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Biology: The Essentials, 3e (Hoefnagels)
Chapter 10 Patterns of Inheritance
1) Of all the people who have studied inheritance, the person who made the most lasting
impression on the science of genetics is
A) Charles Darwin.
B) Robert Hooke.
C) King George III.
D) Frederick Griffith.
E) Gregor Mendel.
Answer: E
Explanation: Mendel was an Austrian monk who chose to work on pea plants' heredity. Please
see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
Topic: Mendelian Genetics
Bloom's: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 10.02.01 Explain the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles
of a gene.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
2) If a healthy young couple are both carriers of cystic fibrosis, the chance that their future child
will have this serious illness is
A) 0%.
B) 25%.
C) 75%.
D) 50%.
E) 100%.
Answer: B
Explanation: The probability of inheritance of a single gene trait can be calculated using
Mendelian principles. A four square Punnett square can be produced to obtain the answer. Please
see sections 10.1, 10.2, and 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.01; 10.03; 10.02
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 10.00.01 Explain how genetic traits are passed from one generation to the
next.; 10.03.01 Use a Punnett square to diagram and explain the inheritance of one gene.;
10.02.01 Explain the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles of a gene.; 10.01.01
Describe the role of chromosomes in inheritance.
1
Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3) A portion of DNA that encodes a specific protein is a
A) gene.
B) chromosome.
C) chromatid.
D) centromere.
E) kinetochore.
Answer: A
Explanation: Protein sequence is derived from gene sequence. Please see section 10.1 for more
information.
Section: 10.01
Learning Outcome: 10.01.02 Differentiate between the terms gene, allele, locus and
chromosome.
4) In humans, alleles for a gene locus on autosomes are inherited from

A) females only (mothers).
B) males only (fathers).
C) males and females (one allele from each parent).
D) males and females (two alleles from each parent).
E) No answer is correct.
Answer: C
Explanation: Mother and father each provide an allele for each gene locus on autosomes. Please
Section: 10.01
next.; 10.01.02 Differentiate between the terms gene, allele, locus and chromosome.
2
5) The pea plant (Pisum sativum) is a good choice for studying heredity because it
A) develops slowly.
B) produces only a few offspring.
C) is easy to control which plants mate with each other.
D) has only a few traits that appear in two easily distinguishable forms.
E) All answers are correct.
Answer: C
Explanation: Because pea plants have flowers which close over on themselves, it is easy to
prevent cross-pollination unless an experimenter wants that to happen. Please see section 10.2
for more information.
Section: 10.02
Bloom's: 2. Understand
of a gene.
6) Mendel called a masking trait

A) dominant.
B) recessive.
C) homologous.
D) homozygous.
E) heterozygous.
Answer: A
Explanation: A dominant trait is encoded by a dominant allele, whose effects mask those of a
recessive allele. Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
of a gene.
3
7) Mendel called a trait that is masked
A) homozygous.
B) heterozygous.
C) dominant.
D) recessive.
Answer: D
Explanation: A recessive allele has effects which are masked or covered by the effects of a
dominant allele. Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
next.; 10.02.01 Explain the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles of a gene.
8) An allele that exerts its effects whenever it is present is

A) recessive.
B) dominant.
C) homologous.
D) homozygous.
E) heterozygous.
Answer: B
Explanation: In a classical Mendelian case, dominant alleles are always expressed. Please see
section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
next.; 10.02.01 Explain the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles of a gene.
4
9) When Mendel crossed short (tt) pea plants with short (tt) pea plants the offspring
A) were all tall.
B) were a mix of tall and short.
C) were nonexistent.
D) were all short.
Answer: D
Explanation: Crosses between two homozygous recessive individuals always result in
homozygous recessive offspring. Please see section 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03
Bloom's: 3. Apply
next.; 10.03.01 Use a Punnett square to diagram and explain the inheritance of one gene.
10) When Mendel crossed tall (Tt) plants with tall (Tt) plants the offspring
A) did not grow and reproduce.
B) were always short.
C) were always tall.
D) were always medium height.
E) were mostly tall individuals and a few short individuals.
Answer: E
Explanation: A Mendelian cross between heterozygous individuals will produce about 3/4
dominant and 1/4 recessive phenotypes. Please see section 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03
Bloom's: 3. Apply
5
11) If the two alleles for a particular gene are identical the gene pair is
A) homozygous.
B) homologous.
C) heterozygous.
D) dominant.
E) recessive.
Answer: A
Explanation: Homozygous individuals always have the same allele on both chromosomes.
Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
next.; 10.02.03 Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous.
12) If the two alleles for a particular gene are different the gene pair is
A) homologous.
B) heterozygous.
C) homozygous.
D) dominant.
E) recessive.
Answer: B
Explanation: Heterozygous individuals have different alleles for a gene on the two copies of the
chromosome containing that gene. Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
Learning Outcome: 10.02.03 Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous.
6
13) If an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait
A) each parent contributed a different allele for that trait.
B) each parent contributed the same allele for that trait.
C) one parent contributed two different alleles for that trait.
D) one parent contributed two copies of the same allele for that trait.
E) a mutation must have occurred.
Answer: A
Explanation: Heterozygosity is the state in which the alleles of a gene on the two copies of a
chromosome are different. Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
14) If an individual is homozygous for a particular trait

A) each parent contributed a different allele for that trait.
B) one parent contributed two different alleles for that trait.
C) each parent contributed the same allele for that trait.
D) one parent contributed two copies of the same allele for that trait.
E) a mutation must have occurred.
Answer: C
Explanation: Homozygosity is the state in which the alleles of a gene on the two copies of a
chromosome are the same. Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
7
15) Recessive alleles seem to vanish in some generations and reappear in later generations
because they
A) cannot be expressed in males.
B) are masked by a dominant allele.
C) cannot be expressed in females.
D) cannot be expressed in successive generations.
E) are lost by mutation.
Answer: B
Explanation: When two recessive alleles are found in an individual, the recessive trait is seen.
When one dominant allele is present, the recessive trait seems to "disappear.'' Please see section
10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
of a gene.
16) Genotype means the

A) number of gametes in an individual.
B) combination of alleles in an individual.
C) number of chromosomes in an individual.
D) observable expression of the genes in an individual.
E) genes an individual has.
Answer: B
Explanation: The genotype of an individual is the set of alleles found for any given gene. Please
Section: 10.02
next.; 10.02.02 Compare and contrast genotype and phenotype.
8
17) Phenotype means the
A) number of gametes in an individual.
B) number of chromosomes in an individual.
C) combination of alleles in an individual.
D) genes an individual has.
E) observable expression of the genes in an individual.
Answer: E
Explanation: Phenotype refers to the observable effect of the genotype, e.g. the color of pea
flowers. Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
18) The most common allele, genotype, or phenotype in a population is referred to as the
A) wild type.
B) dominant population.
C) recessive population.
D) P generation.
E) F1 generation.
Answer: A
Explanation: A wild type most often survives and reproduces best in nature and is the most
common phenotype in nature. Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
9
19) The "P" in "P generation" refers to
A) pure breeding.
B) parental.
C) potential offspring.
D) recessive allele.
Answer: B
Explanation: Parental generations start out experiments. Please see section 10.3 for more
information.
Section: 10.03
20) In the study of genetics, the offspring of the P generation are referred to as the
A) wild type generation.
B) F1 generation.
C) genotype.
D) F2 generation.
E) phenotype.
Answer: B
Explanation: "F1" means "first filial," first offspring. Please see section 10.3 for more
information.
Section: 10.03
Learning Outcome: 10.03.01 Use a Punnett square to diagram and explain the inheritance of
one gene.
10
21) A pea plant with (Tt) as its genotype should be referred to as
A) the wild type.
B) homozygous dominant.
C) heterozygous.
D) homozygous recessive.
E) mutant.
Answer: C
Explanation: A genotype with two different alleles for a given gene is heterozygous for that
gene. Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
22) An example of a monohybrid cross would be

A) an individual that is homozygous dominant for one trait undergoing self-fertilization.
B) a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits.
C) an individual that is homozygous recessive for one trait undergoing self-fertilization.
D) a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for one trait.
E) an individual that is homozygous recessive for two traits undergoing self-fertilization.
Answer: D
Explanation: A monohybrid cross deals with one genetic locus, one gene. Please see section
Section: 10.03
11
23) A scientist wants to perform a monohybrid cross for stem length in pea plants that will show
all possible genotypes in the progeny. Which pea plants will they cross?
A) ttgg x ttgg
B) tt x tt
C) TT x TT
D) TTGG x TTGG
E) Tt x Tt
Answer: E
Explanation: A cross between two heterozygous individuals should show all possible genotypes
in the progeny. Please see section 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03
Bloom's: 3. Apply
one gene.
24) Mendel's monohybrid cross of tall parents, each with the genotype Tt, resulted in a tall to
short ratio of
A) 1:1.
B) 1:2.
C) 2:1.
D) 3:1.
E) 1:3.
Answer: D
Explanation: The phenotypic ratio of the progeny of a monohybrid cross between two
heterozygotes is always 3:1. Please see section 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03
12
25) A test cross is a mating of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual that
A) is heterozygous.
B) is homozygous dominant.
C) is homozygous recessive.
D) has any known genotype.
E) is the wild type.
Answer: C
Explanation: The homozygous individual in a test cross has no genes which can mask any
recessive genes in the unknown individual, so the genotype of the unknown individual can be
easily found. Please see section 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03
26) If all the offspring show the dominant phenotype in a test cross, then the individual with the
unknown genotype was
A) heterozygous.
B) homozygous dominant.
C) homozygous recessive.
D) a clone of the other test cross individual.
E) heterozygous recessive.
Answer: B
Explanation: A test cross is between a homozygous recessive individual and an individual for
which the genotype is unknown. Since all progeny show the dominant phenotype, the second
individual has to be homozygous dominant. Please see section 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03
Bloom's: 3. Apply
one gene.
13
27) The alleles of each gene packaged into separate gametes summarizes Mendel's law of
A) segregation.
B) random fertilization.
C) population dynamics.
D) crossing over.
E) independent assortment.
Answer: A
Explanation: Mendel did not use terms like "allele," but his work showed that what we now call
alleles go separately into gametes. Please see section 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03
next.; 10.03.02 Explain how meiosis contributes to Mendel's law of segregation.
28) A dihybrid cross would be a mating between two individuals that are both
A) homozygous recessive for one gene.
B) homozygous dominant for two genes.
C) homozygous recessive for two genes.
D) heterozygous for one gene.
E) heterozygous for two genes.
Answer: E
Explanation: A dihybrid cross looks at two variations for two traits in a single cross. Please see
Section: 10.04
Learning Outcome: 10.04.01 Use a Punnett square to diagram and explain the simultaneous
inheritance of two genes.
14
29) The statement that segregation of alleles for a gene on one chromosome does not influence
the segregation of alleles for a gene on another chromosome during gamete formation is
Mendel's law of
A) independent assortment.
B) random fertilization.
C) population dynamics.
D) crossing over.
E) segregation.
Answer: A
Explanation: In Mendelian genetics, genes do not influence one another as they are inherited.
Section: 10.04
next.; 10.04.02 Explain how meiosis contributes to independent assortment of alleles.
30) In the ABO blood type system the alleles IA, IB, and i produce
A) three phenotypes.
B) two phenotypes.
C) one phenotype.
D) four phenotypes.
E) type A and type B blood types only.
Answer: D
Explanation: Because the alleles for A and B blood types are codominant, both can be seen at
once and more than two phenotypes can be found. Please see section 10.6 for more information.
Section: 10.06
Topic: Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Learning Outcome: 10.06.01 Compare and contrast incomplete dominance and codominance.
15
31) In the ABO blood type system, the IA allele is ________ with the IB allele.
A) dominant
B) codominant
C) recessive
D) homologous
E) heterologous
Answer: B
Explanation: In codominance, alleles can be seen in their complete effects even in the presence
of different alleles for the same gene, which can also be seen in their effects. Please see section
Section: 10.06
next.; 10.06.01 Compare and contrast incomplete dominance and codominance.
32) If the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between that of the homozygotes, this is called
A) codominance.
B) independent assortment.
C) linkage.
D) incomplete dominance.
E) polygenic.
Answer: D
Explanation: In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate
between that of the two homozygotes. Please see section 10.6 for more information.
Section: 10.06
next.; 10.06.01 Compare and contrast incomplete dominance and codominance.
16
33) A gene that produces a protein important in more than one biochemical pathway is
A) dominant.
B) recessive.
C) pleiotropic.
D) codominant.
E) incomplete dominant.
Answer: C
Explanation: A gene involved in more than one biochemical pathway or more than one body
process is said to be pleiotropic. Please see section 10.6 for more information.
Section: 10.06
Learning Outcome: 10.06.02 Describe pleiotrophy and explain how it occurs.
34) Traits that depend on more than one gene are

A) polygenic.
B) pleiotropic.
C) codominant.
D) recessive.
E) incomplete dominant traits.
Answer: A
Explanation: Polygenic traits depend on the activity of many genes and usually show
continuous variation in phenotype. Please see section 10.9 for more information.
Section: 10.09
Topic: Non-Mendelian Inheritance; Polygenic Traits
Learning Outcome: 10.09.01 Explain how the environment and polygenic traits can influence
phenotype.
17
35) Autosomes
A) are chromosomes that are the same for both sexes.
B) include the Y chromosome in humans.
C) include the X chromosome in humans.
D) are the sex chromosomes.
Answer: A
Explanation: Autosomes are the non-sex chromosomes. Please see sections 10.1 and 10.7 for
more information.
Section: 10.01; 10.07
Topic: Non-Mendelian Inheritance; Sex-Linked Inheritance
Learning Outcome: 10.07.01 Diagram and explain why males express X-linked recessive traits
more than females.; 10.01.01 Describe the role of chromosomes in inheritance.
36) Linked genes, by definition, are genes that

A) are found on the same chromosome.
B) have no alleles.
C) are found in the same species.
D) have more alleles than usual.
E) are found in different daughter cells.
Answer: A
Explanation: Linked genes are physically linked by being part of the same linear piece of DNA.
Section: 10.05
Topic: Non-Mendelian Inheritance; Linked Genes
next.; 10.05.01 Describe how linked genes produce inheritance patterns that do not appear to
follow Mendel's laws.
18
37) If any of the traits that Mendel worked with were linked genes, his dihybrid crosses would
have
A) not yielded the phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.
B) produced more offspring.
C) produced fewer offspring.
D) exhibited the phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.
E) produced sterile offspring.
Answer: A
Explanation: Mendel's work, while showing basic rules in genetics, did not account for linked
genes. Please see section 10.5 for more information.
Section: 10.05
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
next.; 10.05.01 Describe how linked genes produce inheritance patterns that do not appear to
follow Mendel's laws.
38) Recombinant chromosomes have a mix of paternal and maternal alleles due to
A) random fertilization.
B) linkage.
C) independent assortment.
D) crossing over.
E) mutation.
Answer: D
Explanation: New genetic combinations of alleles at different genetic loci result from physical
crossing over. Please see sections 10.3 and 10.5 for more information.
Section: 10.03; 10.05
Topic: Linked Genes
Learning Outcome: 10.03.02 Explain how meiosis contributes to Mendel's law of segregation.;
10.05.02 Diagram how crossing over can separate linked genes.
19
39) Crossing over is more likely to separate genes on a chromosome if they are
A) close together.
B) far apart.
C) recessive genes.
D) dominant genes.
E) mutated genes.
Answer: B
Explanation: The further apart two genes are on a chromosomes, the more likely that at least
one crossing over event will occur between them. Please see section 10.5 for more information.
Section: 10.05
Bloom's: 3. Apply
next.; 10.05.02 Diagram how crossing over can separate linked genes.
40) Diagrams of gene order and spacing on chromosomes are

A) genotypes and phenotypes.
B) phenotypes.
C) linkage maps.
D) genotypes.
E) metabolic maps.
Answer: C
Explanation: A linkage map shows the distance between genes on a chromosome. Please see
Section: 10.05
Topic: Linked Genes
Learning Outcome: 10.05.03 Explain how linked genes can be used to create a chromosome
map.
20
41) To inherit an autosomal dominant disorder a person could receive the allele leading to the
disease from
A) the father only, not the mother.
B) the mother only, not the father.
C) the mother or the father.
D) the parent who does not exhibit the disease.
Answer: C
Explanation: Dominant disorders manifest themselves even when only one faulty allele is
present. Hence, either the mother or the father can contribute the faulty allele. Please see sections
10.2, 10.3, and 10.8 for more information.
Section: 10.03; 10.02; 10.08
Topic: Mendelian Genetics; Pedigrees
Bloom's: 3. Apply
10.02.01 Explain the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles of a gene.; 10.08.01
Analyze a pedigree to determine what pattern of inheritance a trait displays.
42) To inherit an autosomal recessive disorder requires that the person receive the allele leading
to the disease from
A) the father only.
B) the mother only.
C) only the parent having the disease.
D) only one parent who is homozygous recessive for the disease.
E) both parents.
Answer: E
Explanation: To be seen, any recessive trait must be inherited from both parents. Please see
sections 10.2 and 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03; 10.02
10.02.01 Explain the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles of a gene.
21
43) A person has a recessive, faulty allele for a disease, but the person does not have the disease
since they also have a normal dominant allele. This person
A) is homozygous for the disease.
B) cannot produce gametes.
C) is termed a carrier.
D) is termed a linkage group.
E) has the disease but cannot pass this disease to their offspring.
Answer: C
Explanation: A carrier can pass on a faulty allele that will lead to a disease but does not have
the disease. Please see section 10.2 and 10.8 for more information.
Section: 10.02; 10.08
next.; 10.02.01 Explain the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles of a gene.;
10.08.01 Analyze a pedigree to determine what pattern of inheritance a trait displays.; 10.02.03
Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous.
44) Diagrams depicting family relationships and phenotypes for a genetic disorder are
A) linkage maps.
B) pedigree charts.
C) genotype maps.
D) Punnett squares.
E) bell-shaped curves.
Answer: B
Explanation: Pedigree analysis can help track the genetics of disease in an extended family.
Section: 10.08
Topic: Pedigrees
Learning Outcome: 10.08.01 Analyze a pedigree to determine what pattern of inheritance a trait
displays.
22
45) In pedigree charts, autosomal dominant disorders typically
A) appear only in males.
B) appear only in females.
C) appear in every generation.
D) seem to disappear in one generation, only to reappear in the next generation.
E) occur every third generation.
Answer: C
Explanation: Dominant traits show up generation after generation because only one copy of the
allele for the disease is needed for the disease to show up in a phenotype. Please see sections
10.2 and 10.8 for more information.
Section: 10.02; 10.08
of a gene.; 10.08.01 Analyze a pedigree to determine what pattern of inheritance a trait displays.
46) In pedigree charts, autosomal recessive disorders typically

A) appear in every generation.
B) appear only in males.
C) appear only in females.
D) may disappear in one generation and reappear in the next generation.
E) occur every third generation.
Answer: D
Explanation: Recessive phenotypes can skip generations in a pedigree because their alleles can
pass from parent to grandchild masked in the F1 generation by dominant alleles. Please see
Section: 10.02; 10.08
23
47) If a genetic counselor examines a pedigree chart and notices an occurrence of a disease in
every generation, the counselor would assume that the disease was caused by
A) a new mutation.
B) an autosomal recessive disorder.
C) a chromosomal abnormality.
D) an autosomal dominant disorder.
E) having an extra set of chromosomes.
Answer: D
Explanation: Dominant alleles can be seen no matter what the other copy of the gene in a
diploid organism is like. Please see sections 10.2 and 10.8 for more information.
Section: 10.02; 10.08
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
48) The chromosome that has the genes that determine whether a human is male or female is
A) the X chromosome.
B) chromosome number 21.
C) the group of autosomes known as the SRY group.
D) chromosome number 22.
E) the Y chromosome.
Answer: E
Explanation: The presence of genes on the Y chromosome makes a human male, while, in the
absence of these genes, and most often the Y chromosome, lead to a female. Please see sections
10.1 and 10.7 for more information.
Section: 10.01; 10.07
more than females.; 10.01.01 Describe the role of chromosomes in inheritance.
24
49) A male expresses
A) only the dominant alleles on his X chromosome.
B) both the dominant and recessive alleles on his X chromosome.
C) only the homozygous recessive alleles on his X chromosome.
D) none of the alleles on his X chromosome.
E) only the homozygous dominant alleles on his X chromosome.
Answer: B
Explanation: Since males only have one allele for loci on the X chromosome, the effects of all
X alleles can be seen in males. Please see section 10.7 for more information.
Section: 10.07
Topic: Sex-Linked Inheritance
more than females.
50) Hemophilia A is caused by

A) an X-linked recessive disorder.
B) a Y-linked recessive disorder.
C) a defective neuron response.
D) an X-linked dominant disorder.
E) a Y-linked dominant disorder.
Answer: A
Explanation: Hemophilia A is sex-linked. Since males have only one X chromosome, every
male with the recessive allele will have the disorder. Therefore, the disorder shows up much
more in human males than in females. Please see section 10.7 for more information.
Section: 10.07
next.; 10.07.01 Diagram and explain why males express X-linked recessive traits more than
females.
25
51) Females who are "carriers" for hemophilia
A) usually do not show symptoms of hemophilia but pass the allele for hemophilia to all of their
offspring.
B) pass the allele for hemophilia to all of their sons.
C) usually show symptoms of hemophilia but do not pass the allele for hemophilia to their
offspring.
D) usually show symptoms of hemophilia and pass the allele for hemophilia to all of their
offspring.
E) usually do not show symptoms of hemophilia.
Answer: E
Explanation: Females who are carriers are heterozygotes. They have one allele that codes for
the normal clotting factor and a faulty allele. Hence, they do not have hemophilia. Please see
Section: 10.07
Bloom's: 3. Apply
females.
52) If a diploid cell has 14 chromosomes, it will have

A) 14 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
B) 7 pairs of homologous chromatids.
C) 14 pairs of homologous chromatids.
D) 7 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
E) 14 alleles.
Answer: D
Explanation: If 2n=14, then n=7. Please see section 10.1 for more information.
Section: 10.01
Learning Outcome: 10.01.01 Describe the role of chromosomes in inheritance.
26
53) Homologous chromosomes have
A) the same genes but can have different alleles.
B) the same genes and alleles.
C) different genes and alleles.
D) different genes, but can have the same alleles.
Answer: A
Explanation: Homologous chromosomes have the same genetic loci, homologous loci, on each.
Section: 10.01
Learning Outcome: 10.01.01 Describe the role of chromosomes in inheritance.; 10.01.02
Differentiate between the terms gene, allele, locus and chromosome.
54) If you cross two pea plants, one with green peas and the other with yellow peas, and all of
the offspring have yellow peas, you conclude
A) green is dominant over yellow.
B) yellow and green are codominant.
C) yellow is incompletely dominant over green.
D) yellow is dominant over green.
E) color is random in pea plants.
Answer: D
Explanation: Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles. Please see section 10.2 for more
information.
Section: 10.02
Bloom's: 3. Apply
of a gene.
27
55) If you cross two pea plants, one with green peas and the other with yellow peas, and all of
the offspring have yellow peas, you conclude
A) the yellow parent was homozygous for the recessive allele.
B) the green parent was homozygous for the dominant allele.
C) the yellow parent was homozygous for the dominant allele.
D) the green parent was heterozygous.
E) the yellow parent was heterozygous.
Answer: C
Explanation: In essence, this was a test cross. Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
Bloom's: 3. Apply
56) A single chromosome has

A) multiple genes each with a single allele.
B) multiple genes each with multiple alleles.
C) a single gene with a single allele.
D) a single gene with multiple alleles.
Answer: A
Explanation: One chromosome is a long piece of DNA with many genes on it. Please see
Section: 10.01
Topic: Mendelian Genetics; Linked Genes
Learning Outcome: 10.01.02 Differentiate between the terms gene, allele, locus and
chromosome.
28
57) Yellow peas are an example of
A) a phenotype.
B) a genotype.
C) an allele.
D) a gene.
E) a locus.
Answer: A
Explanation: Outward appearances are phenotypes. Please see section 10.2 for more
information.
Section: 10.02
Learning Outcome: 10.02.02 Compare and contrast genotype and phenotype.
58) Having the alleles Tt is

A) a phenotype.
B) linkage.
C) a genotype.
D) a gene.
E) a locus.
Answer: C
Explanation: The alleles possessed by an organism at a genetic locus is its genotype. Please see
Section: 10.02
29
59) If you cross two heterozygous (Yy) pea plants, what proportion of the offspring will be
heterozygous?
A) 25%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 0%
E) 100%
Answer: C
Explanation: Heterozygotes produce half of their progeny like themselves when crossed with
the same genotype. Please see section 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03
Bloom's: 3. Apply
one gene.
60) If you cross two heterozygous Yy pea plants, what proportion of the offspring will be the
dominant color yellow?
A) 50%
B) 75%
C) 25%
D) 0%
E) 100%
Answer: B
Explanation: In a monohybrid cross, the progeny phenotypes are easily predictable if parental
genotypes are known. Please see sections 10.2 and 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03; 10.02
Bloom's: 3. Apply
one gene.; 10.02.01 Explain the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles of a gene.
30
61) If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have yellow peas?
R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green
A) 50%
B) 75%
C) 25%
D) 0%
E) 100%
Answer: A
Explanation: This is essentially a test cross for the gene controlling pea color. Please see
Section: 10.03; 10.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
one gene.; 10.04.01 Use a Punnett square to diagram and explain the simultaneous inheritance of
two genes.
62) If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have round peas?
R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green
A) 50%
B) 75%
C) 100%
D) 25%
E) 0%
Answer: C
Explanation: Pea shape is determined independently of pea color. Please see sections 10.3 and
Section: 10.03; 10.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
one gene.; 10.04.01 Use a Punnett square to diagram and explain the simultaneous inheritance of
two genes.
31
63) If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have round yellow
peas? R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green
A) 100%
B) 75%
C) 25%
D) 0%
E) 50%
Answer: E
Explanation: For independently assorting genes, probabilities multiply for both genes to be in a
particular state. Please see section 10.4 for more information.
Section: 10.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 10.04.01 Use a Punnett square to diagram and explain the simultaneous
inheritance of two genes.; 10.04.03 Use the product rule to predict inheritance patterns for two or
more genes.
64) Which gametes can a RrYy plant produce?

A) Rr or Yy
B) RY or ry
C) RrYy
D) RY, Ry, rY, or ry
E) R or r
Answer: D
Explanation: Each gamete will receive one allele per gene. Please see section 10.4 for more
information.
Section: 10.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 10.04.02 Explain how meiosis contributes to independent assortment of
alleles.
32
65) Which gametes can a RRyy plant produce?
A) RR or yy
B) Ry
C) RY or ry
D) RRyy
E) R or y
Answer: B
Explanation: Each gamete will receive one allele per gene. Please see section 10.4 for more
information.
Section: 10.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 10.04.02 Explain how meiosis contributes to independent assortment of
alleles.
66) In an inherited form of high cholesterol, HH individuals have a blood cholesterol level
greater than 500mg/dL, RH individuals are near 300mg/dL, and normal (RR) cholesterol levels
should be less than 200mg/dL. The H allele is ________ to the R allele.
A) codominant
B) dominant
C) recessive
D) homozygous
E) incompletely dominant
Answer: E
Explanation: Incomplete dominance means that one gene dominates the other, but there is some
blending of phenotype. Please see section 10.6 for more information.
Section: 10.06
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
33
67) A man with type A blood and a woman with type B blood have a child with type O blood.
What are the genotypes of the man and woman?
A) IA i, and IB i
B) both are i i
C) IA IA, and IB IB
D) IA i, and i i
E) i i, and IB i
Answer: A
Explanation: Given the codominance of blood type alleles and the homozygous recessive nature
of the child, it is easy to work back to the parental genotypes. Please see section 10.6 for more
information.
Section: 10.06
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
one gene.; 10.06.01 Compare and contrast incomplete dominance and codominance.
68) Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder. What is the probability that a son will have
hemophilia if the parents are a normal man and a woman who is a carrier?
A) 50%
B) 25%
C) 0%
D) 100%
E) 75%
Answer: A
Explanation: For sex-linked inheritance, the proportion of males who will receive a condition
from their mothers can be seen from the proportion of recessive alleles carried by the mother.
Section: 10.07
Bloom's: 3. Apply
more than females.
34
69) Average heights of American men and women have increased steadily since the 1940s. The
best explanation for this observation is that height is
A) a polygenic trait.
B) influenced by an X-linked gene.
C) influenced by environmental changes like improvements in diet.
D) influenced by a Y-linked gene.
E) influenced by crossing over.
Answer: C
Explanation: The effects of gene expression can only be seen if the environment provides raw
materials for that expression. Please see section 10.9 for more information.
Section: 10.09
Topic: Polygenic Traits; Environmental Influences on Phenotype
phenotype.
70) In humans skin color widely varies. This is because skin color is
A) a polygenic trait.
B) influenced by environmental changes like improvements in diet.
C) influenced by an X-linked gene.
D) influenced by a Y-linked gene.
E) influenced by crossing over.
Answer: A
Explanation: Skin color is decided by a number of genes working together. Please see section
Section: 10.09
Topic: Polygenic Traits
phenotype.
35
71) Adult female bollworm moths lay eggs on cotton bolls. These eggs then hatch and grow into
caterpillars that eat the seeds of the boll. The eggs and sperm are produced by
A) meiosis.
B) mitosis.
C) fertilization.
D) crossing over.
E) mutation.
Answer: A
Explanation: Meiosis reduces diploid cells to haploid sex cells. Please see section 10.3 and
"Investigating Life" for more information.
Section: 10.03
Learning Outcome: 10.03.02 Explain how meiosis contributes to Mendel's law of segregation.
72) Each gamete arises from a diploid cell containing two sets of homologous chromosomes.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Haploid gametes are produced from diploid germ cells by meiosis. Please see
Section: 10.01
Learning Outcome: 10.01.03 Explain how meiosis and the production of gametes are associated
with inheritance.
73) A recessive allele is one whose effect is masked if a dominant allele is also present.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Recessive alleles have effects which cannot be seen when a dominant allele is
present. Please see section 10.2 for more information.
Section: 10.02
of a gene.
36
74) The most common allele for any trait is always the dominant allele.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Dominance depends on effects of the gene, not its abundance. Please see section
Section: 10.02
of a gene.
75) Genotypes are the outward expression of an allele combination.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The outward expression of an allele combination is the phenotype. Please see
Section: 10.02
76) Mendel's law of segregation states that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into
separate gametes.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Alleles of a gene go into separate gametes because they are found on separate
copies of the same chromosome. Please see section 10.3 for more information.
Section: 10.03
Learning Outcome: 10.03.02 Explain how meiosis contributes to Mendel's law of segregation.
37
77) If two genes are linked, they will appear to violate Mendel's law of segregation.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Linked genes, because they are physically close, are often inherited together rather
than segregating independently during meiosis. Please see section 10.5 for more information.
Section: 10.05
Topic: Linked Genes
Learning Outcome: 10.05.01 Describe how linked genes produce inheritance patterns that do
not appear to follow Mendel's laws.
78) If the probability of one genetic event is 1/2 and of another 1/6, then the probability of both
occurring is 1/12.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The product rule says that the probability of two independent events happening
together is the product of their individual probabilities. Please see section 10.4 for more
information.
Section: 10.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 10.04.03 Use the product rule to predict inheritance patterns for two or
more genes.
79) On a diagram of linked genes on a chromosome, the distance between the genes would be
based on the frequency of crossing over between the genes during meiosis.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The distance between genes on a linkage map depends on the frequency of
crossing over events during meiosis. Please see section 10.5 for more information.
Section: 10.05
Learning Outcome: 10.05.02 Diagram how crossing over can separate linked genes.; 10.05.03
Explain how linked genes can be used to create a chromosome map.
38
80) A gene that affects flower color, root length, and leaf shape is pleiotropic.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Pleiotropic effects occur when one gene affects multiple phenotypes. Please see
Section: 10.06
81) A gene that has alleles for blue, pink, red, and white flowers is pleiotropic.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Pleiotropic effects occur when one gene affects multiple phenotypes. Please see
Section: 10.06
82) If X inactivation fails, problems will result because protein production for sex-linked genes
will be too great.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, without X inactivation they
will produce double the amount of protein encoded from genes on the X chromosome. Please
Section: 10.07
Learning Outcome: 10.07.02 Explain why one X chromosome is typically inactivated in female
cells.
39
83) If X inactivation fails, this is a good thing as it is an error of meiosis.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: X inactivation is a deliberate process which protects females against excessive
expression of genes on the X chromosome. Please see section 10.7 for more information.
Section: 10.07
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 10.07.02 Explain why one X chromosome is typically inactivated in female
cells.
84) In the ABO blood type system, there are six possible genotypes, but only two possible
phenotypes.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The ABO system can have IAIA, IBIB, IAi, IBi, IAIB, and ii genotypes and A, B,
AB, and O phenotypes. Please see section 10.6 for more information.
Section: 10.06
85) The environment only rarely affects gene expression.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Since the environment provides critical supplies and conditions for the growth of
an organism, the environment usually has an effect on gene expression. Please see section 10.9
Section: 10.09
Topic: Environmental Influences on Phenotype
phenotype.
40
86) The individual sometimes referred to as the "father of genetics" because he influenced the
science of genetics more than anyone else is Gregor Mendel.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Fr. Mendel discovered the basic laws of heredity in his studies of pea plants.
Section: 10.02
of a gene.
87) X-linked recessive disorders affect more females than males.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Because males only have one X chromosome, the effect of any recessive alleles
on the X chromosome will be seen in male phenotype more than in female phenotype. Since
females have two X chromsomes, in females in the presence of the dominant allele, the effect of
the recessive allele will not be seen. Please see section 10.7 for more information.
Section: 10.07
Topic: Sex-Linked Inheritance
females.
41
88) Place the following events in the correct order in which they occur: fertilization, haploid
gametes produced, meiosis of diploid cell, and new diploid organism formed.
A) meiosis of diploid cell, haploid gametes produced, fertilization, new diploid organism formed
B) haploid gametes produced, fertilization, meiosis of diploid cell, new diploid organism formed
C) fertilization, haploid gametes produced, new diploid organism formed, meiosis of diploid cell
D) meiosis of diploid cell, new diploid organism formed, haploid gametes produced, fertilization
E) haploid gametes produced, new diploid organism formed, fertilization, meiosis of diploid cell
Answer: A
Explanation: The independent assortment of alleles into gametes leads to fertilization by such
gametes. This, in turn, leads to a wide range of diploid genotypes. Please see sections 10.1 and
Section: 10.01; 10.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
next.; 10.04.02 Explain how meiosis contributes to independent assortment of alleles.; 10.01.03
Explain how meiosis and the production of gametes are associated with inheritance.
89) Sexual reproduction passes on hereditary information through

A) gametes produced by mitosis.
B) gametes produced by meiosis.
C) only autosomes.
D) only sex chromosomes.
E) only linked genes.
Answer: B
Explanation: The DNA in a new organism comes from the male and female gamete joining to
form the zygote during sexual reproduction. Please see section 10.1 for more information.
Section: 10.01
with inheritance.
42
90) Uncorrected sequence mistakes during meiosis will lead to
A) production of only autosomes with mutations.
B) production of only sex chromosomes with mutations.
C) no living offspring.
D) no change.
E) production of gametes with mutated genes.
Answer: E
Explanation: Mistakes in meiosis can lead to genes with altered sequences. Please see section
Section: 10.01
Bloom's: 3. Apply
with inheritance.
43
In these data, the parental generation characteristics (resistant or susceptible) are shown at the
top.
91) In this figure, the genotype of the resistant parental bollworms is ________ while the
susceptible parental bollworms have a ________ genotype.
A) rr; RR
B) RR; rr
C) Rr; rr
D) RR; Rr
E) Rr; RR
Answer: A
Explanation: Note that the data show offspring from crossing resistant and susceptible moths
were 50% resistant and 50% susceptible. Please see sections 10.3 and "Investigating Life" for
more information.
Section: 10.03
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
one gene.
44
92) In this figure, the F1 generation shows mating of resistant bollworms (________) with
susceptible heterozygous (________) bollworms.
A) rr; Rr
B) rr; RR
C) RR; rr
D) Rr; rr
E) Rr; RR
Answer: A
Explanation: Read carefully to recognize information on each parental genotype and phenotype.
Please see sections 10.3 and "Investigating Life" for more information.
Section: 10.03
one gene.
93) The F2 generation (the larvae measured in comparison) is shown in the graphs at the bottom
of this figure. The cluster of bollworms at lower larva weights would have which genotype?
A) RR
B) rr
C) Rr or RR
D) Rr
E) Rr or rr
Answer: D
Explanation: There is some survival among larvae, but "intermediate" to more growth of
resistant larvae, or death by susceptible larvae. Please see sections 10.3 and "Investigating Life"
Section: 10.03
Bloom's: 3. Apply
one gene.
45
94) What did the researchers conclude from the data shown in the figure?
A) Resistance to the Bt toxin is dominant.
B) The number of larvae is dependent on treatment with the Bt toxin.
C) Resistance to the Bt toxin is recessive.
D) The size of larvae is dependent on treatment with the Bt toxin.
E) Resistance to the Bt toxin is not genetic.
Answer: C
Explanation: Research addressed inheritance patterns of both genotypes and phenotypes. Please
see sections 10.3 and "Investigating Life" for more information.
Section: 10.03
one gene.
46

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4) In humans, alleles for a gene locus on autosomes are inherited from

6) Mendel called a masking trait

8) An allele that exerts its effects whenever it is present is

14) If an individual is homozygous for a particular trait

16) Genotype means the

22) An example of a monohybrid cross would be

34) Traits that depend on more than one gene are

36) Linked genes, by definition, are genes that

40) Diagrams of gene order and spacing on chromosomes are

46) In pedigree charts, autosomal recessive disorders typically

50) Hemophilia A is caused by

52) If a diploid cell has 14 chromosomes, it will have

56) A single chromosome has

58) Having the alleles Tt is

64) Which gametes can a RrYy plant produce?

75) Genotypes are the outward expression of an allele combination.

85) The environment only rarely affects gene expression.

87) X-linked recessive disorders affect more females than males.

89) Sexual reproduction passes on hereditary information through

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