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p¡¢qaÉ pª¢øl ­fR­e pËø¡l j­e¡SNv HL¢V …l¦aÆf§ZÑ i§¢jL¡ f¡me L­lz a¡C
­L¡e pËø¡l pª¢ø­L f¢lf§ZlÑ ©­f S¡e­a q­m B­N S¡e­a q­h pËø¡­L Hhw ay¡l pj¡S
fË¢a­hn­Lz ­Lee¡ HLSe pËø¡l pª¢øj¡ep A­eLV¡C ¢eiÑl L­l ay¡l hÉ¢š²Na Q¢lœ Hhw
­L¡e f¢l­h­nl jdÉ ¢c­u ¢a¢e S£he A¢ah¡¢qa L­l­Re a¡l Eflz "Qä£j‰m'-Hl L¢h
j¤L¥¾c Qœ²haÑ£l L¡­hÉ ­k c¤xMh¡c a¡ ­a¡ ay¡l BaÈS£h­elC fËi¡hS¡az Bh¡l eSl¦­ml
p¡¢q­aÉ ­k ¢h­â¡­ql RV¡ a¡J ay¡l BaÈS£he Hhw pj¡S fË¢a­h­nlC A‰z lh£¾cÊe¡b
ay¡l "L¢hS£he£' fËh­å jq¡L¢h c¡­¿¹l Ec¡qlZ E­õM L­l h­m­Re :
"" ­L¡­e¡ rZSeÈ¡ hÉ¢š² L¡­hÉ Hhw S£h­el L­jÑ EiuaC ¢e­Sl fË¢ai¡
¢hL¡n L¢l­a f¡­l; L¡hÉ J LjÑ EiuC ay¡q¡l HL fË¢ai¡l gmz ay¡q¡­cl
L¡hÉ­L ay¡q¡­cl S£h­el p¢qa HLœ L¢lu¡ ­c¢M­m a¡q¡l AbÑ ¢hÙ¹«aal, i¡h
¢e¢hsal qCu¡ E­Wz c¡­¿¹l L¡­hÉ c¡­¿¹l S£he S¢sa qCu¡ B­Rz Eiu­L
HLœ f¡W L¢l­m S£he Hhw L¡­hÉl jkÑ¡c¡ ­h¢n L¢lu¡ ­cM¡ k¡uz''1
L¢h DnÄl …ç pÇf­LÑ B­m¡Qe¡ Ll­a ¢N­u h¢ˆjQ¾cÊJ h­m­Re :
""L¢hl L¢haÆ h¤¢Tu¡ m¡i B­R p­¾cq ­eC, ¢L¿¹¥ L¢haÆ A­fr¡ L¢h­L
h¤¢T­a f¡¢l­m BlJ m¡iz L¢ha¡ cfÑZ j¡œ―a¡q¡l ¢ial L¢hl A¢hLm R¡u¡
B­Rz cfÑZ h¤¢Tu¡ ¢L qC­h? ¢ia­l k¡q¡l R¡u¡, R¡u¡ ­c¢Mu¡ a¡q¡­L h¤¢Thz
L¢ha¡, L¢hl L£¢šÑ―a¡q¡ a Bj¡­cl q¡­aC B­R―f¢s­mC h¤¢Thz ¢L¿¹¥ ¢k¢e
HC L£¢šÑ l¡¢Mu¡ ¢Nu¡­Re, ¢a¢e ¢L …­Z, ¢L fËL¡­l, HC L£¢šÑ l¡¢Mu¡ ­N­me,
a¡q¡C h¤¢T­a qC­hz''2
p¤¤al¡w HLb¡ ¢àd¡q£e L­ã hm¡ k¡u, p¡¢q¢aÉL­cl hÉ¢š²S£he J p¡¢qaÉS£he
A¢h­µRcÉi¡­h S¢sa―HL¢V­L h¡c ¢c­m Afl¢Vl ül©f E­eÈ¡Qe ApÇf¨ZÑ ­b­L k¡uz
a¡C °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl p¡¢qaÉ B­m¡Qe¡ Ll­a ­N­m B­N ay¡l hÉ¢š²S£he Hhw pj¡S-
j¡ep­L S¡e¡ fË­u¡Sez

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 1847 MË£ø¡­ël 22­n S¥m¡C (h¡w 1254, 6C nË¡hZ, h¤dh¡l) 24 flNZ¡ ­Sm¡l
nÉ¡jeN­ll ¢eLVhaÑ£ l¡ýa¡ NË¡­j HL L¥m£e hw­n °œ­m¡LÉe¡b j¤­M¡f¡dÉ¡­ul SeÈ quz
ay¡l ¢fa¡l e¡j ¢Rm ¢hnÄñl j¤­M¡f¡dÉ¡uz °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl¡ ¢R­me Ru i¡Cz ay¡l ­SÉù
ï¡a¡l e¡j ¢Rm l‰m¡m j¤­M¡f¡dÉ¡uz °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢R­me ¢fa¡l ¢àa£u f¤œz ay¡l
BaÈ£uüSe b¡L­mJ a¡l¡ L¡R¡L¡¢R ­LE ¢R­me e¡z a¡l¡ ¢R­me ¢h¢iæ fË¡­¿¹, ­LE
l¡Z£N”, ­LE f¤l¦¢mu¡u, ­LE h¡ ¢hq¡­lz °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ­R­m­hm¡ ­b­LC AeÉ Bl Q¡l
fy¡QS­el ­b­L hÉ¢aœ²j£ üi¡­hl ¢R­mez AaÉ¿¹ c¤l¿¹ üi¡­hl °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl i­u N¡Ë­j
A­e­LC aVÙÛ b¡L­a¡z "h‰i¡o¡l ­mML' NË­¿Û ­p c¤l¿¹fe¡l f¢lQu ­mML ¢c­u­Re :
""ay¡q¡l HL¢V fËL¡ä cm ¢Rmz HC c­ml pLm…¢mC HL HL de¤dÑlz
c¤ø¡¢j L¢l­a a¡q¡l¡ ¢h­no jSh¤v ¢Rmz f­ll h¡N¡­el gm f¡¢su¡ M¡C­a,
­m¡L­L j¡¢l­a d¢l­a HC cm ¢LR¥­aC i£a qCa e¡z''3
a­h ­mM¡fs¡u °œ­m¡LÉe¡b HLSe EvL«ø ­nËZ£l R¡œ ¢R­mez k¢cJ ay¡­L M¤h Lø L­l
fs¡öe¡ Ll­a q­u­Rz ­R­m­hm¡ ­b­LC c¡¢lâÉ ¢Rm ay¡l ¢eaÉ p‰£z NË¡­jl f¡Wn¡m¡u
ay¡l ¢nr¡ S£he Bsñ quz ­Q¡Ÿ-f­e­l¡ hRl hu­pl j­dÉ ay¡­L h¡lh¡l ú¥m f¢lhaÑe
Ll­a quz ¢a¢e kMe a«a£u ­nËZ£l R¡œ ¢R­me aMe jÉ¡­m¢lu¡l js­L fËb­j ay¡l
¢fa¡jq£, f­l j¡ J h¡h¡l jªaÉ¥ quz ¢a¢e ¢e­SJ jÉ¡­m¢lu¡u Bœ²¡¿¹ q­u¢R­me k¢cJ
i¡NÉœ²­j ­hy­Q k¡ez k¡ ¢LR¥ °fa«L pÇf¢š ¢Rm 1864 MË£ø¡­ël iu¡hq T­s a¡J eø
q­u k¡uz H AhÙÛ¡u ­hy­Q b¡L¡C kMe fËQä L­øl hÉ¡f¡l q­u f­s¢Rm aMe fs¡öe¡
Q¡m¡­e¡ ay¡l f­r Bl pñhfl ¢Rm e¡z AaHh ­pM¡­eC ay¡­L R¡œS£he pj¡ç Ll­a
quz ­l¡­N-c¤x­M c¡¢l­âÉ ¢hhËa q­u °œ­m¡LÉe¡b 1865 MË£ø¡­ë h¡¢s ­b­L ­h¢s­u
fs­mez aMe °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl hup ¢Rm BW¡­l¡ hRlz HC pju j¡ei¨j f¤l¦¢mu¡u ay¡l
HL BaÈ£u ¢R­mez °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ­i­h¢R­me ­pM¡­eC ¢N­u EW­hez HC E­Ÿ­nÉ ¢a¢e
l¡Z£N” fkÑ¿¹ ­lmf­b ­N­mez C¢aj­dÉC ay¡l pjÙ¹ f¡­bu ­no q­u k¡uz aMe N¿¹hÉÙÛ­m
­fy±R¡­e¡l SeÉ fchË­SC ¢a¢e Qm­mez f­b HL ¢q¾c¥ÙÛ¡e£ Q¡fl¡n£l p­‰ ay¡l ­cM¡ qmz
­p Bp¡­jl Q¡ h¡N¡­e L¥¢m Q¡m¡­el L¡­S ¢ek¤š² ¢Rmz °œ­m¡LÉe¡b­L ¢a¢e Bp¡­jl Q¡
h¡N¡­e i¡­m¡ Q¡L¥¢l f¡C­u ­ch¡l ­m¡i ­c¢M­u Q¡ h¡N¡­el L¥¢m ¢q­p­h Q¡m¡e ¢c­a
­Q­u¢R­mez ¢L¿¹¥ °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl i¡NÉ i¡­m¡ ­k ­nofkÑ¿¹ ay¡­L Bp¡­j ­k­a qu¢ez
Q¡fl¡¢nl l¢ra¡ HL h¡‰¡¢m Ù»£­m¡­Ll cu¡u °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ­p k¡œ¡u L¥¢m¢N¢l Ll¡l q¡a

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­b­L lr¡ f¡ez Hlfl A­eL L­ø heS‰m f¡q¡s ­f¢s­u ¢a¢e ­fy±R¡­me ay¡l ­pC
BaÈ£­ul h¡¢s­az f­b L­uL¢ce heÉL¥m ­M­uC ay¡­L ¢ce L¡V¡­a q­u­Rz
j¡ei¨­j BaÈ£­ul h¡¢s­a ¢LR¥¢ce b¡L¡l fl °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl fË¢a AaÉ¿¹
pq¡e¤i¨¢an£m q­u ­pC BaÈ£u¢V ay¡­L ú¥­m iaÑ£ L­l ­cez ­pM¡­e ¢LR¥¢ce f­lC fËbj
­nËZ£l R¡œ­cl p­‰ ­jm¡ ­cM¡l SeÉ ay¡l ly¡¢Q k¡Ju¡l p¤¤­k¡N quz p­‰ ¢R­me j¡ei¨­jl
­Xf¤¢V L¢jne¡l Hhw Bjm¡hNÑz j¡ei¨j ­b­L ly¡¢Q fy¡Q¢c­el fbz f¡q¡s-fhÑa, he-S‰m
­f¢s­u ­pM¡­e ­k­a quz M¤h AÒf¢c­eC ¢a¢e ­R­m­cl LÉ¡­ÃVe q­u ­N­me Hhw
a¡­cl­L e¡e¡ c¤Úxp¡q¢pL L¡­S Evp¡¢qa Ll¡l ­Qø¡ Ll­mez ­pC A¢i‘a¡l Lb¡
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢e­SC hZÑe¡ L­l­Re :
""Suf¤l e¡jL ÙÛ¡­e hy¡c­ll f¡­ml j¡T qC­a N¡­R E¢Wu¡, a¡s¡a¡¢s L¢lu¡,
j¡l ­L¡m qC­a R¡e¡ L¡¢su¡ mCm¡jz T¡¢mc¡ Ef¢ÙÛa qCu¡ Ly¡p¡C ec£l j§m
¢e­cÑn L¢lh¡l ¢e¢jš h¡mL¢cN­L c¤NÑj ¢N¢lfË­c­n mCu¡ Q¢mm¡jz p¤¤hZÑ­lM¡l
a£­l ¢n¢m e¡jL ÙÛ¡­e, ¢N¢l…q¡u iõ¤L ¢Ll©­f b¡­L a¡q¡l Ae¤på¡e
L¢lm¡jz''4
k¡C­q¡L kb¡ ¢c­e ¢a¢e ly¡¢Q ­fy±R¡­mez ¢L¿¹¥ pc¡Q’m °œ­m¡LÉe¡b AÒfpj­ul j­dÉC ly¡¢Q
f¢laÉ¡N Ll­me Hhw h­el fb Ae¤plZ Ll­mez f­ll OVe¡ °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ¢e­Sl
i¡o¡­aC hm¡ ­k­a f¡­l :
"" f­b k¡C­a k¡C­a c¤'Se Y¡L¡C j¤pmj¡­el p¢qa p¡r¡v quz e¡Nf¤l
A’­ml heÉ fË­c­n a¡q¡l¡ q¡¢a d¢l­a k¡C­a¢Rmz B¢j a¡q¡­cl p­‰
S¥¢Vm¡jz ¢LR¥¢ce fl S‰­ml j¡­T HL¢ce a¡q¡l¡ Bj¡l N¡­ul L¡fs L¡¢su¡
mCmz f¤el¡u ly¡¢Q B¢pm¡jz ly¡¢Q qC­a Bh¡l j¡ei¨­j B¢pm¡jz hdÑj¡­el
¢eLV Nc¡ e¡jL ÙÛ¡­e ­lg¡Lo¤­pe e¡jL HLSe ­j±mh£ aMe j¡ei¨­j
b¡¢L­aez ay¡q¡l ¢eLV f¡nÑ£ ¢nr¡ L¢lm¡jz''5
¢LR¥¢ce f­l ¢a¢e ¢e­Sl h¡¢s­a ¢g­l ­N­mez Hlfl R¡œS£he hm­a k¡ ­h¡T¡u ­pC
S£h­e Bl ¢g­l k¡Ju¡ ay¡l f­r pñh qu¢ez k¢cJ ¢nr¡NËq­Zl fË¢œ²u¡u ¢a¢e ¢e­S­L
k¤š² ­l­M­Re BS£hez
h¡¢s­a fËaÉ¡haÑ­el fl Blñ qu ay¡l LjÑS£h­el AdÉ¡uz h¡¢s ¢g­l H­p
­cM­me h¡¢sl AhÙÛ¡ c¤¢hÑpq, Bq¡l ­eCz a¡C h¡dÉ q­u ay¡­L Q¡Ll£l ­Qø¡ öl¦ Ll­a
quz HC pju CR¡f¤l ú¥­m f¢ä­al f­c AÙÛ¡u£i¡­h ay¡l HL¢V L¡S ­S¡­Vz ¢LR¥¢ce

52
f­l ­p L¡S Q­mJ k¡uz Hlfl ¢a¢e hdÑj¡­e HL BaÈ£­ul L¡­R k¡e―HC BaÈ£u¢V
¢R­me ¢nr¡ ¢hi¡­Nl HLSe plL¡l£ f¢lcnÑLz ay¡l p¤¤f¡¢ln ¢e­u °œ­m¡LÉe¡b hý
S¡uN¡u O¤­l ­hs¡­me, ¢L¿¹¥ ­L¡b¡J ay¡l Q¡Ll£ S¥Vm e¡z H¢c­L q¡­a HL¢V fup¡J ­eC;
Ae¡q¡l ay¡l ¢eaÉ p‰£z HC pju ­m¡­Ll h¡¢s­a A¢a¢b q­u fb Qm­ae ¢a¢ez ­p pju
1866 p¡­m ­c­n ­O¡l c¤¢iÑ­rl p§Qe¡ q­u­Rz Q¡¢l¢c­L ­O¡l AæLøz p¤¤al¡w ­L¡e¢ce
Bq¡l ¢jma ­L¡e¢ce ¢jma e¡z påÉ¡­hm¡ L¡lJ h¡¢s­a ­N­m k¢c ­p a¡¢s­u ¢ca,
a¡q­m p¡l¡l¡a Ae¡q¡­l N¡Ram¡­aJ b¡L­a qa ay¡­Lz HlLj HL¢c­el hZÑe¡ L­l­Re
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b :
""påÉ¡­hm¡ B¢j ­jj¡¢l B¢pu¡ fyý¢Rm¡jz ­jj¡¢l ­øn­el f¤×L¢lZ£l p¡e-hy¡d¡ O¡­V
f¢su¡ lCm¡j; i¡¢h­a m¡¢Nm¡j, c¤'¢ce Bq¡l qu e¡C; A¢anu c¤hÑm qCu¡
f¢su¡¢R; k¢c BS l¡­œJ Ae¡q¡­l HM¡­e öCu¡ b¡¢L, ­a¡ L¡mfË¡­a BlJ c¤hÑm
qCu¡ f¢sh, p¤¤al¡w HM¢e fb Qm¡ i¡­m¡, l¡¢œ­aC fb Q¢m­a m¡¢Nm¡jz r¥d¡u
a«o·¡u f¡ Bl E­W e¡z HLV¡ ­aya¥m N¡R qC­a ­aya¥m f¡a¡ f¡¢su¡ mCm¡jz
a¡q¡C ¢Qh¡C­a ¢Qh¡C­a fl¢ce ­hm¡ h¡­l¡V¡l pju jNl¡u B¢pm¡jz''6
k¡C­q¡L ¢LR¥¢ce f­l h£li¥j ­Sm¡l à¡lL¡ e¡jL ÙÛ¡­e ú¥mj¡ø¡¢ll Q¡Ll£ ­f­mez ¢LR¥¢ce
­pM¡­e Q¡L¢l Ll¡l fl ¢a¢e l¡Z£N­”l EMs¡u hc¢m q­mez j¡C­e BW¡­l¡ V¡L¡z
HCpju ­c­n ­O¡lal c¤¢iÑr Blñ quz p¡d¡lZ ­m¡­Ll c¤lhÙÛ¡ aMe Ql­jz L¡e
f¡a­mC ­n¡e¡ k¡u j¡e¤­ol Apq¡u L¡al œ²¾cez ­cn Hhw ­c­nl j¡e¤­ol HC c¤lhÙÛ¡
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b­L i¡¢h­u a¥­m¢Rmz HC AhÙÛ¡u ¢e­S HL­hm¡ q¢hoÉ¡æ AeÉ­hm¡ ­fVi­l
Sm ­M­u S£hed¡lZ Ll­a m¡N­mez Hi¡­h S£he d¡lZ L­l ­k AbÑ ¢a¢e hy¡Q¡­a
f¡l­ae a¡ c¤¢iÑrf£¢sa­cl pq¡ua¡u c¡e Ll­aez ¢a¢e ay¡l aMeL¡l j­e¡i¡h
¢m­M­Re :
"" ­pC pju qC­a fË¢a‘¡ L¢lm¡j ­k k¡q¡­a HC üZÑi¨¢j i¡lai¨¢j­a c¤¢iÑr
qC­a e¡ f¡­l, HCl©f L¡­S B¢j Bj¡l je­L ¢e­u¡¢Sa L¢lhz ­p¢ce qC­a
HC pð­å k¡q¡ ¢LR¥ ¢n¢Mh¡l BhnÉL ¢n¢M­a m¡¢Nm¡jz aMe j­e j­e HC ¢ÙÛl
qCu¡­R ­k, i¡l­al ­m¡L k¢c ¢e­S ¢e­S HLV¥ kaÀ L­l, a¡q¡ qC­m HC ­c­nl
A¿¹a A­dÑL c¤xMJ c§l qC­a f¡­lz BS fkÑ¿¹ HC ¢ho­u ¢n¢ra hÉ¢š²N­Zl Qr¥
EeÈ£¢ma L¢l­a kaÀ f¡C­a¢Rz ¢L¿¹¥ ¢L L¢lh, pL­mC ¢e­Sl ü¡­bÑl SeÉ hÉÙ¹z
k¡q¡­a ­c­nl c¤ÚxM­j¡Qe qu, Hl©f ¢Q¿¹¡ AÒf ­m¡­LC L¢lu¡ b¡­Le; hs ­S¡l e¡

53
 qu, ¢œ²u¡-LÇjÑ Efm­r LaL…¢m ­m¡L­L hvp­ll j­dÉ HL¢ce ¢L c¤C¢ce
Bq¡l ¢cu¡ b¡­Lez ¢L¿¹¥ Nl£h-c¤xM£ ­m¡­Ll¡ ¢QlL¡­ml SeÉ k¡q¡­a HL j¤W¡ Aæ
f¡u, Hl©f L¡­kÑÉ LuS­el cª¢ø B­Rz''7
HC S£hecnÑe °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl pjNË S£he J p¡¢q­aÉl ¢i¢šii¨¢j ¢q­p­h L¡S L­l­Rz
Hlfl ­h¢n¢ce ¢a¢e EMs¡u ¢R­me e¡z C¢af§­hÑ jq¢oÑ ­c­h¾cÊe¡b W¡L¥­ll
p­‰ ¢a¢e f¢l¢Qa q­u¢R­mez ay¡l p¡q¡S¡cf¤­ll S¢jc¡¢l­a j¡­p fy¢Qn V¡L¡ ­ha­e ú¥m
j¡ø¡¢ll Q¡Ll£l BqÄ¡e H­m ¢a¢e a¡ NËqZ L­lez AhnÉ M¤h ­h¢n¢ce ­p Q¡L¢l ­V­L¢ez
p¡q¡S¡cf¤­l h¡pL¡­m °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl S£h­e A­eL…¢m ­l¡j¡’Ll OVe¡ O­V¢Rmz HL¢ce
¢a¢e heÉ¡fÔ¡¢ha A’­m ­e±L¡ L­l k¡¢µR­me, ­pC pju ec£l a£­l j¡¢Vl ¢Y¢hl Efl
¢ae¢V An£¢afl hªÜ¡­L ­cM­a ­f­u a¡­cl­L ­pM¡e ­b­L EÜ¡l L­l ¢e­Sl h¡p¡u ¢e­u
B­pe Hhw ­ph¡kaÀ L­lez H OVe¡ ¢e­u ­pM¡eL¡l e¡­uh jn¡­ul p­‰ ay¡l j­e¡j¡¢meÉ
q­u¢Rmz Hl ¢LR¥¢ce f­l f§­S¡l R¥¢V L¡¢V­u kMe ¢a¢e h¡¢s ­b­L p¡S¡cf¤­l ¢gl¢R­me
aMe fcÈ¡l Q­l L¥j£­ll à¡l¡ Bœ²¡¿¹ qe Hhw i¡NÉ ­S¡­l ­hy­Q k¡ez Hlf­ll OVe¡
BlJ ¢hØjuLlz fcÈ¡ec£­a c¤l¿¹ T­s ay¡l ­e±L¡ E­ÒV k¡uz ­L¡e fËL¡­l p¡a­l ¢a¢e
ec£l f¡­s H­p J­We ¢L¿¹¥ A‘¡e q­u f­lez aMe HLSe Qä¡m a¡­L ­pC AhÙÛ¡
­b­L EÜ¡l L­le Hhw h¡¢s ¢e­u ¢N­u ­ph¡ ön˨o¡ L­l a¡­L p¤¤ÙÛ L­l ­a¡­mez
Hlfl ay¡l HL BaÈ£­ul ­Qø¡u J¢sn¡u f¤¢m­nl p¡h C¾p­fƒl f­c Q¡Ll£ qu
ay¡lz HC pju fÔ£q¡ SÆ­l Bœ²¡¿¹ qe ¢a¢ez f­l B­l¡NÉ m¡i Ll¡l fl b¡e¡l c¡­l¡N¡
f­c Q¡Ll£ f¡e ¢a¢ez c¡­l¡N¡¢N¢ll p§­œ ay¡­L J¢sn¡l S¡Sf¤l, Jm¡hu, ­Lyc¡l¡f¡s¡
fËi«¢a ÙÛ¡­e O¤­l ­hs¡­a qaz HC pju ¢a¢e QmepC ­N¡­Rl J¢su¡ i¡o¡ ¢n­M
­g­m¢R­me Hhw AÒf¢c­el j­dÉ "EvLm öiˆl£' e¡­j HLM¡e¡ j¡¢pL f¢œL¡J pÇf¡ce¡
Ll­a öl¦ L­l¢R­mez LV­L b¡L¡L¡m£e L¢h l‰m¡m h­¾cÉ¡f¡dÉ¡u Hhw "p¡d¡lZ£'
f¢œL¡l pÇf¡cL AruQ¾cÊ plL¡l J N‰¡QlZ plL¡­ll p­‰ ay¡l f¢lQu quz HC pj­u
ay¡l p­‰ HL¢ce f¢lQu O­V Sir William Hunter-Hlz William Hunter 1881 MË£ø¡ë
­b­L 1887 MË£ø¡ë fkÑ¿¹ hsm¡­Vl n¡pe f¢lo­cl pcpÉ ¢R­mez 1886 MË£ø¡­ë ¢a¢e
L¢mL¡a¡ ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m­ul i¡Cp QÉ¡­¾pml qez i¡la£u i¡o¡l në ­l¡j¡e ql­g ¢mfÉ¡¿¹l
Llh¡l fËZ¡m£ k¡ "Hunter System of Transliteration' e¡­j f¢l¢Qa a¡ Eá¡he
L­le ¢a¢ez Hunter-Hl p­pÀq Be¤L¨­mÉ LmL¡a¡l HL¢V A¢g­p 125 V¡L¡ j¡¢pL
­ha­e Q¡Ll£ ­S¡­V ay¡lz HC f­c L¡S Ll­a Ll­a A­eL i¡­m¡ i¡­m¡ ­m¡­Ll p­‰

54
ay¡l f¢lQu quz HC pju ¢h¢iæ ¢cL ­b­L H­Ll fl HL Q¡L¢ll fËÙ¹¡h ay¡l L¡­R
B­pz HL¢c­L Cw¢mpjÉ¡e f¢œL¡l A¢g­p i¡­m¡ fc m¡­il pñ¡he¡ AeÉ¢c­L q¡¾V¡l
p¡­q­hl CµR¡u ­Xf¤¢V jÉ¡¢S­øÊV f­c ¢ek¤¢š²l fËÙ¹¡h ¢a¢e f¡ez ¢L¿¹¥ c¤­V¡l ­L¡e¢V­LC
¢a¢e NËqZ Ll­me e¡z HC pj­uC Bh¡l i¡l­al Ešl-f¢ÕQj A’­m L«¢o h¡¢ZSÉ A¢gp
ÙÛ¡¢fa quz °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢m­M­Re : ""f§hÑ fË¢a‘¡ Ae¤p¡­l c¢l­âl c¤xM­j¡Q­e pjbÑ qCh,
HC E­Ÿ­nÉ AeÉ¡eÉ Bn¡ R¡¢su¡ HM¡­e ­qXLÓ¡­LÑl fc NËqZ L¢lz''8 pÉ¡l HXJu¡XÑ hLÚ
¢R­me HC A¢g­pl fËd¡ez hLÚ p¡­q­hl Be¤L¨­mÉ M¤h AÒf¢c­el j­dÉC e¡e¡ Se¢qaLl
L¡­kÑ ¢e­S­L k¤š² L­l­Re ¢a¢ez H pju i¡la£u qÙ¹¢nÒfS¡a L¡l¦L¡kÑju âhÉ¡¢cl
fËQ¡­ll SeÉ Hhw H ¢ho­u ¢h­cn£­cl cª¢ø BLoÑ­Zl SeÉ fËQ¥l pju hÉu L­l­Re ¢a¢ez
ay¡l ­Qø¡­aC i¡l­al ­cn£u L¥¢Vl¢nÒf fËbj ¢h­c­nl h¡S¡­l ü£L«¢a J fË¢aù¡m¡­il fb
My¥­S f¡uz A­dѾc¥ ¢hnÄ¡p ay¡l "h¡wm¡ EfeÉ¡­p ¢akÑL cª¢ø' NË­¿Û S¡¢e­u­Re : ""haÑj¡­e
i¡l­al hs hs nq­l J ­øn­e ­k ph ¢nÒfâ­hÉl ¢hf¢Z ­cM¡ k¡u, j§ma °œ­m¡LÉe¡bC
­p p­hl fbfËcnÑL ¢q­p­h ØjlZ£u q­u B­Rez''9
Bp­m °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢R­me HLSe kb¡bÑ ­cn­fË¢jLz a¡C L£i¡­h ­m¡­Ll c¤cÑn¡
­j¡Qe qu phÑc¡C ­p ­Qø¡ L­l ­N­Re ¢a¢ez 1877-1878 MË£ø¡­ë ­c­nl Ešl
f¢ÕQj¡’­m c¤¢iÑr ­cM¡ ¢c­m ­p pju N¡­S¡­ll Q¡o L­l ­cnh¡p£l r¥d¡ ¢eh¡l­Zl ea¥e
pñ¡he¡l Lb¡ fËbj ay¡l j¡b¡­aC B­pz i¡l­al phÑœ k¡­a ¢nÒfL¡­kÑl Eæ¢a qu a¡
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f¢lQu ¢h­nÄl p¡j­e a¥­m dl­a ‘A Rough List of Indian Art Manufactures’ e¡­j
HL¢V hC ­m­Me ¢a¢ez A¢Q­lC hC¢V CE­l¡f J B­j¢lL¡u fËQ¡¢la qu Hhw ­pM¡eL¡l
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fË¢a¢e¢d ¢q­p­h Ef¢ÙÛa qez k¢cJ HC ¢h­mak¡œ¡ ¢e­u ay¡l BaÈ£u-üSe­cl a£hË
Bf¢š ¢Rmz ­Lee¡ °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢R­me hË¡þZ p¿¹¡ez hË¡þ­Zl p¿¹¡e q­u pj¤âk¡œ¡ ay¡l
BaÈ£u-üS­el¡ ­j­e ¢e­a f¡­l¢ez ¢WL H L¡l­ZC Hl B­N 1882 MË£ø¡­ë qmÉ¡­äl
Bjø¡XÑ¡j nq­l Ae¤¢øa ¢nÒf ­jm¡u ­k¡Nc¡­el SeÉ plL¡­ll fr ­b­L ay¡l L¡­R
Ae¤­l¡d H­mJ BaÈ£uüS­el hy¡d¡u ­pM¡­e ¢a¢e ­k­a f¡­le¢ez pj¤âk¡œ¡ pÇf­LÑ

55
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¢h⨭fl mrÉ q­u¢Rmz "m¤õ¤' N­Òf pj¤â k¡œ¡ pÇf­LÑ m¤õ¤ Bj£l­L h­m :
""Bjl¡ i¡la£u i¨a, i¡l­al h¡C­l Bjl¡ k¡C­a f¡¢l e¡z pj¤­âl Afl
f¡­l fc­rf L¢l­m Bjl¡ S¡¢aïø qChz Bj¡­cl djÑ ¢L¢’v Ly¡Q¡z ­kl©f
Af‚ jª¢šL¡i¡ä SmØf­nÑ N¢mu¡ k¡u, ­pCl©f pj¤âf¡­ll h¡u¤ m¡¢N­mC
Bj¡­cl djÑ g¥p L¢lu¡ N¢mu¡ k¡u, a¡q¡l Bl ¢Qq²j¡œ b¡­L e¡z d­jÑl Nå¢V
fkÑ¿¹ Bj¡­cl N¡­u m¡¢Nu¡ b¡­L e¡z''10
k¡C­q¡L Hh¡­l ¢L¿¹¥ ­c­nl Eæ¢al Lb¡ ­i­h pwú¡­ll HC håe¢V­LJ ¢a¢e ¢Ræ Ll­me
Hhw ¢h­c­n f¡¢s ¢c­mez fË¡u cnj¡p ­pM¡­e AhÙÛ¡eL¡­m ¢a¢e jq¡l¡Z£ pq hý pò¡¿¹
hÉ¢š²l eS­l B­pez H k¡œ¡u ¢a¢e Cwm­äl p¡­b úVmÉ¡ä, ­hm¢Su¡j, 顾p, S¡jÑ¡e£,
A¢øÊu¡, CV¡¢m fËi«¢a ­c­n ïje L­lez Hlf­l Bh¡l ay¡l Cwm­ä k¡Ju¡l p¤¤­k¡N O­Vz
ay¡l 'Visit to Europe` NË­¿Û Hph ïjZhªš¡­¿¹l ¢hÙ¹¡¢la hZÑe¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡uz
¢h­ma ­b­L ¢g­l H­p LmL¡a¡u i¡la£u k¡c¤O­l 1887 MË£ø¡­ë ‘Assistant
Curator in Charge of Bengal Economic and Art Museum Collections’ ¢q­p­h
Q¡L¥l£ L­lez fË¡u cnhRl ¢a¢e HC f­c LjÑla ¢R­mez HCf­c b¡L¡L¡m£e ¢a¢e ¢h¢iæ
Se¢qaLl L¡kÑ¡hm£­a E­cÉ¡N£ qe Hhw SeN­Zl LmÉ¡­Z Lmj d­lez HC pju ¢a¢e
'Art Manufactures of India` e¡­j HL¢V NË¿b lQe¡ L­lez Hlfl ¢a¢e œ²jnx Ap¤¤ÙÛ
q­u f­se Hhw 1896 MË£ø¡­ë plL¡¢l Q¡L¥¢l ­b­L Ahpl NËqZ L­lez 1919 MË£ø¡­ël
3l¡ e­iðl (17C L¡¢aÑL, 1326 h‰¡ë) 73 hvpl hu­p f¤l£­a ay¡l jªa¥É quz
Ahpl NËq­Zl fl °œ­m¡LÉe¡b fË¡u 23 hRl S£¢ha ¢R­mez HC pju °œ­m¡LÉe¡b
¢e­S­L f¤­l¡f¤¢l p¡¢qaÉ p¡de¡u jNÀ L­lez jqv p¡¢qaÉpª¢øl p­Qae fËu¡p ­pM¡­e
qu­a¡ ¢Rm e¡ ¢L¿¹¥ ­cn J S¡¢al ¢qap¡d­el jqv E­ŸnÉ ¢e­uC ¢a¢e p¡¢qaÉ p¡de¡u
jNÀ q­u¢R­mez H ­r­œ ay¡l pðm ¢Rm p¡l¡S£he d­l p’u Ll¡ Ap¡d¡lZ S£he
A¢i‘a¡z Ni£l S£he ¢S‘¡p¡, ‘¡e¢eù¡ J ¢hcÉ¡QQÑ¡l pjeÄ­u ­k p¡¢qaÉ SNv ¢a¢e
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 h¡wm¡­c­nl HL k¤Np¢år­Z °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ¢nÒf£ hÉ¢š²aÆ N­s E­W¢Rmz p¡j¡¢SL,
l¡S°e¢aL, djÑ J pwú«¢aNa ¢cL ­b­L HC k¤N¢V­L ehS¡Nl­Zl j¡­q¾cÊrZ l©­f ¢Q¢q²a
Ll¡ k¡uz L¥pwú¡­l BµRæ i¡lah¡p£l L¡­R HC k¤N ¢Rm ehk¤­Nl h¡aÑ¡hqz f¤l¡­e¡
S£h­el ­M¡mp ­R­s H k¤N h¡‰¡m£­L Eà¤Ü L­l¢Rm eh£e J üa¿» f­bl f¢bL q­az H
pju d£­l d£­l ú¥m L­m­Sl pwMÉ¡ h¡s­Rz ­pM¡­e p¡d¡lZ i¡lah¡p£ f¡ÕQ¡aÉ ¢nr¡l p­‰
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a£hËN¢al p’¡l L­l¢Rmz HC pju j¡e¤­ol j­dÉ ­cM¡ ¢cm hÉ¢š²ü¡a¿»Éh¡c, k¡ f¤­l¡f¤¢l
f¡ÕQ¡aÉ piÉa¡l c¡ez hÉ¢š²ü¡a¿»Éh¡­cl fËhm fË¢a¢œ²u¡u c£OÑL¡m d­l pk­aÀ Q¢QÑa djÑ£u
­N¡s¡¢jl nš² i£­a g¡Vm ­cM¡ ¢cmz HlC p§­œ j¡e¤­ol j­dÉ ­cM¡ ¢cm ¢ae¢V cm―
ehÉf¿Û£, fË¡Q£ef¿Û£ J pjeÄuf¿Û£z ehÉf¿Û£l¡ Q¡Cm fË¡Q£e S£heQQÑ¡l pjÙ¹ ¢LR¥­L Aü£L¡l
L­l k¡ ¢LR¥ ea¥e a¡­LC NËqZ Ll­az fË¡Q£ef¿Û£l¡ ­Ny¡s¡¢j­L BL­s dl­a Q¡Cm Hhw
pjeÄuh¡c£l¡ fË¡Q£e J eh£e HC c¤C i¡hd¡l¡l j­dÉ p¡j”pÉ ¢hd¡e L­l H¢N­u Qm­a
Q¡C­me :
""Hl¡ djÑ£u S£h­e i¡la£u S£hedjÑ J f¡ÕQ¡aÉ j¡ehdjÑ―H c¤C­ul pjeÄ­u
eh f¢lhaÑ­el p§Qe¡ Ll­mez i¡la£u S£hed­jÑl ¢Ql¿¹e AbQ pjL¡­m¡¢Qa
pwú¡l­L Hl¡ nËÜ¡ Hhw f¡ÕQ¡aÉ j¡ehd­jÑl ¢hnÄSe£e Hhw i¡la£u
S£hep¡de¡l ­r­œ pq¡uL J ANËplj¡e pwú¡l…¢m­L ü¡Na S¡e¡­m¡z j§max
h¡‰¡m£ j­el p¡j¢NËL f¢lhaÑ­el fVi¨¢jL¡u H­cl fË­Qø¡ nËÜ¡l p­‰
ØjlZ£uz''11
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢R­me HC pjeÄuh¡c£­cl c­mz ­Lee¡ fË¡Q£ef¿Û£ J eh£ef¿Û£­cl ­c¡o-œ¥¢V…¢m
¢a¢e Ae¤d¡he Ll­a ­f­l¢R­mez ¢a¢e Ae¤d¡he L­l¢R­me f¡ÕQ¡aÉ ¢nr¡u ¢n¢ra eh£e
pÇfËc¡­ul A¢ja¡Q¡l J ­üµR¡Q¡¢la¡, ay¡­cl p¡j¡¢SL c§eÑ£¢al f¢l­f¡oZ Hhw Aåi¡­h
Cw­lS piÉa¡l Ae¤LlZz a¡­cl ­cn ¢q°aoZ¡l h¡qÉ¡sðl J A¿¹xp¡ln§eÉa¡­L ¢a¢e
­L¡ei¡­hC ­j­e ¢e­a f¡­le¢ez ­Lee¡ ¢a¢e i¡­m¡i¡­hC h¤­T¢R­me f¢lhaÑe Hhw a¡l
jdÉ ¢c­u ANËplC qm SN­al ¢eujz 1888 p¡­m MË£ø¡­ël 24 ­n e­iðl hÉ¡‰¡­m¡l
nq­l "Change and Progress` ¢ho­u ¢a¢e ­k i¡oZ ¢c­u¢R­me ­pM¡­e ay¡l HC
j¡e¢pLa¡ M¤h Øføi¡­h dl¡ f­sz ¢a¢e üfÀ ­cM­ae i¡lah¡p£ HL¢ce a¡l pjÙ¹
S¡¢a­ic, hZÑ°hojÉ, L¨fjä¥La¡ J L¥pwú¡l¡µRæa¡, A‘a¡ J Ampa¡ L¡¢V­u E­W ea¥e
i¡la ¢ejÑ¡Z Ll­hz a¡C ¢a¢e fË¡Q£e J eh£e ­L¡e BcnÑ­LC NËqZ e¡ L­l Eiu

57
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f¢lQ¡¢ma Ll­mez ay¡l HC ea¥e BcnÑ qm pjeÄuh¡­cl BcnÑ, k¡l j§mLb¡ qm
j¡ehLmÉ¡Z djÑz "h¡Pm¡ EfeÉ¡­p ¢akÑL cª¢ø' NË­¿Û A­dѾc¥ ¢hnÄ¡p H pÇf­LÑ h­m­Re :
""BÕQ­kÑl ¢hou, ay¡l HC j¡ehLmÉ¡Z d­jÑl ¢fR­e ­L¡e cm ¢Rm e¡, ay¡l
AeÉ ­L¡e pq¡uLJ ¢Rm e¡, pÇf¨ZÑ HLLi¡­hC ¢a¢e ay¡l HC j¡ehLmÉ¡Z
d­jÑl p¡de¡ L­l ¢N­u­Rez Fe¢hwn na¡ë£l je£o£hª­¾cl j­dÉ HM¡­eC ay¡l
ü¡a¿»É J °h¢nøÉz''12
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b ­k j¡ehLmÉ¡Z djÑ A¿¹­l hqe L­l Q­m¢R­me Abh¡ ­k j¡ehLmÉ¡e­L ¢i¢š
L­l ay¡l HL¢V ¢eSü S£hecnÑe N­s E­W¢Rm ­pC j¡ehLmÉ¡Z djÑC ay¡l p¡¢q­aÉl
¢i¢ši¨¢j lQe¡ L­l­Rz ¢h¢Qœ S£he A¢i‘a¡l p¡q¡­kÉ ¢a¢e j¡e¤­ol f¡n¢hLa¡, ¢eù¥la¡,
ü¡bÑfla¡ J q©cuq£ea¡­L fËaÉr L­l¢R­me k¡ a¡­L hÉ¢ba L­l¢Rmz a¡C j¡e¤­ol c¤xM-
c¡¢lâÉ ­j¡Q­el SeÉ BS£he ¢a¢e pwNË¡j L­l ­N­Rez ­pC p­‰ pj¡­Sl fËQ¢ma
L¥pwú¡l-AeÉ¡u-A¢hQ¡l L¨fjä¥La¡­L ¢d‚¡lh¡­Z SSÑ¢la L­l­Rez H fËp­‰ fËjbe¡b
¢hn£l HL¢V j¿¹hÉ E­õM Ll¡ ­k­a f¡­l :
""¢a¢e S¡¢e­ae j¡e¤o hsC q©cuq£e, hsC eªnwpz hÉ¢š²Na ü¡bÑ¢Q¿¹¡ R¡s¡ Bl-
¢LR¥ hs a¡q¡l q©c­u fË­hn L­l e¡z fª¢bh£ ­k üNÑl¡­SÉ f¢lZa qC­a f¡­l e¡
a¡q¡ ¢a¢e S¡¢e­aez a­h j¡e¤o Bl-HLV¥ k¢c q©cuh¡eÚ qu, Bl-HLV¥ fl¡bÑfl
qu, Bl HLV¥ ¢hQ¡lh¤¢ÜpÇfæ qu a­h pwp¡­ll c¤-HL¢V L¾VL Evf¡¢Va qCu¡
ÙÛ¡eV¡ Bl-HLV¥ iâlLj J h¡­p¡f­k¡N£ quz Cq¡C ­a¡ k­bøz''13
HC jqv E­ŸnÉ ¢e­uC ¢a¢e p¡¢qaÉ pª¢ø­a Aha£ZÑ q­u¢R­mez ü¡i¡¢hLi¡­hC ay¡l
p¡¢qaÉ Ahpl ¢h­e¡c­el j¡dÉj ¢Rm e¡z S£hep¡de¡l A‰ ¢q­p­hC ¢a¢e p¡¢qaÉ­L NËqZ
L­l¢R­mez j¡e¤­ol e¡e¡ Ae¡Q¡l, A¢hQ¡l ApwN¢a J ¢ejÑja¡l ¢hl¦­Ü j¡e¤o­L p­Qae
Ll¡l a£hË A¢ifË¡u ¢e­u p¡¢qaÉ p¡de¡u hËa£ q­u¢R­mez Hlg­m ay¡l p¡¢qaÉp¡de¡ ­p¡S¡
J plm f­b f¢lQ¡¢ma qu¢ez ay¡­L q­a q­u¢Rm h¡L¡ f­bl f¢bLz k¡l j§m Ahmðe
¢Rm hɉz HC hɉfËhZa¡C ¢Rm ay¡l p¡¢q­aÉl fËd¡e Ahmðez °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl HC
hɉfËhZa¡ pÇf­LÑ pj¡­m¡QL paÉe¡l¡uZ i–¡Q¡­kÑl a¡C pqS j§mÉ¡uZ :
""fËbj ­b­LC ay¡l f¿Û¡ p¤¤¢e¢cÑøz ¢a¢e ¢nÒf£ ee, fË¡Z­Qae¡l a¡¢N­c ¢nÒf
pwNË¡qLz a¡C p¡¢q­aÉl ­r­œ ¢a¢e plm f­bl f¢bL eez ¢a¢e E­ŸnÉ ¢e­u
p¡¢qaÉ lQe¡u ­e­j­Rez a¡C ay¡l N¢a hœ²z ¢a¢e ­Q¡M ­g¡V¡­a Q¡e, A¢dL¡wn

58
 ­r­œC ay¡l ¢nÒf pª¢ø hÉ¡qa q­u­R, L¡lZ ¢a¢e ¢nÒfpËø¡ q­a Q¡e¢ez''14
Bp­m k¤NV¡C ¢Rm hɉ lQe¡l Ae¥L¨mz phpju phlLj k¤N f¢l­h­n hɉ p¡¢q­aÉl
Eáh qu e¡z HLdl­Zl pwnu­h¡d, j¡e¢pL ¢àd¡, ¢Q¿¹¡l ­c¡c¤mÉj¡ea¡ hɉ p¡¢q­aÉl SeÈ
¢c­u b¡­Lz ¢n¢nlL¥j¡l c¡n ­a¡ kb¡bÑC h­m­Re :
""pj¡­S kMe i¡Pe Blñ qu, kMe ¢ÙÛl A¢hQ¢ma paÉ…¢m f¢lhaÑ­el ­Ù»¡­a
­i­p ­k­a b¡­L aMeC hÉ­‰l p§Qe¡z''15
karZ fkÑ¿¹ fËQ¢ma j§mÉ­h¡d…¢m A¢Ù¹aÆ‘¡fL fËnÀ ¢Q­q²l p¡j­e H­p e¡ cy¡s¡u aarZ
fkÑ¿¹ hɉ p¡¢q­aÉl SeÈ qJu¡ pñh euz a¡C Fe¢hwn na¡ë£l B­Nl h¡wm¡ p¡¢q­aÉ
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fË¢ai¡l ­a¡ Ai¡h ¢Rm e¡z Bp­m Cw­lS Bj­ml B­N i¡lah­oÑl p¡j¡¢SL,
AbÑ°e¢aL J l¡S°e¢aL S£h­e hý i¡‰¡Ns¡ Qm­mJ Hje ­L¡e j§mÉ­h¡­dl SeÈ qu¢e
k¡ fËQ¢ma j§mÉ­h¡d­L Aü£Ll­Zl ¢hfÔh¡aÈL B­m¡sZ N­s a¥m­a f¡­lz p¢aÉLb¡ hm­a
Cw­l­Sl BNje ­pC Apñh­L pñh L­l a¥mmz k¡ i¡lah­oÑl C¢aq¡­p Aa£­a LM­e¡
qu¢ez f¡ÕQ¡aÉ piÉa¡ pwú«¢al ØfnÑ AåL¡­l ¢ej¢‹a i¡lah¡p£l j­e SÆ¡¢m­u ¢cm
‘¡­el fËc£f ¢nM¡z Qr¥Øj¡Z qm h¡‰¡m£z hýL¡m d­l pk­aÀ m¡¢ma pwú¡­ll Ap¡sa¡
aMe Bl a¡­cl L¡­R c¤­hÑ¡dÉ lCm e¡z h¡‰¡m£ ­mML­cl A¿¹­l SeÈ ¢cm HLdl­Zl
fË¢ah¡c£ pš¡z HC fË¢ah¡c£ pš¡C ­mML­cl hɉ lQe¡ pª¢ø­a Ae¤fË¡¢Za Llmz Hl
gmnË¥¢a­aC h¡wm¡ p¡¢q­aÉl Bd¤¢eL k¤­Nl fËbj ¢c­L ¢h­no L­l E¢en na­L ­nÔo-
hɉfËhZ lQe¡l fË¡Q¥kÑ mr Ll¡ k¡uz ih¡Z£Qle h­¾cÉ¡f¡dÉ¡­ul "ehh¡h¤ ¢hm¡p'(1823),
"eh¢h¢h ¢hm¡p' (1830), fÉ¡l£Qy¡c ¢j­œl "Bm¡­ml O­ll c¤m¡m'(1858), "jc M¡Ju¡
hs c¡u', "S¡a b¡L¡l ¢L Ef¡u'(1859), jd¤p§ce c­šl "H­LC ¢L h­m
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HL¡cn£'(1866),"S¡j¡C h¡¢lL'(1872),"¢h­u f¡Nm¡ h¤­s¡'(1866), L¡m£fËpæ ¢pw­ql
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NË¿Û…¢m ­a¡ HC pj­ulC pª¢øz HC pj­u A¢hiѨa q­u °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl lQe¡ üi¡haC
hÉ­‰l ¢c­L Ty¥­L¢Rmz

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 °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ­j¡V ­R¡VNÒf pwLme Q¡l¢V―"i¨a J j¡e¤o'(1896),
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Q¡l¢V NÒf B­R―"h¡‰¡m ¢e¢dl¡j'(ANËq¡uZ, 1300), "m¤õ¤'(­f±o1298), "h£lh¡m¡' (­f±o,
1299) Hhw "eueQy¡­cl hÉhp¡' (nË¡hZ, 1302)z HC NÒf…¢m fË­aÉL¢V "SeÈi¨¢j'
f¢œL¡u fËL¡¢na q­u¢Rmz Hlf­l fËL¡¢na qu "j¤š²¡j¡m¡'z ­j¡V HN¡­l¡¢V NÒf HC
NÒfNË­¿Û p¢æ­h¢na q­u­Rz HC NÒf…¢m qm "Bc¤l£ J Blp£', "i¨­al h¡s£', "f¤l¡ae
L¨f' "nñ¥­O¡­ol LeÉ¡', "m¢ma J m¡hZÉ', "j§mÉh¡e a¡j¡L J ‘¡eh¡e pfÑ', "­p L¡­ml
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hc­e q¡¢p'z HC NÒf…¢m p¡ç¡¢qL "h‰h¡p£' f¢œL¡u fËbj fËL¡¢na q­u¢Rmz Hlfl
fËL¡¢na "jS¡l NÒf'(1906) NÒfNË¿Û ­j¡V BV¢V N­Òfl pj¢øz HC BV¢V NÒf qm -
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hRl f­lz H­a p¡a¢V NÒf B­Rz HC p¡a¢V NÒf Bh¡l A­eL…¢m N­Òfl pj¢øz HC
NÒf…¢m qm :
"¢WL L¾cfÑ f¤l¦o ¢L', "N¡­R ­T¡m¡ p¡d¤', "¢Qœ…­çl Nm¡u c¢s-­j¡V¡ c¢s eu',
"Xjl¦d­ll afpÉ¡', "R¡m-R¡s¡e h¡O', "Xjl¦d­ll Nm¡u Lg' (fËbj NÒf),
"HLna ­j¡ql', "p¤¤¾clh­el Aá¥a S£h', "jn¡l j¡wp', "n§eÉf­b ­m¡q¡l
¢p¾c¥L', "pæÉ¡p£l L¡m£W¡L¥l', "Q¥ð­Ll p¡l', "L¥ñ£l ¢hï¡V' (¢àa£u NÒf);
"e¾c£l ­œ²¡d', "V¡­L ­W¡Ll', "O­l ­N±aj h¡¢q­l ­N±aj', "L¡¢aÑ­Ll Ly¡­d h¡O',
"­R¡VM¡­V¡ i¡mj¡e¤o i¨a', "H­m¡­Ln£l l©fj¡d¤l£', "j¡ a¥¢j ­L?', "AS¡k¤­Ü
G¢onË¡­Ü hqÄ¡l­ñ m…¢œ²u¡' (a«a£u NÒf); "Xjl¦d­ll nh-p¡de¡', "Xjl¦d­ll
¢p¢Üm¡i', "¢fw jq¡nu', "¢S­mV ¢S­m¢L ¢pm­jm', "d¡‰­ll O­l L¾cfÑ f¤l¦o',
"Xjl¦d­ll ­j­jl ­f¡o¡L', "H­m¡­Ln£l j¤­s¡ ­MPl¡', "Ajªa L¥­äl Sm',
(Qa¥bÑ NÒf); "ü­cn£ ­L¡Çf¡e£', "¢ir¥ X¡š²¡l', "Q’m¡l N¡C Nl¦', (f’j
NÒf), "p¡­q­hl L¡S', "e¡¢l­L­ml ­h¡l¡', "hm¡C ¢Q¢¿¹l ¢hhlZ', "­j¢e J
¢i­m', "Xjl¦d­ll q£lLm¡i', "Xjl¦d­ll h¤­L fyÉ¡Q', "Xjl¦d­ll e§ae

60
 h¤¢Ü'(où NÒf); "¢S­mV j¿»', "Y¡Ljq¡nu', "­j¡õ¡ S¡j¡a¡', "p­¾c­nl qy¡s£',
"Es¥M M¤ qy¡s£', "BlhÉ EfeÉ¡­pl ¢Se', "Bh¡l H­m¡­Ln£' (pçj NÒf)z

HR¡s¡ "l©fp£ ¢qleÈu£' J "Bj¡l ­pC Aj§mÉ j¢Z' e¡­j c¤¢V NÒf "SeÈi¨¢j'
f¢œL¡u kb¡œ²­j 1300 J 1305 p¡­m fËL¡¢na q­u¢Rmz NÒfc¤¢V ­L¡e NË­¿Ûl A¿¹iѨš²
qu¢ez fËp‰a E­õMÉ "h¡‰¡m ¢e¢dl¡j' N­Òfl Efpwq¡l ¢q­p­h °œ­m¡LÉe¡b "l©fp£ J
¢qleÈu£' NÒf¢V ¢m­M¢R­mez

°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl Q¡l¢V NÒfpwLm­el NÒf…¢m­L ¢ejÀ¢m¢Mal©­f ­nËZ£¢heÉ¡p Ll¡

­k­a f¡­l :

(L) i¨­al NÒf : i¨­al h¡s£, ­Le Ha ¢ecu qC­m

(j¤š²¡j¡m¡), f§S¡l i¨a, ¢f­W f¡hÑ­Z
Q£­e i¨a (jS¡l NÒf)z
(M) A­m±¢LLa¡ fËd¡e NÒf : h£lh¡m¡ (i¨a J j¡e¤o), iu¡eL
Bw¢V, ­ha¡m os¢hwn¢a (j¤š²¡j¡m¡),
­j­Ol ­L¡­m ¢T¢L¢j¢L pa£ q¡­p
¢g¢L¢g¢L (jS¡l NÒf)z
(N) p¡d¡lZ NÒf : h¡‰¡m ¢e¢dl¡j (i¨a J j¡e¤o), "Bc¤l£
J Blp£', "f¤l¡ae L¨f, nñ¥­O¡­ol
LeÉ¡, m¢ma J m¡hZÉ, ­pL¡­ml
­j¡ql, jce ­O¡­ol hc­e q¡¢p
(j¤š²¡j¡m¡), ­p¡e¡Ll¡ S¡c¤N­ll NÒf'
(jS¡l NÒf)z
(O) ­L±a¥L J hɉ NÒf : m¤õ¤, eueQy¡­cl hÉhp¡ (i¨a J j¡e¤o),
j§mÉh¡e a¡j¡L J ‘¡eh¡e pfÑ
(j¤š²¡j¡m¡), ¢hcÉ¡d­ll Al¦Q£, HL­W¡‰¡
RL¥ (jS¡l NÒf)z
(P) l©fLb¡djÑ£ NÒf : i¡e¤ja£ J l¦Ù¹j, S¡f¡­el EfLb¡
(jS¡l NÒf)z

(4)

61
 pj¡S J j¡e¤o―HC c¤C ¢Rm °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl N­Òfl j§m mrÉz HC E­ŸnÉ­L
h¡Ù¹h¡¢ua Ll­a ¢N­u °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢ejÑ¡Z L­l ¢e­u¢R­me HL¢V Ae¤¢hnÄ k¡ i¡la£u
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HLC Bd¡­l h¡Ù¹h fl¡h¡Ù¹h ¢j­m¢j­n HL¡L¡l q­u ­N­R ay¡l N­Òfz j§ma j¡e¤­ol Lb¡
q­mJ j¡e¤oC ­pC Ae¤¢h­nÄl HLj¡œ Q¢lœ euz hÉP, jn¡, q¡a£, i¨a-­fËa, l¡rp-
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BMÉ¡­el R¡u¡u ¢e¢jÑa q­u­R °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl N­Òfl SNvz a­h ¢a¢e ­ki¡­h J ­k
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Bhl­Zl ­n­o AhÙÛ¡e Ll­R pj¡S Hhw j¡e¤oCz ¢q¾c¥d­jÑl e¡e¡ L¥pwú¡l, ­kje
hý¢hh¡q, h¡mÉ¢hh¡q, pa£c¡qfËb¡―H…¢m aMeJ pj¡S ­b­L f¤­l¡f¤¢l ¢hc¡u ­eu¢ez H­cl
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ü­cn£u¡e¡, j¡e¢hLa¡l Ahru, Ef¢e­h¢nL n¢š²l fËQä ­Q¡Ml¡P¡e£ J B¢dfaÉ fË¢aù¡l
a£hË fËu¡p pjNË S¡¢al j­dÉ a£hË Ap­¿¹¡o pª¢ø L­l¢Rmz °œ­m¡LÉe¡b pj¡­Sl HC
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62
h¡‰¡m£l q¡pÉLl fË­Qø¡z ­L¡V fÉ¡¾Vfl¡ hÉP J Lˆ¡ha£l L­b¡fLb­e ­pC q¡pÉLl
fË­Qø¡­LC hɉ Ll¡ q­u­R HM¡­ez ­kje :
"" Lˆha£ ¢S‘¡p¡ L¢l­me,―""hÉP jq¡nu! NË¡j ­L¡e ¢c­L? ­L¡eÚ ¢cLÚ ¢cu¡
k¡C­m ­m¡L¡m­u ­fy±¢Rh?''
hÉ¡P Ešl L¢l­me,―""¢qVÚ ¢jVÚ gÉ¡Vz''
Lˆ¡ha£ h¢m­me,―"" hÉ¡P jq¡nu! Bf¢e ¢L h¢m­me, a¡q¡ B¢j h¤¢T­a
f¡¢lm¡j e¡z i¡m L¢lu¡ hm¤ez B¢j ¢S‘¡p¡ L¢l­a¢R―
­L¡e ¢cLÚ ¢cu¡ k¡C­m NË¡­j ¢Nu¡ Ef¢ÙÛa qC­a f¡l¡ k¡u?''
hÉ¡P h¢m­me,―""¢qnÚ ¢gnÚ XÉ¡jz''
Lˆ¡ha£ h¢m­me,―"" hÉ¡P jq¡nu! B¢j ­c¢M­a¢R,―Bf¢e Cw­lS£ Lb¡
L¢q­a­Rez
B¢j Cw­lS£ f¢s e¡C, Bf¢e ¢L h¢m­a­Re,
a¡q¡ B¢j h¤¢T­a f¡¢l­a¢R e¡, Ae¤NËq L¢lu¡ k¢c h¡‰¡m¡ L¢lu¡ h­me,
a¡q¡ qC­m B¢j h¤¢T­a f¡¢lz''
hÉ¡P H¢cLÚ-J¢cLÚ Q¡¢qu¡ ­c¢M­mez ­c¢M­me ­k, ­Lq ­L¡b¡J e¡Cz L¡lZ,
­m¡­L k¢c ö­e ­k, ¢a¢e h¡‰¡m¡ Lb¡ L¢qu¡­Re, a¡q¡ qC­m ay¡q¡l S¡¢a
k¡C­h, pL­m ay¡q¡­L ""­e¢Vi'' j­e L¢l­hz kMe ­c¢M­me, ―­Lq ­L¡b¡J e¡C,
aMe h¡‰¡m¡ Lb¡ h¢m­a ay¡q¡l p¡qp qCmz
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Ll¦ez Hr­Z NË¡­j k¡Ch ­L¡eÚ ¢cL ¢cu¡, Ae¤NËq L¢lu¡ Bj¡­L h¢mu¡ ¢ce''
HC Lb¡ ö¢eu¡ hÉ¡P BlJ SÆ¢mu¡ EW­me, BlJ ­œ²¡d¡¢hø qCu¡ h¢m­me,
―""­j¡­m¡ k¡! H qai¡N¡ Ry¥¢sl lLj ­cM! j¡e¡ L¢l­mJ ö­e e¡z Lb¡ NË¡qÉ
qu e¡z ­Lhm h¢m­h hÉ¡P, hÉ¡P! ­Le Bj¡l e¡j d¢lu¡ X¡¢L­a ¢L j¤­M hÉb¡
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Lˆ¡ha£ h¢m­me,―""jq¡nu! Bj¡l Afl¡d qCu¡­Rz e¡ S¡¢eu¡ Afl¡d
L¢lu¡¢R, Bj¡­L rj¡ Ll¦ez Hr­Z, ¢jø¡l N¡¢jn! B¢j ­m¡L¡m­u k¡Ch ­L¡eÚ

63
 ¢cLÚ ¢cu¡, a¡q¡ Bj¡­L h¢mu¡ ¢ceÚz Bj¡l e¡j Lˆ¡ha£z hs ¢hf­c B¢j
f¢su¡¢Rz fË¡­Zl f¢a­L B¢j q¡l¡Cu¡¢Rz f¢al ¢Q¢Lvp¡l ¢e¢jš B¢j NË¡j
Ae¤på¡e L¢l­a¢Rz l¢aj¡œ ¢hmð Bl L¢l­a f¡¢l e¡z HC qai¡¢Ne£l fË¢a
cu¡ L¢lu¡ h¢mu¡ ¢ceÚ―­L¡eÚ ¢cLÚ ¢cu¡ B¢j NË¡­j k¡C!''
Lˆ¡ha£ ay¡q¡­L "p¡­qh' h¢m­me, Lˆ¡ha£ a¡q¡­L ¢jø¡l N¡¢jn h¢mu¡
X¡¢L­me, ­p SeÉ hÉ¡­Pl nl£l n£am qCm, l¡N H­Lh¡­l f¢lu¡ ­Nmz... ''16L
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°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ­k S£hecnÑe fË¢ag¢ma q­a ­cM¡ k¡u a¡ °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl AeÉ¡eÉ NË­¿ÛJ
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64
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AfËL¢« aÙÛ qJu¡l cªnÉ ­c­M ¢qleÈu£ eh£e­L h­m : ""h¡‰¡m ¢L L¢l­a­Rz W¡V L¢lu¡
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HL¢V h¡Ù¹h Awn J AeÉ¢V üfÀ¡wnz N­Òfl e¡uL ­ch£ ¢pwq S¡¢a­a l¡Sf¤a; ¢eh¡p
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Bp¡l f­b plk¤l O¡­V H­p ­fy±R¡­e¡l Mhl ­f­u ¢fa¡jq£l B­c­n ­ch£ ¢pwq a¡­cl­L

65
¢e­u Bp¡l SeÉ plk§l O¡­V ¢N­u Ef¢ÙÛa qez a¡­cl SeÉ A­fr¡ Ll­a Ll­a l¡a
q­u k¡u, ah¤ a¡l¡ B­pe e¡z aMe plk§l L¨m Sej¡eh n§eÉ e£lhz ­ch£ ¢pwq HL¢V
AnÄb N¡­Rl e£­Q h­p A­fr¡ Ll­a b¡­Lz qW¡vC HL¢V qe¤j¡e a¡­L Bœ²jZ L­l
Hhw ­p ‘¡e q¡l¡uz HCV¥L¥C L¡¢q¢el h¡Ù¹h Awnz Hlfl ­ch£¢pwq A‘¡e AhÙÛ¡­aC
üfÀ ­c­Mz L¡¢q¢el ¢hn¡m Awn S¥­s l­u­R ü­fÀl ¢hÙ¹¡lz ¢a¢e üfÀ ­cM­me ¢e­S­L
­L¾cÊ L­lCz ü­fÀ ¢a¢e ­cM­me ­k ¢a¢e ­ch£ ¢pwq ee, ¢a¢e djÑ cšz a¡l ¢fa¡ i¡la
¢pwqz i¡la ¢pwq pæÉ¡p£ Aj¡hpÉ¡ h¡h¡S£­L M¤h i¢š² nËÜ¡ L­lez i¡la ¢pw­ql O­l
Aj¡hpÉ¡ h¡h¡S£C p­hÑphÑ¡z H¢c­L Aj¡hpÉ¡ h¡h¡S£ djÑ cš­L H­Lh¡­lC pqÉ Ll­a
f¡­le e¡z C¢aj­dÉ i¡la¢pw­ql HL¢V LeÉ¡ q­m ­pC LeÉ¡­L pæÉ¡p£ ¢e­S qaÉ¡ L­l
­c¡o Q¡f¡e djÑ c­šl Eflz djÑ c­šl ­Sm quz ¢eS f¤­œl HC c¤lhÙÛ¡l pjuJ i¡la
¢pwq fËQä ¢e¢hÑL¡l b¡­Lez djÑ c­šl HC c¤lhÙÛ¡u a¡­L p¡q¡kÉ Ll­a H¢N­u B­p ay¡l
nÄöl h¡¢sl ­m¡LSe Hhw üuw h£lh¡m¡z Hlfl h£lh¡m¡ p¢œ²u q­u e¡e¡ A­m±¢LL L¡kÑ
pj¡d¡ L­l fËj¡Z L­l i¡la ¢pw­ql LeÉ¡l jªaÉ¥ qu¢ez Hlfl djÑc­šl j¤¢š² J h¡h¡S£l
fm¡ue Hhw h£lh¡m¡l p­‰ ¢jm­el jdÉ ¢c­u N­Òfl f¢lpj¡¢ç O­Vz
NÒf¢V­a p¡d¤ pæÉ¡p£l fË¢a i¡lah¡p£l Aåi¢š²l fËp‰ EfÙÛ¡¢fa q­u­Rz
i¡lah¡p£l HC Aå-pæÉ¡p£ fË£¢a­LC LV¡r L­l­Re °œ­m¡LÉe¡b Aj¡hpÉ¡ h¡h¡S£l fËL«a
ül©f EcO¡¢Va L­lz
"i¨a J j¡e¤o' N­Òfl flhaÑ£ NÒf "m¤õ¤'z °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl lQe¡hm£l j­dÉ
"Lˆ¡ha£'­L h¡c ¢c­m "m¤õ¤' NÒf¢V­L ay¡l ­nËù lQe¡ hm¡ ­k­a f¡­lz Xjl¦Q¢l­al Lb¡
j­e ­l­MJ HLb¡ hm¡ k¡uz "m¤õ¤' NÒf¢V­L °œ­m¡LÉe¡b A­eLV¡C l©fL¡nËu£ L­l AˆZ
L­l­Rez i¡lah¡p£l A¿¹xüi¡­hl °h¢nøÉ M¤­m ­cM¡­e¡C HM¡­e ­mM­Ll j§m E­ŸnÉz
i¡lah¡p£l n¡¢¿¹f§ZÑi¡­h Amp S£he k¡fe, ­N¡m¡j£ j­e¡hª¢š fËi«¢a hÉ¡f¡l­L HL Aá¨a
hZÑe¡i‰£­a Bj¡­cl L¡­R a¥­m dl­a ­Q­u­Re ­mMLz i¡lah¡p£l HC üi¡h­L ¢e­u
­L±a¥L L­l­Rez
Bf¡acª¢ø­a ­k L¡¢q¢e °œ­m¡LÉe¡b "m¤õ¤' N­Òf Bj¡­cl p¡j­e a¥­m d­l­Re
a¡l fËd¡e Q¢lœ Bj£l ­pMz Ù»£­L ¢e­u a¡l ­R¡– pwp¡lz HL¢ce Ni£l l¡¢œ­a Bj£l
­pM ay¡l Ù»£­L "­m m¤õ¤' h­m iu ­cM¡u Hhw p¢aÉC m¤õ¤ e¡­j HL¢V i¨a ­pM¡­e q¡¢Sl
¢Rmz "m¤õ'¤ Bj£­ll Lb¡­L B­cn j­e L­l Bj£­ll Ù»£­L ¢e­u Q­m k¡u ¢e­Sl
BÙ¹¡e¡uz Hlfl Afq©a¡ Ù»£l ­My¡­S Bj£l g¢L¢l ­hn d¡lZ L­lz HLSe NevL¡­ll

66
L¡R ­b­L Bj£l S¡e­a f¡­l ay¡l Ù»£ m¤õ¤ e¡jL HL¢V i¨­al à¡l¡ Afq©a¡ q­u­Rz
Hlfl ­l¡S¡ d­l e¡e¡ A­m±¢LL L¡kÑ pÇf¡ce L­l m¤õ¤l BÙ¹¡e¡u ¢N­u ­fy±R¡u Bj£lz
Qä¥l à¡l¡ m¤õ¤­L hn L­l ¢eS Ù»£­L EÜ¡l L­l Bj£lz öd¤ a¡C eu Hlfl ­b­L Qä¥l
fËi¡­h m¤õ¤ J i¨­al cmhm Bj£­ll pÇf¨ZÑ hn£i¥a q­u f­sz
H qm NÒf L¡¢q¢el p¡l¡wn j¡œz HC p¡l¡wn¢V Bp­m N­Òfl jjÑLb¡l BhlZz
HC BhlZ ­ic L­l N­Òfl A¾cl jq­m fË­hn Ll¡ j¡œC "m¤õ¤' N­Òfl fËL«a a¡vfkÑ
E­eÈ¡¢Qa q­u k¡u f¡W­Ll p¡j­ez "ay¡a£' e¡j¡¢ˆa a«a£u AdÉ¡­u i¨a­L ay¡a£l N¡e
­n¡e¡­e¡l fËp­‰ J "i¨­al ­am' e¡j¡¢ˆa où AdÉ¡­u i¨a­L O¡¢e­a ­g­m i¨­al ­am
­hl Ll¡l fËp­‰ q¡¢p B­R k­bøz ¢L¿¹¥ HC q¡¢pl Bs¡­m phpjuC p¢œ²u ­b­L­R
e£¢aq£ea¡l fË¢a ¢hâ¨fz i¨­al Bs¡­m pj¡­Sl j¡e¤o…¢m­L ¢e­u hÉ­‰l g¡e¤p
E¢s­u­Re °œ­m¡LÉe¡b "m¤õ'¤ N­Òfz m¤õ¤, OyÉ­O¡, ­Ny¡ ­Ny¡ fËi«¢a i¨a ­a¡ Bp­m j¡e¤oCz
a¡­cl hm¡ ­k­a f¡­l j¡e¤o i¨az j¡e¤­ol fË¡Zhd ­b­L Blñ L­l flÙ»£ qlZ, ¢jbÉ¡Q¡l,
­m¡L WL¡­e¡ CaÉ¡¢c pjÙ¹lLj AeÉ¡u L¡­S Hl¡ ¢mç b¡­Lz HC i¨a­cl kb¡bÑ ül©f
E­eÈ¡Qe L­l­Re °œ­m¡LÉe¡b Hi¡­h :
""... ­kje Sm S¢ju¡ hlg qu, AåL¡l S¢ju¡ ­aj¢e i¨a quz Sm Sj¡Cu¡
hlg L¢lh¡l Lm B­R, AåL¡l Sj¡Cu¡ i¨a L¢lh¡l Lm ¢L p¡­qhl¡ L¢l­a
f¡­l e¡? AåL¡­ll Ai¡h e¡Cz ¢en¡L¡­m h¡¢q­l ­a¡ AÒf-üÒf AåL¡l
b¡­LCz a¡lfl j¡e¤­ol j­el ¢ial ­k La AåL¡l B­R, a¡q¡l p£j¡ e¡C,
A¿¹ e¡Cz ­L¡c¡m ¢cu¡ L¡¢Vu¡ L¡¢Vu¡ T¥¢s f§¢lu¡ HC A¾dL¡l L­m ­g¢m­mC
fËQ¥l f¢lj¡­Z i¨a fËÙ¹¥a qC­a f¡¢l­hz''16M
pj¡­Sl fË¡u phÑœC HC i¨a­cl AhÙÛ¡ez ­L¡b¡J ­l¡S¡ l©­f, ­L¡b¡J pwh¡cfœ pÇf¡cL
l©­f, ­L¡b¡J h¡ d­jÑl lrL ¢q­p­h Hl¡ üj¢qj¡u ¢hl¡¢Saz °œ­m¡LÉe¡b AaÉ¿¹ plp
i¡o¡u HC a­cl ¢h¢iæ ¢œ²u¡Lm¡f­L ¢hâ¨f L­l­Re "m¤õ¤' N­Òfz ­k ­l¡S¡l fË¢a
i¡lah¡p£l ¢Rm flj BÙÛ¡, ­k ­l¡S¡­L j¡e¤o a¡l ¢hf­c Bf­c flj BnËuÙÛm h­m
¢hnÄ¡p Lla ­p ­k LaV¡ ï¡¿¹ a¡ S¡e¡ k¡u "ay¡a£' e¡j¡¢ˆa N­Òf ­l¡S¡l ü£L¡­l¡¢š²­a :
""­a¡j¡­L paÉ L¢lu¡ h¢m­a¢Rz B¢j fËL«a ­l¡S¡ eC, i¨a R¡s¡Ch¡l HL¢V
j¿»J S¡¢e e¡z Hje¢L N¡uœ£ fkÑ¿¹ S¡¢e e¡, Bl ­mM¡ fs¡ ¢ho­u, L M fkÑÉ¿¹
¢n¢M e¡Cz a­h HC j¡œ h¢m­a f¡¢l ­k B¢j HLSe flj ¢eù¡h¡e hË¡þZz''17

67
―HC ü£L¡­l¡¢š²l jdÉ ¢c­u öd¤ ­l¡S¡ eu j¤­M¡nd¡l£ hË¡þZ­clJ fËL«a ül©f E­eÈ¡¢Qa
q­u k¡uz öd¤ ­l¡S¡ eu iy¥C ­gy¡s pwh¡cfœ pÇf¡cL ¢q­p­hJ HC i¨a­cl ljlj¡z
Bj£l ­Ny¡ ­Ny¡ i¨a­L a¡l f¢œL¡l pÇf¡cL Ll­a Q¡C­m ­Ny¡ ­Ny¡ a¡l ­mM¡fs¡ e¡
S¡e¡l Lb¡ h­mz HLb¡ ö­e Bj£l h­m :
"" f¡Nm Bl ¢L! ­mM¡-fs¡ S¡e¡l BhnÉL ¢L? N¡¢m ¢c­a S¡¢ep a'?''
­Ny¡ ­Ny¡ h¢mm,―""i¨a¢c­Nl j­dÉ ­k pLm N¡¢m fËQ¢ma B­R, a¡q¡ B¢j
¢hmrZ S¡¢ez''
Bj£l h¢m­me―""a­h Bl ¢L! Bh¡l Q¡C ¢L? Ha¢ce ­m¡­L j¡e¤o j¡¢lu¡
pÇf¡cL L¢l­a¢Rm, ¢L¿¹¥ j¡e¤­o k¡ ¢LR¥ N¡¢m S¡­e, j¡u AnÔ£m i¡o¡ fkÑÉ¿¹, ph
MlQ qCu¡ ¢Nu¡­R; ph h¡¢p qCu¡ ¢Nu¡­Rz HMe ­cnp¤¤Ü ­m¡L­L i¨­al N¡¢m
¢chz Bj¡l A­eL fup¡ qC­hz''18
Hi¡­hC °œ­m¡LÉe¡b pj¡­Sl ¢h¢iæ ­r­œ R¢s­u b¡L¡ HC i¨al©f£ j¡e¤o­cl hɉ ¢hâ¨f
L­l­Rez °œ­m¡LÉe¡b S¡­ee ­k ka¢ce fkÑ¿¹ HC i¨­al¡ üj¢qj¡u ¢hl¡¢Sa b¡L­h aa
¢ce ­cn J S¡¢a e¡e¡ pjpÉ¡u SSÑ¢la b¡L­hz a¡C A¢hm­ð HC i¨a…¢m­L ¢he¡n Ll¡
clL¡lz ¢WL ­kjei¡­h Bj£l ­Ny¡ ­Ny¡ i¨­al ­cq ­b­L ­i±¢aL ­am ¢eú¡oZ L­l a¡l
p¡q¡­kÉ Ni£l pjpÉ¡ ­b­L j¤š² q­u­R ¢WL ­ajei¡­h pjÙ¹ i¨­al ­cq ­b­L AåL¡ll©f£
­am ¢eú¡oZ L­lC AåL¡l ­b­L B­m¡l f­b k¡œ¡ Ll­a q­h S¡¢a­Lz
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢R­me k¤¢š²h¡c£ j¡e¤oz H AåL¡l ­c­n ¢a¢e ­Q­u¢R­me ­Qae¡l
fËc£f SÆ¡¢m­u ¢c­az ­k ­c­nl fË¡u phÑœC ¢hl¡S L­l l©fLb¡l N¡ RjRj Ll¡ ­af¡¿¹­ll
j¡W, ­kM¡­e phÑœ j¡e¤­ol j­dÉ b¡­L i¨a-­fËa, l¡rp, ­M¡LÚLp, ­faÀ£, hËÇjc¢aÉl E‹Æm
Ef¢ÙÛ¢a ­pM¡eL¡l j¡e¤o­cl­L S¡­a a¥m­a ­N­m clL¡l a¡­cl j­dÉ ‘¡­el B­m¡L
p’¡¢la L­l ­cJu¡z ¢nr¡ ­b­LC HC ‘¡­el B­m¡L f¡Ju¡ ­k­a f¡­l h­m
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b j­e Ll­aez ­p ¢nr¡ Cwl¡S£J q­a f¡­lz ka¢ce e¡ fkÑ¿¹ HC ¢nr¡l
fËp¡l q­µR aa¢ce i¨­al¡J üj¢qj¡u i¡lah­oÑl pj¡­S ¢hl¡¢Sa b¡L­hz °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl
A¢ˆa i¨a ­a¡ ¢e­SC ü£L¡l L­l­R :
""Bj¡l AhdÉ, ­pC Cw­lS£-fs¡ h¡h¤­m¡Lz ay¡q¡­cl iuJ L¢l, i¢š²J L¢lz
iu L¢l, ­Lee¡ HV¡ ­pV¡ M¡Cu¡ ay¡q¡­cl j­el ­Ly¡QL¡ O¤¢Qu¡ k¡u, je plm
qCu¡ k¡uz HC jšÑÉ­m¡­LC ay¡q¡l¡ pc¡¢nhaÆ fË¡ç qe, AeÉ ­m¡­Ll ja
ay¡q¡­cl je ¢S­m¢fl f¡L ¢h¢nø euz''19

68
fËL«af­r Cw­lS­cl fËi¡­h C¢aj­dÉC kaV¥L¥ f¡ÕQ¡aÉ ¢nr¡l fËp¡l O­V­R aaV¥L¥­aC
i¨a­cl œ¡q£-œ¡q£ AhÙÛ¡z "m¤õ¤' N­Òfl i¨a ¢e­SC ­pC AhÙÛ¡l Lb¡ ü£L¡l L­l­R :
""¢L¿¹¥ Cw­l­Sl fËi¡­h Bj¡­cl pLm hÉhp¡C HLl©f ­m¡f f¡Cu¡­Rz AeÉ
hÉhp¡l Lb¡ c§­l b¡L¥L, i¨a¢c­Nl i¨­a f¡Ju¡l hÉhp¡¢V fkÑÉ¿¹ ­m¡f qCu¡
¢Nu¡­Rz HC qai¡NÉ ­c­nl ­m¡L…­m¡ HjeC Cw­lS£ i¡h¡fæ qCu¡­R ­k,
L¡q¡­LJ i¨­a f¡C­m ¢L X¡C­e M¡C­m, h­m ¢Le¡ ¢q¢ø¢lu¡ qCu¡­Rz''20
"i¥a J j¡e¤o' NÒfNË­¿ÛlC "eueQy¡­cl hÉhp¡' NÒf¢V °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl HL¢V
E­õM­k¡NÉ pª¢øz NÒf¢Vl BcÉ¿¹ R¢s­u l­u­R °hWL£ ­jS¡Sz °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ­hn£li¡N
N­Òfl j­a¡ H N­ÒflJ j§m mrÉ hɉ J ¢hâ¨fz °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢R­me pj¡S p­Qae
¢nÒf£z d­jÑl e¡­j A¢ankÉa¡, djÑ­L ­L¾cÊ L­l hÉhp¡, H…¢m­L ¢a¢e j­efË¡­Z OªZ¡
Ll­aez j¡e¤o d­jÑl L¡­R ­k LaV¡ c¤hÑm, Bl HC djÑ­L ­L¾cÊ L­l HL­nË¢Zl j¡e¤o
L£i¡­h AeÉ­cl i¥m f­b f¢lQ¡¢ma L­l ¢eS ü¡bÑ ¢p¢Ü L­l "eue Qy¡­cl hÉhp¡'
NÒf¢V­a l­u­R a¡l p¡bÑLaj ¢ecnÑez
N­Òfl ­L¾cÊ£u Q¢lœ eueQy¡cz eueQy¡c Hj¢e­a Nl£h j¡e¤o, …¢m­M¡l h­mC ¢a¢e
pL­ml L¡­R f¢l¢Qaz ¢L¿¹¥ haÑj¡­e ay¡l AhÙÛ¡l Eæ¢a q­u­Rz eueQy¡c ay¡l Eæ¢al
lqpÉ h奭cl L¡­R NÒf L­l ö¢e­u­Rz HLh¡l LmL¡a¡u hp¿¹ ­l¡­Nl ¢q¢sL f­s¢Rmz
HC p¤¤­k¡­N eueQy¡c HL¢V j¡¢Vl n£am¡ W¡L¥l °al£ Ll­me L¡lZ n£am¡ W¡L¥l hp¿¹
Efn­jl ­ch£ h­m f¢l¢Qaz j¡¢Vl n£am¡ W¡L¥­ll j§¢aÑ¢V ¢e­u ¢a¢e ­N­me LmL¡a¡uz
n£am¡ q¡­a L­l fË¢a¢ce ¢a¢e ¢ir¡u ­h­s¡­aez f¡s¡u ay¡l ¢hmrZ fËp¡l fË¢af¢š
qmz eueQy¡­cl Lb¡u : ""h¢mh ¢L i¡C Bl ­l¡SN¡­ll Lb¡z d¡j¡ d¡j¡ Q¡m Bl Nä¡
Nä¡ fup¡z d¡j¡u ­ke fup¡ hª¢ø qC­a m¡¢Nmz''21 AÒf¢c­el j­dÉC fËQ¥l fup¡l j¤M
­cM­me ¢a¢ez ¢L¿¹¥ qW¡v L­l ¢a¢e HL¢V pjpÉ¡u fs­mez HL¢ce pL¡­m ¢a¢e HL¢V
j¡a¡­ml h¡¢s­a q¡¢Sl q­u ­kj¢e n£am¡l N£a Blñ L­l­Re ­aj¢e ­pC j¡a¡m H­p
eueQy¡­cl ¢f­W c¤jc¡j ¢Lm j¡l­a b¡­L Hhw n£am¡ ­L­s ­euz HC OVe¡l fl eueQy¡c
HC hÉhp¡ ­R­s ­cJu¡l ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ­ee Hhw LmL¡a¡ ­R­s ¢eS NË¡­j ¢g­l ­k­a jeÙÛ
L­lez ¢L¿¹¥ fy¡Q p¡a¢ce fl HL¢V ¢Q¢W ­f­u ¢a¢e ay¡l ja f¢lhaÑe L­lez ¢Q¢W­a
­mM¡ ¢Rm :

69
 ""n£OË B¢pu¡ ­a¡j¡l n£am¡ mCu¡ k¡C­hz ­a¡j¡l H S¡NËa n£am¡z H n£am¡
mCu¡ B¢j hs ¢hf­c f¢su¡¢Rz ­a¡j¡l ­L¡e iu e¡Cz n£OË ­a¡j¡l n£am¡
mCu¡ k¡C­hz''22
k¡Ju¡l hÉ¡f¡­l fËb­j ¢LR¥V¡ ¢àd¡ b¡L­mJ ­no fkÑ¿¹ ¢a¢e ay¡l n£am¡¢V ¢g¢l­u Be­a
­N­mez ¢L¿¹¥ ¢N­u ¢a¢e ­cM­me HL Aá¥a L¡äz―O­ll ¢ial h­p B­R c¤¢V i¨az
Bp­m ­k j¡a¡m eueQy¡­cl L¡R ­b­L n£am¡¢V ­L­s ¢e­u¢Rm a¡l e¡j ¢j¢šl S¡z
n£am¡ ­L­s ­eJu¡l c¤¢ce f­sC ¢j¢šl S¡ hp¿¹ ­l¡­Nl à¡l¡ Bœ²¡¿¹ qez ¢ae¢ce f­l
ay¡l jªaÉ¥ quz ¢j¢šl S¡ ay¡l S£¢haL¡­m elqaÉ¡, hË¡þZ qaÉ¡, ­N¡ qaÉ¡, Ù»£ qaÉ¡, Q¥¢l
S¡m fËi«¢a pjÙ¹ lL­jl fy¡f LjÑ L­l¢R­mez a¡C A¢¿¹jL¡­m HL¢V f¤ZÉ L¡S Ll¡l
A¢ifË¡­u ay¡l ­N¡u¡­ml Hy­s h¡R¥s¢V HLSe hË¡þZ­L c¡e L­l ­N­mez Hlfl ¢a¢e kMe
kjf¤l£­a kjl¡­Sl pÇj¥­M q¡¢Sl q­me aMe kjl¡S ay¡l f¡ff¤­ZÉl ¢q­ph ­cM­a
¢Qœ…ç­L B­cn ¢c­mez ­cM¡ ­Nm : ""f¤ZÉ Cq¡l ¢LR¥ j¡œ e¡C, ­Lhm f¡fz'' f¤ZÉ
hm­a jªaÉ¥L¡­m hË¡þZ­L Hy­s h¡R¥l c¡ez kjl¡­Sl ¢S‘¡p¡l Ešl d­l ­p S¡e¡u ­k ­p
B­N f¤­ZÉl gm ­i¡N Ll­a Q¡uz ¢ÙÛl qu f¤­ZÉl gm ¢q­p­h ¢j¢šl S¡ ­k Hy­s h¡R¥l¢V
hË¡þZ­L c¡e L­l¢R­me ­p¢V HL¢c­el SeÉ a¡­L ­cJu¡ q­h Hhw Hy­s h¡R¥l¢V­L ¢c­u
­p k¡ M¤¢n Ll¡­a f¡l­hz Hy­s h¡R¥l¢V f¡Ju¡l fl ¢j¢šl S¡ a¡­L B­cn Ll­me :
""Hy­s Nl¦! a­h HL L¡S L­l¡z ­a¡j¡l HL¢V ¢pw k­jl e¡¢iL¥ä­m fË­hn
L¢lu¡ c¡J, Bl HL¢V ¢pw ¢Qœ…­çl e¡¢iL¥ä­m ¢cu¡, BS pjÙ¹ ¢ce
c¤CSe­L heÚ-heÚ L¢lu¡ QlL£l f¡LÚ M¡Ju¡Jz''23
―p­‰ p­‰ Hy­s Nl¦¢V B­cn f¡m­e EcÉa qmz kj, ¢Qœ…ç ­c±s¡­a ­c±s¡­a ¢N­u
q¡¢Sl qm °hL¥­ã e¡l¡u­Zl L¡­Rz Ah­n­o e¡l¡uZ Hy­s Nl¦¢V­L p¡j¢uLi¡­h n¡¿¹
Ll­mez kjf¤¢l ¢hfcj¤š² qmz Hlfl e¡l¡uZ ¢N­u ¢j¢šl S¡­L n¡¿¹ Ll­mez ¢j¢šl S¡
¢e­S­L Hhw kjf¤l£l pjÙ¹ fy¡f£­L °hL¥­ã BnËu ­cJu¡l Ae¤­l¡d S¡e¡­mez e¡l¡uZ H­a
l¡S£ q­mez aMe kjf¤l£l pjÙ¹ fy¡f£ °hL¥­ã ¢N­u q¡¢Sl q­mez ¢L¿¹¥ °hL¥­ãl à¡­l
p¤¤cnÑe Qœ² pLm­L fË­hn Ll­a ¢c­mJ ­Lhm ¢j¢šl S¡­L °hL¥­ã fË­hn Ll­a ¢cm
e¡z Hl L¡lZ ¢q­p­h e¡l¡u­Zl L¡R ­b­L ¢a¢e S¡e­a f¡l­me eueQy¡­cl n£am¡¢V
eueQy¡c­L ¢g¢l­u ­cJu¡ e¡ fkÑ¿¹ a¡l °hL¥­ã ÙÛ¡e q­h e¡z a¡C HMe ¢a¢e i£a q­u
eueQy¡­cl n£am¡ ¢g¢l­u ¢c­a H­p­Rez f¤el¡u n£am¡ f¡Ju¡l f­l eueQy¡­cl fp¡l
cn …Z ­h­s ­Nmz eueQy¡c NÒf Llm :

70
 ""L­m­Sl ­pC k¡l¡ Hj-H f¡n ¢cu¡­R, pi¡ L¢lu¡ a¡q¡l¡ Bj¡l n£am¡l
hš²«a¡ L¢lmz Mh­ll L¡N­S Bj¡l n£am¡l e¡j E¢Wmz ¢g¢l¢‰l¡ B¢pu¡
Bj¡l n£am¡l f§S¡ ¢c­a Blñ L¢lmz HL¢ce ­m¡L ph qy¡¢s-Qs¡­e¡ hå
L¢lu¡ MC-Lm¡ M¡Cu¡ l¢qmz Bj¡l h¤Sl¦¢L Q¡¢l¢c­L M¤h S¡¢ql qCmz''24
œ²­j ¢a¢e hp­¿¹l X¡š²¡l q­mez hm­a ¢àd¡ ­eC d­jÑl e¡­j iä hÉhp¡d¡l£ Hhw ­pC
p­‰ ­pC hÉhp¡l f¢l­f¡oL ýS¥­N ¢n¢ra h¡‰¡m£ HM¡­e °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl LV¡­rl mrÉz
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ¢àa£u NÒfNË¿Û "j¤š²¡j¡m¡'z HC NÒfNË­¿Ûl A¿¹NÑa NÒf…¢m
h¡wm¡p¡¢q­aÉl HL ¢iædjÑ£ Lb¡p¡¢q­aÉl fb ¢e­cÑnLz °hWL£ ­jS¡S, i¨a­fË­al NÒf
hm¡, A­m±¢LL l©fLb¡l pjeÄ­uC NÒf hm¡l ­k ü¡i¡¢hL fËhZa¡ °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl AeÉ¡eÉ
N­Òf Ef¢ÙÛa, "j¤š²¡j¡m¡' NÒfNË­¿Ûl NÒf…¢m­a a¡ HLV¥ ¢iæi¡­h EfÙÛ¡¢fa Ll­a
­Q­u­Re ¢a¢ez Hl fËj¡Z AhnÉ Bjl¡ N­Òfl j­dÉ f¡C :
""k¡ch h¢m­me,―""¢L NÒf ö¢e­a CµR¡ L­le? HLV¡ i¨­al NÒf L¢lh?''
jq¡­chh¡h¤ Ešl L¢l­me, ―""ea¥e dl­el i¨­al NÒf qu ­a¡ hmz fQ¡ NÒf
ö¢e­a CµR¡ qu e¡z''25
N­Òfl j­dÉ NÒf hm¡, HLC N­Òf ¢h¢iæ pju NÒfLb­Ll f¢lhaÑe °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl
N­Òfl HL¢V ¢h­no °h¢nøÉz Bl "j¤š²¡j¡m¡'l NÒf…¢m­a HC ¢h­no °h¢n­øÉl p¡bÑLaj
fË¢agme O­V­Rz "j¤š²¡j¡m¡' NÒfNË­¿Ûl fËbj NÒf "j¤š²¡j¡m¡'z NÒf¢Vl BcÉ¿¹ l­u­R
°hWL£ ­jS¡Sz jq¡­chh¡h¤ B—¡l B—¡d¡l£, c­ml cmf¢az ­pC jS¢m­p k¡ch, j¡dh,
l¡Oh, ¢œ­m¡Qe, Nc¡dl, OenÉ¡j fËi«¢a hå¥Ne ¢eu¢ja Ef¢ÙÛa b¡­Lez OenÉ¡jh¡h¤C HM¡­e
fËd¡e NÒfLb­Ll c¡¢uaÆ f¡me L­l­Rez OenÉ¡jh¡h¤ Bj¡­cl L¡­R NÒfLbL q­mJ a¡l
L¡­R NÒfLbL p¤¤hm NsN¢sz OenÉ¡jh¡h¤ h­m­Re :
""ky¡q¡l ¢eLV B¢j H NÒf ö¢eu¡¢R, ay¡q¡l e¡j p¤¤hm NsN¢sz Bj¡l ¢e­Sl
Lb¡u B¢j H NÒf L¢lh e¡; NsN¢s jq¡nu ­ki¡­h Bj¡­cl h¡p¡u
h¢mu¡¢R­me, B¢jJ ­pCi¡­h ay¡q¡l Lb¡u NÒf¢V L¢lhz''26
p¤¤al¡w N­Òfl Bpm LbL p¤¤hm NsN¢sz
"j¤š²¡j¡m¡' N­Òfl ¢hou p¤¤hm NsN¢sl S£h­el jjÑ¿c¹¥ L¡¢q¢ez j¡ei¨j ­Sm¡l
HL¢V NË¡­j p¤¤hm NsN¢sl h¡pz ¢fa¡l jªaÉ¥l fl p¤¤hmQ¾cÊ NsN¢s L¢eø J‚¥l­L
­mM¡fs¡ ­nM¡­a cªtfË¢a‘ q­mez ­pC E­Ÿ­nÉC LmL¡a¡l HL¢V i¡­m¡ ú¥­m i¢aÑJ
L­l ¢c­me a¡­Lz ¢L¿¹¥ œ²jn ¢a¢e qa¡n q­u fs­mez L¥p­‰ f­s J‚¥­ll fs¡öe¡

71
j¡¢V qmz Hja¡hÙÛ¡u i¡C­ul fs¡öe¡ q­h e¡ h¤T­a ­f­l i¡C­L ¢h­u Ll¡­e¡l Lb¡
i¡h­a b¡­Le ¢a¢ez ¢L¿¹¥ J‚¥l HC fËÙ¹¡­h l¡S£ q­me e¡z LmL¡a¡u ­b­L hå¥ h¡åh­L
¢e­u Ec¡l q­Ù¹ MlQ Ll¡l ­en¡u ­p aMe jšz hs i¡C­ul L¡­R V¡L¡l c¡¢hJ a¡l
œ²jnx ­h­s Q­mz œ²­j °fa«L ¢ho­ul ­pJ HLSe Awn£c¡l, AÜÑ¡w­nl Efl a¡q¡l
pÇf¨ZÑ A¢dL¡l B­R HLb¡J ­p hs i¡C­L ØjlZ L¢l­u ¢cmz H­a hs i¡C k¡lfl
e¡C c¤x¢Ma q­mez ¢L¿¹¥ J‚¥l e¡­R¡lh¡¾c¡z osk¿» L­l ­p hs i¡C­L f¡Nm fË¢afæ
Llmz f¡N­ml Jo¤d ­M­u p¤¤hmQ¾cÊ A‘¡e q­u fs­mez A‘¡e AhÙÛ¡u ¢a¢e ­k üfÀ
­cM­me a¡C "j¤š²¡j¡m¡' NÒfNË­¿Ûl AeÉ¡eÉ NÒf…¢ml ¢hou q­u­Rz ­k üfÀ ¢a¢e ­cM­me
a¡ A­m±¢LL, HL Lb¡u h¡Ù¹­h Apñhz ü­fÀ ¢a¢e X¡¢Le£l l¡­SÉ ¢N­u Ef¢ÙÛa q­mez
X¡¢Le£l q¡a ­b­L EÜ¡l f¡Ju¡l SeÉ j¡­ul j¢¾c­l j¡­ul à¡lÙÛ q­me ¢a¢ez j¡­ul
q¡­a J Nm­c­n Ah¢ÙÛa ­k ­L¡e HL¢V elj¤ä ¢e­u ­k­a f¡l­m p¤¤hm X¡¢Le£l q¡a
­b­L EÜ¡l f¡­hz p¤¤hm HLb¡ j¤ä­cl S¡e¡­m j¤äNZ HL HL L­l a¡­cl­L NÒf hm­a
b¡­L Hhw fË­aÉL¢V NÒf hm¡ ­no qJu¡l p­‰ p­‰ j¤ä…¢m lš² j¤š²¡u f¢lZa quz
"j¤š²j¡m¡' NÒfNË­¿Ûl "…l¦­ch' N­Òf fª¢bh£l ­nËùaj S£h j¡e¤­ol ¢eù¥la¡l Qlj
l©f ­cM¡­e¡ q­u­Rz pqj¢jÑa¡l ¢e¢l­M, cu¡d­jÑl ¢e¢l­M ­k j¡e¤o ¢e­S­cl­L fª¢bh£l ­nËù
S£h ¢q­p­h hs¡C L­l ­pC j¡e¤­ol e£¢a‘¡eq£ea¡l h£ivpl©f a¥­m d­l­Re °œ­m¡LÉe¡b
HC N­Òf …l¦­ch Q¢l­œl j¡dÉ­jz X. A¢Sa L¥j¡l ­O¡o HC Q¢lœ¢V pÇf­LÑ hm­a ¢N­u
h­m­Re :
""°œ­m¡LÉe¡b A¢ˆa phÑ¡­fr¡ eªnwp Q¢lœ ­h¡dqu "j¤š²¡j¡m¡'l …l¦­chz
­pC …l¦­c­hl BaÉ¢¿¹L ¢ecÑua¡l ¢Qœ AˆZ L¢l­a k¡Cu¡ ­mML Ap¢qo·¥
­hce¡ J ­œ²¡­d q¡¢p­a fkÑ¿¹ i¥¢mu¡ ¢Nu¡­Rez R¡Nm qaÉ¡l ­k h£ivp cªnÉ
¢a¢e hZÑe¡ L¢lu¡­Re a¡q¡­a …l¦­c­h­L j¡e¤­ol fkÑ¡­u ­g¢m­a Bj¡­cl ¢àd¡
quz''27
…l¦­c­hl e¡j ­N¡mL Qœ²haÑ£z ¢a¢e ¢eù¡h¡e hË¡þZz ­mM¡fs¡ S¡­ee e¡z ¢e­Sl e¡j¢VJ
pC Ll­a f¡­le e¡z h¡¢s NË¡­j q­mJ h¡­l¡ j¡p LmL¡a¡­aC b¡­Lez fËb­j ­q¡­Vm
hÉ¡hp¡ M¤m­mJ ­p hÉ¡hp¡u m¡i e¡ qJu¡­a ¢a¢e j¡w­pl ­c¡L¡e ­M¡­mez HC fkÑ¿¹ ¢WLC
B­R ¢L¿¹¥ Hlfl a¡l ¢œ²u¡Lm¡f kaC Bjl¡ f¡W L¢l aaC a¡l Q¢l­œl ¢eù¥la¡
Bj¡­cl­L HaV¡C ¢h¢Øja L­l ­a¡­m ­k Bjl¡ ¢e¾c¡l i¡o¡ fkÑ¿¹ q¡¢l­u ­g¢mz ay¡l
¢eù¥la¡l HLV¡ ¢Qœ a¥­m dl¡ ­k­a f¡­lz p¤¤hm NsN¢s h­m­Re :

72
 ""B¢j hmm¡j,―W¡L¥l jq¡nuz Bfe¡l R¡Nm…¢ml ­h¡dqu hs Sm ¢ff¡p¡
f¡Cu¡­Rz''
…l¦­ch Ešl L¢l­me, ―""c¤C-HL¢c­e pj¤cu ­no qCu¡ k¡C­hz Sm ¢ch¡l Bl
BhnÉL e¡Cz''
B¢j h¢mm¡j,―""Eq¡­cl r¥d¡J ­h¡dqu f¡Cu¡­Rz''
…l¦­ch h¢m­me, ―""r¥d¡ ¢eÕQu f¡Cu¡­Rz BS ¢ae¢ce Eq¡¢cN­L œ²u L¢lu¡
B¢eu¡¢Rz''
B¢j ¢S‘¡p¡ L¢lm¡j,―""Eq¡¢cN­L ¢L M¡C­a ­ce ?''
…l¦­ch Ešl L¢l­me,―""M¡C­az M¡C­a Bh¡l ¢L ¢ch? M¡C­a ¢c­m Bl
hÉhp¡ Q­m e¡z''
B¢j h¢mm¡j,―""Hl©f Lu¢ce Ae¡q¡­l b¡­L?''
…l¦­ch h¢m­me,―""p¡a-BV ¢c­el A¢dL Cq¡¢cN­L Ae¡q¡­l b¡¢L­a qu e¡z
p¡a-BV ¢c­el j­dÉC HL HL ­Mf ­no qCu¡ k¡uz''
B¢j ¢S‘¡p¡ L¢lm¡j,―""HLV¥ HLV¥ Sm f¡e L¢l­a ­ce e¡ ­Le?''
…l¦­ch Ešl L¢l­me,―""Eq¡l¡ N¡­u N¡­u cy¡s¡Cu¡ B­Rz ¢ff¡p¡u Eq¡­cl
‘¡e e¡Cz Sm ¢c­m hsC ­N¡mj¡m L­lz''... ''28
¢eù¥la¡l HM¡­eC ­no eu, a¡ Qlj p£j¡ ØfnÑ L­l­R fy¡W¡ L¡V¡l cª­nÉ :
""f¡W¡­L ­g¢mu¡ W¡L¥l jq¡nu a¡q¡­L ­pC ­My¡V¡u hy¡¢d­mez a¡q¡l fl
a¡q¡l j¤M­cn ¢e­Sl f¡ ¢cu¡ j¡s¡Cu¡ S£u¿¹ AhÙÛ¡­aC j¤ä¢cL qC­a R¡m
R¡s¡C­a Blñ L¢l­mez fy¡W¡l j¤M …l¦­ch j¡s¡Cu¡ B­Re, p¤¤al¡w ­p Q£yvL¡l
L¢lu¡ X¡¢L­a f¡¢lm e¡z''28
Hi¡­h S£u¿¹ AhÙÛ¡u f¡yW¡l R¡m R¡s¡­e¡l k¤¢š² ¢q­p­h …l¦­ch Ahm£m¡u h­m k¡e :
""S£u¿¹ AhÙÛ¡u R¡m R¡s¡C­m k¡ae¡u Cq¡l nl£l ¢ia­l ¢ia­l AÒf Ly¡¢f­a
b¡­Lz Oe Oe LÇf­e Cq¡l Q­ÇjÑ HLfËL¡l pl¦ pl¦ p¤¾¤ cl ­lM¡ A¢ˆa qCu¡
k¡uz Hl©f QÇjÑ c¤C Be¡ A¢dL j§­mÉ ¢h¢œ²a quz S£u¿¹ AhÙÛ¡u fy¡W¡l R¡m
R¡s¡C­m Bj¡l c¤C Be¡ fup¡ m¡i quz hÉhp¡ L¢l­a B¢pu¡¢R, h¡h¡z
cu¡j¡u¡ L¢l­a ­N­m Bl hÉhp¡ Q­m e¡z''28
Bp­m pj¡­S k¡l¡ Apq¡u, k¡l¡ c¤hÑm a¡­cl fË¢a ¢Rm °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl Ap£j
pq¡e¤i¨¢az ­p ¢nö Abh¡ e¡l£ Abh¡ fö ­kC ­q¡L e¡ ­Lez a¡C ­kM¡­eC ¢a¢e

73
­c­M­Re c¤hÑ­ml fË¢a ph­ml AaÉ¡Q¡l ­pM¡­eC a¡l ­mMe£ fË¢ah¡­c N­SÑ E­W­Rz
NÒf¢Vl j­dÉ HL¢V l©fLi¡he¡J L¡S L­l­Rz i¡la£u pj¡­S ¢hšh¡e pÇfËc¡u pj¡­Sl
p¡d¡lZ j¡e¤­ol Efl k¤N k¤N d­l ­k Ln¡Chª¢š Ahmðe L­l­R a¡lC HL¢V fË¢aµR¢h hm¡
­k­a f¡­l NÒf¢V­Lz

"j¤š²¡j¡m¡' NÒfNË­¿Ûl ¢àa£u NÒf―"Bc¤¢l J Blp£'z A­eL pju p¡j¡eÉ ¢LR¥

i¥mœ¥¢Vl A¿¹l¡­m BaÈ­N¡fe L­l b¡­L Ap¡j¡eÉ p¡gmÉ―HC paÉ¢V p¢aÉ q­u E­W­R
"Bc¤¢l J Blp£' N­Òfz "i¨­al h¡¢s' NÒf¢V p¢aÉC i¥­al NÒf q­u E­W­Rz "f¤l¡ae
L¨f' NÒf¢V­a ­c¢M HL¢c­L kMe ¢pf¡q£ ¢h­â¡­ql B…e Q¡¢l¢c­L R¢s­u f­s­R aMe
HL­nË¢Zl ­m¡L f­LV i¢aÑ L­l­R m¤Wal¡S qaÉ¡ fËi«¢al j¡dÉ­jz f¡n¡f¡¢n c¤¢V ¢nöl
p¡lmÉ, fy¡­s¢nl j¡e¢hLa¡­h¡d fËi«¢aJ N­Òf ­cM¡­e¡ q­u­Rz "dÇjÑ-LÇjÑ L¢l­m, S£­hl
fË¢a cu¡ L¢l­m, iNh¡e fËpæ qe'―a¡ "nñ¥ ­O¡­ol LeÉ¡' NÒf¢Vl ¢houz
j­cl ­en¡ J fle¡l£l fË¢a Bp¢š² j¡e¤­ol S£h­e L£ iuˆl f¢lZ¡j ­X­L B­e
a¡l SÆm¿¹ fËj¡Z "m¢ma J m¡heÉ' N­Òf m¢ma J m¡h­ZÉl ¢fa¡ Q¢lœ¢Vl j­dÉ Bjl¡
f¡Cz ­pC ­m¡L¢Vl ¢ejÑja¡ Qljp£j¡ ØfnÑ L­l kMe ¢eS f¤œ m¢m­al Efq¡lfË¡ç hC
¢h¢œ² L­l ¢eS BqÓ¡c f¢lf§ZÑ L­lez ­mML hZÑe¡ L­l­Re :
""f¤Ù¹L…¢m ¢fa¡l ¢eLV l¡¢Mu¡ m¢ma Q¢mu¡ ­Nmz ¢LR¥rZ f­l ¢fa¡ f¤Ù¹L
c¤CM¡¢e h¡S¡­l mCu¡ ¢h¢œ² L¢l­mez eu Be¡ fup¡ qCmz ­pC e A¡e¡ fup¡u
jc M¡Cu¡ fË¢a¢ce ­k ÙÛ¡­e ¢a¢e l¡¢œ k¡fe L­le, ­pC ÙÛ¡­e ¢Nu¡ l¡¢œ k¡fe
L¢l­mez''29
f¡n¡f¡¢n m¢ma J m¡h­ZÉl L¡L¡l ­pÀq, j¡u¡ jja¡l f¢lQu¢VJ M¤h p¤¤¾cli¡­h HC N­Òf
f¢lØg¥V q­u­Rz "j§mÉh¡e a¡j¡L J ‘¡eh¡e pfÑ' NÒf¢V­a l­u­R LbLa¡ l£¢al
Ae¤plZz °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ¢Qlf¢l¢Qa B—¡l Bpl, Ny¡S¡l d¤j HC N­ÒfJ ¢hcÉj¡ez H
N­Òfl LbL ¢ae¤h¡h¤, Bl ­nË¡a¡ j¡¢eLh¡h¤, eh£eh¡h¤, q­leh¡h¤, N­Znh¡h¤ J B—¡d¡l£
Su­N¡¢h¾c jn¡uz ¢ae¤h¡h¤ flfl fy¡Q¢V NÒf h­mez "h¡¢mL¡ J L«o· pfÑ, "¢nö J ­hy­s',
"Nl¦l c¡¢s', "Q¥m hy¡d¡ ¢g­a', "f¡L¡ j¤ql£' fËi«¢a fy¡Q¢V N­Òf ¢ae¤h¡h¤ p¡­fl ­k
Ap¡d¡lZ L¡kÑ¡hm£l Lb¡ N­Òfl BL¡­l Bj¡­cl ö¢e­u­Re a¡ k­bø ­L±a¥LLlz
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl SNv BS…¢hl SNvz ay¡l q¡pÉl­pl j§m Ef¡c¡e hý ­r­œC HC
BS…¢hl SNv ­b­LC Evp¡¢laz i¥a, h¡O, q¡¢a, hÉP, jn¡, p¡f J a¡­cl ¢h¢iæ

74
LjÑL¡ä ¢e­u N¢Wa q­u­R HC BS…¢hl SNvz H­cl j­dÉ j¡e¢hL üi¡h J BQlZ
B­l¡f Ll¡l g­m pª¢ø q­u­R ­L±a¥Llpz "j§mÉh¡e a¡j¡L J ‘¡eh¡e pfÑ' NÒf¢V­a
l­u­R p¡­fl ¢h¢iæ LjÑL¡­äl Aá¨a f¢lQuz H p¡f Bh¡l ­kje ­aje p¡f eu H p¡f
q¡p­aJ S¡­e : ""BqÓ¡­c BVM¡e¡ qCu¡ p¡f¢V q¡¢p­a m¡¢Nmz'' öd¤ a¡C eu H p¡f
j¤¢sJ M¡uz ¢ae¤h¡h¤l j§M ­b­L S¡e¡ k¡u : ""¢Q¢e­a f¡¢lu¡ d¡¢j qC­a Bj¡l ­j­u
a¡q¡­L c¤N¡m j¤¢s ¢cmz L¥s L¥s L¥s L¥s L¢lu¡ p¡f h¢pu¡ ­pC j¤¢s…¢m M¡Cmz
j¤¢s…¢m M¡Cu¡ ­p f¤el¡u h­e Q¢mu¡ ­Nmz''30
HC NÒf¢V­a l©f­Ll BhlZ ­pi¡­h ­Q¡­M f­s e¡z °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl AeÉ¡eÉ
N­Òf i¨a J Cal fË¡Z£l jdÉ ¢c­u j¡eh£u SN­al ­c¡o ¢hL«¢a EcO¡V­el ­k ­Qø¡
f¢lm¢ra qu HC N­Òf ­pC fË­Qø¡ Ae¤f¢ÙÛaz pqS plm ­L±a¥Ll­pl Evp¡lC HC
NÒf¢Vl j§m ­fËlZ¡ h­m j­e quz
"­pL¡­ml ­j¡ql' NÒf¢V­a Bjl¡ f¢l¢Qa °œ­m¡LÉe¡b­L f¡C e¡z NÒf¢V
A­eLV¡C p¡j¡¢SL J N¡qÑÙÉÛ j§mLz ­l¡j¡¢¾VLa¡lJ ¢LR¥V¡ ØfnÑ ­Q¡­M f­s HM¡­ez N­Òfl
e¡uL ¢N¢ln h­¾cÉ¡f¡dÉ¡uz HL hoÑZj¤Ml påÉ¡u ¢N¢l­nl p­‰ p¡r¡v qu plm¡ e¡jÀ£ HL
h¡¢mL¡lz plm¡ Ap¤¤ÙÛ ¢fa¡l SeÉ ¢Q¢Lvp­Ll på¡­e ­hl q­u¢Rmz ¢e­S X¡š²¡l£l R¡œ
qJu¡u ¢N¢ln ­j­u¢V­L p¡q¡­kÉl q¡a h¡¢s­u ­cuz plm¡l ¢fa¡­L ¢Q¢Lvp¡ L­l ­a¡­m
­pz plm¡­cl h¡¢s­a k¡Ju¡ Bp¡l p§­œ ¢N¢ln ­N¡f£h¡h¤l X¡š²¡l M¡e¡u Q¡Ll£ f¡uz ¢L¿¹¥
HC pju ­N¡f£h¡h¤l h¡¢s­a ­j¡ql Q¥¢ll OVe¡ ¢N¢l­nl S£he­L AeÉ ¢c­L ­j¡s ¢e­a
h¡dÉ L­lz ¢N¢ln­L ­j¡ql Q¥¢ll c¡­u A¢ik¤š² Ll¡ qu k¢cJ plm¡l avfla¡u ¢N¢ln ­p
k¡œ¡u lr¡ f¡u ¢L¿¹¥ ­j¡ql Q¥¢ll c¡­u A¢ik¤š² L­l ¢N¢ln­L fËQäi¡­h fËq¡l Ll¡l
g­m ¢N¢ln œ²jn Ap¤¤ÙÛ q­u f­sz HL¢ce ¢N¢ln kMe j¤jo§ ¤Ñ AhÙÛ¡u nkÉ¡n¡u£ ­N¡f£h¡h¤
aMe q¡l¡­e¡ ­j¡ql…¢m ¢g­l f¡e Hhw ¢N¢l­nl H hÉ¡f¡­l ¢h¾c¥j¡œ q¡a ¢Rm e¡ h¤T­a
­f­l fËQä Ae¤aç qez Hl fl ¢e­Sl f¡­fl fË¡u¢ÕQš ül©f ­N¡f£h¡h¤ a¡yl pjÙ¹ ­j¡ql
¢N¢ln­L c¡e Ll­a Q¡C­mez ¢L¿¹¥ ¢e­mÑ¡i ¢N¢ln ­p c¡e NËqZ Ll­me e¡z Ah­n­o
¢N¢ln jªaÉ¥j¤­M f¢aa qez AhnÉ a¡l B­N ¢eS Ù»£ J LeÉ¡ k¡­a Ae¡b e¡ q­u k¡u ­p
hÉhÙÛ¡J L­l l¡­Me ¢a¢ez
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl N­Òf °n¢ÒfL œ¥¢V l­u­R fËQ¥lz hý ­r­œC ¢a¢e Ah¡Ù¹h L¡¢q¢e
N­Òfl j­dÉ S¥­s ¢c­u­Rez ­kM¡­e ¢a¢e Ah¡Ù¹h L¡¢q¢e AˆZ L­l­Re ­pM¡­e f¡WLje
pÇf¨ZÑ p­Qaei¡­hC h¡Ù¹­hl F­dÆÑ ¢e­S­L ¢e­u ¢N­u a¡l lp¡ü¡ce Ll­a fËÙ¹¥az ¢L¿¹¥

75
­kM¡­e h¡Ù¹h j¡e¤­ol A¢a f¢l¢Qa NÒf h­m­Re ¢a¢e k¡l fËd¡e E­ŸnÉ j¡e¤­ol ¢Q­š
e£¢a­h¡­dl E­à¡de Ll¡, ­pM¡­eJ kMe ¢a¢e Ah¡Ù¹h L¡¢q¢e g¡­ce aMe a¡ °n¢ÒfL œ¥¢V
¢q­p­h f¢lN¢Za quz "­pL¡­ml ­j¡ql' NÒf¢V­a ­c¢M :
""LeÉ¡­L mCu¡ j¡dh Qœ²haÑ£ Bc¡m­a Ef¢ÙÛa qC­mez q¡¢Lj avre¡v
plm¡l p¡rÉ NËqe L¢l­mez plm¡­L hs A¢dL ¢LR¥ h¢m­a qCm e¡z ¢N¢l­nl
fr qCu¡ plm¡l BNje, a¡q¡C k­bø qCmz Hl©f p¤¤n£m¡ ül©f¡ iâ LeÉ¡
k¡q¡l pfr p¡r£, ­p ­k ¢e­cÑ¡o, plm¡­L ­c¢Mu¡C q¡¢L­jl j­e ­p ¢hnÄ¡p
S¢eÈmz Q¥¢l qCh¡l f§îÑ¢ce ¢N¢l­nl ¢eLV ¢a¢e ­j¡ql ­c¢Mu¡¢R­me, plm¡­L
­Lhm HC Lb¡ h¢m­a qCmz plm¡l B¿¹¢lL i¡h q¡¢Lj h¤¢T­a f¡¢l­mez
¢N¢ln­L R¡¢su¡ ¢ch¡l pju Dov q¡¢pu¡ ¢a¢e plm¡­L h¢m­me : ""DnÄ­ll
''31
¢eLV fË¡bÑe¡ L¢l, ­ke ­a¡jl¡ c¤S­e p¤¤M£ qJz''...

plm¡l ja HLSe h¡¢mL¡l p¡­rl Jfl ¢eiÑl L­l Bp¡j£­L ­hLp¤¤l M¡m¡p L­l ­cJu¡
Hhw plm¡ J ¢N¢l­nl p¤¤M£ qJu¡l SeÉ ¢h­no L­l k¡­cl ¢h­uC qu¢e a¡­cl p¤¤M£ qJu¡l
SeÉ q¡¢L­jl fË¡bÑe¡ A¢hnÄ¡pÉ ­W­L hC ¢L!
Bp­m p¡¢qaÉ lQe¡l ¢fR­e °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl HL¢V mrÉ ¢Rmz ­pC mrÉ qm j¡e¤­ol
¢qa p¡dez H­r­œ ¢a¢e l¡S¡ l¡j­j¡qe l¡u, DnÄlQ¾cÊ ¢hcÉ¡p¡Nl J h¢ˆ­jl j¡epd­jÑlC
p­N¡œ£uz h¢ˆjQ¾cÊ ay¡l p¡¢qaÉ lQe¡l E­ŸnÉ pÇf­LÑ Øføi¡­hC S¡¢e­u­Re :
""k¢c j­e Hje h¤¢T­a f¡­le ­k ¢m¢Mu¡ ­c­nl h¡ je¤oÉ S¡¢al ¢LR¥ j‰m
p¡de L¢l­a f¡­le, Abh¡ ­p±¾ckÑ pª¢ø L¢l­a f¡­le, a­h AhnÉ ¢m¢M­hez
ky¡q¡l¡ AeÉ E­Ÿ­nÉ ­m­Me, ay¡q¡¢cN­L k¡œ¡Ju¡m¡ fËi«¢a e£Q hÉhp¡u£¢c­Nl
p­‰ NZÉ Ll¡ k¡C­a f¡­lz''32
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­blJ j¡epd­jÑl j§m Lb¡ ¢Rm a¡Cz i¡lah­oÑl L¥pwú¡­l SSÑ¢la ü¡bÑ¡­eÄo£
j¡e¤o…¢m­L a¡C ¢a¢e p¤¤­k¡N ­f­mC e£¢aLb¡ ö¢e­u­Rez ¢a¢e ¢hnÄ¡p Ll­ae j¡e¤­ol
L­jÑl j­dÉC l­u­R ay¡l kb¡bÑ p¤¤Mz HC p¤¤­Ml ül©f pL­m Efm¢ì Ll­a f¡­l e¡z
"­pL¡­ml ­j¡ql' N­Òf jªaÉ¥fbk¡œ£ ¢N¢l­nl Lb¡u °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl HC i¡he¡l SNv
E­eÈ¡¢Qa q­u­R :
""pLm ­m¡L I f¢hœ ÙÛ¡­e k¡C­a f¡­l e¡z HC fª¢bh£­a B¢pu¡ k¡q¡l¡ paÉ-
fb qC­a ¢hQ¢ma qu e¡, k¡q¡l¡ L¡q¡lJ A¢eø L­l e¡; k¡q¡l¡ ­ào J OªZ¡l
Q­r L¡q¡­LJ cnÑe L­l e¡; k¡q¡l¡ ­pC p¢µQc¡e¾c fljf¤l¦o­L LMe ¢hØj«a
76
 qu e¡; k¡q¡l¡ pîÑc¡ ay¡q¡­L q©cu ¢pwq¡p­e A¢d¢øa l¡¢Mu¡ SN­al ¢qap¡d­e
S£he A¢ah¡¢qa L­l,―­Lhm a¡q¡l¡C ­pC p¤¤­Ml ÙÛ¡­e Nje L¢l­a f¡­l,
­Lhm a¡q¡l¡C ¢fËuSe­L mCu¡ I ÙÛ¡­e Ae¿¹L¡m b¡¢L­a f¡uz ­pC p¢µQc¡e¾c
f¤l¦o­L ¢hØj«a qCu¡ k¡q¡l¡ AeÉl©­f S£he A¢ah¡¢qa L­l, a¡q¡­cl fl­m¡L
AeÉl©fz ­pC ÙÛ¡­e A­no k¿»Z¡ ­i¡N L¢lu¡ Ah­n­o a¡q¡l¡ dÆwpfË¡ç quz''33
"­Le Ha ¢ecu qC­m' NÒf¢V­a °œ­m¡LÉe¡b HLV¥ ¢iælL­jl L¡¢q¢e AˆZ
L­l­Rez Al¦ZL¥j¡l j¤­M¡f¡dÉ¡u ay¡l "L¡­ml f¤š¢mL¡' NË­¿Û °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ­R¡VNÒf…¢ml
¢hou °h¢QœÉ¢i¢šL ­k ­nËZ£¢hi¡N L­l­Re a¡­a ¢a¢e HC NÒf¢V­L i¨­al N­Òfl
A¿¹iѨš² L­l­Rez a­h AeÉ¡eÉ N­Òfl pqS plm ­L±a¥LfËhZ j¡e¢pLa¡l hc­m
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b HM¡­e A­eL ­hn£ Nñ£lz N­Òfl L¡¢q¢e A­eLV¡ ­N¡­u¾c¡ L¡¢q¢e d¡­Qlz
f¢l­hn f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a NÒfi¡­hl p­‰ p¡j”pÉf§ZÑz pjÙ¹ NÒf S¥­s HL¢V N¡e f¡W­Ll
­L±a¥qm­L pc¡S¡NËa l¡­M :
""­Le Ha ¢ecu qC­m?
Ahp¡e ¢en£, AÙ¹ ­Nm nn£,
c¡p£­l i¥¢mu¡ e¡b ­L¡b¡u l¢q­mz''34

"­ha¡m os¢hwn¢a' NÒf¢V A­eLV¡ A­m±¢LLa¡fËd¡e NÒfz HC N­Òfl e¡uL

­N±s£nˆl e¡­j HL hËÇjZ k¤hLz ú¥mj¡ø¡¢l L­l a¡l L¥¢s V¡L¡ Bu q­mJ ­N±s£nˆl
H­a p¿¹¥ø ¢R­me e¡z ¢a¢e l¡a¡l¡¢a hs­m¡L q­a Q¡C­mez HC A¢ifË¡u ¢p¢Ü Ll¡l
SeÉ ¢a¢e nÈn¡­e p¡de¡ Ll¡l ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e­mez ¢L¿¹¥ ¢q­a ¢hfl£a qmz nhp¡de¡ AdÑf­b
b¡¢j­u ­cJu¡u hs­m¡L ­a¡ ¢a¢e q­me-C e¡ E­ÒV a¡l Efl il Llm ­ha¡mz ­pC
¢c­el fl ­b­L ­l¡S l¡¢œ ¢aeV¡l pju a¡l ¢f­W …fN¡f n­ë ¢Lm fs­a b¡­Lz ­L
­L¡b¡ ­b­L HC ¢Lm j¡­s ¢LR¥­aC ­h¡T¡ k¡u e¡z HC c¤lhÙÛ¡u f­s ­N±s£nˆl kMe
j¤jo§ ¤Ñf¡Ë u Hhw pL­mC ­N±s£nˆ­ll hy¡Q¡l Bn¡ ­R­s ¢c­u­Re ¢WL aMeC f¢lQu qu HL
AÒfhuú ­m¡­Ll p­‰ ¢k¢e a¡­L c¤lhÙÛ¡ ­b­L pÇf¨ZÑ EÜ¡l L­l­Rez
NÒf¢V A­m±¢LLa¡ fËd¡e q­mJ °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl f¡WL je BLoÑZ Ll¡l j§m
Ef¡c¡e HM¡­eJ ­L±a¥Llpz EáV J h£ivpl­pl pj¡­l¡­q HL¢V ¢iæl­pl Bü¡c f¡C
NÒf¢V ­b­Lz NÒf¢V­a °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl q¡pÉlp pª¢øl ¢h¢iæ ­L±nm mre£u ­kje :
°hfl£­aÉl jdÉ ¢c­u q¡pÉlp pª¢ø :

77
 ""l¡a¡l¡¢a hs j¡e¤o qCh¡l Ef¡u fª¢bh£­a hs A¢dL e¡C,―H­Lh¡­l e¡C
h¢m­mJ Q­mz ¢L¿¹¥ ­N±s£nˆl p¤¤h¤¢Ü ­m¡L, pq­SC ­p Ef¡u ¢a¢e h¡¢ql
L¢l­mez''35
hZÑe¡ ­L±n­ml jdÉ ¢c­u q¡pÉlp pª¢ø :
""a¡q¡l Q£vL¡­l A­eL ­m¡­Ll L¡e qC­a ­f¡L¡ h¡¢ql qCu¡ ¢Nu¡¢Rm; A­eL
­m¡­Ll L­ZÑ a¡¢m m¡¢Nu¡ ¢Nu¡¢Rm; a¡q¡ ¢iæ Q¡¢l fy¡QS­el LZÑ a¿¹¥ ¢Ræ qCu¡
¢Nu¡¢Rmz Q¡¢lfy¡QS­el LZÑfV­q ¢Râ qCu¡ ¢Nu¡¢Rmz ­pC qai¡N¡l¡ S­eÈl ja
h¢dl qCu¡ ¢Nu¡­Rz''36
¢pQ¥­une pª¢øl jdÉ ¢c­u q¡pÉlp :
¢eSÑe nÈn¡­e f¡­m f¡­m ¢fn¡Q, i¥a-­fËa, °caÉ, X¡¢Le£, n¡¢Le£, q¡¢Le£, °ilh, hV¥L
fËi«¢a h­p ­N±l£nˆ­ll Q¡¢l¢c­L eªaÉ L¢l­a öl¦ Llmz aMe fËQä i­u ­p ­Q¡M hå
L­l iu L¡V¡­e¡l ­Qø¡ Llm ¢WL ­pC j¤q¨­aÑ a¡l j­e qm ""i¨a­fËa LMe ­c¢M e¡C,
HLh¡l Q¡¢qu¡ ­c¢M, i¥a­fËa ¢Ll©f quz'' HClLj HL¢V ¢hf‹eL AhÙÛ¡u HLb¡ j­e
qJu¡l j­dÉ k­bø ­L±a¥L l­u­Rz
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl SN­a ph ¢LR¥C pñhz Bd¤¢eL ¢h‘¡e ­kM¡­e i¨a ­fËa¡aÈ¡,
X¡¢Le£l A¢Ù¹aÆ ¢h¾c¥j¡œ ü£L¡l L­l e¡ ­pM¡­e °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl N­Òfl e¡u­Ll¡ h¡lh¡l i¨a
­c­Mz "­ha¡m os¢hwn¢a' N­ÒfJ ­N±s£nˆl i¨a ­c­M­R :
""­O¡l L«o·hZÑ, pîÑ¡­‰ pqpË L«¢j c¤¢m­a­Rz f¡a¡­ml eÉu j¤M¢hhlz j¤­Ml
¢ial qC­a Aehla lš² ¢eNÑa qC­a­Rz NSc­¿¹l eÉ¡u hs, ¢L¿¹¥ hœ²¡L¡l,
i£oe c¿¹z mm¡V­c­n ­Lhm HL¢V ­N¡m¡L¡l Qr¥z ­p Qr¥ qC­aJ A¢NÀØg¥¢m‰
J pfÑ h¡¢ql qC­a¢Rmz''37
öd¤ ­N±l£nˆl eu hý i¡lah¡p£C HlLj i¨a ­c­M­R hýh¡lz i¡lah¡p£l j­e H d¡lZ¡
hÜj§m l­u­R hýk¤N d­lz °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ­pC ¢hnÄ¡p­LC a¥­m d­l­Re HC N­Òfz
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl N­Òf q¡pÉlp j§mlp H ¢ho­u p­¾cq e¡Cz a­h ­hn£li¡N N­Òf
f¡WL­L q¡p¡­a q¡p¡­a ¢LR¥ e£¢aLb¡ ö¢e­u­Re ¢a¢ez HSeÉC ay¡l NÒf öd¤ Fun euz
B­m¡QÉ N­Òf ­N±l£nˆ­ll ¢ejÑj f¢lZ¢al ­fR­e ¢Rm de­m¡i, i¨­al j¤M ¢c­u Bjl¡
S¡e­a f¡¢l ­p Lb¡ :
""de­m¡­i ¢he¡ ¢nr¡u Qy¡c dl­a k¡Ju¡l ja H Ap£j p¡q¢pL L¡­S fËhªš
q­u¢Rm ­N±s£nˆlz ¢L¿¹¥ ay¡l f¢lZ¢a qu j¡l¡aÈLz''38

78
 "j¤š²¡j¡m¡' NÒfNË­¿Ûl ­no NÒf "jce ­O¡­ol hc­e q¡¢p'z N­Òfl fËb­jC S¡e­a
f¡¢l j­el ja faÀ£ m¡i qJu¡l g­m jce ­O¡­ol hc­e q¡¢p pªø q­u­Rz a¡l Ù»£l e¡j
l¡d¡l¡Z£z ¢L¿¹¥ l¡d¡l¡Z£­L m¡i Ll¡ jc­el f­r M¤h pq­S pñh qu¢ez l¡d¡l¡Z£­L m¡i
Ll­a ­k S¢Vm f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al pÇj¥r£Z a¡­L q­a q­u­R a¡l pj¡d¡­e ­k Ap¤¤¢hd¡l j­dÉ J
pjpÉ¡l j­dÉ a¡­L fl­a q­u­R a¡ AaÉ¿¹ plpi¡­h ¢hhªa Ll¡ q­u­R H N­Òfz Bl
a¡ Ll­a ¢N­u E­W H­p­R avL¡m£e LmL¡a¡l BbÑp¡j¡¢SL S£he, Q¡o£hª¢šl fË¢a
AeÉ¡eÉ pÇfËc¡­ul j¡e¤­ol OªZ¡l cª¢øz f¤­l¡¢qa­cl ­m¡i m¡mp¡, h¡pÙÛ¡­el Ai¡­h HLC
h¡¢s­a A­eL f¢lh¡­l W¡p¡W¡¢p L­l ­L¡elL­j S£he k¡f­el fË¢aµR¢hz
N­Òfl öl¦­aC jce ­O¡o ­ki¡­h A¢a pw­r­f BaÈf¢lQu fËc¡e L­l­R a¡
f¢l­hne °ef¤­ZÉ ­L±a¥L¡hq q­u E­W­R :
"" B¢j jce ­O¡oz Bj¡l hc­e Bfe¡l¡ q¡¢p ­c¢M­a­Rez ea¥e Bj¡l ¢hh¡q
qCu¡­Rz ­pCSeÉ Bj¡l j¤­M Ha q¡¢pz ¢L¿¹ a¡ h¢mu¡ B¢j ­hf¡Nm eCz a­h
j­el ja faÀ£ m¡i qC­m ¢Qš HLV¥ fËg¥õ quz Bj¡lJ a¡C qCu¡­Rz a¡C
q¡¢pj¤­M pLm­L B¢j pñ¡oZ L¢lu¡ h¢m­a¢R …X j¢ZÑw!''39
HLb¡l j­dÉ l­u­R ¢höÜ ­L±a¥Lz HlLj ¢höÜ ­L±a¥L H N­Òfl j­dÉ l­u­R ASpËz
Hhw a¡ pª¢ø q­u­R LM­e¡ Efj¡ fË­u¡­Nl jdÉ ¢c­uz Bn¡¢a¢lš² c¢rZ¡fË¡¢çl g­m
f¤­l¡¢q­al je fËg¥õ q­h HV¡C ü¡i¡¢hL, Hl j­dÉ q¡¢pl ­L¡e hÉ¡f¡l ­eCz ¢L¿¹¥ Efj¡l
kb¡kb fË­u¡­Nl g­m H OVe¡J q¡¢pl ­M¡l¡L q­u J­Wz ­kje jce ­O¡o h­m­R :
""BS Bj¡l j¤­M q¡¢p ­c¢Mu¡ Bfe¡l¡ La ¢L j­e L¢l­a­Re, ¢L¿¹¥ ­p¢ce
ay¡q¡l fËg¥õ X¡u¡jeL¡V¡ j¤MM¡¢e k¢c ­c¢M­ae, a¡q¡ qC­m h¢m­ae ­k, qÉy¡ !
q¡¢p h­Vz a¡q¡l L¡lZ HC­k c¢rZ¡¢V ¢LR¥ Bn¡¢a¢lš² qCu¡¢Rmz''40
―HM¡­e Efj¡l …­ZC q¡pÉlp pª¢ø q­u­Rz "X¡u¡jZ'L¡V¡' Efj¡¢V p¢l­u ¢e­mC q¡pÉlp
r£Z q­u f­sz öd¤ Efj¡ eu °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl AeÉ¡eÉ N­Òfl ja HM¡­eJ l­u­R LÒfe¡z
LMeJ LÒfe¡l jdÉ ¢c­u ¢hØju Hhw a¡ ­b­L ­L±a¥L, Bh¡l LMeJ h¡Ù¹­hl pj¡¿¹l¡­m
¢hfl£a AhÙÛ¡ LÒfe¡l jdÉ ¢c­u q¡pÉlp pª¢ø q­u­R H N­Òfz ­kje dl¡ k¡L jce
­O¡­ol l¡rp LÒfe¡l Lb¡z k¢cJ a¡l HL¢V ­fËr¡fV B­Rz jce ­O¡o S¡e¡m¡l ¢c­L
cy¡¢s­u f¡m jq¡n­ul S¡e¡m¡l N¡­u N¡­u ­m­N b¡L¡ AnÄa N¡­Rl ¢c­L cª¢ø ¢ehÜ L­lC
Qj­L EWm :

79
 ""pîÑe¡nz ­pC N¡­Rl Efl, ¢e¢hs n¡M¡-fËn¡M¡ J f­œl ¢ial qC­a h¡¢ql
qCu¡, ¢L HLV¡ S¿¹¥l ja ­pC ÙÛ¨m X¡m¡¢Vl Efl B¢pu¡ h¢pmz a¡q¡l fl
d£­l d£­l ­pC hªr-n¡M¡l Efl ¢cu¡ ­p f¡m jq¡n­ul ¢àa£u O­ll ¢c­L ANËpl
qC­a m¡¢Nmz HLV¥ c§­l NÉ¡­pl B­m¡L ¢Rm, a¡C B¢j a¡q¡­L ­c¢M­a
f¡Cm¡j; ea¥h¡ ­pC AåL¡l l¡¢œ­a B¢j a¡q¡­L ­c¢M­a f¡Ca¡j e¡z kMe ­p
BlJ ANËpl qCm, aMe B¢j ­c¢Mm¡j ­k, ­p ­L¡el©f S¿¹¥ e­qz a¡q¡l
BL«¢a LaLV¡ j¡e¤­ol jaz j¡e¤­ol ja h­V; AbQ a¡q¡­L j¡e¤o h¢mu¡
Bj¡l ­h¡d qCm e¡z ­O¡s¡l ja a¡q¡l j¤M mð¡ ¢Rmz j¤­Ml hZÑ ph¤Sz heÉ
n§L­ll eÉ¡u hs hs cy¡az ­k ÙÛ¡­e Qr¥ b¡­L, a¡q¡l ­pC ÙÛ¡­e ­N¡m ­N¡m
c¤C¢V NaÑ ¢Rmz nl£­ll ¢ejÀi¡N j¡e¤­ol ja ¢Rmz ¢L¿¹¥ ­p j¡e¤o e­q, i¨aJ
e­qz B¢j i¡¢hm¡j ­k, kMe Cq¡l ph¤S Lf¡­ml Efl lš² Q¾c­el c£OÑ ­gy¡V¡
l¢qu¡­R, aMe H ¢eÕQuC l¡rpz''41
―HM¡­e Bj¡­cl j­e l¡M­a q­h ­k jce ­O¡o HLSe ¢n¢ra Q¡L¥l£S£h£ hÉ¢š²z Bjl¡
¢h¢Øja e¡ q­u f¡¢l e¡ ­k a¡l ja HLSe ¢n¢ra hÉ¢š² ¢nö LÒfe¡l ja l¡rp
­M¡LÚL­p ¢hnÄ¡p£ q­u EW­a f¡­l L£i¡­hz HlLj LÒfe¡ ¢exp­¾c­q h¡Ù¹h f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al
¢hfl£a LÒfe¡ k¡ ¢exp¾c­q f¡W­Ll j­e q¡pÉl­pl E­âL L­lz
q¡pÉlp pª¢øl AeÉaj ­L±nm ¢pQ¥­une pª¢øz °œ­m¡LÉe¡b H ¢ho­u ¢h­noi¡­hC
f¡l‰jz H N­Òfl j­dÉJ l­u­R H lLj ¢LR¥ ¢pQ¥­une k¡ q¡pÉl­pl E­âL L­lz ­kje
f¡m jq¡n­ul h¡¢s­a a¡l f¤œ ¢j¢ql Q¡¢l¢c­L ­Ol¡­V¡­fl j­dÉ f­l kMe Ba¢ˆa q­u
f­l Hhw fË¢a­hn£ jce ­O¡­ol p¡q¡kÉ fË¡bÑe¡ L­l aMe jce ­O¡o h­m : ""O­l a­m¡u¡l
B­R? b¡­L ­a¡ ¢ce, B¢j ms¡C L¢lhz''
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b pj¡S p­Qae ¢nÒf£z a¡C ay¡l HlLj NÒf HL¢VJ f¡Ju¡ k¡­h e¡
­kM¡­e pj¡S ¢S‘¡p¡ ­eCz B­m¡QÉ NÒf¢VJ Hl hÉ¢aœ²j euz pj¡S p­Qae j¡e¤o
¢q­p­h °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢h¢iæ p¡j¡¢SL pjpÉ¡…¢m­L BaÈÙÛ L­l¢R­mez ¢a¢e ­c­M¢R­me
S£¢hL¡l ¢e¢l­M p¡j¡¢SL j¡e¤­ol ­ic¡­icz Hhw ­k L«oL­nËZ£ Bj¡­cl Aæc¡a¡ a¡­cl
fË¢a Bj¡­cl Ah‘¡z HC Ah‘¡l ¢Qœ a¥­m d­l­Re °œ­m¡LÉe¡b B­m¡QÉ N­Òf : ""Q¡o
L¢l­m j¡e¤o Q¡o¡ qu, Bl Q¡L¥¢l­a j¡e¤o h¡h¤ quz... L¡q¡l e¡ CµR¡ ­k, a¡q¡l ­R­m
­S¾VmjÉ¡e qu?'' i¡lah­oÑl O­l O­l Qm­R HC ­S¾VmjÉ¡e qJu¡l fË¢a­k¡¢Na¡z AbQ

80
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢hnÄ¡p Ll­ae ­c­nl Eæ¢a­a h¡h¤­cl a¥me¡u L«oL­cl Ahc¡e ­Yl ­hn£z
a¡C a¡l B­rf :
""­m¡­Ll j­e ¢L L¥pwú¡lz k¡q¡­cl f¢lnË­j i¨¢j qC­a je¤­oÉl Bq¡l
BµR¡ce Evf¡¢ca qu, a¡q¡¢cN­L ­m¡­L Q¡o¡ h¢mu¡ OªZ¡ L­lz hs j¡e¤­ol
l¡Sihe J N¡s£ ­O¡s¡ qC­a p¡j¡eÉ ¢iM¡l£l HLj¤¢ø Aæ fkÑ¿¹ pj¤cu hÙ¹¥
L«o­Ll f¢lnË­jC Evfæ quz i¡l­al pj¤cu S¡¢al pðm―L«¢oL¡­kÑl gmz
p¤¤al¡w L«o­Ll¡ p¡d¡l­Zl f§SÉ, a¡q¡l¡ Oª¢Za e­qz H ¢h­hQe¡ k¡q¡­cl e¡C,
a¡q¡¢cN­L B¢j Bl ¢L h¢mh!''42
"jS¡l NÒf' NË­¿Ûl "­p¡e¡-Ll¡-k¡c¤N­ll NÒf' HL¢V e£¢aj§mL NÒfz ¢j­bÉLb¡
j¡e¤­ol S£h­e ¢L iuˆl f¢lZ¢a ­X­L B­e a¡ ­cM¡­e¡C ­mM­Ll E­ŸnÉz NÒf hm¡l
gy¡­L gy¡­L ­mML HM¡­e Ef­cn ¢c­u­Rez ­mML ¢e­S k¡c¤¢hcÉ¡u ¢hnÄ¡p Ll­ae e¡z
a¡C a¡­cl fË¢a ­mM­Ll hš²hÉ :
""a­h k¡q¡l¡ k¡c¤Nl p¡¢Su¡ ­hs¡u, a¡q¡l¡ fË¡u A­e­LC S¥u¡­Q¡l, gy¡¢L
¢cu¡ ­mM­Ll ¢eLV fËa¡lZ¡ L­l, LM­e¡ a¡q¡­cl i¡­m¡ qu e¡z Apv
­m¡L¢c­Nl ¢ec¡l¦Z Lø ­i¡N Ll­a quz''43
¢j­bÉh¡c£ ­m¡­Ll iuˆl f¢lZ¢a ­cM¡­e¡l SeÉ hVN¡­ll ­k L¡¢q¢e ­mML Bj¡­cl p¡j­e
a¥­m d­l­Re a¡ Ll¦Zl­pl jdÉ ¢c­u HL ­hce¡c¡uL f¢lZ¢a ­X­L B­ez fË¥¢nu¡ l¡­SÉ
hVN¡­ll SeÈz HL¢ce hVN¡l pLm­L hm­me ­k : ""B¢j a¡j¡­L ­p¡e¡ L¢lh¡l Ef¡u
L¢lu¡¢R''z Lb¡¢Vl j­dÉ ¢Rm Q¨s¡¿¹ gy¡¢Lz HC gy¡¢LC a¡l flhaÑ£ S£he­L ¢eu¢¿»a
L­l­Rz œ²­j HC Lb¡ fË¥¢nu¡ l¡­Sl L¡­e ¢N­u ­fy±R¡­m¡z fË¥¢nu¡l¡S a¡­L fËQ¥l ­p¡e¡
°al£ L­l ¢c­a hm­m ¢a¢e p¡re£ ­c­n fm¡ue Ll­mez ¢L¿¹¥ ­pM¡­eJ ¢hfc;
p¡re¡¢df¢a hÉ¡f¡lV¡ ­S­e ¢N­u­Rez ¢a¢e a¡­L h¾c£ Ll­me Hhw a¡l L¡­R ­p¡e¡
h¡e¡­e¡l ­L±nm S¡e­a Q¡C­mez aMe AeÉ HL¢V l¡­SÉ ¢a¢e fm¡ue Ll­me, k¢cJ ­no
lr¡ qm e¡z p¡rZl¡S a¡­L d­l ­gm­m¡z Hlfl p¡rZ ­c­n a¡­L h¢¾c L­l l¡M¡ qmz
Ah­n­o Q£e¡j¡¢Vl âhÉ k¡ Q£e ­b­L Bjc¡¢e Ll¡ qa, k¡ ¢Rm ­p¡e¡l ­Q­uJ c¡j£ a¡
B¢h×L¡l Ll­a hVm¡l j­e¡¢e­hn Ll­mez c£OÑ f¢lnË­jl fl a¡l H fË­Qø¡ pgm
q­u¢Rmz H­a l¡S¡l fËQ¥l m¡i q­u¢Rmz ¢L¿¹¥ ah¤J l¡S¡ hVN¡l­L j¤¢š² ¢c­me e¡z
hVN¡l­L l¡S¡ œ²£ac¡­p f¢lZa L­l l¡M­mez ü¡d£ea¡l SeÉ hýh¡l fË¡bÑe¡ Ll¡ p­šÄJ
a¡­L j¤¢š²c¡e Ll¡ qm e¡z Ah­n­o je c¤x­M hVN¡l jc ­M­a Blñ Ll­mez ¢LR¥¢ce

81
f­l p¤¤l¡f¡e Ll¡l g­m a¡l nl£l ­i­‰ k¡uz j¡œ fu¢œn hRl hu­p a¡l jªaÉ¥ quz
N­Òfl ­n­o ­mM­Ll B­rf : ""S£h­el fËbj AhÙÛ¡u hVN¡l k¢c ¢j­bÉ Lb¡ e¡
h¢m­ae, a¡q¡ qC­m ­h¡dqu, a¡q¡l HCl©f c¤NÑ¢a qCa e¡z''44
"jS¡l NÒf' NÒfNË­¿Ûl ­nËù jS¡ ¢exp­¾c­q "¢hcÉ¡dl£l Al¦Q£' NÒf¢Vz NÒf¢V
BN¡­N¡s¡ ­L±a¥Ll­p VCVð¥lz L¡­Sl ¢T ¢hcÉ¡dl£l Al¦Q£l Lb¡ hm­a ¢N­u ­mML a¡l
ph¢LR¥­aC A¢dLal l©¢Ql Lb¡C h­m­Rez ¢L¿¹¥ ¢L­p ­k ¢hcÉ¡dl£l p¢aÉL¡­ll Al¦¢Q a¡
­LE S¡­e e¡z ¢hcÉ¡dl£ N­Òf p¡l¡rZ Al¦¢Ql i¡e L­l­R k¢cJ a¡l pqLjÑ£­cl
¢hcÉ¡dl£l ­pC A¢ieu h¤T­a Ap¤¤¢hd¡ qu¢ez ph¢LR¥­aC ¢hcÉ¡dl£l A¢dLal ­m¡i
pL­ml L¡­R a¡­L B­m¡Qe¡l hÙ¹¥ J ­r¡­il L¡lZ L­l a¥­m­Rz HC ¢e­u ­LE ­L¡e
¢hl©f j¿¹hÉ Ll­m ¢hcÉ¡dl£ h­m :
""­a¡jl¡ pLma¡­aC Bj¡l Rm d­l¡z j¡ Bj¡­L HLV¥ i¡­m¡h¡­pe, a¡C
pL­m ­a¡jl¡ g¡¢Vu¡ j­l¡z Bj¡l Al¦¢Q, j¤­M ¢LR¥ i¡­m¡ m¡­N e¡z Qs¡C
f¡M£l Bq¡lz e¡ M¡Cu¡ ­ke c¢s qCu¡ k¡C­a¢Rz''45
a¡l pqLjÑ£ ­N¡m¡f£ ¢T, ¢f­aj, ¢R­cj ¢hcÉ¡dl£l HC pjÙ¹ Lb¡ pqÉ Ll­a f¡­le e¡z
¢f­aj HC Lb¡ ö­e h­m
""­a¡j¡l Al¦Q£z f¡bl¢V VCVð¥l L¢lu¡ hË¡þZ ­a¡j¡u i¡a ­cu, a¡lfl
c¤h¡l-¢aeh¡l a¥¢j i¡a Q¡¢qu¡ mJz HC a' ­a¡j¡l Al¦¢Q; Hl Efl k¢c l¦¢Q
b¡¢La, a¡q¡ qC­m ­O¡s¡n¡­ml ­O¡s¡, q¡¢an¡­ml q¡¢a M¡C­az''46
¢R­cj h­m :
""pL­ml L¡­R a¥¢j hm ­k a¥¢j e¡ M¡Cu¡ ­l¡N¡ qCu¡ k¡C­aRz ¢L¿¹¥ ­l¡S
­l¡S a¥¢j ­j¡V¡ qC­aRz ­a¡j¡l N¡­u j¡¢R h¢p­m, j¡¢R ¢fRm¡Cu¡ f­sz''47
¢hcÉ¡dl£ pL­ml L¡­R h¡LÚk¤­Ü fl¡¢Sa q­u h¡s£l LaÑ«­cl L¡­R A¢al¢”a L­l Hje
ph Lb¡ h¡¢e­u h­m k¡l g­m ¢R­cj hËþ­Zl Q¡L¢l k¡uz Bl a¡l S¡uN¡u ¢hcÉ¡dl£l
j­e¡e£a f¤l¦­o¡šj Q¡Ll£ f¡uz HM¡­eC ­no euz jªaÉ¥l f­l a¡l pÇf¢šl ECm ­c­h
h­m ¢h¢iæ Se­L S¡e¡u Hhw ­pCph ­m¡L­cl ­b­L ¢h¢iæ lLj p¤¤­k¡N p¤¤¢hd¡ Bc¡u
Ll­a b¡­Lz Bl HC gy¡­c f­s ­hQ¡l¡ f¤l¦­o¡š­jl c¤NÑ¢al ­no b¡­L e¡z f¡n¡f¡¢n
¢faj J ­N¡m¡f£lJ ¢hl¡Ni¡Se qu ­pz phÑn¡¿¹ q­u ­p kMe h¤T­a f¡­l ­N¡V¡V¡C
¢hcÉ¡dl£l fËa¡lZ¡ aMe ­p ¢hcÉ¡dl£­L Së Ll­a Q¡uz ¢L¿¹¥ ¢faj J ­N¡m¡f£l Qœ²¡­¿¹
­p ¢e­SC Së quz HC Së qJu¡l cªnÉ ­mML ­ki¡­h hZÑe¡ L­l­Re a¡ p¢aÉC

82
­L±a¥L¡hqz hÙ¹¡h¾c£ L­l ¢N棭L ¢hcÉ¡dl£ ­i­h ­hy­d ¢e­u H­p kMe ­p a¡ h¤T­a f¡­l
aMe f¤l¦­o¡šj qaið q­u k¡uz Hlfl ­pM¡e ­b­L ­p fm¡ue L­lz Hlfl a¡l Bl
­L¡e q¢cn ­LE f¡u¢ez NÒf¢V­a BN¡­N¡s¡ ­L±a¥Llp b¡L­mJ f¤l¦­o¡š­jl SeÉ
f¡W­Ll j­e HLV¥ pq¡e¤i¨¢aJ p’¡¢la quz
"HL­W­P¡ RL¥' NÒf¢V LbLb¡l Y­P l¢Qa q­u­Rz ¢Le¤h¡h¤, hce, ehà£f fËi«¢a
B—¡d¡l£ h奭cl p¡j­e HL­W­P¡ RL¥ jq¡øj£l ¢ce påÉ¡u a¡l HL­W­P¡ qJu¡l L¡¢q¢e
¢hhªa Ll­a ¢N­u ­k NÒf L­l­R a¡ A¢hnÄ¡pÉz AhnÉ ­mML ¢e­SJ HV¡­L A¢hnÄ¡pÉ
h­m j­e L­lez Bl ­pSeÉ ¢a¢e "j¡­T j¡­T', "°chœ²­j', "i¡NÉœ²­j' në…¢m hÉhq¡l
L­l­Re Hhw p­hÑ¡f¢l f¤­l¡ NÒf¢V­L hypnotism-Hl fkÑ¡­u Eæ£a L­l­Rez "HL­W­P¡
RL¥' NÒf¢Vl j§m lp c¤xMSeL q­mJ q¡pÉlp ­k H­Lh¡­l pª¢ø qu¢e a¡ euz ¢Le¤l
p¤¤l¡­L "A¢a f¢hœ p¡jNË£', "âh£i¥a a¡l¡' hm¡l j­dÉ, c¡aJu¡m¡ i¨­al p­‰ RL¥l
L­b¡fLb­el j­dÉ, Ll¡a ¢c­u X¡š²¡­ll X¡e f¡ L¡V¡l j­dÉ, RL¥l EÜ¡l Ll¡ k­Ll
V¡L¡ MlQ Ll­a ¢N­u S¡m­e¡V ¢q­p­h dl¡ fs¡l j­dÉ l­u­R q¡pÉl­pl Ag¥l¿¹ i¡ä¡lz
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl fË¢ai¡l ­nËùaj pª¢ø "Xjl¦Q¢la' NÒfNË¿zÛ °œ­m¡LÉe¡b S£¢ha
AhÙÛ¡u NË¿Û¢Vl fËL¡n ­c­M ­k­a f¡­le¢ez L¡lZ 1923 MË£ø¡­ë NË¿¢Û V fËL¡¢na qu, Bl
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl jªaÉ¥ qu 1919 MË£ø¡­ëz p¡a fkÑ¡­u pj¡ç HC NÒfj¡m¡ °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl
¢h¢Qœ A¢i‘a¡l ¢hÙ¹«a c¢mmz °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl NÒf…¢m­a ­k l©fLb¡djÑ£ BS…¢hlp,
°hWL£ ­jS¡S, ­L±a¥LLl OVe¡l pj¡­hn l­u­R a¡l phÑ¡aÈL fË­u¡N O­V­R
"Xjl¦Q¢l­al' NÒf…¢m­az p¤¤L¥j¡l ­pe ay¡l "h¡‰¡m¡ p¡¢q­aÉl C¢aq¡p' NË­¿Û
Xjl¦Q¢la'­L Cerventes-Hl ""Don Quxiote``-Hl p­‰ a¥me¡ L­l­Rez

"Xjl¦Q¢la' NÒf NË­¿ÛC Bjl¡ f¢lQu f¡C h¡wm¡ p¡¢q­aÉl ­nËù Se¢fËu Q¢lœ
Xjl¦d­llz flhaÑ£L¡­m ­k Oe¡c¡ (­fË­j¾cÊ ¢j­œl pª¢ø), ­V¢ec¡ (e¡l¡uZ N­‰¡f¡dÉ¡­ul
pª¢ø) h¡wm¡ p¡¢q­aÉl f¡W­Ll je Su L­l ¢e­u­R a¡l L¥mf¤­l¡¢qa hm¡ k¡u Xjl¦dl­Lz
nË£L¥j¡l h­¾cÉ¡f¡dÉ¡u HC Xjl¦dl­L fª¢bh£l hɉ p¡¢q­aÉ HL Af§hÑ pª¢ø BMÉ¡ ¢c­u ay¡l
pÇf­LÑ j¿¹hÉ L­l­Re :
""a¡q¡l EáV N­Òfl ¢ial ¢cu¡ a¡q¡l Q¢l­œl ­k l©f Af§hÑ ¢hL¡n qCu¡­R
a¡q¡C Bj¡¢cN­L ­hn£ BL«ø L­lz NÒfl­pl p¢qa Q¡¢l¢œL f¢lQu ¢j¢nËa
qCu¡ flØf­ll Ef­i¡NÉa¡ h¡s¡Cu¡­Rz HC pjÙ¹ Apñh-LÒfe¡-fËpa
§

83
 BMÉ¡­el j¤L¥­l Xjl¦Q¢lœ Eq¡l pjÙ¹ h£ivpa¡, BaÈfËp¡c, L¨Vh¤¢Ü J i¢š²
A¢ieu mCu¡ BÕQkÑ p¤¤p‰¢al p¢qa fË¢a¢h¢ða qCu¡­Rz Xjl¦dl fª¢bh£l hɉ
p¡¢q­aÉ HL¢V Af§hÑ pª¢øz a¡q¡l pjÙ¹ c¤¢ûu¡p¢š² J ­O¡lal e£Q ü¡bÑfla¡
p­šÄJ a¡q¡l pfË¢aia¡, cªt BaÈfËaÉu J Bfe¡l pð­å ¢expw­L¡Q
paÉi¡o­Zl SeÉ ­p Bj¡­cl pq¡e¤i¨¢a qC­a h¢’a qu e¡z gmø¡­gl °c¢qL
ÙÛ¨ma¡ a¡q¡l pjÙ¹ gy¡¢L-S¥u¡Q¥¢l, ¢jbÉ¡ BaÈnÔ¡O¡ J ¢elˆ¥n l¢pLa¡l
¢eiÑl­k¡NÉ Bd¡l lQe¡ L¢lu¡­Rz ­pl©f Xjl¦d­ll ­O¡l L«o·L¡¿¹ ­cq J
BaÈNhÑØg£a, Calje a¡q¡l pj¤cu ­L±a¥LLl c¤lhÙÛ¡ J LÒfe¡l A¢eu¢¿»a
ïjZ¢hm¡p­L HL ü¡i¡¢hL BnË­ul hª­¿¹ d¢lu¡ l¡¢Mu¡­Rz''48
pj¡­m¡QL ¢n¢nlL¥j¡l c¡n iy¡s¥ cš, q£l¡ h¡ WLQ¡Q¡l a¥me¡u Q¢lœ pª¢ø ¢q­p­h
Xjl¦dl­L H¢N­u ­l­M­Rez ¢a¢e °œ­m¡LÉe¡­blC B­lL pª¢ø eueQy¡­cl fËp‰ E­õM L­l
j¿¹hÉ L­l­Re :
""iy¡s¥ cš, q£l¡ h¡ WLQy¡Q¡ ­k ­nË¢Z­a ¢hl¡¢Sa eueQy¡c a¡­clC pj­N¡œ£u
¢L¿¹¥ Xjl¦d­ll ­L¡e a¥me¡ ­eCz L¡lZ a¡l fË¢ai¡ hýj¤M£z''49L
e¡l¡uZ N­‰¡f¡dÉ¡u j¿¹hÉ L­l­Re :
""lQe¡l j¤enÚ £u¡e¡l ¢cL ­b­L "Xjl¦Q¢l­al' EvLoÑ "Lˆ¡ha£l' Q¡C­aJ
­h¢nz HC hC¢V­a °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl fË¢ai¡ ay¡l pjÙ¹ n¢š² ¢e­u Eá¡¢pa q­u
E­W­Rz ­mM­Ll fË­aÉL¢V °h¢nøÉ H­cl l­P l­p pj¤‹m q­u ­cM¡ ¢c­u­Rz
L¡¢q¢el Af§hÑa¡l p­‰ l‰-­L±a¥­Ll pj¡­hn Hhw i¡o¡l hýa¡-ü¡µR¾cÉ hC¢V­L
phÑ¡‰£Zi¡­h flj Ef­i¡N L­l a¥­m­Rz''49M
Xjl¦dl "Xjl¦Q¢la' NÒf ¢p¢l­Sl LbLz ­mML Xjl¦d­ll ­k f¢lQu
¢c­u­Re a¡­a ­cM¡ k¡u LmL¡a¡l c¢r­Z HL¢V NË¡­j a¡l h¡pz fËbj hu­p ¢a¢e ¢ea¡¿¹
c¢lâ ¢R­mez ¢L¿¹¥ AaÉ¿¹ ­L±n­m ­m¡L W¢L­u ­pC c¤lhÙÛ¡ L¡¢V­u ¢a¢e fËi¥a den¡m£
q­u­Rez Xjl¦dl ¢e­S­L j¡ c¤NÑ¡l Bn£hÑ¡cf¤ø h­m c¡h£ L­le Hhw ¢hf­c fs­m ­ch£
c¤NÑ¡C a¡­L lr¡ L­lez Xjl¦dl EáV LÒfe¡, A¢a­m±¢LLa¡ fËi«¢al ¢jnË­Z HLdl­Zl
BS…¢h NÒf hm¡l ­L±nm Buš L­l¢R­mez fË¢ahRl f§­S¡l pju Xjl¦dl a¡l c¡m¡­e
h­p m­ð¡cl, NS¡ee, qmdl, nˆl ­O¡o­cl e¡e¡lLj NÒf ­n¡e¡ez Aá¨a NÒf hm¡l
­L±n­mC a¡­cl­L O¾V¡l fl O¾V¡ j¤‡ ­nË¡a¡l ja h¢p­u l¡M­a f¡­lez ­nË¡a¡ hå¥l¡ H
pjÙ¹ BS…¢h ­S­eJ LMe ­ke ¢e­S­cl AS¡­¿¹ HC NÒf…¢m­L ¢hnÄ¡p L­l ­g­mz Bl
84
HC ¢hnÄ¡­pl p¤¤­k¡N ¢e­u LM­e¡ kjl¡­Sl p­‰ Xjl¦d­ll p¡r¡v qu, LM­e¡ h¡­Ol R¡m
f­s SÉ¡¿¹ h¡­O l©f¡¿¹¢la qe ¢a¢ez LM­e¡ HL¢c­e Bs¡C q¡S¡l jn¡ j¡­le, LM­e¡
i¥­al q¡­a L¡js h¢p­u ­ce, LM­e¡ j¡Ri¡S¡ M¡C­u i¨a­L hn L­le, LM­e¡ AnÄ¡­äl
¢ia­l fË­hn L­le, LM­e¡ hÉ¡­OËl Ec­l fË­hn L­le, Bh¡l ­pM¡e ­b­L ¢Q¢WJ
­m­Mez
Xjl¦dl ­Qq¡l¡l ¢cL ­b­L ­j¡­VJ p¤¤f¤l¦o eez a¡q¡l ­c­ql hZÑ¢V ¢WL ­ke
""cju¿¹£l ­f¡s¡­n¡Em j¡R', "cy¡a HL¢VJ e¡C, j¡b¡l j¡TM¡­e V¡L, a¡q¡l Q¡¢l¢c­L Q¥m,
a¡q¡­a HLN¡¢RJ Ly¡Q¡ Q¥m ­eC, j¤­M ­Wy¡­Vl c¤C f¡­n p¡c¡ p¡c¡ ph ¢L qCu¡­Rz''50
Xjl¦d­ll ­Qq¡l¡ BlJ p¤¤¾cli¡­h hZÑe¡ L­l­Re ¢fw jq¡nu :
""Bq¡, jq¡n­ul L£ l©fz ­O¡l L«o·hZÑ, a¡q¡l ¢ial qC­a M¢s j¡¢Vl
Bi¡ h¡¢ql qC­a­Rz a¡q¡ ­c¢Mu¡ Bj¡l E­ú¡M¤­ú¡ f¡mL Bhªa L¡L
i¨o䣭L j­e qCmz hýL¡­ml fË¡Q£e ­Rvm¡fs¡ hy¡­nl Ts¡l eÉ¡u jq¡n­ul
A¢ÙÛ-¢f”l ­cM¡ k¡C­a­Rz c¢df¤µR nªN¡­ml fhÑa-NqÄ­ll eÉ¡u Bfe¡l c¿¹n§eÉ
j¤MNqÄlz a¡q¡l c¤Cd¡­l ¢L c¤C¢V L¡L h¢pu¡¢Rm? I ­k ­Wy¡­Vl c¤C­L¡­Z
öïh­ZÑl ¢L l¢qu¡­R? Bfe¡l ­V¡m-fs¡ N¡m c¤C¢V ­c¢Mu¡ qe¤j¡­el Qs-
fËq¡¢la l¡he-j¡a¥m L¡m­e¢jl Nä­cn Bj¡l ØjlZ qCmz f‚Q¥m-f¢l­h¢øa
jÙ¹­Ll jdÉ¢ÙÛa ¢hÙ¹«a V¡L ­c¢Mu¡ Bj¡l j­e qCm, ¢hd¡a¡ h¤¢T f§ZÑQ¾cÊ¢V­L
hp¡Cu¡ a¡q¡l Q¡¢l¢c­L öïh­ZÑl ­jO Ny¡¢bu¡ ¢cu¡­Rez''51
a¡ p­šÄJ lp­h¡d ay¡l Lj ­eCz hup fuo¢– q­mJ lje£­a a¡l Bp¢š² L­j¢ez I
hu­p ¢a¢e a«a£uh¡l ¢hh¡q L­l­Rez öd¤ a¡C eu a«a£u f­rl Ù»£ b¡L¡ p­šÄJ c¤mÑi£
h¡NÚc£l p­‰ ­fË­jl SeÉ a¡l je BeQ¡e L­l J­Wz HM¡­eC ­no eu, c¤mÑi£l ­h¡e¢T
Q’m¡J a¡l q¡a ­b­L f¢lœ¡Z f¡u¢ez Q’m¡l NË¡j hýc§­l q­mJ j¡­T j¡­TC ­pM¡­e
q¡e¡ ¢c­ae ¢a¢e Hhw Q’m¡l c¡Ju¡u h­p ¢a¢e a¡l p­‰ NÒf Ll­aez AhnÉ Hph
Ll­a ¢N­u h¡lh¡l hý ¢hf­cl q¡­a Xjl¦dl­L fs­a q­u­Rz LM­e¡ LeÉ¡l ¢fa¡l
L¡­R ¢hn¡m pÇf¢šl ¢jbÉ¡ NÒf gy¡c­a q­u­R, LM­e¡ ­j¡ql Q¥¢l Ll­a q­u­R, LM­e¡
c¤mÑi h¡NÚ¢cl O­l NË¡jh¡p£­cl à¡l¡ hýrZ BV­L b¡L­a q­u­Rz
Xjl¦dl Q¢l­œl hs °h¢nøÉ qm L«fZa¡z ¢a¢e AaÉ¿¹ L«fe J ¢q­p¢hz AaÉ¿¹
°ho¢uL h­mC HL¢V fup¡J LM­e¡ MlQ L­le e¡z ­m¡L f¡­R Amp q­u f­l ­pC
AS¥q¡­a ¢iM¡l£­L LM­e¡ j¤¢ø¢ir¡ fkÑ¿¹ L­le e¡z ¢a¢e h¤­T¢R­me ­k, ""V¡L¡ Ef¡SÑe

85
L¢l­mC V¡L¡ b¡­L e¡; V¡L¡ MlQ e¡ L¢l­mC V¡L¡ b¡­Lz''52 a¡C c¤C q¡­a fËQ¥l V¡L¡
Ef¡SÑe Ll­mJ V¡L¡ Ml­Ql hÉ¡f¡­l A¢dL j¡œ¡u p­Qae ¢a¢ez ¢e­Sl h¡¢sl c¤­NÑ¡vph¢V
fkÑ¿¹ ¢a¢e ­Lhm fË¢aj¡, ­Y¡m J N‰¡Sm ¢c­u p¡­lez H ¢ho­u ­LE ­L¡e fËnÀ Ll­m
¢hou¢V­L j¡­ul B‘¡ h­m ¢a¢e Q¡¢m­u ­cez Ml­Ql i­u f¤­S¡l Lu¢ce ¢e­Sl h¡¢s­a
l¡æ¡ pÇf¨ZÑ hå L­l ¢c­u ­m¡­Ll h¡¢s­a ¢ej¿»Z ­M­u L¡¢V­u ­cez HjeC ¢h¢Qœ üi¡­hl
Q¢lœ Xjl¦d­llz a­h HL¢V ­r­œ Xjl¦dl L«fe ee, ­p¢V qm j¡jm¡ ­j¡LŸj¡l ­rœz
H ­r­œ fËQ¥l hÉu Ll­a a¡l ¢h¾c¥j¡œ h¡y­d e¡z
Xjl¦d­ll nWa¡, üi¡h­m¡m¤fa¡, A­bÑ¡f¡SÑ­el SeÉ ­k ­L¡e f¿Û¡ Ahmð­e
pw­L¡Qq£ea¡ f¡WL­L ¢hØj­u qah¡L L­l ­cuz ­m¡­il hnhaÑ£ q­u Xjl¦dl c¤NÑ¡ f§S¡
L­lez Hhw Bh¡­cl fËS¡NZ­L ¢ej¿»Z L­l a¡­cl L¡R ­b­L fËZ¡j£ Bc¡u L­lez
p¢aÉLb¡ hm­a ay¡l f§S¡ Ll¡l HLj¡œ E­ŸnÉC ­m¡­Ll L¡R ­b­L fËZ¡j£ Bc¡u Ll¡z
m­ð¡c­ll HL fË­nÀl Eš­l Xjl¦dl ¢e­SC HLb¡ ü£L¡l L­l­R :
""m­ð¡cl Ešl L¢l­me―""¢hmrZ h¤¢Tu¡¢R, ¢L¿¹¥ H f§S¡ ­a¡j¡l e¡ L¢l­m
¢L eu?''
―j¤M L¥¢’a L¢lu¡ e¡¢L p¤¤­l Xjl¦dl Ešl L¢l­me,―""a¥¢j ­a¡ h¢m­m!
¢L¿¹¥ f§S¡ k¢c e¡ L¢l, a¡q¡ qC­m ­m¡­Ll L¡R qC­a fËZ¡j£¢V ¢L L¢lu¡
Bc¡u L¢l?''53
­m¡­il hnha£Ñ q­uC ¢a¢e HL pæÉ¡p£­L c¤‡ha£ N¡i£l eÉ¡u f¤­o ­l­M¢R­mez
AaÉ¿¹ d§aÑ fËL«¢al ­m¡L HC Xjl¦dlz HC …Z¢Vl SeÉC e¡e¡ A¢i­k¡­N A¢ik¤š²
Xjl¦d­ll n¡¢Ù¹ qu e¡z h¡lh¡l e¡e¡ iuˆl f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a ­b­L ¢a¢e ¢e­S­L h¡Q¡­a f¡­lez
pæÉ¡p£ W¡L¥­ll ­m¡L WL¡­e¡l Aá¥a ­L±nm ¢a¢e d­l ­g­me Ahm£m¡u :

""pæÉ¡p£ W¡L¥lz B¢j ¢L¿¹¥ ­h¡L¡ eCz Hl©f h¤Sl¦¢Ll Lb¡ B¢j A­eL
ö¢eu¡¢Rz Nªq­ÙÛl h¡s£ ¢Nu¡ c¤C-HL¢V V¡L¡ Abh¡ ­e¡V Xhm L¢lu¡ ­a¡jl¡
Nªqü¡j£l ¢hnÄ¡p Evf¡ce Llz ­a¡j¡­cl L¥q­L f¢su¡ Nªqü¡j£ O­ll pj¤cu V¡L¡
-L¢s Nqe¡fœ B¢eu¡ ­cuz qy¡¢s Abh¡ h¡­„l ­ial ­p…¢m hå L¢lu¡ ­a¡jl¡
f§S¡ Llz f§S¡ pj¡ç L¢lu¡ p¡a¢ce ¢L BV¢ce f­l Nªqü¡j£­L M¤¢mu¡ ­c¢M­a
hmz ­pC Ahp­l ­a¡jl¡ QÇfV c¡Jz p¡a-BV ¢ce f­l Nªqü¡j£ M¤¢mu¡ ­c­M
­k, qy¡¢s YeÚ YeÚz h¡¢SL­ll J Q¡m¡¢L Bj¡l L¡­R M¡¢V­h e¡z''54

86
 AbQ Xjl¦dl ¢e­S ü­cn£ ­L¡Çf¡e£ M¤­m fËQ¥l ­m¡L WL¡e, V¡L¡ ­n¡­dl SeÉ
qÉ¡ä­e¡V ¢mM­a ¢mM­a i¡­he : ""ka f¡l qÉ¡ä­e¡V ¢m¢Mu¡ mJz Ef¤sqÙ¹ LM­e¡ B¢j
L¢lh e¡z e¡¢mn L¢l­h? ¢X¢œ² L¢l­h? ¢X¢œ² d¤Cu¡ M¡CJz ¢L ­h¢Qu¡ mC­h h¡f¤?''55
HlLji¡­h Xjl¦dl La ­m¡L­L ­k W¢L­u­Re a¡l Cuš¡ ­eCz HLj¡œ WL¡­a f¡­le¢e
a¡l a«a£u f­rl Ù»£ H­m¡­Ln£­Lz HLj¡œ H­m¡­Ln£l L¡­RC ­p Apq¡uz H­m¡­Ln£l
iu a¡­L h¡lh¡l a¡s¡ L­l­Rz ¢S­el HL fËÙ¹¡­hl fË¢l­fË¢r­a Xjl¦d­ll hš²­hÉ ­pC
BaˆC fËL¡n ­f­u­R :
""... H­m¡­Ln£l ja e¡ mCu¡ B¢j k¡C­a f¡¢lh e¡z L¡lZ, ay¡q¡­L k¢c e¡
h¢mu¡ k¡C, a¡q¡ qC­m fª¢bh£ My¥¢Su¡ ¢a¢e Bj¡­L h¡¢ql L¢l­hez Bl j¡b¡l
V¡L qC­a f¡­ul A‰¥¢m fkÑ¿¹ ¢a¢e Bj¡­L Ty¡V¡-­fV¡ L¢l­hez''56
d§aÑQ¨s¡j¢Z Xjl¦d­ll HM¡­eC VÊÉ¡­S¢Xz
Xjl¦dl Q¢l­œl HL¢V ¢h­no °h¢nøÉ qm ¢eS L«aL­jÑl ALfV ü£L¡­l¡¢š² Ll¡l
rja¡z Xjl¦dl ¢e­Sl LjÑ pÇf­LÑ k­bøC p­Qaez ¢jbÉ¡ i¡o­Z a¡l S¥¢s ­eCz ¢eS
ü¡bÑ¢p¢Ül SeÉ ­k ­L¡e f¡f L¡S Ahm£m¡u Ll­a f¡­le ¢a¢ez ¢L¿¹¥ a¡C h­m ­p…¢m­L
­N¡fe Ll¡l fË­Qø¡ a¡l j­dÉ ­cM¡ k¡u e¡z ¢a¢e Ahm£m¡u h­m k¡e ¢e­Sl ­j¡ql Q¥¢ll
Lb¡, pÇf¢šl ¢jbÉ¡ NÒf ö¢e­u ¢h­u Ll¡l Lb¡ CaÉ¡¢c e¡e¡ fËp‰z ­kje ü­cn£
­L¡Çf¡e£ M¤­m pj¤cu V¡L¡ fup¡ L£i¡­h BaÈp¡v L­l¢R­me ¢a¢e ­p NÒf hm­a ¢N­u
Xjl¦d­ll ALfV ü£L¡­l¡¢š² :
""A­eL…¢m V¡L¡ ­m¡­L ¢cu¡¢Rmz hm¡h¡ýmÉ ­k, ­p V¡L¡…¢m pj¤cu B¢j
mCm¡jz nˆl ­O¡o i¡N Q¡¢qmz B¢j a¡q¡­L h¤T¡Cu¡ h¢mm¡j, ―""¢qp¡­hl h¢q
a¥¢j ¢e­S q¡­a fËÙ¹¥a L¢lu¡Rz a¡q¡­a a¥¢j ¢m¢Mu¡R ­k, ­m¡Lp¡e qCu¡­Rz
­L¡Çf¡¢e ­gm qCu¡ ¢Nu¡­Rz V¡L¡ Bl ­L¡b¡ qC­a B¢p­hz hlw k¡q¡
­m¡Lp¡e qCu¡­R, a¡q¡ Bj¡­L ¢cu¡ k¡Jz''57
¢e­Sl M¡l¡f L¡S¢V­L M¡l¡f h­m a¡l LM­e¡ j­e qu e¡z hlw ­pC L¡­Sl SeÉ
¢a¢e NhÑ­h¡d L­lez
Bp­m Xjl¦dl HL Aá¥a S£hecnÑ­e ¢hnÄ¡p£z ¢a¢e ¢hnÄ¡p L­le, "V¡L¡u ¢L e¡ qu?'58
phpju ¢a¢e i¡­he :
""­kje L¢lu¡ f¡¢l, B¢j deh¡e qCh, V¡L¡ qC­m ­Lq aMe ¢S‘¡p¡ L­l e¡
­k, Aj¤L ¢L L¢lu¡ pÇf¢šn¡m£ qCu¡­Rz S¡m L¢lu¡ qEL, Q¥¢l L¢lu¡ qEL,

87
 ­kje L¢lu¡ ­m¡L hs j¡e¤o qEL e¡ ­Le, Aj¤­Ll V¡L¡ B­R, HC Lb¡
ö¢e­mC Cal-iâ pL­mC ¢Nu¡ a¡q¡l fc­mqe L­l, pL­mC a¡q¡l f¡­u °am
jcÑe L­lz lJ HLh¡l Bj¡l V¡L¡ qEL, aMe ­c¢M­h ­k, a¥¢j h¡R¡de Bj¡l
h¡¢s­a gÉ¡e Q¡¢V­a k¡J ¢Le¡z''59
Xjl¦dl fËj¡Z R¡s¡ ­L¡e Lb¡ h­me e¡z..
q¡pÉl¢pL °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ­nËù f¢lQu ¢e¢qa l­u­R "Xjl¦Q¢la' NÒf NË­¿Ûz HC
NÒfNË­¿Ûl fË¢a¢V NÒfC Xjl¦d­ll S£h­el p­‰ k¤š²z NÒf…¢ml j­dÉ Fe¢hwn na¡ë£l
p¡j¡¢SL BQ¡l Ae¤ø¡­el Nm­cl fË¢a ­kje hɉ l­u­R ­aj¢e ¢Ql¿¹e h¡wm¡­c­nl
p¡hÑSe£e f§S¡QÑe¡, iä ü­cn£u¡e¡ J ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡l A¿¹xp¡ln§eÉa¡l fË¢a l­u­R a£hË
LV¡rz AhnÉ p¡d¡lZ ­L±a¥LJ ­pM¡­e c¤mÑi euz hɉ­L±a¥­Ll p­‰ Aá¨a h¡ EáVlp
¢j­m¢j­n HL¢V ¢h¢Qœ ü¡­cl pª¢ø L­l­R Xjl¦Q¢l­al NÒf…¢mz Hl p­‰ k¤š² q­u­R
j¡e¤­ol LmÉ¡Z p¡d­el j¡e¢pLa¡z HC Xjl¦Q¢l­al NÒf…¢m ¢exp­¾c­q E­ŸnÉj§mL
lQe¡z a¡C °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢e­SC f¡W­Ll E­Ÿ­n h­m­Re :
""Xjl¦Q¢la f's­l i¡C L'­l HL¡¿¹ i¢š²z
CqL¡­m f¡­h p¤¤M flL¡­m j¤¢š²zz
..
fup¡ ¢cu¡ Xjl¦Q¢la ¢L­e l¡M O­lz
djÑ AbÑ L¡j ­j¡r f¡­h Cq¡l h­lzz''60

"Xjl¦Q¢la'-Hl NÒf…¢ml fËd¡e ÙÛ¡e S¥­s l­u­R BS…¢h lpz HC BS…¢h

l­pl Aha¡lZ¡l jdÉ ¢c­u °œ­m¡LÉe¡b f¡W­Ll p¡j­e M¤­m ¢c­u­Re HL LÒfl¡­SÉl
SNvz j¡e¤­ol Lb¡ hm­a ¢N­u pjpÉ¡ ­kM¡­e S¢Vm BL¡l d¡lZ L­l­R aMeC ­mML
k¤¢š²l Aa£a SN­a ¢N­u pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e L­l­Rez a¡C h­m ­pC k¤¢š²q£e SNv f¡W­Ll
¢hl¢š² Evf¡ce L­l e¡ hlw f¡WL HL ¢e­iÑS¡m ­L±a¥L Ae¤ih L­lz ­kje Xjl¦d­ll
hm¡ pæÉ¡p£ pwL­Vl NÒf¢Vz pæÉ¡p£l j¿»h­m Xjl¦l nl£­l pæÉ¡p£l fË­hn O­V­Rz Bl
pæÉ¡p£l S£ZÑ Aå nl£­l fË­hn O­V­R Xjl¦lz Xjl¦l nl£­l fË­hn L­l pæÉ¡p£ Xjl¦l
Nª­q A¢a ¢hm¡p hÉ¡p­e S£he A¢ah¡¢qa L­l­R, Hje¢L Xjl¦l ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa a«a£u f­rl
LeÉ¡­L jq¡pj¡­l¡­ql p­‰ ¢hh¡q Ll¡l B­u¡Se L­l­Rz Xjl¦l V¡L¡u NË¡jöÜ ­m¡L­L
¢ej¿»Z Ll¡ q­u­Rz Bl Xjl¦d­ll AhÙÛ¡ a¡l ¢e­Sl Lb¡­a :

88
 ""Bl Ef¡u ¢L? B¢j e£lh qCu¡ h¢pu¡ l¢qm¡jz pæÉ¡p£l c¤Se ­Qm¡ B¢pu¡
Bj¡l c¤Cq¡a d¢lu¡ mCu¡ Q¢mmz Aå c¤C¢V Qr¥ ¢cu¡ clcl d¡l¡u AnË¥f¡a
qC­a m¡¢Nmz ¢hc£ ­N¡u¡¢me£l Q¡m¡O­l Bj¡­L mCu¡ ­Nmz ­p l¡œ£ j¡¢Vl
Efl f¢su¡ Ly¡¢cu¡ L¡V¡Cm¡jz fl¢ce fËaÉ¥­o ­Qm¡ c¤CSe Bj¡l c¤C f¡­u c¢s
hy¡¢du¡ BjN¡­Rl X¡­m T¥m¡Cu¡ ¢cmz HLO¾V¡L¡m B­d¡j¤­M B¢j T¥¢m­a
m¡¢Nm¡jz ­p ­k ¢L k¡ae¡, a¡q¡ Bl ­a¡j¡¢cN­L ¢L h¢mhz Aå, a¡ e¡ qC­m
Qr¥ c¤C¢V ­O¡l lš² h­ZÑ l¢”a qCaz pæÉ¡p£l N¡­ul hZÑJ L¡­m¡ ¢Rm, a¡ e¡
qC­m j¤M m¡m qCu¡ k¡Caz ­O¡l Løz''61
HC AhÙÛ¡ ­b­L Xjl¦dl a¡l Ef¢ÙÛa h¤¢Ül p¡q¡­kÉ L£i¡­h f¢lœ¡Z ­f­u¢Rm a¡ k­bø
­L±a¥LLlz
p§rÈ nl£­ll Xjl¦dl j­el c¤x­M q¡¢Sl q­me p¤¤¾clh­e Hhw fË¡Zf­Z j¡ SNcð¡l
L«f¡ fË¡bÑe¡ Ll­a m¡N­mez SNcð¡l L«f¡u qW¡v HL¢V fËL¡ä hÉ¡OË L¡W¥¢lu¡­cl Bœ²jZ
Llmz HLSe­L ­p i¨amn¡u£ L­l b¡h¡ ¢c­u a¡­L ­p ¢f­W a¥m­a ­Qø¡ Llmz h¡­Ol
c£OÑ m¡‰¥m¢V ¢fR­el HL¢V N¡R fkÑ¿¹ fËp¡¢la ¢Rmz HLSe L¡W¥¢lu¡ Ef¢ÙÛa h¤¢Ü h­m
­pC ­mS¢V­L N¡­Rl p­‰ f¡L ¢c­u ­m­Sl BN¡¢V ­V­e dl­m¡z HC OVe¡l SeÉ h¡O
fËÙ¹¥a ¢Rm e¡ :
""h¡­Ol j­e iu qCmz h¡O j­e L¢lm, ―j¡e¤o d¢lu¡ j¡e¤o M¡Cu¡ hs qCm¡jz
Bj¡l ­mS mCu¡ LM­e¡ V¡e¡V¡¢e L­l e¡Cz BS h¡fde! ­a¡j¡­cl H¢L ea¥e
L¡äz fm¡ue L¢l­a h¡O ­Qø¡ L¢lmz HLh¡l, c¤Ch¡l, ¢aeh¡l ¢hoj hm fËL¡n
L¢lu¡ h¡O fm¡C­a ­Qø¡ L¢lmz ¢L¿¹¥ N¡­R ­m­Sl f¡L, h¡O fm¡C­a f¡¢lm
e¡z... fË¡­Zl c¡­u ­O¡lal h­m h¡O ­noL¡­m ­kje HL qyÉ¡QL¡ V¡e j¡¢lm, Bl
Q¡js¡ qC­a a¡q¡l BÙ¹ nl£lV¡ h¡¢ql qCu¡ f¢smz...j¡w­pl h¡O l¦ÜnÄ¡­p h­e
fm¡ue L¢lmz''62
p§rÈ nl£­ll Xjl¦dl HarZ ­N¡V¡ OVe¡C fËaÉr Ll¢R­mez h¡On§eÉ hÉ¡OËQjÑ ­pC ÙÛ¡­e
f­s b¡L­a ­c­M ¢a¢e qW¡v L­l ­pC h¡O-R¡­ml ¢ial fË­hn Ll­mez hÉ¡OËQ­jÑl ¢ial
p§rÈnl£l fË¢hø qJu¡ j¡œ R¡mV¡ pS£h q­u EWmz HMe Xjl¦dl q­me h¡­Ol nl£­ll
Xjl¦dlz H¢c­L pæÉ¡p£ Xjl¦l ­h­n ¢hh¡q Ll­a Q­m­Rez hÉ¡OËl©f£ Xjl¦dl ¢hh¡q pi¡l
¢eL­V ¢N­u Ef¢ÙÛa qC­mez Xjl¦dl h­m­Re :

89
 ""a¡q¡l fl mÇg ¢cu¡ HLh¡­l B¢j h­ll Q¡¢l ­O¡s¡l N¡s£­a ¢Nu¡ E¢Wm¡jz
­O¡l œ¡­p pæÉ¡p£l q©vLÇf qCmz Bj¡l nl£l qC­a gV L¢lu¡ ­p p§rÈ nl£l
h¡¢ql L¢lmz Bfe¡l p§rÈ nl£l mCu¡ ­L¡b¡u ­p fm¡ue L¢lm, a¡q¡ h¢m­a
f¡¢l e¡z''63
―HlLj jS¡l jS¡l OVe¡u NÒf¢V f¢lf§ZÑz

HC dl­Zl B­lL¢V NÒf "L¥ñ£l ¢hï¡V'z Xjl¦dl HM¡­e ­k L¥j£­ll NÒf

ö¢e­u­Re ­p L¥j£l :
""Nåj¡ce fhÑ­a L¡m¢e­jl f¤L¥­l ­k L¥ñ£l qe¤j¡e­L d¢lu¡¢Rm, Cq¡ a¡q¡
A­fr¡J iu¡eL, N‰¡ ­ch£ ­k jL­ll ¢f­W h¢pu¡ h¡u¤ ­phe L­le, ­p jLl­L
H L¥j£l HLN¡­m M¡C­a f¡­lz...Cq¡l ­cq hªqv, a¡mN¡­Rl eÉ¡u hs, Cq¡l Ecl
HC c¡m¡e¢Vl ja, AeÉ¡eÉ L¥j£l S£hS¿¹¥­L ¢Ry¢su¡ irZ L­lz''64
Xjl¦d­ll Bh¡­c qW¡v HC L¥j£­ll B¢hiÑ¡­h Bh¡­cl ­m¡L A¢ÙÛl q­u fsmz BÙ¹
Nl¦, BÙ¹ j¢qo ­p ¢N­m ­M­u ¢eaz l¡¢œ­a ­p ­m¡­Ll O­l J ­N¡u¡­m ¢pyc ¢c­u j¡e¤o
J Nl¦h¡R¥l ­V­e ¢eaz HL¢ce Xjl¦d­ll ­Q¡­Ml p¡j­e HL¢V ­e±L¡ X¥¢h­u a¡q¡l
B­l¡q£­cl­L H­L H­L ¢N­m ­gmmz a¡l j­dÉ HLSe B­l¡q£l phÑ¡‰ hýj§mÉ Amˆ¡­l
i¨¢oa ¢Rmz Xjl¦d­ll j¡b¡u HC ¢Q¿¹¡ Ecu qm :
""¢QlL¡m B¢j Lf¡­m f¤l¦oz k¢c HC L¥j£lV¡­L B¢j j¡¢l­a f¡¢l a¡ qC­m
Cq¡l ­fV ¢Q¢lu¡ HC Nqe¡…¢m h¡¢ql L¢lhz A¿¹a: fy¡Q Ru q¡S¡l V¡L¡ Bj¡l
m¡i qC­hz''65
―­kje i¡he¡ ­aje L¡Sz Xjl¦dl L¥j£l¢V­L hd Ll¡l SeÉ ¢S¢epfœ ­S¡N¡l Ll­a
LmL¡a¡u Nje Ll­mez ¢g­l H­p öe­me ­k L¥j£l B­lL¢V j¡e¤o ­M­u­Rz HL
py¡Ja¡me£ HL T¥¢s ­h…e j¡b¡u ¢e­u q¡­V k¡Ju¡l pju L¥j£l a¡­L BÙ¹ ¢N­m ­g­m­Rz
Hlfl ­ki¡­h L¥j£l¢V­L hd Ll¡ q­u­R ­p cªnÉ p¢aÉC ­l¡j¡’Llz a­h a¡l ­b­LJ
BÕQkÑSeL OVe¡ O­V­R L¥j£l¢V­L hd L­l Ll¡a ¢c­u a¡l ¢fW ­Ql¡l flz Xjl¦d­ll
Lb¡u :
""h¢mh ¢L i¡C, Bl c¤x­Ml Lb¡, L¥j£­ll ­f­Vl ¢ial ­c¢M e¡ ­k ­pC
py¡Ja¡m£ j¡N£ Q¡l¢ce f§­hÑ L¥j£l k¡q¡­L BÙ¹ irZ L¢lu¡¢Rm ­pC j¡N£
f§hÑ­cn£u ­pC iâj¢qm¡l pj¤cu Nqe¡…¢m Bfe¡l phÑ¡­‰ f¢su¡­­Rz a¡q¡l fl

90
 ¢e­Sl ­h…­el T¥¢l¢V ­p Ef¤s L¢lu¡­Rz ­p ­h…e…¢m pÇj¥­M SyC L¢lu¡
l¡¢Mu¡­Rz T¥¢sl Efl h¢pu¡ j¡N£ ­h…e ­hy¢Q­a­Rz''66
nˆl ­O¡o ¢h¢Øja qCu¡ ¢S‘¡p¡ L¢l­me :
""L¥j£­ll ­f­Vl ¢ial T¥¢sl Efl h¢pu¡ ­p ­h…e ­hy¢Q­a¢Rm?''
Xjl¦dl hm¢m­me―""qyÉ¡ i¡C, L¥j£­ll ­f­Vl ¢ial ­pC T¥¢sl Efl h¢pu¡
j¡N£ ­h…e ­hy¢Q­a¢Rmz''67
m­ð¡cl ¢S‘¡p¡ L¢l­me―""L¡q¡­L ­p ­h…e ­hy¢Q­a¢Rm? L¥j£­ll ­f­Vl ¢ial ­p
M¢lŸ¡l f¡Cm ­L¡b¡?''68
¢hlš² qCu¡ Xjl¦dl h¢m­me―""­a¡j¡l HL Lb¡, L¡q¡­L ­p ­h…e ­hy¢Q­a¢Rm ­p
­My¡S L¢lh¡l Bj¡l pju ¢Rm e¡z''69
"Xjl¦Q¢l­a'l Qa¥bÑ N­Òf Xjl¦dl p¡de¡u ¢p¢Üm¡i L­l j¡ c¤NÑ¡l L¡­R
hlfË¡ç q­mez Xjl¦dl j¡­ul L¡­R L¡¢šÑ­Ll ju§­l Q­s BL¡n ïjZ Ll¡l hl
fË¡bÑe¡ Ll­mez BL¡n ïjZ L­l ­gl¡l pju ý ý n­ë ju§l fª¢bh£l ¢c­L d¡¢ha
qmz ApwMÉ hËþ¡ä, ApwMÉ NËq J erœ f¡l q­u ¢a¢e œ²j¡Na e£­Ql ¢c­L e¡j­a
m¡N­mez Ah­n­o p§kÑjäm f¡l q­mez ju¨­ll c¤C f¡­n Xjl¦d­ll f¡ c¤¢V T¥m¢Rmz
HC pju Xjl¦dl hZÑe¡ Ll­Re :
""qW¡v ­L¡b¡ qC­a ¢L HLV¡ B¢pu¡ Bj¡l h¡j f¡­u L¡js j¡¢lmz ¢L¿¹¥
avre¡v R¡¢su¡ ¢cmz Q¢La qCu¡ B¢j ­pC ¢c­L cª¢ø ¢e­rf L¢lm¡jz
­c¢Mm¡j ­k, A¢a ¢hl¢š²p§QL j¤M i¢‰j¡ L¢lu¡ Q¡L¡l eÉ¡u ¢L HLV¡
Ns¡Cu¡ ­Nmz B¢j i¡¢h­a m¡¢Nm¡j, Q¡L¡l eÉ¡u JV¡ ¢L? Bj¡l f¡­u
L¡js j¡¢lm ­Le? A­eL i¡¢hu¡ ¢Q¢¿¹u¡ ­n­o h¤¢T­a f¡¢lm¡j e¡z Bj¡l
l©­f SNv B­m¡ L¢lu¡ n§eÉ f­b B¢j B¢p­a¢Rm¡jz Q¡L¡l eÉ¡u JV¡
l¡ýz Bj¡­L f§¢ZÑj¡l Q¾cÊ j­e L¢lu¡ ­p NËqZ m¡N¡C­a B¢pu¡¢Rmz''70

HM¡­eC ­no eu, Hlfl fhÑafËj¡Z HL¢V h¡­Ol j¤M ­b­L Xjl¦dl ­ki¡­h ­hy­Q ¢g­l­Re
­p L¡¢q¢eJ k­bø ­L±a¥LLlz h¡O Xjl¦dl­L ¢N­m ­gm¡ p­šÄJ Xjl¦dl j­l¢ez hlw HL
¢h¢Qœ A¢i‘a¡l pÇj¥r£e q­u­R ­p :
""hÉ¡­OËl ­f­Vl ¢ial ­O¡l AåL¡lz B¢j ¢hlp hc­e a¡q¡l HL­L¡­Z ¢Nu¡
h¢pm¡jz i¡¢h­a m¡¢Nm¡j,―HMe L¢l ¢L? Bl lr¡ e¡Cz HM¢e qSj qCu¡

91
 k¡Chz Bj¡l ¢Qq²j¡œ b¡¢L­h e¡z c¤C Q¡¢l¢ce f­l HL RV¡L jm qCu¡ h¡¢ql
qChz''71
HlLj i¡h­a i¡h­a a¡l j­e fsm ­k a¡l f­L­V L¡N­S ­j¡s¡ M¡¢eLV¡ ­p¡X¡ B­Rz
­pC ­p¡X¡ Ešjl©­f ¢a¢e N¡­u ­j­M h­p lC­mez Hlg­m h¡­Ol ­f­Vl AeÉ¡eÉ M¡cÉhÙ¹¥
qSj q­mJ Xjl¦dl HLC lLj b¡L­mez ¢L¿¹¥ pjpÉ¡l ­a¡ f¤­l¡f¤¢l pj¡d¡e qm e¡z
­Lee¡ c£OÑ¢ce h¡­Ol ­f­V ­b­L hy¡Q¡ k¡u e¡z a¡C f­LV ­b­L L¡NS ­f¢¾pm h¡l L­l
Xjl¦dl a¡l LjÑQ¡l£­L ¢Q¢W ¢mM­mez LjÑQ¡l£¢V h¤¢Üj¡e ­m¡Lz ¢a¢e AaÉ¿¹ ­L±n­m
Xjl¦dl­L h¡­Ol ­fV ­b­L h¡l L­l B­eez
"Q’m¡l N¡CNl¦' NÒf¢VJ H fËp­‰ E­õM­k¡NÉz "Xjl¦Q¢l­al' f’j N­Òfl
a«a£u f¢l­µR­c N­Òfl e¡jLlZ L­l­Re ­mML "Q’m¡l N¡CNl¦'z H N­Òf ­mML HL
Aá¨a lL­jl EáVlp f¢l­hne L­l­Re k¡ Bj¡­cl ¢hØj­u qah¡L L­l ­cuz Q’m¡
q­me c¤mÑi£ h¡Nc£l ­h¡e¢Tz Bjl¡ S¡¢e O­l a«a£u f­rl Ù»£ H­m¡­Ln£ b¡L¡ p­šÄJ
Xjl¦ c¤mÑi h¡Nc£l fË¢a k­bø c¤hÑm ¢R­mez HLh¡l c¤mÑi£ …l¦al Ap¤¤ÙÛ q­u fs­m
Q’m¡ a¡l ­ph¡ ön˨o¡l SeÉ c¤mÑi£l L¡­R B­pz ­pM¡­eC Q’m¡l p­‰ f¢lQu qu
Xjl¦d­llz Hlfl c¤mÑi£ h¡Nc£l nl£l p¤¤ÙÛ q­u EW­m Q’m¡ fy¡Q­œ²¡n c§­l ¢e­Sl NË¡­j
Q­m k¡uz ¢L¿¹¥ Q’m¡l p­‰ pá¡h Ll¡l SeÉ Xjl¦d­ll je A¢ÙÛl q­u f­lz hup
fuo¢– q­mJ e¡l£l fË¢a ­j¡q Xjl¦d­ll HaV¥L¥ L­j¢ez a¡C j¡­T j¡­TC ¢a¢e Q’m¡l
NË¡­j ­k­aez HL¢ce Q’m¡l NË¡­j ¢a¢e iuˆl c¤OÑVe¡l j­dÉ f­s¢R­mez Q’m¡l NË­j
¢a¢e ­fy±­R ­cM­me ­k Q’m¡l ¢fa¡ pq­ch Q’m¡l N¡CNl¦l c¢s d­l hs l¡Ù¹¡l Efl
¢c­u j¡­W ¢e­u k¡­µRz AeÉje×L q­u L­b¡fLbe Ll­a Ll­a a¡l¡ kMe qy¡V¢R­me aMe
pqp¡ ¢fRe ­b­L HL¢V ­j¡Vl N¡s£ H­p a¡­L Xjl¦dl­L p­S¡­l d¡‚¡ j¡lmz HC OVe¡u
Xjl¦l ­L¡jl fkÑ¿¹ ­L­V c¤M¡e¡ q­u ­Nmz c¤¢V L¡V¡ f¡ N¡s£l Q¡L¡u BV­L ­N­mJ
ds¢V l¡Ù¹¡u f­s L¡V¡ R¡N­ml ja RVgV Ll­a m¡N­m¡z k¢cJ H AhÙÛ¡­aJ Xjl¦d­ll
fË¡Z pÇf¨ZÑ ­hl q­u k¡u¢ez H OVe¡u öd¤ Xjl¦C eu N¡C Nl¦¢VlJ ­cq ¢àM¢äa q­u
­Nmz k¢cJ a¡l nl£­ll ¢ejÀ¡wn N¡s£l Q¡L¡u BV­L k¡u¢ez p¤¤al¡w HL¢c­L Nl¦l dl J
Afl¢c­L Xjl¦d­ll ­L¡jl J f¡ l¡Ù¹¡l Efl f­s¢Rmz Hje pju ­pC fb ¢c­u hÉ¡N
q¡­a ¢e­u k¡¢µR­me ¢ir¥ X¡š²¡lz HC cªnÉ ­c­M ¢a¢e ­c±­s H­mez H-¢cL J-¢cL
a¡¢L­u kMe ¢a¢e Xjl¦l ­L¡jl J f¡ ­cM­a ­f­me e¡ aMe ­pC Nl¦l ­L¡jl J f¡
Xjl¦l nl£­l ¢a¢e S¥­s ¢c­mez ¢ir¥ X¡š²¡­ll Jo¤­dl …­Z ­pC Nl¦l ­L¡jl J f¡

92
Xjl¦l nl£­l S¥­s ­Nmz ­p k¡œ¡u ­hy­Q ­N­me Xjl¦dlz ¢L¿¹¥ ¢hf¢š ­cM¡ ¢cm HC EáV
fË¡Z£¢Vl A¢dL¡l ¢e­uz ¢ir¥ X¡š²¡l hm­me :
""Xjl¦h¡h¤ a¥¢j Bj¡l f¡Je¡ V¡L¡ c¡J e¡Cz Bj¡­L gy¡¢L ¢cu¡¢R­mz ¢L¿¹¥
HMe ­a¡j¡l ­pC nl£l¢V Bj¡l qmz Nl¦l ­L¡jl ­a¡j¡l nl£­l k¢c B¢j e¡
S¥¢su¡ ¢ca¡j a¡q¡ qC­m HarZ ­L¡e L¡­m a¥¢j j¢lu¡ k¡C­az c¤C¢ce f­s
­a¡j¡l ds¢V f¢Qu¡ k¡Caz Abh¡ f¤¢su¡ R¡C qCaz AaHh ­a¡j¡l HC nl£l¢V
HMe Bj¡lz Bj¡l Q¡o B­Rz ka¢ce hy¡¢Q­h aa¢ce Bj¡l ­r­œ ­a¡j¡u
L¡S L¢l­a qC­hz''72
Q’m¡l ¢fa¡ pq­chJ R¡sh¡l f¡œ eez ¢a¢e ¢ir¥ X¡š²¡­ll q¡a ­b­L c¢s ­L­s ¢e­u
hm­me :
""i¡m­l i¡m C¢e ­a¡j¡l? ­p ¢Ll©f Lb¡? Cq¡l BdM¡e¡ Q’m¡l N¡Cz HMeJ
Cq¡l c¤d qC­hz Bjl¡ Cq¡­L R¡¢su¡ ¢ch e¡z''73
―­n­o NË¡jh¡p£­cl jdÉÙÛa¡u pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e qmz ¢WL qm ¢c­el ­hm¡ Xjl¦dl­L ¢ir¥
X¡š²¡­ll L¡­R b¡L­a q­hz ­pM¡­e pjÙ¹ ¢ce ¢a¢e Xjl¦dl­L M¡¢V­u ­e­hez Bl
l¡¢œ­hm¡ a¡­L Q’m¡l ­N¡u¡­m hy¡d¡ b¡L­a q­hz fË¡axL¡­m Q’m¡ c¤d c¤C­u ¢ir¥
X¡š²¡­ll h¡¢s­a a¡­L f¡¢W­u ­c­hz HL­hm¡ ¢ir¥ X¡š²¡l a¡­L ­M­a ­c­h Bl
AeÉ­hm¡ a¡­L ­M­a ­c­h pq­ch h¡NÚc£z hýL­ø HlLji¡­h Xjl¦d­ll HLj¡p L¡V­m¡z
Xjl¦dl aMe H AhÙÛ¡ ­b­L j¤¢š² f¡h¡l SeÉ j¡ c¤NÑ¡l ØjlZ¡fæ q­mez Xjl¦dl fË¢a¢V
¢hf­cl pju j¡ c¤NÑ¡ ­kjei¡­h a¡­L EÜ¡l L­le Hh¡lJ j¡ a¡­L ¢hfc ­b­L j¤š²
Ll¡l Bü¡p ¢c­mez fl¢ce pL¡­m nˆl ­O¡o a¡l V¡L¡ gy¡¢L ­cJu¡l SeÉ Xjl¦dl­L
f¤¢m­n ­cJu¡l E­cÉ¡N Llm Hhw a¡l X¡e q¡a d­l V¡e­a m¡Nmz H pwh¡c Q¡f¡ lCm
e¡z ¢ir¥ X¡š²¡l ­c±­s H­p hm­me : ""ds¢V B¢j lr¡ L¢lu¡¢Rz H ds Bj¡l
pÇf¢šz''74 ¢a¢e a¡l h¡j q¡a d­l V¡e­a m¡N­mez Q’m¡ hmm : ""Cq¡l e£­Ql
¢cLV¡ Bj¡lz Bj¡l N¡CNl¦z''75 HC V¡e¡V¡¢e­a pˆV kMe Ql­j aar­Z ­pM¡­e
q¡¢Sl q­me Xjl¦d­ll Ù»£ H­m¡­Ln£z ENËj§aÑ£ d¡le L­l f¡m¢L ­b­L ¢a¢e ­e­j H­p
hm­me : ""C¢e Bj¡l ü¡j£z ­a¡jl¡ R¡¢su¡ c¡Jz Cyq¡­L B¢j h¡¢s mCu¡ k¡Chz h¡¢s
¢Nu¡ T¡V¡­fV¡ L¢lu¡ Cq¡l i¨a a¡s¡Chz''76 HC h­m ­p Xjl¦d­ll ¢fR­el ¢c­Ll
h¡jf¡­ul r¥l d­l V¡e­a m¡Nmz Ah­n­o a¡­cl fËhm V¡e¡V¡¢e­a Xjl¦d­ll nl£l ­b­L
gp L­l Q’m¡l N¡CNl¦l ­L¡jl J f¡ M­p Bm¡c¡ q­u ­Nmz Xjl¦dl A‘¡e q­u f­s

93
lC­mez ""Hlfl kMe a¡l ‘¡e ¢glm aMe ¢a¢e ­cM­me HL Aá¨a cªnÉz ¢a¢e ­Q­u
­cM­me ¢e­Sl O­l ¢a¢e ö­u B­Rez f¡­ul ¢c­L ­Q­u ­cM­me H…­m¡ a¡lC f¡, Nl¦l
euz nl£­ll ¢c­L ­Q­u ­cM­me ­k a¡l e¡c¤p-e¤c¤p edl nl£l ­kje ¢Rm, ­ajeC l­u­Rz
j­e j­e i¡h­me : ""pLmC SNcð¡l j¡u¡z pj¤cu j¡­ul m£m¡z''77
―H lLj EáV LÒfe¡l SN­a f¡WL­L ¢e­u k¡Ju¡ °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl f­rC pñhz h¡wm¡
p¡¢q­aÉ H L«¢ašÄ Bl ­L¡e ­mM­Ll ­eCz

öd¤ BS…¢hlp eu Xjl¦Q¢l­al NÒf…¢m­a hɉl­pl ¢nÒf£ °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl

Ef¢ÙÛ¢aJ ­Q¡­M fs¡l jaz H­r­œ fËb­jC E­õM Ll­a qu "ü­cn£ ­L¡Çf¡e£' NÒf¢Vl
Lb¡z °œ­m¡LÉe¡b H N­Òf pjL¡m£e p¡j¡¢SL J l¡S°e¢aL AhÙÛ¡­L hɉ L­l­Rez
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl fË¢ai¡l HL¢V hs Øj¡lL¢Qq² HC NÒf¢Vz L£ p§rÈi¡­h ¢a¢e ­c­nl
l¡Se£¢al Ap¡s­aÆl ¢cL…¢m fkÑ­hrZ L­l­Re a¡ ­cM­m BÕQkÑ q­u ­k­a quz
"ü­cn£ ­L¡Çf¡e£' N­Òf ­k ü­cn£ ­L¡Çf¡e£l f¢lLÒfe¡ L­l­Re Xjl¦dl ­p
dl­Zl ­L¡Çf¡e£ i¡lah­oÑl f­r I¢aq¡¢pL paÉ ¢Rmz 1905 p¡­m huLV J ü­cn£
B­¾c¡m­el A‰ ¢q­p­h ü­cn£ âhÉ Evf¡c­el ­Qø¡ öl¦ qu, N­s J­W ¢h¢iæ ü­cn£
¢nÒf fË¢aù¡ez BQ¡kÑ fËg¥õQ¾cÊ l¡­ul E­cÉ¡­N i¡la£u fË­Qø¡u Kod ¢ejÑ¡­Zl L¡lM¡e¡
"­h‰m ­L¢jLÉ¡m' ÙÛ¡¢fa quz S¡j­pc ¢S V¡V¡ fË¢aù¡ L­le ­cn£u ­m¡q¡l L¡lM¡e¡z
­c­n hý p¡h¡e, ­cnm¡C­ul L¡lM¡e¡, ¢Q¢e J …­sl ¢nÒf J ü­cn£ hɈ, S£he h£j¡
ÙÛ¡¢fa quz qu­a¡ A­eL ­r­œ HC dl­el ­L¡Çf¡e£ M¤m­a ¢N­u ­m¡Lp¡­el j¤M ­cM­a
qa E­cÉ¡š²¡­clz ah¤ a¡l¡ ¢f¢R­u B­p¢ez ­Lee¡ ü­cn£ B­¾c¡m­el jqv E­ŸnÉ
a¡­cl A¿¹­l ¢e¢qa ¢Rmz
ü­cn£ B­¾c¡m­el E­ŸnÉ ¢Rm jqv H ¢ho­u p­¾cq ­eCz ¢L¿¹¥ HLdl­Zl j¡e¤o
b¡­L k¡l¡ jqv LjÑk­‘l Bs¡­m ¢e­S­cl B­Ml ­N¡R¡­a hÉÙ¹ b¡­Lz ü­cn£ B­¾c¡m­el
pjuJ HL dl­Zl ­m¡L ¢Rm k¡l¡ B­¾c¡m­el e¡­j ¢e­S­cl ü¡bÑ ¢p¢Ü R¡s¡ ¢LR¥C Ll­a
f¡­l¢ez a¡C p¤¤­k¡N ­f­mC H pjÙ¹ ­ea¡­cl LV¡r Ll­a R¡­se¢e °œ­m¡LÉe¡bz
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl "ü­cn£ ­L¡Çf¡e£' NÒf¢Vl j­dÉJ H dl­Zl LV¡r l­u­Rz
lh£¾cÊe¡b ­kje S¡a£u l¡Se£¢a­a Awn ¢e­u¢R­me Hhw ¢LR¥ ­ea¡l ü¡bÑfla¡,
iä¡¢j, LfVa¡­L M¤h L¡R ­b­L fËaÉr L­l¢R­me °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl S£h­e ­plLj ­L¡e

94
OVe¡l f¢lQu f¡Ju¡ k¡u e¡z ¢L¿¹¥ p¡d¡lZi¡­h ¢a¢e ­L¡elLj iä¡¢j­LC pqÉ Ll­a
f¡l­ae e¡z a¡C iä¡¢j Hhw LfVa¡­L p¤¤­k¡N ­f­mC hɉh¡­Z SSÑ¢la L­l­Rez
"ü­cn£ ­L¡Çf¡e£' N­Òf Xjl¦dl nˆl ­O¡o­L ¢e­u M¤­m¢Rm "NËÉ¡ä ü­cn£
­L¡Çf¡e£'z Xjl¦dl HjeC HL hÉ¢š² ¢k¢e ü­cn£ ­L¡Çf¡e£ hm­a hÉhp¡­LC ­h¡­Tez Hl
B­NJ c¤-c¤h¡l ­L¡Çf¡e£ M¤­m ­m¡L W¢L­u fËQ¥l V¡L¡fup¡ BaÈp¡v Ll¡l A¢i‘a¡
l­u­R ay¡lz Hh¡­lJ Xjl¦dl fËQ¥l V¡L¡fup¡ BaÈp¡v Ll­a Q¡ez HL¡­S ay¡l ­k¡NÉ
p‰£ nˆl ­O¡oz ¢a¢e LmL¡a¡l a¡hs a¡hs d¢e hÉ¢š²­cl ­nu¡l ­q¡ô¡l L­l
¢e­u¢R­mez LmL¡a¡l de£ hÉ¢š²­cl ¢e­u HL¢V pi¡ X¡L¡ q­u¢Rmz ­pM¡­e Xjl¦dll¡ hs
hs hš²«a¡ L­l¢R­mez pwh¡cf­œ ¢h‘¡fe ­cJu¡ q­u¢Rm : ""­k hÉ¢š² HLna V¡L¡l
­nu¡l h¡ Awn ¢Le­h fË¢aj¡­p m¡i ül©f a¡q¡­L fy¢Qn V¡L¡ fËc¡e Ll¡ qC­hz''78
HlLj ¢h‘¡fe ­c­M J hš²«a¡u i¥­m hý de£ hÉ¢š² ­j¡V¡ V¡L¡u ­nu¡l ¢L­e¢Rm Hhw
Xjl¦dl J nˆl ­O¡­ol f¡a¡ gy¡­c f¡ ¢c­u¢Rmz
hý­m¡L ­nu¡l ­Le¡u fËQ¥l V¡L¡ Sj¡ flm a¡­cl g¡­äz Xjl¦dl q­me
­L¡o¡dÉrz L­uLj¡p ­f¢l­u ­Nm ¢L¿¹¥ HL¢VJ L¡NS fËÙ¹¥a qm e¡z miÉ¡wn c§­l b¡L
Bpm V¡L¡J ­LE ­glv ­fm e¡z L­uLSe e¡¢mn Llm, ­j¡LŸj¡J qm, ¢L¿¹¥ ­L¡Çf¡e£
¢m¢j­VX qJu¡u L¡­l¡l ¢hl¦­Ü ­L¡e hÉhÙÛ¡ Nªq£a qm e¡z nˆl ­O¡o HLV¡ S¡m ¢qp¡­hl
M¡a¡ ­hl Ll­mez ­pM¡­e ¢a¢e ­cM¡­me ­k ­L¡Çf¡e£l ­m¡Lp¡e q­u­Rz a­h nˆl ­O¡o
Ha L­lJ HL¢VJ fup¡ m¡i Ll­a f¡l­me e¡z pjÙ¹ V¡L¡ BaÈp¡v Ll­me Xjl¦dlz
nˆl ­O¡o i¡N Q¡C­a ­N­m Xjl¦dl a¡­L Øfø S¡e¡­m¡ ­k :
""¢qp¡­hl hC a¥¢j ¢e­S q¡­a fËÙ¹¥a L¢lu¡Rz a¡q¡­a a¥¢j ¢m¢Mu¡R ­k
­m¡Lp¡e qCu¡­Rz ­L¡Çf¡e£ ­gm qCu¡ ¢Nu¡­Rz V¡L¡ Bl ­L¡b¡ qC­a B¢p­hz
hlw k¡q¡ ­m¡Lp¡e qCu¡­R a¡q¡ Bj¡­L ¢cu¡ c¡Jz''79
B­m¡QÉ N­Òf ü­cn£ ­j¡qNËÙ¹ h¡‰¡m£­L l¢pLa¡l jdÉ ¢c­u LV¡r L­l­Re
°œ­m¡LÉe¡bz H­Vm j¡¢V ­b­L L¡NS fËÙ¹¥­al NÒf ö­e d§aÑ Xjl¦dl M¤h pq­SC H
L¡­Sl iä¡¢j d­l ­g­me Hhw j­e j­e q¡­pe Bl i¡­he : ""H L¡S q¡m¡…­m¡
h¡‰¡m£l Efk¤š² h­Vz'80 avL¡m£e ¢n¢ra j¡e¤­ol ‘¡eh¤¢Ü­LJ ¢a¢e LV¡r L­l­Re H
N­Òfz a¡l¡ kMe ¢e¢ÜÑd¡u H­Vm j¡¢V ­b­L L¡NS °al£l fËÙ¹¡h ­j­e ­eu aMe a¡­cl
‘¡eh¤¢Ü pÇf­LÑ fËnÀ e¡ a¥­m f¡l¡ k¡u e¡z

95
 ü­cn£ B­¾c¡me A¢dL¡wn h¡‰¡m£l L¡­R ¢Rm HLV¡ ýS¥Nz H B­¾c¡m­el jjÑ¡bÑ
a¡­cl L¡­R ­h¡dNjÉ qu¢ez HC ü­cn£­j¡qNËÙÛ ýS¥­N h¡‰¡m£­cl ¢ehѤ¢Üa¡­L ¢a¢e AaÉ¿¹
l¢pLa¡l p¤¤­l hɉ L­l­Re:
""­c­n ­c­n deÉ deÉ f¢su¡ ­Nm, pL­m h¢m­a m¡¢Nm ­k Bl Bj¡­cl i¡he¡
e¡Cz kMe Hy­Vm j¡¢V qC­a L¡NS fËÙ¹¥a qC­h aMe h¡¢m qC­a L¡fs qC­hz
¢h­cn ­b­L Bl ­L¡e âhÉ Bj¡­cl Bl Bjc¡¢e L¢l­a qC­h e¡z ­cn
V¡L¡u f§ZÑ qCu¡ k¡C­hz HC Lb¡ h¢mu¡ L¢mL¡a¡l h¡‰¡m£l¡ HL¢ce påÉ¡­hm¡
Bfe Bfe Ol B­m¡Lj¡m¡u B­m¡¢La L¢lmz''81

ü­cn£ B­¾c¡m­el ­ea«h­NÑl h¡LÚphÑüa¡­LJ Xjl¦dl mr L­l­Rez a¡­cl fË¢aJ

°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ¢hâ¨fh¡Z h¢oÑa q­u­R :
""­pC k¡q¡l¡ Cwl¡S£­a hš²«a¡ L­le, ky¡q¡­cl hš²«a¡ ö¢eu¡ ú¥m L­m­Sl
­R¡s¡…¢m Be­¾c q¡aa¡¢m ¢cu¡ NNe g¡V¡Cu¡ ­cu, Bjl¡ ­pCl©f c¤CSe hš²¡
­S¡N¡s L¢lu¡¢Rm¡jz a¡q¡l¡ C­Sl ¢cu¡ ­L¡jl By¢Vu¡ l¡­Mez''82
"¢ir¥ X¡š²¡l' N­Òf Fe¢hwn na¡ë£l L¥pwú¡­l SSÑ¢la i¡lah­oÑl ¢Q¢Lvp¡
hÉhÙÛ¡l fË¢a °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl ¢akÑL cª¢ø fËL¡¢na q­u­Rz °œ­m¡LÉe¡bC phÑfËbj ¢Q¢LvpL
J ¢Q¢Lvp¡¢hcÉ¡­L L­j¢Xl fËd¡e ¢houhÙ¹¥ L­l NÒf ¢m­M¢R­mez HC N­Òf ­k X¡š²¡­ll
Lb¡ hm¡ q­u­R ­pC ¢ir¥ X¡š²¡­ll¡ HMeJ i¡lahoÑ ­b­L ¢ejѨm qu¢ez HM­e¡ A­eL
NË¡­j N­” Q­m­R H­cl ljlj¡z Fe¢hwn na­L Hl¡ ­k i¡lah­oÑl h¤­L c¡¢f­u ­h¢s­u­R
­p ¢ho­u p­¾cq ­eCz Hl¡ Bc­a X¡š²¡lC euz ¢X¢NËm¡i ­a¡ c§­ll Lb¡ X¡š²¡l£ pÇf­LÑ
­L¡elLj p¡d¡lZ ‘¡eJ H­cl ­eCz ¢ir¥ X¡š²¡l HlLjC HLSe X¡š²¡lz ay¡l pÇf­LÑ
kac§l S¡e¡ k¡u a¡­a:
""¢ir¥ L¢mL¡a¡l ­L¡e X¡š²¡lM¡e¡u Ruj¡p LÇf¡Eä¡¢l L¢lu¡¢R­mez HLh¡l
­L¡e ­l¡N£­L L«¢jl Ko­dl f¢lh­aÑ L¥¢Qm¡ ¢ho fËc¡e L¢lu¡ ¢R­mez ­l¡N£l
a¡q¡­a jªaÉ¥ qCu¡¢Rmz ­pSeÉ ¢ir¥l Ruj¡p L¡l¡h¡p qCu¡¢Rmz HCl©f
A¢i‘a¡ m¡i L¢lu¡ ¢ir¥ HMe üNË¡­j B¢pu¡ X¡š²¡l qCu¡­Rez''83
¢ir¥ ¢e­Sl ¢hcÉ¡l f¢lQu ¢c­a ¢N­u ­k NÒf ö¢e­u­Re a¡l h£ivpa¡ fË¢Zd¡e­k¡NÉ :
""­eq¡m¡ NË¡­jl ¢œ­m¡Qe pl­L­ml ­fV œ²­j œ²­j g¥¢m­a m¡¢Nmz ­fV
g¥¢mu¡ œ²­j S¡m¡l ja qCmz La X¡š²¡l La °hcÉ B¢pmz ­Lq h¢mm Ecl£,

96
 ­Lq h¢mm ¢VEj¡lz La Kod ¢a¢e M¡C­me ¢LR¥­a ¢LR¥ qCm e¡z Ah­n­o
ay¡q¡l ­m¡­Ll¡ Bj¡­L mCu¡ ­Nmz B¢j A­eLrZ d¢lu¡ ¢h­nol©­f fl£r¡
L¢lu¡ ay¡q¡l ­fV¢V ­c¢Mm¡jz Ah­n­o a¡q¡¢cN­L ¢S‘¡p¡ L¢lm¡j, ­a¡j¡­cl
O­l j¡R d¢lh¡l p¤¤a¡ hsn£ B­R? a¡q¡l¡ p¤¤a¡-hsn£ B¢eu¡ ¢cmz hysn£­a
­q¡¢jJfÉ¡¢bL …¢ml ­V¡f L¢lu¡ p¤¤a¡ p¢qa ­l¡N£­L ¢N¢m­a h¢mm¡jz j¤­Ml
h¡¢q­l p¤¤a¡¢Vl Afl ¢cL d¢lu¡ B¢j HLcª­ø a¡q¡l ¢c­L Q¡¢qu¡ l¢qm¡jz p¤¤a¡
­kC HLV¥ e¢su¡ E¢Wm Bl ­pC pju B¢j V¡e j¡¢lm¡jz h¢mh ¢L jq¡nu?
d¡j¡l ja fËL¡ä HLV¡ LµRf a¡q¡l ­fV qC­a B¢j h¡¢ql L¢lm¡jz S­ml
p¢qa p¡j¡eÉ ¢nö LµRf pl­Lm jq¡nu irZ L¢lu¡ ¢R­mez Ec­l ­pC LµRf
œ²­j hs qCu¡ a¡q¡l S£he pwnu L¢lu¡¢Rmz Bj¡l ¢Q¢Lvp¡u ¢a¢e p¤¤ÙÛ
qC­mez''84
¢ir¥ ­q¡¢jJfÉ¡¢b X¡š²¡l a¡C ­q¡¢jJfÉ¡¢bl …ZN¡e a¡­L AhnÉC Ll­a q­hz AhnÉ
HV¡J ¢a¢e S¡e¡­a ­i¡­me e¡ ­k ph¡l q¡­a Hl p¢WL fË­u¡N qu e¡z H ¢ho­u cra¡
ASÑe Ll­a ­N­m clL¡l A¢i‘a¡z ¢ir¥ X¡š²¡­ll ­p A¢i‘a¡ l­u­Rz a¡l c¡¢h :
""­l¡N£l ­Qq¡l¡ ­c¢M­mC B¢j Kod d¢l­a f¡¢lz Bj¡l q¡­a HL¢VJ ­l¡N£
j¡l¡ f­s e¡z ­pSeÉ Lm¡L¡a¡l ­q¡jl¡ ­Q¡jl¡ X¡š²¡lNe ky¡q¡l¡ ­o¡m V¡L¡
h¢œn V¡L¡ ¢i¢SV NËqZ L­le ay¡q¡l¡ h­me ¢T¢TlX¡‰¡l ¢ir¥ X¡š²¡l­L mCu¡
Hp ¢a¢e e¡ qC­m H ­l¡­Nl Kod ­Lq ¢WL L¢l­a f¡¢l­h e¡z ­pSeÉ j¡­T
j¡­T Bj¡­L L¢mL¡a¡u k¡C­a quz''85
Xjl¦d­ll h¤­L fyÉ¡Q N­ÒfJ ¢Q¢LvpL­cl Aá¨a ¢œ²u¡Lm¡f h¢ZÑa q­u­Rz Xjl¦dl
S¡¢e­u­Re :
""X¡š²¡l B¢pu¡ Bj¡l e¡¢s ­c¢M­me, ­fV ¢V¢fu¡ ­c¢M­me, h¤­Ll Efl
h¡jqÙ¹ l¡¢Mu¡ c¢re q­Ù¹l A‰¥¢ml XN¡ ¢cu¡ A­eL ­W¡L¡W¥¢L L¢l­mez a¡q¡l
fl Bj¡l h¤­L ­Q¡PÚ hp¡C­mez ­Q¡­Pl AeÉ ¢c­L L¡e ¢cu¡ ¢a¢e h¢m­me,
""
HM¡­e HLV¡ fyÉ¡Q B­Rz HCl©f ¢ae Q¡¢lV¡ fyÉ¡­Ql Lb¡ ¢a¢e h¢m­me, fyÉ¡Q
B­R ö¢eu¡ Bj¡l j­e ilp¡ qCmz B¢j i¡¢hm¡j ­k Bj¡l kMe Ha…¢m
fyÉ¡Q B­R aMe B¢j j¢lh e¡, hýL¡m hy¡¢Qhz''''86

97
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Û ¡­ll¡ Bj¡­cl L¡­R ¢QlL¡mC nËÜ¡l Bp­e A¢d¢ùaz ¢L¿¹¥ a¡l¡C kMe
LfVa¡l BnËu ­ee aMe a¡ q­u J­W ¢h⨭fl ¢houz °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl pS¡N cª¢ø
H­r­œJ f­s¢Rmz pj¡S pwp¡­ll Bl fy¡QV¡ ­r­œl ja HM¡­eJ paa¡l Ai¡h
°œ­m¡LÉe¡b­L ¢hr¥ì L­l¢Rmz HpjÙ¹ NË¿ÛL¡l, A­e­LC fË¢ai¡l ­S¡l kaV¡ a¡l
­b­LJ A­eL ­hn£ V¡L¡l ­S¡­s hs NË¿ÛL¡l q­u­Rez "¢S­mV j¿»' N­Òf m­ð¡cl J
Xjl¦d­ll L­b¡fLb­el jdÉ ¢c­u Bjl¡ H Lb¡l paÉa¡ Efm¢ì Ll­a f¡¢lz
"¢S­mV j¿»' N­Òf Xjl¦dl m­ð¡cl­L ¢S­‘p L­l­Re:
"""­jOe¡chd' ­L ¢m¢Mu¡­Re S¡e? m­ð¡cl Ešl L¢l­me―""­Le? j¡C­Lm
jd¤p§ce cšz'' Xjl¦dl h¢m­me―""qyÉ¡ pL­ml a¡C ¢hnÄ¡p ¢L¿¹¥ L¢mL¡a¡u kMe
B¢j Q¡Ll£ L¢la¡j aMe påÉ¡l fl p¡­qh£ ­f¡o¡L f¢lu¡ ­L Bj¡l ¢eLV
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ay¡q¡l q¡­a ¢cm¡j ­p¢ce ¢a¢e Bj¡­L H­Lh¡­l HLna V¡L¡ ¢cu¡¢R­mez
AeÉ¡eÉ f¤Ù¹­Ll SeÉJ ¢a¢e Bj¡­L A­eL V¡L¡ ¢cu¡¢R­mez j¡C­Lm J h¢ˆj
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HC njÑ¡z q¡¢p f¡u, e¡j L¢lh e¡z e¡j L¢l­m a¡q¡­cl j¡epòj H­Lh¡­l
k¡C­hz A­eL Ae¤eu-¢heu L¢lu¡ e¡j L¢l­a ay¡q¡l¡ Bj¡­L j¡e¡ L¢lu¡­Rez
­pC SeÉ Ha¢ce Q¥f L¢lu¡ B¢Rz ¢L¿¹¥ ay¡q¡l¡ ­k NË¿ÛL¡l h¢mu¡ ­m¡­Ll ¢eLV
f¢lQu ­ce, a¡C Bj¡l q¡¢p f¡uz''...''87
"Y¡L jq¡nu' N­Òf ¢q¾c¥d­jÑl BQ¡l Ae¤ù¡e­L hɉ Ll¡ q­u­Rz ¢q¾c¥d­jÑl BQ¡l
Ae¤ù¡e f¡m­el e¡­j °fn¡¢QLa¡, h£ivpa¡, ¢eù¥la¡ J ¢ejÑja¡­L Ll¦Zl­p ¢pš² L­l
Q¨s¡¿¹i¡­h Bœ²jZ L­l­Re ­mMLz NÒf¢V­L h¡wm¡ p¡¢q­aÉl ­nËù ¢qEj¡ldjÑ£ NÒf hm¡
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Lb¡ ØjlZ L¢l­u ­cu :

98
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HL¡cn£l ¢hd¡ec¡a¡ L­le HL¡cn£,
j¤­M¡­l¡QL Hyl Efh¡p,―c­jJ i¡l£,―A­q¡-
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J¢c­L JC r£Z ­j­u¢V ¢eaÉ L¡q¡l-
HL¡cn£l ¢hd¡e f¡me Ll­R fË¡­Z j­l,
Lã¡­a fË¡Z dy¥L­R ­Q¡­M p­oÑ g¥­ml p¡¢l,
a«o·¡­a ¢Si Ap¡s j¡m¡ Sf­R W¡L¥l O­lz
Ah¡LÚ ­Q¡­M ¢hnÄ cÉ¡­M q¡u ­N¡ ¢hnÄe¡b,
­c¡­l¡M¡ HC ¢hd¡e f­l que¡ hSÊf¡a?
¢eù¡h¡­el pdh¡J L­le HL¡cn£
f¢al f¡­a fËQ¥li¡­h BV­L ­hy­d ­l­M
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f¢ac¡a¡ f¢a…l¦ f¡­R ­g­me ­c­Mz
¢hs¡m Q¡­V c¤­dl h¡¢V h¡¢s­u ¢c­u Nm¡
¢fyf­s j¡¢R B­jl ­M¡m¡u Eõ¡­p ¢is L­l,
k¡­cl iu ­c¢M­u L¢l­u­R ¢eSÑm¡
a¡l¡C öd¤ q¡­al ­Q­V¡ ­jm­R ­j­Tl f­l
a«o·¡­a ¢Si V¡e­R ­f­V Hj¢e ­l¡­cl a¡a
MpM­p c¤C ­Q¡­Ml f¡a¡, qu e¡ AnË¥f¡az 88
―e¡l£l Efl pj¡S­ea¡­cl p¤¤c£OÑL¡­ml AaÉ¡Q¡­ll HC ¢Qœ BlJ jjÑ¡¢¿¹Li¡­h
fË¢ag¢ma q­u­R "Y¡Ljq¡nu' N­Òfz ¢q¾c¥ ¢hdh¡ e¡l£­L HL¡cn£l ¢ce ¢elð¥ Efh¡­p
HL¡L£ O­l hå ­l­M L£i¡­h jªaÉ¥j¤­M ­W­m ­cJu¡ qa a¡l HL¢V pLl¦Z ¢Qœ a¥­m
d­l­Re °œ­m¡LÉe¡b Xjl¦d­ll NÒfLb­e :
""SÆ­l L¥¿¹m¡l L¡W g¡¢V­a­Rz B…­el eÉ¡u nl£­ll Eš¡f qCu¡­Rz œ²j¡Na
H-f¡n J-f¡n L¢l­a­Rz j¡ HLV¥ Sm c¡J, œ²j¡Na HC Lb¡ h¢m­a­Rz j¡!
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j¤M¢V ¢iS¡Cu¡ c¡Jz HLV¥ Sm e¡ M¡Cu¡ Bl b¡¢L­a f¡¢l e¡z Sm, Sm, Smz

99
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Y¡L jq¡nu Bj¡­L Q¥¢f Q¥¢f h¢m­a­Re, ―"" BS HL¡cn£z ¢hdh¡z ­pSeÉ
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k¡C­h!''
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O­l hå L¢lu¡ Q¡¢h ¢cu¡ ¢c­mez pjÙ¹ l¡¢œ f£¢sa¡ LeÉ¡ H­Lm¡ ­pC O­l
l¢qmz djÑ lr¡ pð­å Y¡Ljq¡n­ul Hj¢e cªtfZz
fË¡a:L¡­m kMe ¢a¢e O­ll Q¡¢h M¤¢m­me, aMe pL­m ­c¢Mm ­k h¡¢mL¡
¢ff¡p¡u qa‘¡e qCu¡ O­ll ¢iS¡ ­j­Tl HLd¡l qC­a Afl d¡l fkÑ¿¹ pjÙ¹
l¡¢œ h¡lh¡l Q¡¢Vu¡­Rz Ah­n­o A‘¡e qCu¡ O­ll HL ­L¡­Z f¢su¡ B­Rz
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pj¡­Sl M¤h ü¡i¡¢hL OVe¡ ¢q­p­hC f¢lN¢Za qaz °œ­m¡LÉe¡b ¢q¾c¥pj¡­Sl HC ¢ejÑj
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h­p ­k-i¡­h i¨SÑfœ fy¥¢b ­b­L NÒf ö¢e­u­Re ­p¡j­ch―°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl fÜ¢aJ
a¡Cz ­MS¥l h­el LLÑn-fœ jjÑ­l, påÉ¡¢hL£ZÑ Blh jl¦i¨¢jl fVi¨¢j­a
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ö­e­Re h¡VÑe; "iÉ¡¢m AhÚ ¢c ¢Lw­p'l j¢jl ¢enÄ¡paç jl¦h¡a¡­p a¡l¡l
lqpÉfËc£ç ¢fl¡¢j­Xl j¢qjµR¡u¡u, k¡k¡hl£ ay¡h¤­a "¢p¾ch¡c e¡¢h­L'l ­k
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E­W­Rz ay¡l N­Òf fun ­kje l­u­R ­aj¢e l­u­R wit-Hl E‹Æm Ef¢ÙÛ¢az l©f­Ll
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f¡­l "m¤õ'¤ NÒf ­b­Lz HM¡­e hË¡þZ i¨a­L E­ŸnÉ L­l h­m­R :

101
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qCu¡­Rz fª¢bh£­a ka i¨a B­R, pLm i¨­al a¥¢j ­nËùz i¨­al a¥¢j l¡S¡z
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―HM¡­e i¨a Lb¡¢Vl A¿¹¢eÑ¢qa AbÑ h¤T­a q­hz ­kM¡­eC AåL¡l ­pM¡­eC i¨az HC
AåL¡l Bp­m i¡lah­oÑl h¤­L S­j b¡L¡ e¡e¡ L¥pwú¡lz HC L¥wú¡l B­R h­mC
hË¡þZ­cl c¤xM­j¡Qe quz AbÑ¡v H L¥pwú¡l a¡­cl L¡­R Bn£hÑ¡cül©f, ­hy­Q b¡L¡l pq¡uz
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¢c­u­Re :
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hlg L¢lh¡l Lm B­R, AåL¡l Sj¡Cu¡ i¨a L¢lh¡l Lm ¢L p¡­qhl¡ L¢l­a
f¡­le e¡? AåL¡­ll Ai¡h e¡Cz ¢en¡L¡­m h¡¢q­l ­a¡ AÒf-üÒf AåL¡l
b¡­LCz a¡lfl j¡e¤­ol j­el ¢ial ­k La AåL¡l B­R, a¡q¡l p£j¡ e¡C,
A¿¹ e¡Cz ­L¡c¡m ¢cu¡ L¡¢Vu¡ L¡¢Vu¡ T¥¢s f§¢lu¡ HC AåL¡l L­m ­g¢m­mC
fËQ¥l f¢lj¡­Z i¨a fËÙ¹¥a qC­a f¡¢l­hz a¡q¡ qC­m i¨a M¤h nÙ¹¡ quz HL
fup¡, c¤C fup¡, hs ­S¡l Q¡¢l fup¡ L¢lu¡ i¨­al ­pl quz nÙ¹¡ qC­m Nl£h-
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f¢la¡­fl ¢hou HC ­k i¨a­cl Efl pjÙ¹ A¢dL¡l ­Lhm de£­clC HL­Q¢Vu¡z i¨a
a¡­cl L¡­R Nl£h-c¤xM£­cl ­n¡o­Zl k¿»z Bl HC k­¿»l p¡q¡­kÉ a¡l¡ Nl£h c¤xM£­cl
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¢hâ¨fh¡Z ­kje ¢e­rf L­l­Re ­aj¢e Ll¦Z¡h¡Z hoÑZ L­l­Re ­n¡¢oa j¡e¤­ol fË¢az
°œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl A¿¹l ¢Rm pq¡e¤i¨¢a­a f¢lf§ZÑz p¡d¡lZ j¡e¤­ol fË¢a ay¡l je L¡e¡u L¡e¡u
f¢lf§ZÑ ¢Rm h­mC a¡­cl c¤:M c¤cÑn¡l jjÑØfnÑ£ ¢Qœ AˆZ Ll­a ­f­l­Re ¢a¢ez j¡e¤­ol
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Af­ll fË¢a La ¢eù¥l q­a f¡­l a¡l ¢Qœ a¥­m d­l­Re "j¤š²¡j¡m¡'l "…l¦­ch' N­Òfz
Hje ¢eù¥l NÒf h¡wm¡ p¡¢q­aÉ M¤h Lj ­mM¡ q­u­Rz H NÒf…¢m­a hɉ B­R, ¢h⨭fl
Lo¡O¡a B­R ¢L¿¹¥ H­cl pLm­L A¢aœ²j L­l hs q­u E­W­R °œ­m¡LÉe¡­bl

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