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3.2 Analysis of Function I
3.2 Analysis of Function I
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION
Objectives:
1. To determine increasing and decreasing functions
2. To find extremum points..
First Derivative Test: to determine intervals where f(x) is increasing and decreasing.
(a, c) +
(c, b) - Maximum point
(a, c) +
Minimum point
(c, b) -
(a, c) + OR -
No extremum
(c, b) + -
1
Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation
Example 1
Determine the interval where f(x) is increasing and decreasing for f ( x ) 4 x 2 3x 2 . Hence
determine the extremum point(s).
Solution:
Find f’(x)
f ( x ) 4 x 2 3x 2
f ' ( x ) 8x 3
Determine critical values: f’(x) = 0
8x 3 0
3
x
8
3/8
3 3 3 23
Critical point: , f ,
8
8
8 16
3
f(x) increasing in the interval ,
8
3
f(x) decreasing in the interval ,
8
3/8
3 23
Minimum point: ,
8 16
2
Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation
Example 5
Find the interval of x where the function f ( x ) x 4 18x 2 is increasing and decreasing. Hence
determine the extremum point(s).
Example 6
Objectives:
to determine concavity
to find inflection points
increase
decrease
increase
decrease
Example 7
3
Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation
Solution:
f ( x ) x 4 4 x 3 10 x
f ' ( x ) 4x3 – 12x2 +10
Concavity test:
Interval Test Value Sign of f’’(x) Concavity Conclusion
,0 -1 (-) (-) = + Concave upward
0,2 Concave
1 (-) (+) = -
downward
2, 3 (+) (+) = + Concave upward
An inflection point is a point where the concavity changes. Let c is an inflection value, then
(c,f(c)) is an inflection point.
From example 7, f ( x ) x 4 4 x 3 10 x
(2, 4)
(0, 0)
Inflection values: 0, 2
Inflection points: (0, f (0)) and (2, f (2))
Therefore, the inflection points are (0, 0) and (2, 4)
3.1.2 Asymptotes
4
Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation
Vertical asymptote
This happens most often with a rational function at a value of x that leads to a denominator of
zero
Example 8
2
Determine the vertical asymptote for f ( x )
2x 2
Solution:
2
lim
x 1 2 x 2
Horizontal asymptote
A horizontal asymptote is a horizontal line that the graph of a function approaches, but never
touches as x approaches negative or positive infinity.
2. lim f ( x ) L
x
Example 9
2x
Find the horizontal asymptote for f ( x )
3 2x
Solution:
5
Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation
2 x 2
1
2x x x lim x 1
lim lim
x 3 2x x 3 2x x 3 2
2
x x x
1
y
2