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INDIVIDUALS AND COMPANIES MYP 522

2021-2022

UNIT 3: POPULATION EVOLUTION: INCREASE

NATURAL, STRUCTURE AND MIGRATION

Introduction

Human groups are made up of distinct categories based on sex, age and activities.
Studying the structures of the world population means researching the proportions
of these categories by comparing them and putting them into perspective in time
and space. The proportions of these structures in the world population vary
depending on the standard of living development.

I- Definition of important concepts

- Population growth:It is the increase in population during a given period.

- Natural growth:It is the difference between the number of births and the
number of deaths.
- Immigration:It is the movement of a population or a group of people
from one country to another or from one region to another. There are 2
types of immigration, illegal immigration which consists of entering a
country illegally and regular immigration which consists of entering legally
with a visa and everything that goes with it.
- Population structure:It is the distribution of the inhabitants of a
population according to well-designated demographic characteristics such as
age, sex, etc.

II- Population structure and development

The demographic structure of a population represents the distribution of the

population according to its different socio-demographic and economic
characteristics.

1- STRUCTURES BY SEX AND BY AGE

a- Structures by gender

THEsex ratio, sexual proportion of births, is105 boys for 100 girls. Gradually, the
differential mortality rate is in favor of
women and, in addition, thelife expectancyof women is6 yearshigher than that of
men. This situation is due to the fact that men are more exposed todead than
women:alcohol, drugs, war, infectious diseases, heart conditions, etc.

This is especially confirmed inEurope, inAmericaand in therich Pacific countries(

Japan,Taiwan,New Zealand,Australia). However, in rare countries, men constitute
the majority of the population, contrary to demographers' predictions.

In some cases, this is because of the large number of immigrant workers (for
example in certain oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf like theQatar). In
other cases, this phenomenon is explained both by theinfanticide of girlsor by the
abortion of female fetusesand by the factwomen do not access various services
Andthe same living conditions as men

(Indian world,China,Pakistan,certain regions of Africa).

b-age structures

The population is divided, according to age, into three categories:youth(agedfrom 0

to 20 years), THEadults(from over 20 years to 60 years) and theold menOrthe
elderlyOrelderly people(aged over 60). The proportions of age groups are
different depending on the region. In developing countries, young people are more
numerous and in most cases represent more than50%Population. On the other
hand, industrialized countries with a high standard of living are characterized by the
high proportion of adults among the elderly. Age structure has profound economic
implications. To better represent the distribution by age and sex of a population, we
use theage structure.

2- SOCIOPROFESSIONAL STRUCTURES

Since the work of the AustralianColin Clark, in the years1940, economic activities
are divided into

three major sectorssaidprimary,secondaryAndtertiary.

To define thesocio-professional structures, we are inspired by theactive

population, that is to say the part of the population having a job or looking for a
job. The active population includes the unemployed and young people looking for
their first job. But she doesn't
does not take into account the domestic activity of women, retirees, students
although this contributes indirectly to the formation of national wealth

2-Population structure:Development lever?

In development processes, demographic dynamics have always had a considerable

impact. However, its demographic characteristics must be transformed into added
values.

Developing countries have large young populations. It is a real source of labor for
both agricultural and industrial development. However, it can become restrictive
because it is likely to generate enormous needs, in terms of education, housing, etc.

Faced with a fairly precarious job offer, unemployment pushes many young people
from poor countries to take the route of illegal immigration by sea.

In developed countries, the population is quite aging. This fact requires a colossal
investment in social systems and pension plans. In addition, this situation creates an
enormous need for labor for the different sectors of activity.

Population growth and its challenges

 ❖ A rapidly growing world population

• Since the 1950s, the world population has increased significantly. In 2016,
more than 7 billion people live on Earth. The global population is projected to
reach 9 billion in 2050.

• Therepopulation growthvaries depending on the region of the world. THE

population centersSouth Asia and Africa are experiencing strong growth.
The birth rate is high there, while mortality is falling.

• The countries of North America, Europe and East Asia have low growth, which
can be explained by the improvement in living conditions (access to
information and care, schooling). The average number of children per woman
is low. The population increases little or even decreases.

❖ The challenges of a larger population

Strong population growth is a challenge in poor or emerging countries.

Population growth requires new needs: we must feed, house, educate and
provide employment to young populations.

Strong population growth can cause tensions and conflicts around the sharing of
resources.

Residents of densely populated countryside migrate to cities or to pioneer fronts.

New urbanites are concentrated in slums, where living conditions are difficult.
Pollution is growing in big cities.

Regions with low demographic growth, such as European countries, Japan or China,
must face an aging population, which poses the problem of population renewal.

Conclusion

Demographic dynamics have undergone changes over the past century. They vary
from one geographical space to another both in their characteristics, their
jurisdictions and in their impacts on the development of these territories. In Africa,
the imbalances inherent to the demographic explosion fuel migratory dynamics,
especially those carried out clandestinely by sea.