APrologue for the Student-Reader

1 Number Systems
2 Arithmetic of Integers 17
2.1 Principle of Induction 17
2.2 Divisibility 22
2.3 Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 34
3 Geometry-Straight Lines and Triangles 45
3.1 Straight Lines 45
3.2 Congruence of Triangles 53
3.3 Parallel Straight Lines 63

34 Some Properties of a Triangle 75

3.5 Similar Triangles 78
3.6 Congruence and Collinearity 97
Geometry-Circles 111
4.1 Preliminaries 111
4.2 Tangents 119
4.3 Cyclic Quadrilaterals 130
4.4 Triangles Revisited 138
4.5 Constructions 174
4.6 Some Geometric Gems 203
5 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 232
S.l Introduction 232
5.2 Solution of Quadratic Equations by Factorization 237
5.3 Method of Completing the Square 240
5.4Relation Between Roots and Coefficients 246
5.5 Problems Leading to Quadratic Equations 251
5.6 Behaviour of Quadratic Expressions 254
6 Trigonometry 264
6.1Introduction 264
6.2 Trigonometric Functions or Ratios 266
6.3 Trigonometric Ratios of 90'+0 e.t.c 269
6.4 Functions and Their Graphs 274
 Contents

6.5 A: Ratios of Compound Angles 284

6.5 B: Conversion Formulae (Products intoSums) 286
6.5 C: Conversion Formulae (Sums into Products) 287
6.5 D : Ratios of Multiple Angles 288
6.5 E: Ratios of 18° and 36 290
6.6 Trigonometrical Identities296
6.7 Inverse Circular Functions 299
6.8 Trigonometrical Equations 307
6.9 Properties of Triangles 315
6.10 Heights and Distances 338
6.11 Elimination 344
7. Co-ordinate Geometry of Straight Lines and Circles 350
ZLIntroduction 350
7.2 Straight Lines 363
7.3 Circles 393

8 Systems of Linear Equations 411

8.1 Two and Three Unknowns 41]
8.2 Introduction to Determinants and Matrices 424

9 Permutations and Combinations 455

9. Permutations 455
9.2 Combinations 470
9.3 Binomial Theorem 489
 10 Factorisation of Polynomials 497
10.1Introduction 497
10.2 Addition and Multiplication of Polynomials 498
10.3 Division of Polynomials 501
10.4 Remainder Theorem and Factorization 509
10.5 GCD and LCM of Polynomials 517
10.6 Euclid's Algorithm 520
Inequalities 533
LLIntroduction 533
112 Some Basic Inequalities 533
11.3 AM-GM Inequality 541
11.4 Cauchy-SchwarzInequality S47
12 Elementary Combinatorics 555
12.1The Inclusion and Exclusion Principle 555
12.2 The Pigeon-Hole Principle 566
Contents xi

13 Beginning of Probability Theory 579

14 Beginnings of Number Theory 599

14.1 Congruences 599
14.2 Theorems of Fermat and Wilson 604
15 Finite Series 615
15.1 Introduction 615
15.2 Sum of an Arithmetic Progression 620
15.3 Sum of aGeometric Progression 624
15.4 Some Special Finite Series 626
15.5 Summation of Finite Trigonometrical Series 633
1S.6 Summation Involving Binomial Coefficients 636