I.

ĐỊNH NGHĨA

1. Direct speech

Ex: She said: “I have never been to Paris”.

He said to me: “I like your hair”.

He said to her: “I like your hair”.

2. Indirect/Reported speech

Ex: - She said that she had never been to Paris.

- He said that he liked my hair.

- He told her that he liked her hair.

II. QUY TẮC CHUYỂN CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG GIÁN TIẾP

1. Thay đổi S, O, Possessive Adjectives

Direct Speech Reported Speech Direct Speech Reported Speech

Chủ Ngữ (Subject) Tân ngữ (Object)

I He/She Me Him/Her
We They Us Them
You I/We You Me/U
s

Đại từ sở hữu (Possessive pronouns) Tính từ sở hữu (Possessive adjectives)

Mine His/Hers My His/Her

Ours Theirs Ou Their

Yours Mine/Ours r My/Our

Your

2. Thay đổi động từ

Modal Direct Speech Reported

Speech
Can “I can do it” He said he could do it.

May “May I go out?” He wanted to know if he

might go out.
Must “She must apply for the job.” He said that she must/had
to apply for the job.

will “They will call you.” He told me that they would

call her.
 DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Simple Present Simple Past

He said: “I am happy.” He said that he was happy.

Present Progressive Past Progressive

He said: “I'm looking for my keys.” He said that he was looking for his keys.
Simple Past Past Perfect Simple

He said: “I visited New York last year.” He said that he had visited New York the
previous year.
Present Perfect Past Perfect

He said: “I've lived here for a long time.” He said that he had lived there for a long
time.
Past Perfect Past Perfect

He said: “They had finished the work when I He said that they had finished the work when
arrived.” he had arrived.
Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

He said: “I was playing football when the He said that he had been playing football
accident occurred.” when the accident had occurred.
Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

He said: “I have been playing football for two
hours.”
Past Perfect Progressive
He said: “I had been reading a newspaper when
he light went off.”
Future Simple (will+verb)
He said that he had been playing football for two h
Past Perfect Progressive
He said that he had been reading a
newspaper when the light had gone off
Conditional (would+verb)

He said: “I will open the door.” He said that he would open the door.
Conditional I

He said to me: “I will help you if I am free” He said that he would help me if he was free.
 3. Thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Time Expressions

today that day

Now then

Yesterday the day before, the previous day

…. ago …. before

Last week the week before, the previous week

Next year the following year, the next year

tomorrow tomorrow

Place

here there

Demonstratives

this that

these those

Ex: “I met her yesterday. ” he said.

=> He said that he had met her the day before.

“I’ll do it tomorrow.” he promised.

=> He promised that he would do it the following day.

❖ Các trường hợp không lùi thì động từ

1. Khi câu trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý hay một hành động được lặp đi lặp lại
thường xuyên theo thói quen hiện tại.

Ex: My teacher said, “The Sun rises in the east”.

=> My teacher said that the Sun rises in the east.

She said, “I get up at 5 o’clock every morning”.

=> She said that she gets up at 5 o’clock every morning.

2. Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3 → không lùi thì.

Ex: She said to me “If I had enough money, I’d buy a new bicycle”.

=> She said to me that if she had enough money, she’d buy a new bicycle.
 3. Mệnh đề sau “Wish” → không lùi thì.

Ex: He said “I wish I had a lot of money”.

=> He said he wished he had a lot of money.

4. Mệnh đề sau “ would rather/would sooner”→ Không lùi thì.

Ex: She said “I would rather you stayed at home.”
=> She said to/told me that she would rather I stayed at home.
5. Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/about) time”
Ex: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed, children.”
=> She told her children that it was time they went to bed.
6. Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định

Ex: He said, “I was born in 1980.”

=> He said that he was born in 1980.
7. Lời nói trực tiếp có các động từ tình thái “could, should, might, ought to, used
to, had better” thì
không thay đổi.
Ex: Tom said: “You had better not contact her”
=> Tom said (that) I had better not contact her.

8. Nếu động từ dẫn ở hiện tại, chỉ cần thay đổi quy tắc 1 (đổi S, O, P.adj)

Ex: “I met her yesterday.” he says.

=> He says he met her yesterday.

III. CÂU HỎI TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP

1. Động từ tường thuật câu hỏi gián tiếp

ask

want to know

wonder

inquire

2. Đổi trật tự từ từ dạng câu hỏi về dạng trần thuật

Say: He asked me if I was a student.

Don’t say: He asked me if was I a

student.

3. Đổi đại từ, tính từ sở hữu, thì của động từ và các trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn.

Ex: “Where should I go on my summer vacation next summer?”, Jon asked me.

=> Jon asked me where he should go on his summer vacation the following summer.

❖ Yes/No Questions

S + asked + ( O ) + if/whether + clause

Ex1: “Are you ready?”, he asked me.

 => He asked me/wanted to know IF/WHETHER I was ready.

Ex2: “Did you go out last night?” He asked her.

=> He asked her whether she had gone out the previous night.

❖ WH- Questions

S + asked + (O) + wh - word + clause

Ex1: “When will you be ready?” He asked me.

=> He asked me when I would be ready.

Ex2: “When did you finish work last night?” He asked her.

=> He asked her when she had finished the previous night.

Lưu ý:

⮚ Khi tường thuật lại các câu hỏi có cấu trúc “who/what/which + be” + bổ ngữ” thì “be”
có thể đặt trước hoặc sau bổ ngữ.

Ex: “Who’s the best player?”, he asked

=> He wanted to know who the best player was.

=> He wanted to know who was the best player.

⮚ Động từ trần thuật trong mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn
thành hoặc thì tương lai đơn thì thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi.

Ex: “Has the taxi arrived yet?”, he is wondering

=> He is wondering if/whether the taxi has arrived yet.

“Where can we stay?”, he asks.

=> He wants to know where they can stay.

❖ Câu trả lời Yes/No

Câu trả lời Yes/No được diễn đạt trong câu gián tiếp bằng chủ ngữ và trợ động từ tương ứng.

Ex: Daniel said: “Is there a café nearby” and Tom said: “No”

=> Daniel asked if/whether there was a café nearby and Tom said there wasn’t

He said: “Can you swim?” , I said: “Yes”

=> He wanted to know if/whether I could swim and I said I could.

IV. CÂU CẢM THÁN

Câu cảm thán bắt đầu bằng “What (a/an)...!” và “How ...!” thường được thuật lại bằng động
từ “exclaim/say that”.
What + (a/an) + adj + N!

How + adj/adv + s + tobe!

Ex: What a beautiful girl!

How beautiful the girl is!

Ex: “What a lovely dress!” She said.

=> She exclaimed/said that it was a lovely dress.

“How beautiful she is!” He said.

=> He exclaimed/said that she was beautiful.

“How quickly he runs!” She said.

=> She exclaimed/said that he ran quickly.

❖ Một số trường hợp đáng lưu ý

Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp

“Good!”, he exclaimed. He gave an exclamation with pleasure.

“Ugh!”, he exclaimed. He gave an exclamation with disgust.

He said: “Thank you!” He thanked me.

He said: “Welcome!" He welcomed me.

He said: “Good morning!” He greeted me.

He said: “Happy Christmas!” He wished me a happy Christmas.

He said: “Congratulation!” He congratulated me.

He said: “Liar!” He called me a liar.

He said: “Damn!” He swore.