TEST 5

I. LISTENING (50 points)

Part 1(from Expert CPE). You will hear two sports commentators called Heidi Stokes and Rob Aslett taking part
in a discussion on the subject of gyms. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) which fits
best according to what you hear. (10pts)
1. What do Rob and Heidi think about government proposals regarding the problem of obesity? A.
They over-emphasize the role of dietary factors.
B. They represent a radical solution that must be worth trying.
C. They over-estimate the extent to which the fitness industry can help.
D. They are attempting to accommodate too many varied perspectives. 2. Heidi agrees with the suggestion that
regular gym attendance A. can discourage people from keeping fit in other ways.
B. may lead to obsessive behaviour in some cases.
C. generally forms the basis of a healthy lifestyle.
D. could be harder to keep up in rural areas.
3. When asked about motivation, Rob suggests that many gym clients lose interest A.
if they don’t get good value for money.
B. if they don’t find it enjoyable on a social level.
C. if they don’t make it part of a wider fitness regime.
D. if they don’t perceive real gains in personal fitness.
4. What does Heidi suggest about memership levels in gyms? A.
The best ones restrict access at peak times.
B. Most recruit more people than they cope with.
C. It is impossible to predict demand with any accuracy.
D. Over-recruitment can be counter-productive in the long run.
5. Rob thinks the key to successful gym markeing lies in A.
remaining true to the core values of fitness and strength.
B. appealing to a wide cross-section of the population.
C. joining forces with providers of the related activities.
D. specialising in the needs of certain key groups.
Part 2. You will hear a representative from British Waterways called John Sampson taling about the canal
network in England. Listen and decide whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F):
1. The canals were built despite the fact that there was no public finance and very little technology.
2. From 1919 to 1929, there were many canals that were competing with each other but were not uniform in size.
3. The new union of canals provided a continuous link between major industrial cities.
4. There are plenty of natural habitats for a variety of wildlife on and around the canals.
5. Walkers can go to the nearest waterway office to get information on circular walks so they can start and end at
the same place.
Part 3. You will hear a piece of news called “Bottled air”. For questions 1-5, write an answer of NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS for each of the questions below.
1. What kind of news did the man see that made him decide to start his business?
..................................................................................................................................................................
2. What is the name of the industry the man is in?
..................................................................................................................................................................
3. How much air can you buy for $115?
..................................................................................................................................................................
4. Where does the entrepreneur live now?
..................................................................................................................................................................
5. What does the man sometimes have to go to the bottom of to get air?
..................................................................................................................................................................
 Part 4 (from Seekerdaily). Listen to a piece of news about the three countries with the best healhcare and fill in
the gaps using NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS OR NUMBER for each.
Higher quality care, with higher life expectancy and lower rates of disease are often (1) _______ by citizens in
the rest of the world.
Spain was one of the top (2) ______ in the world with $ (3) ______ roughtly spent on each person. In its (4) “
________” system, most citizens see no out-of-pocket expenses when they visit public hospitals.
Unlike Spain, only 1,6 % of (5) _____________ goes towards healthcare costs. In addition, there is Medisave
system – a (6) ________, where 9% of empolyee salaries are required to (7) ______ for personal or family care.
Both (8) _____ are used in the autonomous territory of Hong Kong. However, private hospitals are reportedly
speedy but very expensive.
While these three countries get the most (9) ______, applying worldwide is difficult.
By comparison, that the United States is enormous, with a population of over 320 million makes (10) ________
harder to implement without serious complications.
II.LEXICO-GRAMMAR
Part 1
1. Our teacher tends to ______ certain subjects which she finds difficult to talk about
A.boil down B.string along C. skate over D.track down
2. The game turned into a __________when Harry caught the golden snitch, with the Gryffindor winning by
180 to 40.
A rout B shutout C fit D bash
3. “Under the hawthorn” is a(n) ___________tale of pure young love set during the Cultural
Revolution that has brought many people to tears.
A amorous B poignant C mordant D doting
4. When the school year ends and I won’t have to meet my annoying deskmate again,
I will definitely tell her the ________!
A Ps and Qs B home truth C good grief D nuts and bolts
5. I had an ambition of getting the First prize in the National Contest, but I knew it was just a ________in the
sky.
A pig B star C buffalo D pie
6. After having a whale of a time at my wedding yesterday, my colleague was looking a little ________when
he came to work this morning.
A around the bend B in a fog
C off his trolley D green around the gills
7. Temporarily, the number of COVID-19 cases has ceased to increase, but I can see more problems
____________ .
A carrying the day B coming down the pike
C arriving on the scene D drifting with the tide
8. The authority seems powerless to____________ of violence across the city after the new law was
implemented.
A beat the air B hold the fire C stem the tide D step off the curb
9. The small-scale demonstration later escalated into a ________battle with the police, involving more than
800 protesters and causing serious traffic congestion across the city.
A pitched B racked C heaped D scrap
10. Now that I have to work closely with the CEO on this project, I feel like I have a_ by the tail.
A. lion B,horse C,tiger D,wolf
11. In the system of constitutional monarchy, the Queen may have privilege but she has no real political
______ .
A loft B swathe C clout D nought
12. The needs of today's children cannot be met by the traditional _________of education we’re using, in
which emphasis is placed solely on theoretical knowledge.
A prototype B paradigm C emblem D epitome
13. Newspapers __________tributes to Professor Albus Dumbledore after his heroic sacrifice in the battle
against the evils.
A bristled with B hedged in C plucked at D talked into
14. My parents thought the costs of the trip would only remain in their calculations, but unexpected additional
expenses later _________their budget.
A drank in B gobbled up C harped on D copped out
15. Scout decided that her brother Jem needed some time to _______after a terrible night so she tried to keep
some distance from him.
A cry off B drill down C come off D simmer down
Part 2
1.Ever since his girlfriend had to serve in the isolation area, he has always seemed (CAST) 2.Many
FMVs were produced using this web service, which allows people to create of movies by
combining scenes from various films. (MASH)
3.Sarah didn’t do very well on the test, so when knowing her score was barely enough to pass, the expression
on her face was between disappointment and relief. (WAY)
4. The rainbow appears after the rain and looks just like a colorful giant fan in the sky. (CIRCLE)
5.My team is submerged in deadlines so we do not have the_ to take on new
projects at the moment. (BAND)

Part 3 For questions 66- 75, read the text again and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word
in each gap.
Getting ready for Mars
The 'Mars 500 project' (66) ______ an experiment that simulated a return mission to Mars. Spending 18 months
in a sealed facility in Moscow (67) ______ access to natural light or fresh air, six men were monitored as they
attended (68) ______ their daily duties. A study into (69) ______ each of them coped with the psychological
and physical constraints of the mission has found that there were wide differences in their wake-sleep patterns.
For example, (70) ______ most of the crew began to sleep for longer periods as the mission progressed and
boredom set in, one individual slept progressively less, resulting (71) ______ him becoming chronically
sleepdeprived towards the end of the (72) ______ . Identifying bad sleepers could be important on a real Mars
mission, during (73) ______ people are required to be constantly alert even when days are tediously similar.
Researchers warn that for any astronaut heading to Mars, exciting as the trip might initially seem, (74) ______
could be problems with stress brought on by the monotony of routine. However, they also report that (75)______
some personal tensions between crew members, there was overall harmony within the group.

III. READING
Part 1.
Overdosing on nothing A
An international protest this week aims to demonstrate the truth about homeopathy-that there’s literally
nothing in it, says Martin Robbins AT 10.23 am on 30 January, more than 300 activists in the UK, Canada,
Australia and the US will take part in a mass homeopathic “overdose”. Skeptics will publicly swallow an
entire bottle of homeopathic pills to demonstrate to the public that homeopathic remedies, the product of a
scientifically unfounded 18th-century ritual, are simply sugar pills. Many of the skeptics will swallow 84 pills
of arsenicum album, a homeopathic remedy based on arsenic which is used to treat a range of symptoms,
including food poisoning and insomnia. The aim of the “10:23” campaign, led by the Merseyside Skeptics
Society, based in Liverpool, UK, is to raise public awareness of just exactly what homeopathy is, and to put
pressure on the UK’s leading pharmacist, Boots, to remove theremedies from sale. The campaign is called
10:23 in honor of the Avogadro constant (approximately 6 x 1023, the number of atoms or molecules in
onemole of a substance), of which more later. B
That such a protest is even necessary in 2010 is remarkable, but somehow the homeopathic industry has not
only survived into the 21st century, but prospered. In the UK alone more than
£40 million is spent annually on homeopathic treatments, with £4 million of this being sucked from the
National Health Service budget. Yet the basis for homeopathy defies the laws of physics, and high-quality
clinical trials have never been able to demonstrate that it works beyond the placebo effect. C
The discipline is based on three “laws”; the law of similars, the law of infinite simals and the law of
succession. The law of similars states that something which causes your symptoms will cure your symptoms,
so that, for example, as caffeine keeps you awake, it can also be a cure for insomnia. Of course, that makes
little sense, since drinking caffeine, well, keeps you awake. Next is the law of infinitesimals, which claims that
diluting a substance makes it more potent. Homeopaths start by diluting one volume of their remedy arsenic
oxide, in the case of arsenicumalbum-in 99 volumes of distilled water oralcohol to create a “centesimal”. They
then dilute one volume of the centesimal in 99volumes of water or alcohol, and so on, up to 30 times.
Application of Avogadro’s constant tells you that a dose of such a“30C” recipe is vanishingly unlikely to
contain even a single molecule of the active ingredient. The third pillar of homeopathy is the law of
succession. This states-and I’m not making this up-that by tapping the liquid in a special way during the
dilution process, a memory of the active ingredient is somehow imprinted on it. This explains how water is
able to carry a memory of arsenic oxide, but apparently not of the contents of your local sewer network.
D
The final preparation is generally dropped onto a sugar pill which the patient swallows. Homeopaths claim
that the application of these three laws results in a remedy that, even though it contains not a single molecule
of the original T-T-J.— ingredient, somehow carries an “energy signature” of it that nobody can measure or
detect. Unsurprisingly, when tested under rigorous scientific conditions, in randomized, controlled and double
blind trials, homeopathic remedies have shown to be no better than a placebo. Of course, the placebo effect is
quite powerful, but it’s a bit like justifying building a car without any wheels on the basis that you can still
enjoy the comfy leather seats and play with the gear shift. E
Even some retailers who sell the treatments have admitted there is no evidence that they work. In November,
Paul Bennett, the super intendent pharmacist at Boots, appeared before the UK parliament’s Commons
Science and Technology Committee’s “evidence check” on homeopathy. He was questioned by Member of
Parliament Phil Willis, who asked: “Do they work beyond the placebo effect?” I have no evidence before me
to suggest that they are efficacious,” Bennett replied. He defended Boots’s decision to sell homeopathic
remedies on the grounds of consumer choice. “A large number of our consumers actually do believe they are
efficacious, but they are licensed medicinal products and, therefore, we believe it is right to make the
mavailable,” he said.
F
You might agree. You might also argue that homeopathy is harmless: if people want to part with their money
for sugar pills and nobody is breaking the law, why not let them? To some extent that’s true-there’s only so
much damage you can do with sugar pills short of feeding them to a diabetic or dropping a large crate of them
on someone’s head. However, we believe there is a risk in perpetuating the notion that homeopathy is
equivalent to modern medicine. People may delay seeking appropriate treatment for themselves or their
children.
G
We accept that we are unlikely to convince the true believers. Homeopathy has many ways to sidestep
awkward questions, such as rejecting the validity of randomized controlled trials, or claiming that
homeopathic remedies only work if you have symptoms of the malady they purport to cure. Our aim is to
reach out to the general public with our simple message: “There is nothing in it”. Boots and other retailers are
perfectly entitled to continue selling homeopathic remedies if they so wish and consumers are perfectly
entitled to keep on buying them. But hopefully the 10:23 campaign will ram home our message to the public.
In the 21st century, with decades of progress behind us, it is surreal that governments are prepared to spend
millions of tax pounds on homeopathy. There really is nothing in it.

iii There are many methods of avoiding answering ambiguous questions.

iv The purpose of illustrating the effectiveness of homeopathy
v The constant booming of homeopathy vi Some differences between homeopathy and placebo
vii vii Placebo is better than homeopathy viii An example of further
demonstrating the negative effect of homeopathy ix The purpose of staging
an demonstration to against homeopathy
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G
Questions 8-14
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 8-14 on your
answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
8. Skeptics planning to hold a demonstration in "10.23" campaign is to against UK's leading pharmacist,
Boots.
9. National Health Service budget gained a small portion of homeopathic industry. 10.The example of
Caffeine is to present that homeopathy resists the laws of similars.
11.Instilling the idea to people that homeopathy is equal to modern medicine poses danger. 12.Paul Bennett
claimed effectiveness of taking the homeopathic medicine is proved.
13. The adoption of homeopathy mainly contributes to the delay of seeking appropriate treatment for
themselves or their children.

Part 2. For questions 14-23, read an extract from an article and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. Welsh stories
It was an American wit who listed one of man’s greatest virtues as the art of making the long story short, but
he was saying nothing about the short story, which has its own necessary length, neither too long nor too
short, and is at its best when it presents a revealing insight into a person in a particular situation. What
interests me most is being at the core of another life, seeing new light thrown upon it through the mind and
world of the central character. It is a help if I am so involved at the outset that my attention does not wander
and that my sympathies are immediately engaged, but ultimately, I must know more at the end than I did at
the beginning. Now and again, let it also be stated, I can certainly do with a smile.
These stories have been chosen to fulfil such requirements where they can be met, but they are in addition,
of a place and a time. The place is Wales and the time is the twentieth century, since the short story is a
comparatively new arrival here. They reflect Wales, not always flatteringly, as it is and has been. English
writers, it has been said, are often refugees from society, but almost all the stories in this book written by
Welsh men and women show a concern for a particular landscape or community. It is as if Welsh writers
cannot escape this involvement, and often there is also a sense of characters off stage, present but unseen at
the storyteller’s elbow. Perhaps the reason for this awareness of others is that so many of us have lived in
crowded places, while it is not always healthy, it is a part of the Welsh experience which is very different
from that of our neighbours.
I have not otherwise been able to define a specific characteristic of the Welsh story which makes it
immediately identifiable, save for the nationality or place of residence of the writer, but it should be pointed
out that some Welsh writers writing in English have faced particular difficulties when they have felt the
need to emphasise their difference from English counterparts. Often this need has led to stereotyped patterns
of speech, the whimsicality of which often gives a false impression. At the back of it, one suspects the
seductive pressures of those who like to see their Welshmen as clowns or 'characters', but it should also be
said that many Welshmen have woven myths about themselves and their country with mischievous delight,
and one doubts if they needed much more encouragement. Of course, this forced use of language can be
detected in other literatures, some of them colonialist, and it is perhaps the inevitable consequence of the
dominance of a distant metropolis. Having said that, it is only fair to note that many of the short story
writers who write in English received their first encouragement in England, and indeed some of them, like
Alun Lewis, represented here by an almost unknown story of army life, are at their best away from home. In
his case, he was probably more searching as an observer with a foreign eye and his stories dealing with
English life were perhaps more acutely observed than those dealing with his native South Wales. There is an
abundance of riches from which the anthologist may choose and my task has been made easier by the
selections of other editors whose choices I have tried not to duplicate where possible.
I have said that these stories were chosen because they please one reader and are of a place and time, but I
have also had a number of other considerations in mind and I have tried to represent all Welsh writers,
including those whose work belies the concept of Wales as a homogeneous society, some who write in
English and others who write exclusively in Welsh and for whom Welsh is the first language. All arguments
about degrees of Welshness I find to be fruitless; for me, the story is the thing, although on re- reading so
many stories in preparing this volume, I could not help but detect the security of so many writers in the
Welsh language, which has freed them from painful attempts to emphasise their nationality, a strain which
affected the work of their counterparts writing in English for a time. Ironically, this freedom seems to be in
danger of ending and, judging by some of the stories made available in translation, appears to have been
replaced by the aim of political conversion, to the detriment, in my view, of the storyteller’s art. However,
the representation of writers in the Welsh language, translated here, is varied enough to warrant a further
anthology comprised solely of stories translated from the original. It is my hope that the Wales of the past
and the present is well represented in this volume, together with the world of work and workmen in some of
our more ravaged terrains, as an aspect which has tended to be neglected in the past.
14. According to the author, he considers it essential for a short story to:
A. grab his attention from the start.
B. evoke emotions of sympathy.
C. be at the correct length.
D. enrich his understanding.
15. The stories are implied to:
A. authentically portray life in Wales.
B. plot a glamorous picture of Welsh life.
C. exaggerate the living conditions of Welsh.
D. delineate certain aspects of Welsh life.
16. Unlike their English counterparts, Welsh writers: A.
share the same qualities as their own characters.
B. possess a particular sense of place.
C. steer clear of their societies and avoid any exposure to them.
D. abhor writing about their communities
 17. It is suggested that Welsh writers writing in English:
A. may be indistinguishable from novelists writing in Welsh.
B. may make inept translation of their works from English into Welsh.
C. may be confronted with hardships in highlighting their distinction.
D. may misuse common patterns of speech and create false impressions.
18. Alun Lewis is cited as an example illustrating the point that:
A. the best source of inspiration for a writer may not be their country of origin.
B. observing life with the eye of a foreigner may bring undesirable outcomes.
C. forcible use of language is noticeable in many literatures.
D. stories of life should be told by novelists unfamiliar with the culture.
19. The writer says that his selection of stories has been made easier:
A. because he ignores some authors in the first place.
B. since there are a large number of stories to choose.
C. as options he selected before are to be abandoned.
D. for he eschews the inclusion of similar stories to his counterparts.
20 According to the passage, writers in Welsh differentiate from those in English in that: A.
they are more knowledgeable about the Welsh culture.
B. they shoulder no responsibility for portraying their country.
C. they feel no burden to accentuate their country of origin.
D. they fail to perceive the need to highlight their differences.
21. The passage suggests that storytellers’ skills suffer when:
A. writers deviate from their common patterns of speech.
B. writing a sound story is no longer their main purpose.
C. writers free themselves of shackles in writing.
D. the plots of stories are distorted during translation.
22. The writer suggests that the book includes:
A. many collections of stories amassed by the editor.
B. description of a subject receiving little notice previously.
C. colored illustrations of Welsh life in the past and present.
D. only Welsh writers who see Wales as a multicultural country.
23. In the book, this extract most probably serves as:
A. a foreword. B. a biography. C. a preface. D. a prologue.
Part 3. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 24-30, read the passage and
choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you do not
need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
Ringing the Alarm for Earth

Peter Raven is a botanist. He knows about photosynthesis, primary productivity and sustainable growth. He
knows that all flesh is grass; that the richest humans and the hungriest alike depend ultimately on plants for food,
fuel, clothing, medicines and shelter, and that all of these come from the kiss of the sun on warm moist soils, to
quicken growth and ripen grain.

24.

The global population is about to soar from six billion to nine billion in less than a lifetime. Around 800 million
humans are starving, and maybe two billion are malnourished, while three billion survive on two dollars a day.
25.

By many, Raven means perhaps half to two thirds of all the other species on the planet in the next 100 years.
There could be ten million different kinds of fern, fungus, flowering plant, arthropod, amphibian, reptile, bird,
fish and mammal on Earth. Nobody knows. People such as Raven, director of the Missouri Botanic Gardens in St
Louis, are doing their best to count and preserve them.

26.

Some of these organisms are now being chased to oblivion by human population growth at levels that ecosystems
cannot sustain.

27.

There are ways of confirming species loss, even if it cannot be established how many species there were in the
first place. Look at the vertebrates and molluscs in fossil records, Raven says, just for the past sixty-five million
years or so. 'You find that the average life of a species is two to three million years and you get about one species
per million becoming extinct per year in the fossil record. Those particular groups are a small sample, but they
are a real sample,' he says.

28.

That works out at hundreds of creatures per year over the past four centuries, and even more when humans, rats
and other invaders started colonising islands: 2,000 species have vanished from the Pacific basin alone since the
Polynesians got there 1,200 years ago.

29.

There are various wild creatures that get along with humans and follow them everywhere: cockroaches, fleas,
ticks, rats, cats, pigs, cattle, scavenger birds, lusty weeds. These invade little islands of ancient biodiversity, take
over, and see the natives off the premises. And not just islands: one third of all endangered plants in the
continental US are threatened because of alien invaders, Raven says. In Hawaii, it is 100 percent.

30.

Ecosystems are not static. They change, naturally. They burn, are grazed or browsed, they regenerate, flood and
silt up. But left to themselves, they go on providing services that humans and other creatures value. A mangrove
swamp provides a habitat for shrimps. It cannot be improved by draining it for a tourist beach, or building a large
city on it. Its natural value would be dissipated. 'An ecosystem itself undamaged is very, very resilient, and the
more simplified it gets, the less resilient. Globally, what we are doing is simplifying them all, simultaneously,
which is a very dangerous large-scale experiment,' Raven says.

The missing paragraphs:

A Ecosystems, Raven says, can be whatever you like. Hedgerows in Hampshire are an ecosystem; so are
weeds on a railway line at Hammersmith. Savannahs, grasslands, prairies, rainforests, dry forests, pine forests,
uplands, heathlands, downlands, wetlands, mangrove swamps, estuaries, oxbow lakes and coral reefs are all
ecosystems, and they survive on diversity. The greater the variety of microbes, plants and animals in an
ecosystem, the more resilient it is and the better it works for all, including humans. So it would not be a good
idea to evict at least half of these creatures, especially if nothing is known about them. But, Raven says, that is
what is happening.

B 'Then you can start with the literature in about 1600, when people began to care enough about organisms
to be able to document them well, and for the groups that they were documenting - birds, mammals, amphibians,
reptiles, butterflies and plants - then you can say, "What was the rate over the past 400 years? It's tens of times or
hundreds of times the level it was before." ,
C Global warming is not going to help, either. What happens to the unique assembly of plants in the Cape
region of Africa as the thermometer rises? They cannot migrate south. There is no land south of the Cape. So
many will perish.

D As he keeps pointing out, the human species is living as if it had more than one planet to occupy. Forty
years ago, he and colleagues tried to calculate the economic cost of exporting humans to a star system likely to
be orbited by habitable planets. They worked out that it would cost the entire gross economic product of the
planet to ship just twelve people a year to Proxima Centauri or beyond. His message for the planet is, 'Think,
look at the big picture, and think again'.

E But the human population is growing at the rate of about 10,000 an hour, and each human depends on a
hectare or two of land and water for what economists now call 'ecosystem services' - the organisms that
ultimately recycle waste and deliver new wealth to provide oxygen, fresh food, clean water, fuel, new clothes,
safe shelter and disposable income.

F Valuable agricultural land is being poisoned or parched or covered in concrete, soils eroded, rivers
emptied and aquifers drained to feed the swelling numbers. Something has-got to give, and the first things to go
are many of the plants and animals.

G So botanists such as Raven begin with the big picture of sustainable growth and can calculate to the
nearest planet how much land and sea it would take to sustain the population of the world if everybody lived as
comfortably as the Americans, British or French. The answer is three planets.

H There is another way of checking, Raven says, pioneered by, among others, sociobiologist and
evolutionary psychologist Edward O. Wilson. There is a logarithmic relationship between the area of habitat and
the species that inhabit it. Measure a patch of forest and count a sample of the species in it. Then compare it with
another patch of forest ten times smaller. The smaller one will have only half the sample species count. This has
been shown in thousands of individual observations, he says. So destroying forests piecemeal is a way of
extinguishing creatures.

Your answers
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Part 4.You are going to read extracts from an introductory book about studying the law. For questions 4453,
choose from the sections (A-D). The extracts may be chosen more than once. Mark your answers on the separate
answer sheet.
In which extract are the following mentioned?
44 the relative frequency of certain types of legal cases
45 input by those who are not directly involved in a dispute
46 how common transactions assume certain guarantees
47 ascertaining the effectiveness of a legal system
48 determining the consequences of altering the legal system
49 the influence of popular depictions of the law
50 a reluctance to submit to formal legal processes
51 how a decentralised legal system depends on a feeling of reciprocity
52 the lack of drama in the way the law operates
53 the absence of a certain type of legal institution
Studying the law
A Ordinary people regularly encounter law in a variety of circumstances. Freely-negotiated commercial
contracts may bind them to act in particular ways. By becoming members of a sports club or a trade union
they agree to comply with a set of rules. Sometimes these forms of law will use the courts to enforce their
arrangements. In other cases privately-instituted adjudication bodies are established, a third party being
appointed to decide whether an agreement or rule has been broken or not. These kinds of arrangements may
seem very different from the normal idea of law, especially if law is thought of mainly in terms of the
criminal law. However, it is possible to see law simply as a way of regulating our actions, of deciding what
can be done and what cannot be done. Most laws are not about something spectacular but, rather, about the
details of ordinary life. Every time a purchase is made, a contract is made. Both parties make promises about
what they will do; one to hand over the goods, one to pay the price. In this and other ways, everybody is
involved in law every day of their lives.
B Legal rules can be divided up in many different ways. The rules show differences in purpose, in origin
and form, in the consequences when they are breached, and in matters of procedure, remedies and
enforcement. One of the most fundamental divisions in law is the division between criminal and civil law.
Newcomers to the study of law tend to assume that criminal law occupies the bulk of a lawyer's caseload and
of a law student's studies. This is an interesting by-product of the portrayal of the legal system by the media.
Criminal law weighs very lightly in terms of volume when measured against non-criminal (that is, civil) law.
There are more rules of civil law than there are of criminal law; more court cases involve breach of the civil
law than that of the criminal law.
C The term 'national law' is used to mean the internal legal rules of a particular country, in contrast to
international law which deals with the external relationships of a state with other states. There is no world
government or legislature issuing and enforcing laws to which all nations are subject. The international legal
order has no single governing body and operates by agreement between states. This means that the creation,
interpretation and enforcement of international law lie primarily in the hands of states themselves. Its scope
and effectiveness depend on the sense of mutual benefit and obligation involved in adhering to the rules.
Disputes about the scope and interpretation of international law are rarely resolved by the use of
international courts or binding arbitration procedures of an international organisation. This is because
submission to an international court or similar process is entirely voluntary and few states are likely to agree
to this if there is a serious risk of losing their case or where important political or national interests are at
stake.
D One source of detailed information about the legal system is statistical analyses. Information about the
number of cases handled by a court shows in specific terms what a court's workload is. Changes in these
from year to year may indicate some effects of changes in the law and practice. Statistical tests can establish
that there is a relationship, a correlation, between different things. For example, the length of a sentence for
theft may correlate with the value of the items stolen or the experience of the judge who heard the case. This
means that the sentence will be longer if, for example, more items are stolen or the judge is more
experienced. A correlation can provide evidence for a theory. Such confirmation is important; without it we
have little to establish the impact the law has, being forced to rely on individual instances of its application
 and having to assume that these have general truth. Empirical study of the operation of law may reveal areas
of improvement. It can also confirm that, measured by particular standards, the courts are working well.

IV.WRITING
Part 1: Summary (15 pts)
Read the following extract and use your own words to summarize it. Your summary should be between 120 and
140 words long:
It was one of the oddest experiments in the history of dentistry. In the early 1950s a researcher called
Benjamin Kamrin was looking into the causes of tooth decay. To do so, he turned to that scientific stalwart, the
lab rat. Specifically, he cut small patches of skin from pairs of rats and then sutured the animals together at the
site of the wound. After about a week of being joined in this way, the animals’ blood vessels began to merge.
The result was two rats whose hearts pumped blood around a shared circulatory system. This state of affairs is
called parabiosis.
Parabiosis works best on animals that are closely related genetically. By getting his rats to share blood,
as well as genes, and then feeding the animals a variety of diets, Kamrin hoped to prove (which he did) that it
was sugar in food, and not some inherent deficiency in individuals, that was responsible for rotting their teeth.
Other people, though, have used the technique to find more striking results. For example, mammalian
bone density usually drops with age. Three years after Kamrin’s work, however, a gerontologist called Clive
McCay showed that linking an old rat to a young one boosted the density of the oldster’s bones. In 1972 another
paper reported, even more spectacularly, that elderly rats which shared blood with young ones lived four to five
months longer than similarly old rats which did not.
The rats themselves, unsurprisingly, were not always keen on the procedure. Early papers describe the
dangers of “parabiotic disease”, in which one animal’s immune system rebels against the foreign blood, and also
explain how rats must be socialised carefully before being joined, to stop them biting each other to death.
“The technique itself is kind of gross and crude,” admits Michael Conboy, a biologist and parabiosis
researcher at the University of California, Berkeley. Perhaps for that reason, research had more or less died out
by the late 1970s. These days, though, it is back in the news—for a string of recent discoveries have suggested
that previous generations of researchers were on to something. The blood of young animals, it seems, may
indeed be able to ameliorate at least some of the effects of ageing. And the technique is promising enough to
have spawned human clinical trials.
Part 2. Chart description.(15pts)
The chart below shows the annual number of rentals and sales (in various formats) of films from a particular
store between 2002 and 2011. Write at least 150 words.

Part 3: Write an essay of about 350 words to express your opinion on the following issue (30 pts)
In today's world of advanced science and technology, we still greatly value our artists such as musicians, painters
and writers. What can arts tell us about life that science and technology cannot?
What is your own opinion?
Give reasons for your answer, and include any relevant examples from your knowledge or experience. You may
continue your writing on the back page if you need more space