 3x 2 y 2 + x3 ⋅ 2 y + 2 ⋅ ( x + 2) - (4)
x + y dx dx x +2 dx dx
æ 1 ö
3 ÷÷ dy 2x 1
çç 2 2
çè x + y - 2 x y ÷ø÷ dx = 3x y + x 2 + 2 - x + y
dy 3x 2 y 2 + 22 x - x +1 y
x +2
=
dx 1 - 2 x3 y
x+ y
3 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 4 + 23⋅1 - 13 37
3 = - 37
m= 1 - 2 ⋅1⋅ 2
= -11
3 3
11
37
y-2 =- ( x - 1)
11
37 59
y =- x+
11 11

y
26. ln( x 2 + y 2 ) = ln(5 x) + - 2; tangent at (1, 2)
x
d d é y ù
[ln( x 2 + y 2 )] = ê ln(5 x) + - 2 ú
dx dx ëê x úû
dy
1 d 2 1 d x dx - y d
2
⋅
2 dx
(x + y2) = ⋅ (5x) + 2
- (2)
x + y 5 x dx x dx
1 æ ö
ç 2 x + 2 y dy ÷÷ = 1 + 1 ⋅ dy - y
2 2 ççè ø÷
x + y dx x x dx x2
æ 2y 1 ö÷÷ dy 1 y 2x
çç - = - 2 - 2
çç 2 2 ÷÷
èx + y x ø÷ dx x x x + y2
y
1 - - 22x 2
dy x x2 x +y
= 2y
dx - 1x
x2 + y 2
1 - 2 - 52 -7
m= 4
= -51 = 7
5
-1 5
y - 2 = 7( x - 1)
y = 7x - 5

Section 6.4 449
27. y 3 + xy - y = 8 x 4 ; x = 1 29. y 3 + xy 2 + 1 = x + 2 y 2 ; x = 2
First, find the y-value of the point. Find the y-value of the point.
y 3 + (1) y - y = 8(1)4 y3 + 2 y 2 + 1 = 2 + 2 y 2
y3 = 8 y3 + 1 = 2
y = 2 y3 = 1
The point is (1, 2). y =1
dy The point is (2, 1).
Find dx
.
dy
dy dy dy Find .
3y2 +x + y- = 32 x3 dx
dx dx dx
dy dy dy dy
(3 y 2 + x - 1) = 32 x3 - y 3y2 + x2 y + y2 = 1 + 4y
dx dx dx dx
dy 32 x3 - y dy dy dy
= 3y2 + 2 xy - 4y = 1- y2
dx 3y2 + x - 1 dx dx dx
dy
At (1, 2), (3 y 2 + 2 xy - 4 y) = 1- y2
dx
dy 32(1)3 - 2 30 5 dy 1 - y2
= = = . =
dx 2
3(2) + 1 - 1 12 2 dx 3 y 2 + 2 xy - 4 y
5 At (2, 1),
y-2 = ( x - 1)
2
5 5 dy 1 - 12
y-2 = x- = 2
= 0.
2 2 dx 3(1) + 2(2)(1) - 4(1)
5 1 y - 0 = 0( x - 2)
y = x-
2 2 y =1
28. y 3 + 2 x 2 y - 8 y = x3 + 19, x = 2 30. y 4 (1 - x) + xy = 2, x = 1

dy dy dy Find the y-value.
3y2 + 2x2 + 4 xy - 8 = 3x 2
dx dx dx
y 4 (1 - 1) + y = 2
dy
(3 y 2 + 2 x 2 - 8) = 3x 2 - 4 xy y = 2
dx
dy 3x 2 - 4 xy The point is (1, 2).
=
dx 3 y2 + 2x2 - 8 Find
dy
.
dx
Find y when x = 2.
dy dy
y 4 (-1) + 4 y 3 (1 - x) +x + y = 0
3
y + 8 y - 8 y = 8 + 19 dx dx
dy dy dy
y3 = 27 - y 4 + 4 y3 - 4 xy3 +x + y = 0
dx dx dx
y =3 (4 y3 - 4 xy3 + x)
dy
= y4 - y
dy 12 - 24 -12 4 dx
= = =-
dx 27 + 8 - 8 27 9 dy y4 - y
=
dx 4 y3 - 4 xy3 + x
4
y - 3 = - ( x - 2)
9 dy
at (1, 2) is
4 8 dx
y-3 = - x+
9 9
24 - 2 16 - 2
4 35 = = 14.
y =- x+ 3
4 ⋅ 2 - 1(1)2 + 1 3 32 - 32 + 1
9 9

y - 2 = 14( x - 1) dy
Find .
y - 2 = 14 x - 14 dx
y = 14 x - 12 y 1 2 dy 1 dy
(2 x) + ( x - 64) + x 2/3 y-2/3
18 18 dx 3 dx
31. 2 y3 ( x - 3) + x y = 3; x = 3 2 -1/3 1/3
+ x y =0
3
Find the y-value of the point.
æ x 2 - 64 x 2/3 y-2/3 ö÷÷ dy -2 xy 2 x-1/3 y1/3
çç
2 y 3 (3 - 3) + 3 y = 3 çç 18 + ÷
÷÷ dx = -
è 3 ø 18 3
3 y =3 -1/3 1/3
-2 xy
dy - 2x 3 y -2 xy - 12 x-1/3 y1/3
y =1 = 18 =
x 2 - 64 + 6 x 2/3 y-2/3
2/3 -2/3
dx x 2 - 64 + x y
y =1 18 3
The point is (3, 1) dy

at (8, 27) is
dy dx
Find dx
.
-2(8)(27) - 12(8)-1/3(27)-1/3 -432 - 18
dy 2/3 -2/3
= 24
2 y3 (1) + 6 y 2 ( x - 3) 64 - 64 + 6(8) (27) 9
dx
æ 9 ö
æ 1 ö÷ -1/2 dy = (-450) çç ÷÷÷
+ x çç ÷÷ y + y =0 çè 24 ø
çè 2 ø dx
-675
dy x dy =
6 y 2 ( x - 3) + = -2 y 3 - y 4
dx 2 y dx
675
é ù dy y - 27 = - ( x - 8)
ê 6 y 2 ( x - 3) + x ú 3 4
ê 2 y ú dx = -2 y - y
675
êë úû y - 27 = - x + 1350
4
dy -2 y 3 - y
= 675
dx 6 y 2 ( x - 3) + x y =- x + 1377
2 y 4
-4 y 7/2 - 2 y 33. x 2/3 + y 2/3 = 2; (1, 1)
=
12 y 5/2 ( x - 3) + x dy
Find .
At (3, 1), dx
2 -1/3 2 dy
dy -4(1) - 2 -6 x + y-1/3 =0
= = = -2. 3 3 dx
dx 12(1)(3 - 3) + 3 3
2 dy 2
y-1/3 = - x-1/3
y - 1 = -2( x - 3) 3 dx 3
2
y - 1 = -2 x + 6 dy - x -1/3
y = -2 x + 7 = 23
dx y-1/3
3
y 2 y1/3
32. ( x - 64) + x 2/3 y1/3 = 12, x = 8 = - 1/3
18 x
Find the y-value of the point. At (1, 1)
dy 11/3
y =- = -1
(64 - 64) + 82/3 y1/3 = 12 dx 11/3
18
y -1 = -1( x - 1)
4 y1/3 = 12
y -1 = -x + 1
y1/3 = 3
y = -x + 2
y = 27
The point is (8, 27).

Section 6.4 451
34. 3( x 2 + y 2 )2 = 25( x 2 - y 2 ); (2, 1)

dy
Find .
dx
d 2 d
6( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x + y 2 ) = 25 ( x 2 - y 2 )
dx dx
æ dy ö æ dy ö
6( x 2 + y 2 ) çç 2 x + 2 y ÷÷÷ = 25 çç 2 x - 2 y ÷÷÷
èç dx ø èç dx ø
dy dy dy
12 x3 + 12 x 2 y + 12 xy 2 + 12 y 3 = 50 x - 50 y
dx dx dx
2 dy 3 dy dy
12 x y + 12 y + 50 y = -12 x - 12 xy 2 + 50 x
3
dx dx dx
dy
(12 x 2 y + 12 y3 + 50 y) = -12 x3 - 12 xy 2 + 50 x
dx
dy -12 x3 - 12 xy 2 + 50 x
=
dx 12 x 2 y + 12 y 3 + 50 y
At (2,1),
dy -12(2)3 - 12(2)(1) 2 + 50(2)

=
dx 12(2)2 + 12(1)3 + 50(1)
-20
=
110
2
=-
11
2
y - 1 = - ( x - 2)
11
2 4
y -1 = - x +
11 11
2 15
y =- x+
11 11
35. y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 20 x 2 ; (1, 2)
dy
Find .
dx
dy æ dy ö
+ y 2 çç 2 x + 2 y ÷÷÷
2 y( x 2 + y 2 ) = 40 x
dx ç
è dx ø
dy dy dy
2x2 y + 2 y3 + 2 xy 2 + 2 y 3 = 40 x
dx dx dx
dy dy
2x2 y + 4 y3 = -2 xy 2 + 40 x
dx dx
æ dy ö
(2 x 2 y + 4 y 3 ) çç ÷÷÷ = -2 xy 2 + 40 x
çè dx ø
dy -2 xy 2 + 40 x
=
dx 2x2 y + 4 y3

At (1, 2),
dy -2(1)(2)2 + 40(1)
=
dx 2(1)2 (2) + 4(2)3
32 8
= =
36 9
8
y - 2 = ( x - 1)
9
8 8
y-2= x-
9 9
8 10
y = x+
9 9
36. 2( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = 25xy 2 ; (2, 1)

dy
Find .
dx
d 2 d
4( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x + y 2 ) = 25 ( xy 2 )
dx dx
æ dy ö æ dy ö
4( x 2 + y 2 ) çç 2 x + 2 y ÷÷ = 25 çç y 2 + 2 xy ÷÷
èç dx ø÷ èç dx ø÷
dy dy dy
8x3 + 8 x 2 y + 8 xy 2 + 8 y3 = 25 y 2 + 50 xy
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
8x 2 y + 8 y3 - 50 xy = -8 x3 - 8 xy 2 + 25 y 2
dx dx dx
æ dy ö
(8x 2 y + 8 y 3 - 50 xy) çç ÷÷÷ = -8 x3 - 8 xy 2 + 25 y 2
çè dx ø
dy -8 x3 - 8 xy 2 + 25 y 2
=
dx 8x 2 y + 8 y3 - 50 xy
At (2,1),
dy -8(2)3 - 8(2)(1)2 + 25(1) 2

=
dx 8(2) 2 (1) + 8(1)3 - 50(2)(1)
-55 11
= =
-60 12
11
y -1 = ( x - 2)
12
11 11
y -1 = x-
12 6
11 5
y = x-
12 6

Section 6.4 453
37. x 2 + y 2 = 100 39. (a) u + 2v + 1 = 5
(a) Lines are tangent at points where x = 6. du du

( u + 2v + 1) = (5)
By substituting x = 6 in the equation, we dv dv
find that the points are (6, 8) and (6, - 8). 1 -1/2 du 1
u + (2v + 1)-1/2 (2) = 0
2 dv 2
d 2 d
(x + y2) = (100) 1 -1/2 du 1
dx dx u =-
2 dv (2v + 1)1/2
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx du 2u1/2
=-
2y
dy
= -2 x
dv (2v + 1)1/2
dx
x (b) u + 2v + 1 = 5
dy = -
y dv dv
( u + 2v + 1) = (5)
x 6 3 du du
m1 = - =- =- 1 -1/2 1 dv
y 8 4 u + (2v + 1)-1/2 (2) =0
x 6 3 2 2 du
m2 = - = - = dv 1
y -8 4 (2v + 1)-1/2 = - u-1/2
du 2
First tangent: dv (2v + 1)1/2
=-
3
y - 8 = - ( x - 6)
du 2u1/2
4
The derivatives are reciprocals.
3 25
y =- x+ 2
-v
4 2 40. (a) eu -v =1
Second tangent: d æ u2 -v ö d
çe - v ÷÷÷ = (1)
3 dv çè ø dv
y - (-8) =( x - 6)
4 d æ u 2 - v ÷ö d d
çe ÷÷ø - dv v = dv (1)
3 18 dv çè
y+8 = x-
4 4 2 d
eu - v (u 2 - v ) - 1 = 0
3 25 dv
y = x-
4 2 2 æ du ö
eu - v çç 2u - 1 ÷÷÷ = 1
çè dv ø
(b)
du 1
2u -1 = 2
dv e -v
u
du 1 çæ 1 ÷ö
= çç 2 + 1 ÷÷
dv 2u èç eu - v ÷ø÷
2
du 1 + eu - v
= 2
dv 2ueu - v
38. y 2 = x3 + ax + b
d 2 d 3
(y ) = ( x + ax + b)
dx dx
dy
2y = 3x 2 + a
dx
dy 3x 2 + a
=
dx 2y

43. C 2 = x 2 + 100 x + 50
u2 - v
(b) e -v =1
dC 1
d æ u2 - v ö d (a) 2C = 2 x + (100) x-1/2
çe - v ÷÷÷ = (1) dx 2
du çè ø du
dC 2 x + 50 x-1/2
d æ u 2 - v ö÷ d d =
çe ÷÷ø - du v = du (1) dx 2C
du çè
dC x + 25 x-1/2 x1/2
2 d 2 dv = ⋅ 1/2
eu - v (u - v ) - = 0 dx C x
du du
2 æ dv ö÷ dv dC x3/2 + 25
eu - v çç 2u - ÷- = 0 =
çè du ÷ø du dx Cx1/2
When x = 5, the approximate increase in
2 dv dv 2 cost in dollars of an additional unit is
eu - v - = -2ueu - v
du du (5)3/2 + 25 36.18
dv æ u 2 - v ö 2 =
- çç e + 1 ÷÷÷ = -2ueu - v 2
(5 + 100 5 + 50) 1/2 1/2
(5) (17.28) 5
du è ø
2 » 0.94.
dv 2ueu - v
= 2
du (b) 900( x - 5) 2 + 25R 2 = 22, 500
eu - v + 1
R 2 = 900 - 36( x - 5) 2
41. x 2 + y 2 + 1 = 0 dR
2R = -72( x - 5)
dx
d 2 d
(x + y2) = (-1) dR -36( x - 5) 180 - 36 x
dx dx = =
dx R R
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx When x = 5, the approximate change in
dy -2 x x revenue for a unit increase in sales is
= =-
dx 2y y 180 - 36(5) 0
= = 0.
R R
If x and y are real numbers, x 2 and y 2 are
nonnegative; 1 plus a nonnegative number cannot
equal zero, so there is no function y = f ( x) that 44. 2 p 2 + q 2 = 1600
satisfies x 2 + y 2 + 1 = 0. dq
(a) 4 p + 2q =0
dp
dq
42. x = w( x)e w( x) 4 p = -2q
dp
Differentiate both sides with respect to x using the
product and chain rules. 2p dq
- =
dw w dw w q dp
1= e + w⋅ e
dx dx This is the rate of change of demand with
respect to price.
1=
dw w
dx
(
e + we w ) dp
dw 1 (b) 4 p + 2q = 0
= w dq
dx e (1 + w) dp q
=-
When w = 1, dq 2p
dw 1 1
= 1 = . This is the rate of change of price with respect
dx e (1 + 1) 2e to demand.

Section 6.4 455
45. (a) ln q = D - 0.44 ln p p dq

E =-
1 dq 0.44 q dp
=-
q dp p æ p ö÷
= ççç - C -0.678 ÷÷ (eC (-0.678) p-1.678 )
dp q èç e p ÷ø÷
= -0.44
dq p
= 0.678
p dq This is the same answer as found in part (a).
E =-
q dp
pæ qö 47. First note that
= - çç -0.44 ÷÷÷
q çè p ÷ø if log R( w) = 1.83 - 0.43log(w)
= 0.44
then R(w) = 101.83-0.43log( w)
E is less than 1, so the demand is inelastic.
= 101.8310-0.43log( w)
(b) Solving for q first:
= 101.83[10log( w) ]-0.43
ln q = D - 0.44 ln p
= 101.83 w-0.43
ln q D -0.44 ln p
e =e
d d
q = e D p-0.44 (a) [log R(w)] = [1.83 - 0.43log(w)]
dw dw
dq
= e D (-0.678) p-1.44 1 1 dR
= 0 - 0.43
1 1
dp ln10 R(w) dw ln10 w
p dq dR R(w)
E =- = -0.43
q dp dw w
æ p ö÷ 101.83 w-0.43
= ççç - D -0.44 ÷÷ (e D (-0.44) p-1.44 ) = -0.43
çè e p ÷÷ø w
» -29.0716w-1.43
= 0.44
This is the same answer as found in part (a). (b) R(w) = 101.83 w-0.43
d d
[ R(w)] = [101.83 w-0.43 ]
46. (a) ln q = C - 0.678ln p dw dw
dR
1 dq
=-
0.678 = 101.83 (-0.43)w-1.43
q dp p dw
dp q » -29.0716w-1.43
= -0.678
dq p
48. xy a = k
p dq d d
E =- ( xy a ) = (k )
q dp dx dx
pæ qö d a
= - çç -0.678 ÷÷÷ x ( y ) + y a (1) = 0
q èç p ø÷ dx
= 0.678 æ dy ö
x çç ay a -1 ÷÷÷ + y a = 0
çè dx ø
E is less than 1, so the demand is inelastic.
dy
(b) Solving for q first: axy a -1 = -ya
dx
ln q = C - 0.678ln p
dy ya
e ln q
=e C -0.678ln p =-
dx axy a -1
q = eC p-0.678 dy y
=-
dq dx ax
= eC (-0.678) p-1.678
dp

49. b - a = (b + a)3 f ¢¢( R)

C
d d =
(b - a) = [(b + a)3 ] (1 + hcR)3
db db
da d é d 2t ù
1-
db
= 3(b + a)2
db
(b + a) ê
( 2
ê 2 R + 2R hC + R h C
3 2 2
)
ú
ú
´ ê dR ú
da æ da ö÷ ê dt ú
1- = 3(b + a)2 çç1 + ÷ ê + 2 ( 1 + hcR ) - 2thC úú
db çè db ø÷ ê
ë dR û
da da C
1- = 3(b + a)2 + 3(b + a) 2 =
db db (1 + hcR)3
da da é d 2t ù
- - 3(b + a)2 = 3(b + a)2 - 1 ê 2 ú
db db ê 2 R ( 1 + hcR ) ú
´ ê dR ú
da ê ú
[-1 - 3(b + a) 2] = 3(b + a)2 - 1 ê dt ú
db ê + 2 ( 1 + hcR ) - 2thC ú
ë dR û
da 3(b + a) 2 - 1
= For the graph of f ( R) to be concave down,
db -1 - 3(b + a) 2 f ( R) must be negative, which will be true
da when the expression in brackets above is
=0
db negative. This is what the exercise claims.
3(b + a )2 - 1 = 0
52. 2s 2 + st - 4 = 3t
1
b+a = æ
3 ds 1 ds ö
4s + (st )-1/2 çç s + t ÷÷÷ = 3
dt 2 çè dt ø
æ 1 ö÷3 1
Since b - a = (b + a)3 = çç ÷ = . ds s + t ds
çè 3 ÷÷ø 3 3 4s + dt = 3
dt 2 st
1
b+a = 8s( st ) ds
dt
+ s + t ds
dt
3 =3
1
2 st
-(b - a) = -
3 3 (8s st + t ) ds
dt
+s
=3
2a = 2 2 st
3 3
ds
1 (8s st + t ) = 6 st - s
a = dt
3 3
ds -s + 6 st
=
50. f ( x) g ( N ( x)) - m - s( x) = 0 dt 8s st + t
Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
f ¢( x ) g ( N ( x )) + f ( x ) g ¢( N ( x )) N ¢( x )
- s¢( x ) = 0 53. s 3 - 4st + 2t 3 - 5t = 0
Solve for N ¢( x). ds æç ds ö
3s 2 - ç 4t + 4s ÷÷÷ + 6t 2 - 5 = 0
ç
dt è dt ø
f ( x ) g ¢( N ( x )) N ¢( x ) = s¢( x ) - f ¢( x ) g ( N ( x ))
ds ds
s¢( x ) - f ¢( x ) g ( N ( x )) 3s 2 - 4t - 4s + 6t 2 - 5 = 0
N ¢( x ) = dt dt
f ( x ) g ¢( N ( x ))
ds 2
dN s¢( x ) - f ¢( x ) g ( N ) (3s - 4t ) = 4s - 6t 2 + 5
= dt
dx f ( x ) g ¢( N )
ds 4s - 6t 2 + 5
=
51. Differentiate f ( R) twice, treating t as a dt 3s 2 - 4t
function of R.

Section 6.5 457
dy
2(7)(3) + 2(24) =0
6.5 Related Rates dt
dy -2(7)(3)
Your Turn 1 =
dt 2(24)
x3 + 2 xy + y 2 = 1, where both x and y are functions =-
7
of t. Given x = 1, y = -2, and dx /dy = 6, find 8
dy /dt. The latter is sliding down the side of the building at
7/8 ft/min.
d 3
dt
(
x + 2 xy + y 2 =
d
dt
)
(1)
Your Turn 3
dx dy dx dy
3x 2 + 2x + 2y + 2y = 0
dt dt dt dt In Example 4, differentiating the formula for the volume
dy dy æ dx dx ö of a cone gives the following result:
52 x + 2y = -çç 3x 2 + 2 y ÷÷÷
dt dt ç
è dt dt ø dV 1 é dh dr ù
= π ê r2 + (h)(2r ) ú
dy dx çç 3x + 2 y ö÷÷
æ 2
dt 3 êë dt dt úû
= ç- ÷
dt dt çèç 2 x + 2 y ÷÷ø÷
For this problem,
Now substitute the given values. dV dr
= -10, = -0.4, r = 4, and h = 20.
dt dt
dy dx æç 3x 2 + 2 y ö÷÷
= ç- ÷
dt dt ççè 2 x + 2 y ÷÷ø Substitute these values above and solve for dh /dt.
æ 3(12 ) + 2(-2) ö÷ dV 1 é dh dr ù
ç
= 6çç - ÷÷ = π ê r2 + (h)(2r ) ú
çè 2(1) + 2(-2) ÷÷ø dt 3 êë dt dt úû
1 é dh ù
æ -1 ö÷ -10 = π ê (42 ) + (20)(2)(4)(-0.4) ú
= 6çç - ê úû
çè -2 ø÷÷ 3 ë dt
30 dh
= -3 - + 64 = 16
π dt
dh - 30 + 64
Your Turn 2 = π
dt 16
dh
» 3.4
dt
Ladder The length increases at a rate of 3.4 cm per hour.
y 25 ft Your Turn 4
The revenue equation is
æ q 2 ö÷÷ q3
ç
x R = qp = q çç 2000 - ÷÷ = 2000q - .
çè 100 ÷ø 100
x 2 + y 2 = 252 , where both x and y are functions of t.
Differentiate with respect to t.
We are interested in what happens when x = 7 ft. At
dR dq 3q 2 dq
2 2
this time, y = 25 - 7 = 24, and since the bottom = 2000 -
dt dt 100 dt
of the ladder is slipping away from the building at 3 ft/min, æ
ç 3q 2 ö÷÷ dq
dx /dt = 3. = çç 2000 - ÷
çè 100 ÷÷ø dt
d 2
dt
(x + y2 =
d
)
dt
(252 )
Substitute the know values for q and dq /dt , which are
dx dy the same as in Example 5: q = 200, dq /dt = 50.
2x + 2y =0
dt dt
Now substitute the known values.

æ 3q 2 ö÷÷ dq dx
dR ç
= çç 2000 - 2. 8 y 3 + x 2 = 1; = 2, x = 3, y = -1
÷ dt
dt çè 100 ÷ø÷ dt
æ dy dx
ç 3(2002 ) ö÷÷ 24 y 2 + 2x = 0
= çç 2000 - ÷ (50) dt dt
çè 100 ÷ø÷
dy -2 x dx x dx
dt = - dt
= (800)(50) = 40, 000 =
dt 24 y 2 12 y 2
Revenue is increasing at the rate of $40,000 per day. (3)(2) 1
=- 2
=-
12(-1) 2
6.5 Warmup Exercises
dx
3. 2 xy - 5 x + 3 y 3 = -51; = -6,
W1. x3 y + y 4 x = 5 dt
Differentiate both sides with respect to x. x = 3, y = -2
é dy ù é æ dy ö ù
ê x3 + 3x 2 y ú + ê x çç 4 y 3 ÷÷÷ + y 4 ú = 0 dy dx dx dx
êë dx úû êë èç dx ø ú
û 2x + 2y -5 + 9 y2 =0
dt dt dt dt
dx
(
dy 3
) (
x + 4 xy 3 = - 3x 2 y + y 4 ) (2 x + 9 y 2 )
dy
dt
+ (2 y - 5)
dx
dt
=0
dy 3x 2 y + y 4 (2 x + 9 y 2 )
dy
= (5 - 2 y )
dx
=- 3 dt dt
dx x + 4 xy 3
dy 5 - 2y dx
= ⋅
2 dt
dt 2x + 9 y
W2. x 2 + y 2 = 3xy3 5 - 2(-2)
= ⋅ (-6)
Differentiate both sides with respect to x. 2(3) + 9(-2)2
dy æ dy ö
2x + 2 y = (3x ) çç 3 y 2 ÷÷÷ + 3 y 3 =
9
⋅ (-6) =
-54
dx çè dx ø 42 42
9
dy
dx
( )
2 y - 9 xy 2 = 3 y 3 - 2 x =-
7
dy 3y3 - 2x
=
dx 2 y - 9 xy 2
6.5 Exercises
dx
1. y 2 - 8x3 = -55; = -4, x = 2, y = 3
dt
dy dx
2y - 24 x 2 =0
dt dt
dy dx
y = 12 x 2
dt dt
dy
3 = 48(-4)
dt
dy
= -64
dt

Section 6.5 459
dx
4. 4 x3 - 6 xy 2 + 3 y 2 = 228; = 3,
dt
x = -3, y = 4
dx æç 2 dx dy ö dy
12 x 2 - ç6y + 12 xy ÷÷÷ + 6 y =0
dt çè dt dt ø dt
dx dx dy dy
12 x 2 - 6 y2 - 12 xy + 6y =0
dt dt dt dt
dy dx
(6 y - 12 xy) = (6 y 2 - 12 x 2 )
dt dt
dy y 2 - 2 x 2 dx
= ⋅
dt y - 2 xy dt
42 - 2 ⋅ (-3) 2
= ⋅3
4 - 2 ⋅ (-3) ⋅ 4
2 -6
=- ⋅3=
28 28
3
=-
14
x2 + y dx
5. = 9; = 2, x = 4, y = 2
x-y dt
(
( x - y) 2 x dx
dt
+
dy
dt ) - (x2 + y) ( dxdt - dydt ) = 0
( x - y) 2
dy dy
2 x( x - y) dx
dt
+ ( x - y) dt - ( x 2 + y) dx
dt
+ ( x 2 + y) dt
=0
( x - y)2
dx dy
[2 x( x - y) - ( x 2 + y)] + [( x - y) + ( x 2 + y)] =0
dt dt
dy [( x 2 + y) - 2 x( x - y)] dx
dt
= 2
dt ( x - y) + ( x + y)
dy (-x 2 + y + 2 xy) dx
dt
=
dt x + x2
[-(4)2 + 2 + 2(4)(2)](2)
=
4 + 42
4 1
= =
20 5

dy æy ö dx
(ln x + xe y ) = -çç + e y ÷÷
3
y - 4x 2
44 dx dt ç
èx ÷ø dt
6. = ; = 5,
(y )
3 31 dt
x + 2y + e y dx
dy x dt
x = -3, y = -2 =-
dt ln x + xe y
31( y 3 - 4 x 2 ) = 44( x3 + 2 y) ( y + xe y ) dx
=- dt
31y 3 - 124 x 2 = 44 x3 + 88 y x ln x + x 2e y
93 y 2
dy
- 248 x
dx
= 132 x 2
dx
+ 88
dy [0 + (1)e0 ](5)
=- = -5
dt dt dt dt (1) ln1 + 12 e0
2 dy 2 dx
(93 y - 88) = (132 x + 248x)
dt dt dx
9. C = 0.2 x 2 + 10,000; x = 80, = 12
dy 132 x 2 + 248x dx dt
= ⋅
dt 93 y 2 - 88 dt
dC dx
= 0.2(2 x) = 0.2(160)(12) = 384
132(-3) 2 + 248(-3) dt dt
= ⋅5
93(-2)2 - 88 The cost is changing at a rate of $384 per month.
444 2220 555
= ⋅5 = =
284 284 71 R2 dC
10. C = + 12,000; = 15
450,000 dx
dx R = 25,000
7. xe y = 3 + ln x; = 6, x = 2, y = 0
dt
dC R dR
= ⋅
ydx dy 1 dx dx 225,000 dx
e + xe y = 0+
dt dt x dt 25,000 dR
15 = ⋅
y dy æ1 ö dx 225,000 dx
xe = çç - e y ÷÷÷
dt çè x ø dt 1 dR
15 = ⋅
dy
=
( 1x - e y ) dxdt 9 dx
dR
dt xe y 135 =
dx
(1 - xe y ) dx
dt
= Revenue is changing at a rate of $135 per month.
x 2e y
[1 - (2)e0 ](6) 11. R = 50 x - 0.4 x 2 ; C = 5 x + 15;
=
2 2 e0 dx
x = 40; = 10
-6 3 dt
= =-
4 2
dR dx dx
(a) = 50 - 0.8 x
dt dt dt
dx
8. y ln x + xe y = 1; = 5, x = 1, y = 0 = 50(10) - 0.8(40)(10)
dt
= 500 - 320
d d d = 180
( y ln x) + ( xe y ) = (1)
dt dx dt Revenue is increasing at a rate of $180 per day.
dy y dx dx dy
ln x + + ey + x ⋅ ey =0 dC dx
dt x dt dt dt (b) =5 = 5(10) = 50
dt dt
dy æç y ö dx
(ln x + xe y ) + ç + e y ÷÷÷ =0 Cost is increasing at a rate of $50 per day.
dt çè x ø dt
(c) Profit = Revenue - Cost
P = R-C
dP dR dC
= - = 180 - 50 = 130
dt dt dt
Profit is increasing at a rate of $130 per day.

Section 6.5 461
12. R = 50 x - 0.4 x 2 , C = 5 x + 15; æ 1 ö

R = çç - q + 70 ÷÷ q
çè 10 ÷ø
dx
x = 80, = 12
dt 1 2
=- q + 70q
10
dR dx dx
(a) = 50 - 0.8x dR 1 dq dq
dt dt dt =- q + 70
dt 5 dt dt
= 50(12) - 0.8(80)(12)
1
= 600 - 768 = - (20)(25) + 70(25)
5
= -168 = -100 + 1750
Revenue is decreasing at a rate of $168 per day. = $1650
dC dx Revenue is increasing at a rate of $1650 per day.
(b) = (5) = (5)(12) = 60
dt dt
Cost is increasing at a rate of $60 per day. 15. V = k ( R 2 - r 2 ); k = 555.6, R = 0.02 mm,
dR = 0.003 mm per minute; r is constant.
(c) P = R-C dt
dP dR dC
= - V = k (R2 - r2 )
dt dt dt
= -168 - 60 V = 555.6( R 2 - r 2 )
= -228 dV æ dR ö
= 555.6 çç 2 R - 0 ÷÷÷
Profit is decreasing at a rate of $228 per day. dt ç
è dt ø
= 555.6(2)(0.02)(0.003)
dp = 0.067 mm/min
13. pq = 8000; p = 3.50, = 0.15
dt
pq = 8000 16. y = nx m
dq dp Note that n is a constant.
p +q =0
dt dt
dp ln y = ln(nx m )
dq -q dt
= ln y = ln n + ln x m
dt p
ln y = ln n + m ln x
=
(
- 8000
3.50 )
(0.15)
Now take the derivative of both sides with respect
3.50
to t.
» -98
1 dy 1 dx
Demand is decreasing at a rate of approximately =0+m
98 units per unit time. y dt x dt
1 dy 1 dx
= m
dq y dt x dt
14. R = pq; = 25
dt
Find the relationship between p and q by finding 17. b = 0.22m0.87
the equation of the line through (0, 70), and
(100, 60). db dm
= 0.22(0.87)m-0.13
70 - 60 10 1 dt dt
m = = =- -0.13 dm
6 - 100 -100 10 = 0.1914m
1 dt
p - 70 = - (q - 0)
10 dm m0.13 db
=
1 dt 0.1914 dt
p - 70 = - q
10 250.13
= (0.25)
1 0.1914
p = - q + 70
10 » 1.9849
The rate of change of the total weight is about
1.9849 g/day.

18. E = 429m-0.35 -0.02t 2 + t

22. W (t ) =
t +1
dE dm
= 429(-0.35)m-1.35 dW (-0.04t + 1)(t + 1) - (1)(-0.02t 2 + t )
dt dt =
dm dt (t + 1)2
= -150.15m-1.35
dt If t = 5,
= -150.15(10)-1.35 (0.001)
dW (-0.2 + 1)(6) - (-0.5 + 5)
» -0.0067 =
dt 62
The rate of change of the energy expenditure is 4.8 - 4.5
=
about -0.0067 cal/g/hr 2. 36
= 0.008.
19. r = 140.2m0.75
23. Let x = The distance of the base of the ladder
dr dm
(a) = 140.2(0.75)m-0.25 from the base of the building
dt dt y = The distance up the side of the building
-0.25 dm to the top of the ladder
= 105.15m
dt
dr
(b) = 105.15(250)-0.25 (2)
dt
» 52.89
The rate of change of the average daily
metabolic rate is about 52.89 kcal/day 2.
20. E = 26.5w-0.34 dy dx
Find dt
when x = 8 ft and dt
= 9 ft/min.
dE dw
= 26.5(-0.34)w-1.34
dt dt Since y = 17 2 - x 2 , when x = 8,
-1.34 dw y = 15.
= -9.01w
dt By the Pythagorean theorem,
-1.34
= -9.01(5) (0.05)
x 2 + y 2 = 17 2.
» -0.0521
d 2 d
The rate of change of the energy expenditure is (x + y2) = (17 2 )
about -0.0521 kcal/kg/km/day. dx dt
dx dy
2x + 2y =0
1 dt dt
21. C = (T - 60)2 + 100 dy dx
10 2y = -2 x
dC 1 dT dt dt
= (T - 60) dy -2 x dx x dx
dt 5 dt = ⋅ =- ⋅
dt 2 y dt y dt
dT
If T = 76 and = 8, 8
dt =- (9)
dC 1 1 15
= (76 - 60)(8) = (16)(8) 24
dt 5 5 =-
= 25.6. 5
The crime rate is rising at the rate of 25.6 The ladder is sliding down the building at the rate
crimes/month. of 24
5
ft/min.

Section 6.5 463
24. (a) Let x = the distance one car travels west; The distance between the cars after the second
y = the distance the other car travels north car has traveled 1 hour is about 72.11 mi.
s = the distance between the two cars
ds
72.11 = (40)(40) + (60)(30)
dt
ds 3400
= » 47.15
dt 72.11
The distance between the two cars is changing
at a rate of about 47.15 mph.
25. Let r = the raius of the circle formed

by the ripple.
Find dA when r = 4 ft and dr = 2 ft/min.

dt dt
s2 = x2 + y 2
ds dx dy A = π r2
2s = 2x + 2y
dt dt dt dA dr
ds dx dy = 2π r
s = x + y dt dt
dt dt dt = 2π (4)(2) = 16π
Use d = rt to find x and y.
The area is changing at the rate of 16π ft 2 /min.
x = (40)(2) = 80 mi
y = (30)(2) = 60 mi 4 π r 3,
26. V = 3
r = 4 in, and dr
dt
= - 14 in/hr
2 2
s = x + y
dV dr
= 4π r 2
= (80)2 + (60)2 dt dt
= 100 æ 1ö
= 4π (4)2 çç - ÷÷÷ = -16π in 3 /hr
çè 4 ø
The distance between the cars after 2 hours is
100 mi.
dx dy
dt
= 40 mph and dt = 30 mph 27. V = x3, x = 3 cm, and dV = 2 cm3 /min
dt
ds dV dx
(100) = (80)(40) + (60)(30) = 3x 2
dt dt dt
ds 5000 dx 1 dV
= = 50 =
dt 100 dt 3x 2 dt
1 2
= 2
(2) = cm/min
The distance between the two cars is changing 3⋅3 27
at the rate of 50 mph.
(b) From part (a), we have 28. Let r = the radius of the base of the
conical pile.
ds dx dy
s = x + y
dt dt dt
Use d = rt to find x and y. When the second
car has traveled 1 hour, the first car has
traveled 2 hours.
x = 40(1) = 40 mi
y = 30(2) = 60 mi
s = x2 + y2
Find dV when r = 6 in, and dr = 0.75 in/min.
= (40) 2 + (60) 2 dt dt
= 72.11 h = 2r for all t.

π 30. Let x = one-half the width of the

V = r 2h triangular cross section;
3
π h = the height of the water;
V = r 2 (2r ) V = the volume of the water.
3
2π 3 dV
= r = 4 cu ft per min
3 dt
dV 3 ⋅ 2π r 2 dr
= ⋅
dt 3 dt
dV 2
= 2π (6) (0.75)
dt
= 54π
The volume is changing at the rate of
Find dh when h = 4.
54π in 3 /min. dt
æ Area of ö÷
29. Let y = the length of the man’s shadow; ç
V = çç triangular ÷÷÷ ⋅ (length)
x = the distane of the man from the ççè cross section ÷ø
lamp post;
h = the height of the lamp post. Area of triangular cross section
1
= (base)(height)
2
1
= (2 x)(h) = xh
2
By similar triangles,
6 6
= ,
2x h
dx
= 50 ft/min h
dt so x = .
2
dy
Find dt
when x = 25 ft. V = ( xh) (16)
æh ö
Now h = 6y , by similar triangles. = çç h ÷÷÷ 16
x+ y çè 2 ø
When x = 8, y = 10, = 8h 2
h 6 dV dh
= = 16h
18 10 dt dt
h = 10.8. 1 dV dh
=
10.8 6 16h dt dt
= , 1 dh
x+ y y (4) =
10.8 y = 6 x + 6 y 16(4) dt
dh 1
4.8 y = 6 x =
dt 16
y = 1.25x
The height of the water is increasing at a rate of
dy dx
= 1.25 1 ft/min.
dt dt 16
= 1.25(50)
dy
= 62.5
dt
The length of the shadow is increasing at the rate
of 62.5 ft/min.

Section 6.6 465
dr dx
31. Let x = the distance from the docks 2r = 2x +0
dt dt
s = the length of the rope.
dr dx
r = x
dt dt
dr x dx
= dt
dt r
dr 100 3(50)
= = 25 3
dt 200
» 43.3
She must let out the string at a rate of
ds 25 3 » 43.3 ft/min.
= 1 ft/sec
dt
s 2 = x 2 + (8) 2
ds dx 6.6 Differentials: Linear Approximation
2s = 2x +0
dt dt
ds dx Your Turn 1
s = x
dt dt
y = 300 x-2/3, x = 8, dx = 0.05
If x = 8,
dy æ 2ö
s = (8)2 + (8)2 = 128 = 8 2. = çç - ÷÷÷ (300) x-5/3 = -200 x-5/3
dx çè 3 ø
Then, dy = -200 x-5/3dx
8 2(1) = 8
dx = (-200)(8-5/3 )(0.05)
dt æ 1 öæ 1 ö
dx = (-200) çç ÷÷çç ÷÷
= 2 » 1.41 ÷ç 20 ø÷
çè 32 øè
dt
5
=-
The boat is approaching the dock at 2 » 1.41 16
ft/sec.
Your Turn 2
32. Let x = the horizontal length;
Use the approximation formula for f ( x) = x
r = the rope length.
developed in Example 2:
1
f ( x + Δ x) » x + dx
2 x
For this problem, x = 100 and dx = -1.
f (99) = f (100 - 1)
1
» 100 + (-1)
2 100
dx 1
= 50 ft/min = 10 -
dt 20
= 9.95
By the Pythagorean theorem,
Your Turn 3
x 2 + 1002 = 2002
Use the approximation derived in Example 5:
x = 30, 000 = 100 3
dV = 4π r 2dr
2 2 2
r = x + 100
For this problem, r = 1.25 and dr = Δr = 0.025.

dV = 4π (1.25) 2 (0.025) 4. y = 2 x 3 + x 2 - 4 x; x = 2, Δx = -0.2

» 0.491 dy = (6 x 2 + 2 x - 4)dx
» 0.5
Δy » (6 x 2 + 2 x - 4)Δx
3
The maximum error in the volume is about 0.5 mm . = [6(2)2 + 2(2) - 4](-0.2)
= (24 + 4 - 4)(-0.2) = -4.8
6.6 Warmup Exercises
5. y = 3x + 2, x = 4, Δx = 0.15
W1. Use the chain rule, writing f ( x ) = x4 + 2 æ1 ö
dy = 3çç (3x + 2)-1/ 2 ÷÷÷ dx
as h( g ( x )) with h( x ) = x1/ 2 and çè 2 ø
g ( x ) = x 4 + 2. 3 3
Δy » Δx » (0.15) » 0.060
f ¢( x ) = f ¢( g ( x )) g ¢( x ) 2 3x + 2 2(3.74)
=
1
2
( )
g ( x )-1/ 2 4 x 3 6. y = 4 x - 1; x = 5, Δ x = 0.08
1
dy = (4 x - 1)-1/2 (4) dx
2 x3 2
=
x4 + 2 = 2(4 x - 1)-1/2 dx
Δy » 2(4 x - 1)-1/2 Δ x
W2. Use the chain rule, writing f ( x ) = ln(e2 x + 1)
as h( g ( x )) with = 2[4(5) - 1]-1/2 (0.08)
h( x ) = ln x and g ( x ) = e2 x + 1. = 2(19)-1/2 (0.08)

f ¢( x ) = f ¢( g ( x )) g ¢( x ) 2(0.08)
= = 0.037
(19)-1/2
=
1
g ( x)
(2e 2 x ) 2x - 5
7. y = ; x = 2, Δx = -0.03
2e 2x x +1
= 2x ( x + 1)(2) - (2 x - 5)(1)
e +1 dy = dx
( x + 1)2
6.6 Exercises 7
= dx
1. y = 2 x3 - 5x; x = -2, Δx = 0.1 ( x + 1)2
dy = (6 x 2 - 5)dx 7
Δy » Δx
2 2 ( x + 1)2
Δy » (6 x - 5)Δx » [6(-2) - 5](0.1) » 1.9
7
= (-0.03)
(2 + 1)2
2. y = 4 x3 - 3x; x = 3, Δx = 0.2
= -0.023
dy = (12 x3 - 3)dx
6x - 3
Δy » (12 x 2 - 3)Δx » [12(3)2 - 3](0.2) » 21 8. y = ; x = 3, Δx = -0.04
2x + 1
3. y = x 3 - 2 x 2 + 3, x = 1, Δx = -0.1 6(2 x + 1) - 2(6 x - 3)
dy = dx
(2 x + 1)2
dy = (3x 2 - 4 x)dx
12
Δy » (3x 2 - 4 x )Δx = dx
(2 x + 1)2
= [3(12 ) - 4(1)](-0.1)
12
= 0.1 Δy » Δx
(2 x + 1)2
12
= (-0.04)
[2(3) + 1]2
-0.48
= = -0.010
49

Section 6.6 467
9. 145 dy 1
= x-1/2
dx 2
We know 144 = 12, so f ( x) = x , x = 144,
1 1
dx = 1. dy = dx = (1.02)
2 x 2 16
dy 1
= x-1/2 1
= (1.02) = 0.1275
dx 2 8
1
dy = dx 17.02 » f ( x) + dy
2 x
= 4 + 0.1275 = 4.1275
1 1
dy = (1) =
2 144 24 By calculator, 17.02 » 4.1255.
1 The difference is | 4.1275 - 4.1255 | = 0.0020.
145 » f ( x) + dy = 12 +
24
» 12.0417 13. e0.01
By calculator, 145 » 12.0416. We know e0 = 1, so f ( x) = e x , x = 0,

dx = 0.01.
The difference is |12.0417 - 12.0416| = 0.0001.
dy
10. 23 = ex
dx
We know 25 = 5, f ( x) = x , x = 25, and dy = e x dx
dx = -2.
dy = e0 (0.01) = 0.01
dy 1
= x-1 2 e0.01 » f ( x) + dy = 1 + 0.01 = 1.01
dx 2
1 1 1 By calculator, e0.01 » 1.0101.
dy = dx = (-2) = - = -0.2.
2 x 2 25 5
23 » f ( x) + dy = 5 - 0.2 = 4.8
14. e-0.002
By calculator, 23 » 4.7958.
We know e0 = 1, f ( x) = e x , x = 0, and
dx = -0.002.
11. 0.99
dy
= ex
We know 1 = 1, so f ( x) = x , x = 1, dx
dx = -0.01. dy = e x dx = e0 (-0.002) = -0.002
dy 1 e-0.002 » f ( x) + dy = 1 - 0.002 = 0.998
= x-1/2
dx 2
1 By calculator, e-0.002 » 0.9980.
dy = dx
2 x The difference is |0.9980 - 0.998| = 0.
1
dy = (-0.01) = -0.005
2 1 15. ln 1.05
0.99 » f ( x) + dy = 1 - 0.005 We know ln 1 = 0, so f ( x) = ln x, x = 1,
= 0.995 dx = 0.05.
dy 1
By calculator, 0.99 » 0.9950. =
dx x
The difference is |0.995 - 0.9950| = 0. 1
dy = dx
x
12. 17.02
1
dy = (0.05) = 0.05
We know 16 = 4, f ( x) = x , x = 16, and 1
dx = 1.02. ln 1.05 » f ( x) + dy = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05

By calculator, ln 1.05 » 0.0488. 12,000

dR = (0.01)dx
The difference is |0.05 - 0.0488| = 0.0012. 0.01x + 1
120
ΔR » Δx
16. ln 0.98 0.01x + 1
120
We know ln1 = 0, f ( x) = ln x, x = 1, and » (1)
0.01(100) + 1
dx = -0.02.
» $60
dy 1
= 20. P = R - C
dx x
1 1 = 12,000 ln(0.01x + 1) - (150 + 75x)
dy = dx = (-0.02) = -0.02
x 1 x = 100, Δx = 1
ln 0.98 » f ( x) + dy = 0 - 0.02 = -0.02 12, 000
dP = (0.01)dx - 75dx
By calculator, ln 0.98 » -0.0202. 0.01x + 1
12, 000
The difference is | -0.02 - (-0.0202)| = 0.0002. ΔP » (0.01) Δx - 75Δ x
0.01x + 1
17. Let D = the demand in thousands of pounds; 12, 000
» (0.01)(1) - 75(1)
0.01(100) + 1
x = the price in dollars.
» 60 - 75
D(q) = -3q3 - 2q 2 + 1500
» -15
(a) q = 2, Δq = 0.10 The change in profit is a loss of about of $15.
2
dD = (-9q - 4q)dq
21. If a cube is given a coating 0.1 in. thick, each edge
ΔD » (-9q 2 - 4q) Δq increases in length by twice that amount, or 0.2 in.
» [-9(4) - 4(2)](0.10) because there is a face at both ends of the edge.
» -4.4 thousand pounds V = x3, x = 4, Δx = 0.2
(b) q = 6, Δq = 0.15
dV = 3x 2dx
ΔD » [-9(36) - 4(6)](0.15)
» -52.2 thousand pounds ΔV » 3x 2 Δx
= 3(42 )(0.2)
18. A( x) = 0.04 x3 + 0.1x 2 + 0.5 x + 6 = 9.6
(a) x = 3, Δx = 1 For 1000 cubes 9.6(1000) = 9600 in.3 of coating

dA = (0.12 x 2 + 0.2 x + 0.5)dx should be ordered.
= (0.12 x 2 + 0.2 x + 0.5) Δx 22. Let x = the number of beach balls;

= [(0.12)(3)2 + (0.2)(3) + (0.5)](1) V = the volume of x beach balls.
= 2.18 dV
Then » the volume of material in
The change in average cost is about $2.18. dr beach balls since they are
(b) x = 5, Δx = 1 hollow.
dA = [(0.12)(5)2 + (0.2)(5) + (0.5)](1) 4 3
V = πr x
= 4.5 3
The change in average cost is about $4.50. r = 6 in., x = 5000, Δ r = 0.03 in.
4
19. R( x) = 12,000 ln(0.01x + 1) dV = π (3r 2 x + r 3 ) Δ r
3
x = 100, Δx = 1
4
= π (3 ⋅ 36 ⋅ 5000 + 216)(0.03)
3
= 21,608.64π
21, 608π in.3 of material would be needed.

Section 6.6 469
23. (a) A( x) = y = 0.003631x3 - 0.03746 x 2 25t

25. P(t ) =
+ 0.1012 x + 0.009 8 + t2
(8 + t 2 )(25) - 25t (2t )
Let x = 1, dx = 0.2. dP = dt
(8 + t 2 ) 2
dy
= 0.010893x 2 - 0.07492 x + 0.1012 (8 + t 2 )(25) - 25t (2t )
dx » Δt
2
dy = (0.010893x - 0.07492 x + 0.1012)dx
(8 + t 2 )2
Δ y » (0.010893x 2 - 0.07492 x + 0.1012)Δx (a) t = 2, Δ t = 0.5

» (0.010893 ⋅ 12 - 0.07492 ⋅ 1 + 0.1012) ⋅ 0.2 [(8 + 4)(25) - (25)(2)(4)](0.5)
» 0.007435
dP =
(8 + 4)2
The alcohol concentration increases by about = 0.347 million
0.74 percent.
(b) t = 3, Δt = 0.25
(b)
[(8 + 9)(25) - 25(3)(6)]0.25
Δy » (0.010893 ⋅ 32 - 0.07492 ⋅ 3 + 0.1012) ⋅ 0.2 dP =
(8 + 9)2
» -0.005105
» -0.022 million
The alcohol concentration decreases by about
0.51 percent. 26. A = π r 2 , r = 1.7 mm, Δr = -0.1 mm
5t dA = 2π r dr
24. C =
9 + t2 Δ A » 2π r Δr
5(9 + t 2 ) - 2t (5t ) = 2π (1.7)(-0.1)
dC = dt
(9 + t 2 )2 = -0.34π mm 2
45 + 5t 2 - 10t 2 27. r changes from 14 mm to 16 mm, so Dr = 2.
= 2 2
dt
(9 + t )
4 3
V = πr
45 - 5t 2 3
= dt
(9 + t 2 )2 4
dV = (3)π r 2 dr
45 - 5t 2 3
» Dt ΔV » 4π r 2 Δ r
(9 + t 2 )2
= 4π (14)2 (2)
(a) t = 1, Δt = 0.5
= 1568π mm3
2
45 - 5(1)
dC » (0.5)
(9 + 1)2 28. A = π r 2 , r = 1.2 mi, Δ r = 0.2 mi
40 dA = 2π r dr
= (0.5) Δ A » 2π r Δ r
100
= 0.2 = 2π (1.2)(0.2)
(b) t = 2, Δt = 0.25 = 0.48π mi 2
45 - 5(2)2 29. r increases from 20 mm to 22 mm, so Dr = 2.

dC » (0.25)
(9 + 4) 2 A = π r2
= 0.037 dA = 2π rdr
Δ A » 2π r Δr
= 2π (20)(2)
= 80π mm 2

1.181 p
30. A( p) =
94.359 - p
(a) Since values for p must be non-negative and the denominator can’t be zero, a sensible domain would be from
0 to about 94.
(94.359 - p)(1.181) - 1.181 p(-1)
(b) dA = dp
(94.359 - p)2
111.437979 - 1.181 p + 1.181 p
= dp
(94.359 - p)2
111.437979
= dp
(94.359 - p)2
We are given p = 60 and dp = 65 - 60 = 5.
111.437979
dA » (5) » 0.472
(94.359 - 60)2
It will take about 0.47 years.

The actual value is
A(65) - A(60) » 2.615 - 2.062 = 0.553
or about 0.55 years.
-0.01394(t -108.4)
31. W (t ) = -3.5 + 197.5e-e
-0.01394(t -108.4)
(a) dW = 197.5e-e (-1)e-0.01394(t -108.4) (-0.01394)dt
-0.01394(t -108.4)
= 2.75315e-e e-0.01394(t -108.4) dt
We are given t = 80 and dt = 90 - 80 = 10.
dW » 9.258
The pig will gain about 9.3 kg.
(b) The actual weight gain is calculated as

W (90) - W (80) » 50.736 - 41.202
= 9.534
or about 9.5 kg.

Section 6.6 471
4 3 36. A = x 2 ; x = 3.45, Δx = 0.002

32. V = π r , r = 4 cm, Δr = 0.2 cm
3 dA = 2 x dx
dV = 4π r 2dr ΔA » 2 x Δx = 2(3.45)(0.002)
ΔV » 4π r 2Δ r = 0.0138 in.2
= 4π (4)2 (0.2)
= 12.8π cm3 37. A = x 2 ; x = 4, dA = 0.01
dA = 2 x dx
33. r = 3 cm, Δr = -0.2 cm
ΔA » 2 x Δx
4 ΔA 0.01
V = π r3 Δx » » » 0.00125 cm
3 2x 2(4)
dV = 4π r 2dr
ΔV » 4π r 2 Δr 38. r = 4.87 in., Δr = 0.040
= 4π (9)(-0.2)
A = π r2
3
= -7.2π cm dA = 2π r dr
Δ A » 2π r Δr = 2π (4.87)(0.040)
34. V = x3, V = 27, x = 3, ΔV = 0.1
= 1.224 in.2
dV = 3x 2dx 4 3
39. V = π r ; r = 5.81, Δr = 0.003
ΔV » 3x 2 Δx 3
4
ΔV dV = π (3r 2 )dr
Δx » 2 3
3x
4
0.1 ΔV » π (3r 2 )Δr
» 3
3.32
= 4π (5.81)2 (0.003)
» 0.0037 mm
= 0.405π » 1.273 in.3
1
35. V = π r 2h; h = 13, dh = 0.2
3 40. V = x3; x = 5, dV = 0.3
2
1 æç h ö÷ dV = 3x 2dx
V = π ç ÷÷ h
3 çè 15 ø ΔV » 3 x 2 Δ x
π
= h3 Δx »
ΔV
775
3x 2
π 2
dV = ⋅ 3h dh 0.3
775 »
3(52 )
π 2
= h dh » 0.004 ft
225
π
ΔV » h 2Δh 41. h = 7.284 in., r = 1.09  0.007 in.
225
π 1 2
» (132 )(0.2) V = πr h
225 3
» 0.472 cm3 2
dV = π rh dr
3
2
ΔV » π rh Δr
3
2
= π (1.09)(7.284)(0.007)
3
= 0.116 in.3

Chapter 6 Review Exercises 13. f ( x) = x3 + 2 x 2 - 15x + 3; [-4, 2]

f ¢( x) = 3x 2 + 4 x - 15 = 0 when
1. False: The absolute maximum might occur at the
endpoint of the interval of interest. (3x - 5)(x + 3) = 0
5
x = or x = -3.
2. True 3
f (-4) = 31
3. False: It could have either. For example
f (-3) = 39
f ( x) = 1/(1 - x 2 ) has an absolute minimum of
æ5ö 319
1 on (-1, 1). f çç ÷÷÷ = -
çè 3 ø 27
f (2) = -11
4. True
Absolute maximum of 39 at -3; absolute
minimum of - 319 at 5.
5. True 27 3
6. True 14. f ( x) = -2 x3 - 2 x 2 + 2 x - 1; [-3, 1]

f ¢( x ) = - 6 x 2 - 4 x + 2
7. True
f ¢( x) = 0 when
8. True 3x 2 + 2 x - 1 = 0
(3x - 1)( x + 1) = 0
9. True
1
x = or x = -1.
10. True 3
f (-3) = 29
11. 3 2
f ( x) = -x + 6 x + 1; [-1, 6] f (-1) = -3
æ1ö 17
f ¢( x) = -3x 2 + 12 x = 0 when x = 0, 4. f çç ÷÷÷ = -
çè 3 ø 27
f (-1) = 8 f (1) = -3
f (0) = 1
Absolute maximum of 29 at -3; absolute
f (4) = 33
minimum of -3 at -1 and 1.
f (6) = 1
2ln x
17. (a) f ( x) = ; [1, 4]
Absolute maximum of 33 at 4; absolute x2
minimum of 1 at 0 and 6.
f ¢( x ) =
( )
x 2 2x - (2 ln x)(2 x)
12. f ( x) = 4 x3 - 9 x 2 - 3; [-1, 2] x4
2 x - 4 x ln x
f ¢( x) = 12 x 2 - 18 x = 0 when x = 0, 32 . =
x4
f (-1) = -16 2 - 4 ln x
=
f (0) = -3 x3
æ3ö f ¢( x) = 0 when
f çç ÷÷÷ = -9.75
çè 2 ø
2 - 4ln x = 0
f (2) = -7
2 = 4ln x
Absolute maximum of -3 at 0; absolute minimum 0.5 = ln x
of -16 at -1.
e0.5 = x
x » 1.6487.

Chapter 6 Review 473
x f ( x) 21. x 2 - 4 y 2 = 3x3 y 4
1 0
d 2 d
e 0.5
0.36788 (x - 4 y2 ) = (3x3 y 4 )
dx dx
4 0.17329 dy dy
2x - 8 y = 9 x 2 y 4 + 3x3 ⋅ 4 y 3
Maximum is 0.37; minimum is 0. dx dx
dy
(b) [2, 5] (-8 y - 3x3 ⋅ 4 y 3 ) = 9x2 y 4 - 2x
dx
Note that the critical number of f is not in the dy 2x - 9x2 y 4
domain, so we only test the endpoints. =
dx 8 y + 12 x3 y 3
x f ( x)
2 0.34657 22. x 2 y 3 + 4 xy = 2
5 0.12876 d 2 3 d
( x y + 4 xy) = (2)
Maximum is 0.35, minimum is 0.13. dx dx
æ dy ö dy
2 xy 3 + 3 y 2 çç ÷÷÷ x 2 + 4 y + 4 x = 0
e2 x çè dx ø dx
18. f ( x) =
x2 (3x 2 y 2 + 4 x)
dy
= -2 xy 3 - 4 y
First find the critical numbers. dx
dy -2 xy 2 - 4 y
2e2 x x 2 - e 2 x (2 x) =
f ¢( x ) = dx 3x 2 y 2 + 4 x
( x 2 )2
2e2 x ( x 2 - x) 23. 2 y - 1 = 9 x 2/3 + y
=
x4 d d
[2( y - 1)1/2 ] = (9 x 2/3 + y)
2
f ¢( x) = 0 when x - x = ( x)( x - 1) = 0, that dx dx
1 dy dy
is, at x = 1. (Both the derivative and the original 2 ⋅ ⋅ ( y - 1)-1/2 = 6 x-1/3 +
function are undefined at x = 0.) 2 dx dx
dy
[( y - 1)-1/2 - 1] = 6 x-1/3
(a) The function f is continuous on the interval dx
[1/2, 2 ] and the critical number lies in this 1- y -1 dy 6
⋅ = 1/3
interval, so we evaluate the function at three y -1 dx x
points:
dy 6 y -1
x f ( x) = 1/3
dx x (1 - y - 1)
1/2 10.873
1 7.389 24. 9 x + 4 y 3 = 2 y
2 13.650
d d 1/2
The absolute minimum is 7.39 and the (9 x + 4 y 3 ) = 2 ⋅ (y )
dx dx
absolute maximum is 13.65. 9 -1/2 dy 1 dy
x + 12 y 2 = 2 ⋅ y-1/2 ⋅
2 dx 2 dx
(b) The function f is continuous on the interval 9 æ ö
= çç 1 - 12 y 2 ÷÷ dy
[1, 3]. The critical number coincides with an çç 1/2 ÷÷
2 x1/2 èy ø÷ dx
endpoint so we need to look at only two
function values: 9 1 - 12 y 5/2 dy
=
2 x1/2 y1/2 dx
x f ( x)
1 7.389 dy 9 y1/2
= 1/2
3 44.825 dx 2 x (1 - 12 y 5/2 )
9 y
The absolute minimum is 7.39 and the =
absolute maximum is 44.83. 2 x (1 - 12 y 5/2 )

6 + 5x 1 27. ln( xy + 1) = 2 xy 3 + 4
25. =
2 - 3y 5x
d d
[ln( xy + 1)] = (2 xy3 + 4)
5x(6 + 5x) = 2 - 3 y dx dx
30 x + 25x 2 = 2 - 3 y 1 d dy d
⋅ ( xy + 1) = 2 y 3 + 2 x ⋅ 3 y 2 + (4)
xy + 1 dx dx dx
d d
(30 x + 25 x 2 ) = (2 - 3 y) 1 æç dy d ö dy
dx dx çy + x + (1) ÷÷ = 2 y 3 + 6 xy 2
xy + 1 èç dx dx ÷ø dx
dy
30 + 50 x = -3 y x dy dy
dx + ⋅ = 2 y 3 + 6 xy 2
xy + 1 xy + 1 dx dx
30 + 50 x dy
- = æ x ö dy y
3 dx çç - 6 xy 2 ÷÷÷ = 2 y3 -
ççè xy + 1 ÷ø dx xy + 1
y
x + 2y dy 2 y3 -
26. = y1/2 =
xy + 1
x - 3y dx x - 6 xy 2
xy + 1
x + 2 y = y1/2 ( x - 3 y)
2 y3 ( xy + 1) - y
d d 1/2 =
( x + 2 y) = [ y ( x - 3 y)] x - 6 xy 2 ( xy + 1)
dx dx
dy æ dy ö 2 xy 4 + 2 y 3 - y
1+ 2 = y1/2 çç1 - 3 ÷÷÷ =
dx çè dx ø x - 6 x 2 y 3 - 6 xy 2
1 dy
+ ( x - 3 y) y-1/2
2 dx
28. ln( x + y) = 1 + x 2 + y 3
dy dy 1 dy
1+ 2 = y1/2 - 3 y1/2 + xy-1/2
dx dx 2 dx d d
3 1/2 dy
[ln( x + y)] = (1 + x 2 + y 3 )
- y dx dx
2 dx 1 d dy
⋅ ( x + y) = 2 x + 3 y 2 ⋅
1 -1/2 3 dy x + y dx dx
(2 + 3 y1/2 - xy + y1/2 ) = y1/2 - 1
2 2 dx 1 æç dy ö÷ 2 dy
æ 9 1 ö çç1 + ÷÷ = 2 x + 3 y ⋅
2 y1/2 çç 2 + y1/2 - xy-1/2 ÷÷÷ x + yè dx ø dx
çè 2 2 ø dy
= y1/2 - 1 æ 1 ö
2 ÷÷ dy 1
1/2 çç -
2y dx
çè x + y 3 y ÷÷ dx = 2 x - x + y
ø
æ 4 y1/2 + 9 y - x ö÷ dy
çç ÷÷
çç ÷ = y1/2 - 1 2 x - x +1 y
2 y1/2 dy
çè ø÷ dx =
dx 1 - 3y2
dy 2 y - 2 y1/2 x+y
=
dx 4 y1/2 + 9 y - x 2 x( x + y ) - 1
=
1 - 3 y 2 ( x + y)
2 x 2 + 2 xy - 1
=
1 - 3xy 2 - 3 y 3
1 - 2 x 2 - 2 xy
=
3xy 2 + 3 y 3 - 1

29. 2 y - 4 xy = -22, tangent line at (3, 2). To find the slope m of the tangent line, substitute
-3 for x and 1 for y.
d d
dx
( 2 y - 4 xy =) dx
(-22) y2
m=
1 dy æç dy ö 6 y 2 - 2 xy
(2)(2 y)-1/2 - ç 4 y + 4 x ÷÷÷ = 0
2 dx è ç dx ø 12
=
((2 y)-1/ 2 - 4 x)
dy
= 4y 6(12 ) - 2(-3)(1)
dx 1
dy 4y =
= 1 12
dx - 4x
2y The equation of the tangent line is
To find the slope m of the tangent line, substitute y - y1 = m( x - x1)
3 for x and 2 for y. 1
y -1 = ( x - (-3))
4y 12
m= 1 3 1
- 4x y -1- = x
2 2y 12 12
4(2) 1 5
= y = x+ .
1 - 4(3) 12 4
2(2)
8 We can also write this as 1x - 12 y = -15.
= 1
- 12
2 33. y = 8x3 - 7 x 2 , dx
dt
= 4, x = 2
16 16
= =- dy d
1 - 24 23 = (8x3 - 7 x 2 )
dt dt
The equation of the tangent line is dx dx
= 24 x 2 - 14 x
y - y1 = m( x - x1) dt dt
16 = 24(2) 2 (4) - 14(2)(4)
y - 2 = - ( x - 3)
23 = 272
48 16
y-2- =- x 9 - 4 x dx
23 23 34. y = ; = -1, x = -3
3 + 2 x dt
16 94
y =- x+ . dy (-4)(3 + 2 x) - (2)(9 - 4 x) dx
23 23 =
dt (3 + 2 x)2 dt
We can also write this equation as 16 x + 23 y
-30 dx
= 94. = 2
(3 + 2 x) dt
-30 30 10
30. 8 y 3 - 4 xy 2 = 20, tangent line at (-3, 1). = 2
(-1) = =
[3 + 2(-3)] 9 3
d
dx
( )
8 y 3 - 4 xy 2 =
d
dx
(20)
dy æç dy ö 1+ x dx
24 y 2 - ç 8 xy + 4 y 2 ÷÷÷ = 0 35. y = , = -4, x = 4
dx ç
è dx ø 1- x dt
dy dy d éê 1 + x ùú
(24 y 2 - 8xy) = 4 y2 =
dx dt dt êêë 1 - x úúû
4 y2
dy
dx
=
24 y 2 - 8xy
é
(
ê 1- x 2 x
ê
)(1 -1/2 dx
dt
ù
ú
ú
)
ê -1/2 dx ú
=
y2 ê
= ë
(
ê - 1 1 + x (- 2 ) x 1
) ú
dt úû ( )
2 2
6 y - 2 xy (
1- x )

ê ( 2⋅2 )
é (1 - 2) 1 (-4) ù
ú 38. y =
x2
1 dx
= 3, x = 1
;
ê ú e + 1 dt
( 2⋅2 ) úû
ê - (1 + 2) -1 (-4) ú
êë
=
(1 - 2)2 dy d æç 1 ö÷
÷÷
= çç 2
1- 3 dt dt çè e x + 1 ÷ø÷
= = -2
1 -1 d x2
= 2
⋅ (e + 1)
(e x + 1)2 dt
2
x + 5y é x2 d 2
-1 d ù
36. = 2; = ê e ⋅ ( x ) + (1) ú
x - 2y 2
ê dt dt úû
(e x + 1)2 ë
dx
= 1, x = 2, y = 0 -1 é x2 dx ù
dt = ê e ⋅ 2x ú
(e x + 1)2 êë dt úû
2
x 2 + 5 y = 2( x - 2 y )
-1
x2 + 5 y = 2 x - 4 y = [e ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 3]
(e + 1) 2
9 y = -x 2 + 2 x -6e
=
1 (e + 1) 2
y = (-x 2 + 2 x )
9
1 2
y = - x2 + x 3x - 7
9 9 41. y = ; x = 2, Δx = 0.003
æ 2 2x + 1
dy 2 ö dx
= çç - x + ÷÷÷ (3)(2 x + 1) - (2)(3x - 7)
dt çè 9 9 ø dt dy = dx
(2 x + 1)2
éæ 2 ö 2ù
= ê çç - ÷÷÷ (2) + ú (1)
ê çè 9 ø 9 úû 17
ë dy = dx
4 2 2 (2 x + 1)2
=- + =-
9 9 9 17
Δy » Δx
(2 x + 1)2
dx
37. y = xe3x ; = -2, x = 1 17
dt = (0.003)
(2[2] + 1)2
dy d = 0.00204
= ( xe3x )
dt dt
dx 3x d
= ⋅ e + x ⋅ (e3x ) 42. y = 8 - x 2 + x3, x = -1, Δ x = 0.02
dt dt
dx 3x dx
= 3x
⋅ e + xe ⋅ 3 dy = (-2 x + 3x 2 )dx
dt dt
dx Δy » (-2 x + 3x 2 )Δ x
= (1 + 3x)e3x
dt = [-2(-1) + 3(-1)2 ](0.02)
= (1 + 3 ⋅ 1)e3(1) (-2) = -8e3 = 0.1

43. -12 x + x3 + y + y 2 = 4 45. (a) P( x) = -x3 + 10 x 2 - 12 x
dy d P¢( x) = -3x 2 + 20 x - 12 = 0
(-12 x + x3 + y + y 2 ) = (4)
dx dx 3x 2 - 20 x + 12 = 0
dy dy (3x - 2)( x - 6) = 0
-12 + 3x 2 + + 2y = 0
dx dx
dy 3x - 2 = 0 or x-6= 0
(1 + 2 y) = 12 - 3x 2 2
dx x = or x = 6
dy 12 - 3x 2 3
=
dx 1 + 2y P¢¢( x) = -6 x + 20
æ2ö
(a) If
dy
= 0, P¢¢ çç ÷÷÷ = 16,
çè 3 ø
dx
which implies that x = 2 is the location of
12 - 3x 2 = 0 3
12 = 3x 2 the minimum.
2 = x. P¢¢(6) = -16,
x = 2: which implies that x = 6 is the location of
the maximum. Thus, 600 boxes will produce a
-24 + 8 + y + y 2 = 4 maximum profit.
y + y 2 = 20 (b) Maximum profit = P(6)
2
y + y - 20 = 0 = -(6)3 + 10(6) 2 - 12(6) = 72
( y + 5)( y - 4) = 0
The maximum profit is $720.
y = -5 or y = 4
46. Let x = the length and width of a side
(2, - 5) and (2, 4) are critical points. of the base;
x = -2: h = the height.
The volume is 32 m3; the base is square and there
24 - 8 + y + y 2 = 4
is no top. Find the height, length, and width for
y + y 2 = -12 minimum surface area.
y 2 + y + 12 = 0
Volume = x 2h
2
-1  1 - 48 x 2h = 32
y =
2 32
h=
This leads to imaginary roots. x2
x = -2 does not produce critical points.
Surface area = x 2 + 4 xh
æ 32 ö
(b) x y1 y2 A = x 2 + 4 x çç 2 ÷÷
çè x ÷ø
1.9 -4.99 3.99
= x 2 + 128 x-1
2 -5 4
2.1 -4.99 3.99 A¢ = 2 x - 128x-2
The point (2, - 5) is a relative minimum. If A¢ = 0,
The point (2, 4) is a relative maximum. 2 x3 - 128

= 0
x2
(c) There is no absolute maximum or minimum
for x or y. x3 = 64
x = 4.

A¢¢( x) = 2 + 2(128) x-3 C ¢(r ) = 16π r -

240
A¢¢(4) = 6 > 0 r2
240
The minimum is at x = 4, where 16π r - =0
r2
h=
32
= 2. 16π r 3 = 240
42 15
r3 =
The dimensions are 2 m by 4 m by 4 m. π
r » 1.684
47. Volume of cylinder = π r 2h C ¢¢(r ) = 16π + 480

3
> 0, so r = 1.684
r
Surface area of cylinder open at one end minimizes cost.
= 2π rh + π r 2.
40 40
h= 2
= = 4.490
2
V = π r h = 27π πr π (1.684) 2
27π 27 The radius should be 1.684 in. and the height
h= 2
=
πr r2 should be 4.490 in.
æ 27 ö
A = 2π r çç 2 ÷÷÷ + π r 2
çè r ø
49. Here k = 0.15, M = 20,000, and f = 12.
= 54π r -1 + π r 2 We have
A¢ = -54π r -2 + 2π r 2f M 2(12)20,000
q = =
If A¢ = 0, k 0.15
= 3, 200,000 » 1789
54π
2π r =
r2 Ordering 1789 rolls each time minimizes annual
3 cost.
r = 27
r = 3.
50. M = 180,000 cases sold per year
If r = 3, k = $12, cost to store 1 case for 1 yr
A¢¢ = 108π r -3 + 2π > 0, f = $20, fixed cost for order
x = the number of cases per order
so the value at r = 3 is a minimum.
For the minimum cost, the radius of the bottom 2f M
x =
should be 3 inches. k
2(20)(180,000)
40 =
2 12
48. V = π r h = 40, so h = .
π r2 = 600,000
A = 2π r 2 + 2π rh
= 100 60
æ 40 ö
= 2π r 2 + 2π r çç 2 ÷÷ » 775
çè π r ÷ø
The store should order 775 cases each time.
80
= 2π r 2 +
r
51. Use equation (3) from Section 6.3 with k = 1,
æ 80 ö M = 128, 000, and f = 10.
Cost = C (r ) = 4(2π r ) + 3çç ÷÷÷
2
çè r ø
240 2f M 2(10)(128,000)
= 8π r 2 + q = =
r k 1
= 2,560,000 = 1600

55. A = π r 2 ; dr
dt
= 4 ft/min, r = 7 ft
The number of lots that should be produced
annually is dA dr
= 2π r
dt dt
M 128,000
= = 80. dA
q 1600 = 2π (7)(4)
dt
dA
52. Use equation (3) from Section 6.3 with k = 2, = 56π
dt
M = 240,000, and f = 15.
The rate of change of the area is 56π ft 2 /min.
2f M 2(15)(240,000)
q = =
k 2 56. dx
= rx( N - x)
= 3,600,000 » 1897.4 dt
= rxN - rx 2
T (1897) » 3794.7333 and T (1898) »
d 2x dx dx
3794.7334. Since T (1897) < T (1898), then the 2
= rN - 2rx
dt dt dt
number of batches per year should be dx
= r ( N - 2 x)
M 240,000 dt
= » 127.
q 1897 = r[rx( N - x)]( N - 2 x)
53. ln q = D - 0.447 ln p = r 2 x( N - x)( N - 2 x)

1 dq 0.47 d 2x N
=- = 0 when x = 0, x = N , or x = 2
.
q dp p dt 2
dp q
( ), ddt x > 0; therefore, the curve is
2
= -0.47 On 0, N
dq p 2 2
p dq concave upward.
E =-
( N2 , N ), ddt x < 0; therefore, the curve is
2
q dp On 2
pæ qö
= - çç -0.47 ÷÷÷ concave downward.
q èç p ø÷ N
Hence x = 2
is a point of inflection.
= 0.47
E is less than l, so the demand is inelastic. 57. (a)
7.5
A
54. q =
pk
dq A
= -k k +1 5 51
dp p 0
p dq (b) We use a graphing calculator to graph

E =- ⋅
q dp M ¢(t ) = -0.4321173 + 0.1129024t
æ
çç p ÷÷
ö
æ A ö÷ - 0.0061518t 2 + 0.0001260t 3
= ç - A ÷÷÷ (-k ) ççç k +1 ÷÷
ç - 0.0000008925t 4
çç ÷ çè p ÷÷ø
çè p k ÷ø÷
on [5, 51] by [0, 7.5]. We find the maximum
æ p k +1 ö÷æ A ÷ö value of M ¢(t ) on this graph at about 15.41,
ç ç
= çç - ÷÷÷çç -k k +1 ÷÷÷ or on about the 15th day.
èç A ÷øèç p ø÷
= k
The demand is elastic when k > 1 and inelastic
when k < 1.

58. (a) dV
60. = 0.9 ft 3 /min
dt
find dr
dt
when r = 1.7 ft
4 3
V = πr
3
dV 4 dr
(b) To find where the maximum and minimum = π (3)r 2
numbers occur, use a graphing calculator to dt 3 dt
locate any extreme points on the graph. One 2 dr
= 4π r
critical number is formed at about 87.78. dt
t P(t ) dr
0.9 = 4π (1.7 2 )
0 237.09 dt
0.9 dr
87.78 43.56 =
4π (1.7 2 ) dt
95 48.66
dr 0.9
The maximum number of polygons is about = » 0.0248
dt 11.56π
237 at birth. The minimum number is about 44.
The radius is changing at the rate of
59. Let x = the distance from the base of 0.9 » 0.0248 ft/min.
11.56π
the ladder to the building;
y = the height on the building at
the top of the ladder. 61. Let x = one-half of the width of the triangular
cross section;
h = the height of the water;
V = the volume of the water.
dV
dt
= 3.5 ft 3 /min.
dV 1
Find dt
when h = .
3
æ ö
dy ç Area of ÷
= -2 V = çç triangular ÷÷÷ (length)
dt ççè side ø÷
502 = x 2 + y 2
dx dy
0 = 2x + 2y
dt dt
dx y dy
=-
dt x dt
Area of triangular cross section
When x = 30, y = 2500 - (30)2 = 40. 1
= (base)(altitude)
So 2
1
dx -40 80 8 = (2 x)(h) = xh
= (-2) = = 2
dt 30 30 3
The base of the ladder is slipping away from the
building at a rate of 83 ft/min.
By similar triangles, 2x = 12 , so x = h.
h

V = ( xh)(4) dV
Set = 0.
2
= h ⋅4 dh
= 4h 2 488 + 212h - 12h 2 = 0

dV dh 12h 2 - 212h - 488 = 0
= 8h
dt dt 3h 2 - 53h - 122 = 0
1 dV dh
⋅ = 53  2809 + 1464
8h dt dt h=
6
1 dh
(3.5) = » -2.06 or h = 19.73
(3)
8 1 dt
h can’t be negative, so h » 19.73.
dh 21 Thus,
= = 1.3125
dt 16
l » 122 - 4h
The depth of water is changing at the rate of » 43.1.
1.3125 ft/min.
The length that produces the maximum volume is
about 43.1 inches.
4 3
62. V = π r , r = 4in., Δr = 0.02in.
3
65. We need to minimize y. Note that x > 0.
dV = 4π r 2dr
dy x 2
ΔV » 4π r 2 Δr = -
dx 8 x
= 4π (4) 2 (0.02)
= 1.28π or about 4.021
x 2
The volume of the coating is 1.28π in.3 or about - =0
8 x
4.021 in.3. x
=
2
8 x
x 2 = 16
63. A = s 2 ; s = 9.2, Δs = 0.04
x = 4
ds = 2s ds
Δ A » 2 s Δs Since lim y = ¥, lim y = ¥, and x = 4 is
x0 x ¥
= 2(9.2)(0.04) the only critical value in (0, ¥), x = 4 produces a
= 0.736in.2 minimum value.
42 1
64. V = l ⋅ w⋅h y = - 2 ln 4 + + 2 ln 6
16 4
w= 4+h = 1.25 + 2(ln 6 - ln 4)
l + g = 130; g = 2(w + h) = 1.25 + 2 ln1.5
l + 2(w + h) = 130
The y coordinate of the Southern most point of the
l + 2w + 2h = 130 second boat’s path is1.25 + 2 ln 1.5.
l = 130 - 2w - 2h
= 130 - 2(4 + h) - 2h 66. Let x = width of play area;
= 122 - 4h y = length of play area.
V = l ⋅ w⋅h
= (122 - 4h)(4 + h)h
= 488h + 106h 2 - 4h3
dV
= 488 + 212h - 12h 2
dh

An equation describing the amount of fencing is

40 - 30 302 + 402
900 = 2 x + y or y = 900 - 2 x. + » 18.67 seconds.
5 3
Then A = xy so 68. Distance on shore: 25 - x feet
A( x ) = x(900 - 2 x ) Speed on shore: 5 feet per second
= 900 x - 2 x 2. Distance in water: x 2 + 402 feet

If A¢( x) = 900 - 4 x = 0, x = 225. Speed in water: 3 feet per second
d1 d
Then y = 900 - 2(225) = 450. The total travel time t is t = t1 + t2 = + v2 .
v1 2
A¢¢( x) = -4 < 0, so the area is maximized if the
dimensions are 225 m by 450 m. 25 - x x 2 + 402
t ( x) = +
5 3
67. Distance on shore: 40 - x feet x x 2 + 1600
= 5- +
Speed on shore: 5 feet per second 5 3
1 1 1 2
t ¢( x) = - + ⋅ ( x + 1600)-1/2 (2 x)
Distance in water: x 2 + 402 feet 5 3 2
Speed in water: 3 feet for second 1 x
=- +
The total travel time t is 5 2
3 x + 1600
d d
t = t1 + t2 = 1 + 2 . Minimize the travel time t ( x). If t ¢( x) = 0:
v1 v2
x 1
40 - x x 2 + 402 =
t ( x) = + 2
3 x + 1600 5
5 3
x x 2 + 1600 5x = 3 x 2 + 1600
= 8- + 5x
5 3 = x 2 + 1600
1 1 1 2 3
t ¢( x) = - + ⋅ ( x + 1600)-1/2 (2 x) 25 2
5 3 2 x = x 2 + 1600
1 x 9
=- + 16 2
5 2
3 x + 1600 x = 1600
9
Minimize the travel time t ( x). If t ¢( x) = 0: 1600 ⋅ 9
x2 =
16
x 1 40 ⋅ 3
= x = = 30
3 x 2 + 1600 5 4
5x = 3 x 2 + 1600 (Discard the negative solution.)
5x x = 30 is impossible since the closest point on
= x 2 + 1600
3 the shore to the desired destination is only 25 ft
25 2 from where he is standing.
x = x 2 + 1600 Check the end points.
9
1600 ⋅ 9 x t ( x)
x2 =
16 0 18.33
40 ⋅ 3
x = = 30 25 15.72
4
The time is minimized when x = 25.
(Discard the negative solution.)
25 - x = 25 - 25 = 0 ft, so the mathematician
To minimize the time, he should walk should start paddling where he is standing. The
40 - x = 40 - 30 = 10 ft along the shore travel time is t (25) = 15.72 sec.
before paddling toward the desired destination.
The minimum travel time is

Extended Application 483
7. The graphs below show total cost per batch of

Extended Application: A Total Cost Model trainees in dollars for four scenarios in which one
of the values used Exercise 3 is allowed to vary.
for a Training Program
Demand D for trainees per month varies from
C1 æ m - 1 ö÷ 1 to 10, with other values as in Exercise 3:
Z (m) = + DtC2 + DC3 çç
çè 2 ø÷÷
1.
m
4
C DC3 1.5 .10
Z ¢(m) = - 12 + 0 +
m 2
4
1 .10
Total cost
C DC3
= - 12 +
m 2
5000
2. Z ¢(m) = 0 when
DC3 C 0
= 12 0 5 10
2 m Trainee demand
2 2C1
m = Fixed cost C1 of training a batch varies from
DC3
$5000 to $20,000, with other values as in Exercise 3:
2C1
m= .
DC3 4
2 .10
3. D = 3, t = 12, C1 = 15,000, C3 = 900
Total cost
4
2(15,000) 100 1 .10
m = = » 3.33
3(900) 9
0
4. 3 < 3.33 < 4 0 1 .10
4
2 .10
4
3 .10
4
+ - Fixed cost
m = 4 and m =3
é m(m-1) ù Marginal cost per trainee per month C2 varies

DC3 ê 2 ú
5. C1 + mDtC2 ë û from $50 to $250, with other values as in Exercise 3:
Z ( m) = +
m m
æ m - 1 ö÷ 4
C 2 .10
= 1 + DtC2 + DC3 çç
m çè 2 ÷÷ø
C1 = 15,000; D = 3, t = 12,
Total cost
4
C2 = 100; C3 = 900 1 .10
Z (m+ ) = Z (4)
15,000 æ 4 - 1 ö÷ 0
= + 3(12)(100) + 3(900) ççç ÷ 50 100 150 200 250
4 è 2 ÷ø
Marginal cost
= 3750 + 3600 + 4050
= $11,400 Salary for jobless trainee C3 varies from $100 to
$1800, with other values as in Exercise 3:
Z (m- ) = Z (3)
(900)(3 - 1) 4
15,000 2 .10
= + 3600 + 3
3 2
= 5000 + 3600 + 2700
Total cost
4
= $11,300 1 .10
6. Since Z (3) < Z (4), the optimal time interval is

3 months. 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
N = mD = 3 ⋅ 3 = 9 Jobless salary
There should be 9 trainees per batch.

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command, and advanced with a force supposed to number in the
177
aggregate two thousand men to Stony Creek, within ten miles of
Vincent’s position at Hamilton, where sixteen hundred British
regulars were encamped. There Chandler and Winder posted
themselves for the night, much as Winchester and his Kentuckians
178
had camped at the river Raisin four months earlier.
Vincent was not to be treated with such freedom. Taking only
179
seven hundred rank-and-file, he led them himself against
Chandler’s camp. The attack began, in intense darkness, at two
o’clock in the morning of June 6. The British quickly broke the
American centre and carried the guns. The lines became mixed, and
extreme confusion lasted till dawn. In the darkness both American
generals, Chandler and Winder, walked into the British force in the
180
centre, and were captured. With difficulty the two armies
succeeded in recovering their order, and then retired in opposite
directions. The British suffered severely, reporting twenty-three killed,
one hundred and thirty-four wounded, and fifty-five missing, or two
hundred and twelve men in all; but they safely regained Burlington
181
Heights at dawn. The American loss was less in casualties, for it
amounted only to fifty-five killed and wounded, and one hundred
missing; but in results the battle at Stony Creek was equally
disgraceful and decisive. The whole American force, leaving the
dead unburied, fell back ten miles, where Major-General Lewis took
command in the afternoon of June 7. An hour later the British fleet
under Sir James Yeo made its appearance, threatening to cut off
Lewis’s retreat. Indians hovered about. Boats and baggage were
lost. Dearborn sent pressing orders to Lewis directing him to return,
182
and on the morning of June 8 the division reached Fort George.
These mortifications prostrated Dearborn, whose strength had
been steadily failing. June 8 he wrote to Armstrong: “My ill state of
health renders it extremely painful to attend to the current duties; and
unless my health improves soon, I fear I shall be compelled to retire
to some place where my mind may be more at ease for a short
183
time.” June 10, his adjutant-general, Winfield Scott, issued orders
devolving on Major-General Morgan Lewis the temporary command
184
not only of the Niagara army but also of the Ninth Military district.
“In addition to the debility and fever he has been afflicted with,” wrote
185
Dearborn’s aid, S. S. Connor, to Secretary Armstrong, June 12,
“he has, within the last twenty-four hours, experienced a violent
spasmodic attack on his breast, which has obliged him to relinquish
business altogether.” “I have doubts whether he will ever again be fit
186
for service,” wrote Morgan Lewis to Armstrong, June 14; “he has
been repeatedly in a state of convalescence, but relapses on the
least agitation of mind.” June 20 Dearborn himself wrote in a very
despondent spirit both in regard to his health and to the military
situation: “I have been so reduced in strength as to be incapable of
any command. Brigadier-General Boyd is the only general officer
187
present.”
The sudden departure of Morgan Lewis, ordered to Sackett’s
Harbor, left General Boyd for a few days to act as the general in
command at Niagara. Boyd, though well known for his success at
Tippecanoe, was not a favorite in the army. “A compound of
ignorance, vanity, and petulance,” wrote his late superior, Morgan
188
Lewis, “with nothing to recommend him but that species of
bravery in the field which is vaporing, boisterous, stifling reflection,
blinding observation, and better adapted to the bully than the
soldier.”
Galled by complaints of the imbecility of the army, Boyd, with
189
Dearborn’s approval, June 23, detached Colonel Boerstler of the
Fourteenth Infantry with some four hundred men and two field-
pieces, to batter a stone house at Beaver Dam, some seventeen
190
miles from Fort George. Early in the morning of June 24 Boerstler
marched to Beaver Dam. There he found himself surrounded in the
woods by hostile Indians, numbering according to British authority
about two hundred. The Indians, annoying both front and rear,
caused Boerstler to attempt retreat, but his retreat was stopped by a
191
few militia-men, said to number fifteen. A small detachment of
one hundred and fifty men came to reinforce Boerstler, and
Lieutenant Fitzgibbon of the British Forty-ninth regiment, with forty-
seven men, reinforced the Indians. Unable to extricate himself, and
dreading dispersion and massacre, Boerstler decided to surrender;
and his five hundred and forty men accordingly capitulated to a
British lieutenant with two hundred and sixty Indians, militia, and
regulars.
Dearborn reported the disaster as “an unfortunate and
192
unaccountable event;” but of such events the list seemed
endless. A worse disaster, equally due to Dearborn and Chauncey,
occurred at the other end of the Lake. Had they attacked Kingston,
as Armstrong intended, their movement would have covered
Sackett’s Harbor; but when they placed themselves a hundred and
fifty miles to the westward of Sackett’s Harbor, they could do nothing
to protect it. Sackett’s Harbor was an easy morning’s sail from
Kingston, and the capture of the American naval station was an
object of infinite desire on the part of Sir George Prevost, since it
would probably decide the result of the war.
Prevost, though not remarkable for audacity, could not throw
away such an opportunity without ruining his reputation. He came to
Kingston, and while Dearborn was preparing to capture Fort George
in the night of May 26–27, Prevost embarked his whole regular force,
193
eight hundred men all told, on Yeo’s fleet at Kingston, set sail in
194
the night, and at dawn of May 27 was in sight of Sackett’s Harbor.
Had Yeo and Prevost acted with energy, they must have
captured the Harbor without serious resistance. According to Sir
George’s official report, “light and adverse winds” prevented the
195
ships from nearing the Fort until evening. Probably constitutional
vacillation on the part of Sir James Yeo caused delay, for Prevost left
196
the control wholly to him and Colonel Baynes.
At Sackett’s Harbor about four hundred men of different regular
regiments, and about two hundred and fifty Albany volunteers were
in garrison; and a general alarm, given on appearance of the British
fleet in the distance, brought some hundreds of militia into the place;
but the most important reinforcement was Jacob Brown, a brigadier-
general of State militia who lived in the neighborhood, and had been
requested by Dearborn to take command in case of an emergency.
Brown arrived at the Harbor in time to post the men in order of battle.
Five hundred militia were placed at the point where the British were
expected to land; the regulars were arranged in a second line; the
forts were in the rear.
(Larger)
EAST END
OF
LAKE ONTARIO
STRUTHERS & CO., ENGR’S., N.Y.
At dawn of May 28, under command of Colonel Baynes, the

British grenadiers of the One Hundredth regiment landed gallantly
under “so heavy and galling a fire from a numerous but almost
invisible foe, as to render it impossible to halt for the artillery to come
197
up.” Pressing rapidly forward, without stopping to fire, the British
regulars routed the militia and forced the second line back until they
reached a block-house at the edge of the village, where a thirty-two
pound gun was in position, flanked by log barracks and fallen timber.
While Brown with difficulty held his own at the military barracks, the
naval lieutenant in charge of the ship-yard, being told that the battle
was lost, set fire to the naval barracks, shipping, and store-houses.
Brown’s indignation at this act was intense.
“The burning of the marine barracks was as infamous a

transaction as ever occurred among military men,” he wrote to
198
Dearborn. “The fire was set as our regulars met the enemy
upon the main line; and if anything could have appalled these
gallant men it would have been the flames in their rear. We have
all, I presume, suffered in the public estimation in consequence
of this disgraceful burning. The fact is, however, that the army is
entitled to much higher praise than though it had not occurred.
The navy are alone responsible for what happened on Navy
Point, and it is fortunate for them that they have reputations
sufficient to sustain the shock.”
Brown’s second line stood firm at the barracks, and the British
attack found advance impossible. Sir George Prevost’s report
199
admitted his inability to go farther: —
“A heavier fire than that of musketry having become

necessary in order to force their last position, I had the
mortification to learn that the continuation of light and adverse
winds had prevented the co-operation of the ships, and that the
gunboats were unequal to silence the enemy’s elevated
batteries, or to produce any effect on their block houses.
Considering it therefore impracticable without such assistance to
carry the strong works by which the post was defended, I
reluctantly ordered the troops to leave a beaten enemy whom
they had driven before them for upwards of three hours, and
who did not venture to offer the slightest opposition to the re-
embarkation, which was effected with proper deliberation and in
perfect order.”
If Sir George was correct in regarding the Americans as “a

beaten enemy,” his order of retreat to his own troops seemed
improper; but his language showed that he used the words in a
sense of his own, and Colonel Baynes’s report gave no warrant for
200
the British claim of a victory.
201
“At this point,” said Baynes, “the further energies of the
troops became unavailing. Their [American] block-houses and
stockaded battery could not be carried by assault, nor reduced
by field-pieces had we been provided with them.... Seeing no
object within our reach to attain that could compensate for the
loss we were momentarily sustaining from the heavy fire of the
enemy’s cannon, I directed the troops to take up the position we
had charged from. From this position we were ordered to re-
embark, which was performed at our leisure and in perfect order,
the enemy not presuming to show a single soldier without the
limits of his fortress.”
Another and confidential report was written by E. B. Brenton of

202
Prevost’s staff to the governor’s military secretary, Noah Freer.
After describing the progress of the battle until the British advance
was stopped, Brenton said that Colonel Baynes came to Sir George
to tell him that the men could not approach nearer the works with
any prospect of success:—
“It was however determined to collect all the troops at a

point, to form the line, and to make an attack immediately upon
the battery and barracks in front. For this purpose the men in
advance were called in, the line formed a little without the reach
of the enemy’s musketry, and though evidently much fagged,
was, after being supplied with fresh ammunition, again led in
line. At this time I do not think the whole force collected in the
lines exceeded five hundred men.”
The attack was made, and part of the Hundred-and-fourth

regiment succeeded in getting shelter behind one of the American
barracks, preparing for a farther advance. Sir George Prevost, under
a fire which his aid described as tremendous,—“I do not exaggerate
when I tell you that the shot, both of musketry and grape, was falling
about us like hail,”—watched the American position through a glass,
when, “at this time those who were left of the troops behind the
barracks made a dash out to charge the enemy; but the fire was so
destructive that they were instantly turned by it, and the retreat was
sounded. Sir George, fearless of danger and disdaining to run or to
suffer his men to run, repeatedly called out to them to retire in order;
many however made off as fast as they could.”
These reports agreed that the British attack was totally defeated,
with severe loss, before the retreat was sounded. Such authorities
should have silenced dispute; but Prevost had many enemies in
Canada, and at that period of the war the British troops were unused
to defeat. Both Canadians and English attacked the governor-
general privately and publicly, freely charging him with having
disgraced the service, and offering evidence of his want of courage
203
in the action. Americans, though not interested in the defence of
Prevost, could not fail to remark that the British and Canadian
authorities who condemned him, assumed a condition of affairs
altogether different from that accepted by American authorities. The
official American reports not only supported the views taken by
Prevost and Baynes of the hopelessness of the British attack, but
added particulars which made Prevost’s retreat necessary. General
Brown’s opinion was emphatic: “Had not General Prevost retired
most rapidly under the guns of his vessels, he would never have
204
returned to Kingston.” These words were a part of Brown’s official
205
report. Writing to Dearborn he spoke with the same confidence: —
“The militia were all rallied before the enemy gave way, and
were marching perfectly in his view towards the rear of his right
flank; and I am confident that even then, if Sir George had not
retired with the utmost precipitation to his boats, he would have
been cut off.”
Unlike the Canadians, Brown thought Prevost’s conduct correct

and necessary, but was by no means equally complimentary to Sir
James Yeo, whom he blamed greatly for failing to join in the battle.
The want of wind which Yeo alleged in excuse, Brown flatly denied.
From that time Brown entertained and freely expressed contempt for
Yeo, as he seemed also to feel little respect for Chauncey. His
experience with naval administration on both sides led him to expect
nothing but inefficiency from either.
Whatever were the true causes of Prevost’s failure, Americans
could not admit that an expedition which cost the United States so
much, and which so nearly succeeded, was discreditable to the
British governor-general, or was abandoned without sufficient
reason. The British return of killed and wounded proved the
correctness of Prevost, Baynes, and Brown in their opinion of the
necessity of retreat. According to the report of Prevost’s severest
critics, he carried less than seven hundred and fifty rank-and-file to
206
Sackett’s Harbor. The returns showed forty-four rank-and-file
killed; one hundred and seventy-two wounded, and thirteen missing,
—in all, two hundred and twenty-nine men, or nearly one man in
three. The loss in officers was relatively even more severe; and the
total loss in an aggregate which could hardly have numbered much
more than eight hundred and fifty men all told, amounted to two
hundred and fifty-nine killed, wounded, and missing, leaving Prevost
207
less than six hundred men to escape, in the face of twice their
208
numbers and under the fire of heavy guns.
The British attack was repulsed, and Jacob Brown received
much credit as well as a commission of brigadier-general in the
United States army for his success; but the injury inflicted by the
premature destruction at the navy-yard was very great, and was
sensibly felt. Such a succession of ill news could not but affect the
Government. The repeated failures to destroy the British force at
Niagara; the disasters of Chandler, Winder, and Boerstler; the
narrow and partial escape of Sackett’s Harbor; the total incapacity of
Dearborn caused by fever and mortification,—all these evils were not
the only or the greatest subjects for complaint. The two
commanders, Dearborn and Chauncey, had set aside the secretary’s
plan of campaign, and had substituted one of their own, on the
express ground of their superior information. While affirming that the
garrison at Kingston had been reinforced to a strength three or four
times as great as was humanly possible, they had asserted that the
capture of York would answer their purpose as well as the capture of
Kingston, to “give us the complete command of the Lake.” They
captured York, April 27, but the British fleet appeared June 6, and
took from them the command of the Lake. These miscalculations or
misstatements, and the disasters resulting from them, warranted the
removal of Chauncey as well as Dearborn from command; but the
brunt of dissatisfaction fell on Dearborn alone. Both Cabinet and
Congress agreed in insisting on Dearborn’s retirement, and the
President was obliged to consent. July 6, Secretary Armstrong
wrote,—
“I have the President’s orders to express to you the decision

that you retire from the command of District No. 9, and of the
troops within the same, until your health be re-established and
until further orders.”
CHAPTER VIII.
Armstrong’s embarrassment was great in getting rid of the
generals whom Madison and Eustis left on his hands. Dearborn was
one example of what he was obliged to endure, but Wilkinson was a
209
worse. According to Armstrong’s account, New Orleans was not
believed to be safe in Wilkinson’s keeping. The senators from
Louisiana, Tennessee, and Kentucky remonstrated to the President,
and the President ordered his removal. Armstrong and Wilkinson
had been companions in arms, and had served with Gates at
Saratoga. For many reasons Armstrong wished not unnecessarily to
mortify Wilkinson, and in conveying to him, March 10, the abrupt
210
order to proceed with the least possible delay to the headquarters
of Major-General Dearborn at Sackett’s Harbor, the Secretary of War
211
added, March 12, a friendly letter of advice: —
“Why should you remain in your land of cypress when

patriotism and ambition equally invite to one where grows the
laurel? Again, the men of the North and East want you; those of
the South and West are less sensible of your merits and less
anxious to have you among them. I speak to you with a
frankness due to you and to myself, and again advise, Come to
the North, and come quickly! If our cards be well played, we may
renew the scene of Saratoga.”
The phrase was curious. Saratoga suggested defeated invasion

rather than conquest; the surrender of a British army in the heart of
New York rather than the capture of Montreal. The request for
Wilkinson’s aid was disheartening. No one knew better than
Armstrong the feebleness of Wilkinson’s true character. “The
selection of this unprincipled imbecile was not the blunder of
212
Secretary Armstrong,” said Winfield Scott long afterward; but the
idea that Wilkinson could be chief-of-staff to Dearborn,—that one
weak man could give strength to another,—was almost as surprising
as the selection of Wilkinson to chief command would have been.
Armstrong did not intend that Wilkinson should command more than
213
a division under Dearborn; but he must have foreseen that in the
event of Dearborn’s illness or incapacity, Wilkinson would become by
seniority general-in-chief.
(Larger)
REMARKS
Cedars: A small Village, a place of business, built pretty
compact, several stone houses: Settlers, Scottish and 9
or 10 French.
River d l’Isle The course of this River is S. and E. till
within 4 or 5 miles of the St. Lawrence thence it runs
almost parallel with that river to its mouth at the
Coteau. It is about 4 rods wide at its mouth and is
shoal. One mile above the confluence the distance is
only ¾ mile between the two rivers: The banks of both
are low and flat.
There is a settlement of 60 French Families or upwards
4 miles above Coteau. No road thence to Point Bodet
distant 7½ miles.
The road is excellent from Pt. Bodet to Raisin R.
McPherson keeps Tavern at Pt. Mouille and a Ferry to
Pt. Bodet.
McGee keeps Tavern at Pt. Bodet and a Ferry down the
Lake.
There is a Ferry from Coteau to Pt. Bodet.
MAP OF THE
RIVER ST. LAWRENCE
AND ADJACENT COUNTRY
From Williamsburg to Montreal.
FROM AN ORIGINAL DRAWING
IN THE
WAR DEPARTMENT.
Military and Topographical Atlas
By JOHN MELISH, 1815.
STRUTHERS & CO., ENGR’S, N.Y.
Wilkinson at New Orleans received Armstrong’s letter of March

214
10 only May 19, and started, June 10, for Washington, where he
arrived July 31, having consumed the greater part of the summer in
the journey. On arriving at Washington, he found that Dearborn had
been removed, and that he was himself by seniority in command of
215
the Ninth Military District. This result of Dearborn’s removal was
incalculably mischievous, for if its effect on Wilkinson’s vanity was
unfortunate, its influence on the army was fatal. Almost every
respectable officer of the old service regarded Wilkinson with
antipathy or contempt.
Armstrong’s ill-fortune obliged him also to place in the position of
next importance Wilkinson’s pronounced enemy, Wade Hampton. A
major-general was required to take command on Lake Champlain,
and but one officer of that rank claimed employment or could be
employed; and Wade Hampton was accordingly ordered to
216
Plattsburg. Of all the major-generals Hampton was probably the
best; but his faults were serious. Proud and sensitive even for a
South Carolinian; irritable, often harsh, sometimes unjust, but the
217
soul of honor, Hampton was rendered wholly intractable wherever
Wilkinson was concerned, by the long-standing feud which had
made the two generals for years the heads of hostile sections in the
218
army. Hampton loathed Wilkinson. At the time of his appointment
to command on Lake Champlain he had no reason to expect that
Wilkinson would be his superior; but though willing and even wishing
to serve under Dearborn, he accepted only on the express
219
understanding that his was a distinct and separate command, and
that his orders were to come directly from the War Department. Only
in case of a combined movement uniting different armies, was he to
yield to the rule of seniority. With that agreement he left Washington,
June 15, and assumed command, July 3, on Lake Champlain.
Nearly a month afterward Wilkinson arrived in Washington, and
reported at the War Department. By that time Armstrong had lost
whatever chance he previously possessed of drawing the army at
Niagara back to a position on the enemy’s line of supply. Three
insuperable difficulties stood in his way,—the season was too late;
the army was too weak; and the generals were incompetent.
Armstrong found his generals the chief immediate obstacle, and
struggled perseveringly and good-humoredly to overcome it.
Wilkinson began, on arriving at Washington, by showing a fancy for
220
continuing the campaign at Niagara. Armstrong was obliged to
give an emphatic order, dated August 8, that Kingston should be the
primary object of the campaign, but he left Wilkinson at liberty to go
221
there by almost any route, even by way of Montreal. Disappointed
at the outset by finding Wilkinson slow to accept responsibility or
222
decided views, he was not better pleased when the new general
began his duties in Military District No. 9.
Wilkinson left Washington August 11, and no sooner did he
reach Albany than he hastened to write, August 16, two letters to
General Hampton, assuming that every movement of that general
223
was directly dependent on Wilkinson’s orders. Considering the
relations between the two men, these letters warranted the inference
that Wilkinson intended to drive Hampton out of his Military District,
and if possible from the service. Hampton instantly leaped to that
conclusion, and wrote to Armstrong, August 23, offering his
resignation in case Wilkinson’s course was authorized by
224
government. Wilkinson also wrote to the secretary August 30,
225
substantially avowing his object to be what Hampton supposed: —
“You have copies of my letters to Major-General Hampton,

which I know he has received, yet I have no answer. The
reflection which naturally occurs is that if I am authorized to
command he is bound to obey; and if he will not respect the
obligation, he should be turned out of the service.”
Armstrong pacified Hampton by promising once more that all his

orders and reports should pass through the Department. Hampton
promised to serve cordially and vigorously through the campaign, but
he believed himself intended for a sacrifice, and declared his
226
intention of resigning as soon as the campaign was ended.
Wilkinson, after having at Albany provoked this outburst, started for
Sackett’s Harbor, where he arrived August 20.
At Sackett’s Harbor Wilkinson found several general officers.
Morgan Lewis was there in command, Commodore Chauncey was
there with his fleet. Jacob Brown was also present by virtue of his
recent appointment as brigadier-general. The quartermaster-general,
Robert Swartwout, a brother of Burr’s friend who went to New
Orleans, was posted there. Wilkinson summoned these officers to a
council of war August 26, which deliberated on the different plans of
campaign proposed to it, and unanimously decided in favor of one
called by Armstrong “No. 3 of the plans proposed by the
227 228
government.” As defined in Wilkinson’s language the scheme
was—
“To rendezvous the whole of the troops on the Lake in this
vicinity, and in co-operation with our squadron to make a bold
feint upon Kingston, slip down the St. Lawrence, lock up the
enemy in our rear to starve or surrender, or oblige him to follow
us without artillery, baggage, or provisions, or eventually to lay
down his arms; to sweep the St. Lawrence of armed craft, and in
concert with the division under Major-General Hampton to take
Montreal.”
Orders were given, August 25, for providing river transport for
seven thousand men, forty field-pieces, and twenty heavy guns, to
229
be in readiness by September 15.
The proposed expedition closely imitated General Amherst’s
expedition against Montreal in 1760, with serious differences of
relative situation. After Wolfe had captured Quebec and hardly
twenty-five hundred French troops remained to defend Montreal, in
the month of July Amherst descended the river from Lake Ontario
with more than ten thousand men, chiefly British veterans, capturing
every fortified position as he went. Wilkinson’s council of war
proposed to descend the river in October or November with seven
thousand men, leaving a hostile fleet and fortresses in their rear, and
running past every fortified position to arrive in the heart of a
comparatively well populated country, held by a force greater than
their own, with Quebec to support it, while Wilkinson would have no
certain base of supplies, reinforcements, or path of escape.
Knowledge of Wilkinson’s favorite Quintus Curtius or of Armstrong’s
familiar Jomini was not required to satisfy any intelligent private,
however newly recruited, that under such circumstances the army
230
would be fortunate to escape destruction.
Wilkinson next went to Niagara, where he arrived September 4,
and where he found the army in a bad condition, with Boyd still in
command, but restrained by the President’s orders within a strict
defensive. Wilkinson remained nearly a month at Fort George
making the necessary preparations for a movement. He fell ill of
fever, but returned October 2 to Sackett’s Harbor, taking with him all
the regular troops at Niagara. At that time Chauncey again controlled
the Lake.
Secretary Armstrong also came to Sackett’s Harbor, September
5, and established the War Department at that remote point for
231
nearly two months. When Wilkinson arrived, October 2,
Armstrong’s difficulties began. Wilkinson, then fifty-six years old, was
broken by the Lake fever. “He was so much indisposed in mind and
232
body,” according to Brigadier-General Boyd, “that in any other
service he would have perhaps been superseded in his command.”
According to Wilkinson’s story, he told Secretary Armstrong that he
was incapable of commanding the army, and offered to retire from it;
but the secretary said there was no one to take his place, and he
could not be spared. In private Armstrong was believed to express
himself more bluntly, and Wilkinson was told that the secretary said:
“I would feed the old man with pap sooner than leave him
233
behind.” Wilkinson’s debility did not prevent him from giving
orders, or from becoming jealous and suspicious of every one, but
234
chiefly of Armstrong. Whatever was suggested by Armstrong was
opposed by Wilkinson. Before returning to Sackett’s Harbor, October
235
4, Wilkinson favored an attack on Kingston. On reaching
Sackett’s Harbor, finding that Armstrong also favored attacking
Kingston, Wilkinson argued “against my own judgment” in favor of
236
passing Kingston and descending upon Montreal. Ten days
afterward Armstrong changed his mind. Yeo had succeeded in
returning to Kingston, bringing reinforcements.
“He will bring with him about fifteen hundred effectives,”

237
wrote Armstrong; “and thanks to the storm and our snail-like
movements down the Lake, they will be there before we can
reach it. The manœuvre intended is lost, so far as regards
Kingston. What we now do against that place must be done by
hard blows, at some risk.”
Accordingly, October 19, Armstrong wrote to Wilkinson a letter
advising abandonment of the attack on Kingston, and an effort at
238
“grasping the safer and the greater object below.”
“I call it the safer and greater object, because at Montreal

you find the weaker place and the smaller force to encounter; at
Montreal you meet a fresh, unexhausted, efficient reinforcement
of four thousand men; at Montreal you approach your own
resources, and establish between you and them an easy and an
expeditious intercourse; at Montreal you occupy a point which
must be gained in carrying your attacks home to the purposes of
the war, and which, if seized now, will save one campaign; at
Montreal you hold a position which completely severs the
enemy’s line of operations, which shuts up the Ottawa as well as
the St. Lawrence against him, and which while it restrains all
below, withers and perishes all above itself.”
As Armstrong veered toward Montreal Wilkinson turned

decidedly toward Kingston, and wrote the same day to the secretary
239
a letter of remonstrance, closing by a significant remark:—
“Personal considerations would make me prefer a visit to

Montreal to the attack of Kingston; but before I abandon this
attack, which by my instructions I am ordered to make, it is
necessary to my justification that you should by the authority of
the President direct the operations of the army under my
command particularly against Montreal.”
The hint was strong that Wilkinson believed Armstrong to be

trying to evade responsibility, as Armstrong believed Wilkinson to be
trying to shirk it. Both insinuations were probably well-founded;
neither Armstrong nor Wilkinson expected to capture Kingston, and
still less Montreal. Wilkinson plainly said as much at the time. “I
speak conjecturally,” he wrote; “but should we surmount every
obstacle in descending the river we shall advance upon Montreal
ignorant of the force arrayed against us, and in case of misfortune,
having no retreat, the army must surrender at discretion.”
Armstrong’s conduct was more extraordinary than Wilkinson’s, and
could not be believed except on his own evidence. He not only
looked for no capture of Montreal, but before writing his letter of
October 19 to Wilkinson, he had given orders for preparing winter
quarters for the army sixty or eighty miles above Montreal, and did
240
this without informing Wilkinson. In later years he wrote: —
“Suspecting early in October, from the lateness of the

season, the inclemency of the weather, and the continued
indisposition of the commanding general, that the campaign then
in progress would terminate as it did,—‘with the disgrace of
doing nothing, but without any material diminution of physical
power,’—the Secretary of War, then at Sackett’s Harbor,
hastened to direct Major-General Hampton to employ a brigade
of militia attached to his command, in constructing as many huts
as would be sufficient to cover an army of ten thousand men
during the winter.”
The order dated October 16 and addressed to the

241
quartermaster-general, prescribed the cantonment of ten
thousand men within the limits of Canada, and plainly indicated the
secretary’s expectation that the army could not reach Montreal. In
other ways Armstrong showed the same belief more openly.
All the available troops on or near Lake Ontario were
concentrated at Sackett’s Harbor about the middle of October, and
242
did not exceed seven thousand effectives, or eight thousand men.
“I calculate on six thousand combatants,” wrote Wilkinson after
243
starting, “exclusive of Scott and Randolph, neither of whom will, I
fear, be up in season.” The army was divided into four brigades
under Generals Boyd, Swartwout, Jacob Brown, and Covington,—
the latter a Maryland man, forty-five years old, who entered the
service in 1809 as lieutenant-colonel of dragoons. The brigades of

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Mathematics with Applications In the Management Natural

Calculus and Its Applications 11th Edition Bittinger

APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE

f ¢( x) = 2 x-1/3 - 5x 2/3 The absolute maximum is 148, at x = -4. As noted

f ¢( x) is 0 when 2 - 5 x = 0, that is, when f ¢( x) = 12 x 2 - 14 x - 40

x = 52 = 0.4. Now evaluate the function f at the = 2(6 x 2 - 7 x - 20)

x f ( x) numbers will occur where f ¢( x) = 0.

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2. As shown on the graph, the absolute minimum x f ( x)

5. As shown on the graph, the absolute minimum f ¢( x ) = x 2 + 3 x - 4 = 0

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f ¢( x) = 4 x3 - 64 x = 0 but 1 - 2 is not in [1, 5].

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x f ( x) 24. f ( x) = x + 3x 2/3; [-10, 1]

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ln x 28. f ( x) = x 2e-0.5 x ;[2, 5]

Although f ¢( x) fails to exist at x = 0, 0 is not in -5 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 9

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There is an absolute maximum of 137 at x = 3; 1 - x2

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There is an absolute minimum of -0.3679 at

The length of the rectangle is x and the width is

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-4 is not relevant since x ³ 5, so the only

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C ¢(4) = -7.625 < 0 f ( x)

C ( x) is minimum when x = 2. This represents a maximum of P since the factor of

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54. S ( x) = -x3 + 3x 2 + 360x + 5000; 6 £ x £ 20 -

The maximum length is about 7.2 millimeters. æ x ö÷2 æ 12 - x ö÷

R¢(T ) = -0.00021T 2 + 0.0802T - 1.6572

Using our graphing calculator, we find one critical

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x 12 - x Therefore, the circle formed by piece of length

The total area is minimized when the piece used to (b) - ln p + ln (1 - p) = 0

x2 (12 - x)2 I ¢(0.25) = 1.0986

12 - x æ x ö÷ Since x and y must be nonnegative, we have x ³ 0

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Evaluate M at the critical numbers and endpoints: Your Turn 3

4x = 8002 + x 2 Your Turn 4

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the values found in Example 4 by (1/2)1/3 : (a) y = 180 - x

5.419 (b) P = xy = x(180 - x)

(d) P¢( x) = 180 - 2 x

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(b) Let 4. x + y = 105

(b) Let P = x 2 y = x 2 (90 - x) 1 3

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A¢( x) = -10 x-2 - 10 x-3/2 + 8x-1/2. (c) R(48) = 12,000(48) - 125(48)2

The maximum revenue occurs when y = 1400 - 2(350) = 700.

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10. Let x = length of field 1800 - 4 x = 0

P = 2 x + 2 y = 300 A¢¢ = -4, which implies that x = 450 is the

Area: The maximum area is

A = xy (450)(900) = 405, 000 m 2.

A¢( x) = 0 when 1200 − (3/2)x