LASER SECURITY ALARM

A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED BY
HARSHAD S (CHAVSEL022)
ANJALI RISHNA K (CHAVSEL001)
APARNA S (CHAVSEL014)
NIKHIL N (CHAVSEL011)
GOPIKRISHNA S (CHAVSEL010)
AKASH S (CHAVSEL007)

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
ELECTRONICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE CHITTUR

PALAKKAD KERALA - 678104

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE CHITTUR
PALAKKAD KERALA - 678104

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that HARSHAD.S (CHAVSEL022), ANJALI
KRISHNA.K (CHAVSEL001), APARNA.S (CHAVSEL014), NIKHIL.N
(CHAVSEL011), GOPIKRISHNA.S (CHAVSEL010), AKASH.S (CHAVSEL007 )
has completed the project work On “LASER SECURITY ALARM” and is being
submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of bachelor of science in
ELECTRONICS under UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT during the second year of
three-year degree course 2020- 2023.

SUBMITTED FOR THE EXAMINATION HELD ON:

PROJECT CO ORDINATOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

1)

2)

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 DECLARATION

This is to declare that the project work entitled “LASER

SECURITY ALARM“ submitted to the University of Calicut for the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the fourth semester
examination of Bachelor of Science in Electronics in a bonafide record
of the original project work done at Govt. College Chittur under the
supervision of Dr. NISHAMOL.M S, Head of the department,
Department of Electronics, Govt. College Chittur, Palakkad.

CHITTUR HARSHAD.S (CHAVSEL022)

ANJALIKRISHNA.K(CHAVSEL001)

APARNA.S(CHAVSEL014)

NIKHIL.N(CHAVSEL011)

GOPIKRISHNA.S(CHAVSEL010)

AKASH.S(CHAVSEL007)

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We remember with gratitude………………
Our supervising guide Dr. NISHAMOL.M S, Head of the
department, Department of Electronics, Govt. College Chittur, for her
wholehearted support, advice, and timely care extended to me for the
successful completion of the project.
We are thankful to Dr. Sindhu.S, Dr. Sarin V. P, and Dr. Sreejith
Department of Electronics, Govt. College Chittur, for the constant
encouragement, helps, and support to make this project successful.
We express our sincere thanks to all our teachers and friends
who supported us directly and indirectly for the successful completion
of the project.

HARSHAD.S (CHAVSEL022)

ANJALIKRISHNA.K(CHAVSEL001)

APARNA.S(CHAVSEL014)

NIKHIL.N(CHAVSEL011)

GOPIKRISHNA.S(CHAVSEL010)

AKASH.S(CHAVSEL007)

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 ABSTRACT

The LASER SECURITY ALARM can detect anything which crosses

laser light and activate sound or noise. This system of security uses
the combination of LASER light and LDR. The LDR module has an on
board potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity of LDR, so that it only
senses laser light falling on to it. The concept is quite simple and
similar to what we see in movies where antique, priceless ornaments
are protected under laser lights. As someone crosses these light an
alarm runs on to indicate unauthorized presences. In normal
conditions, where there is always laser light falling on the LDR , the
LDR module always gives a high signal to micro controller. When
someone crosses this laser light, it will behave as an obstruction
between the LDR module and laser light, resulting in no light falling
on LDR . In such cases LDR module gives a low signal to the micro
controller, which indicates it to switch on an alarm.

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INDEX

1. Introduction
2. Working
3. Circuit Diagram
4. Future scope
5. Conclusion
6. Reference

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1. INTRODUCTION

A security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion –

unauthorized entry – into a building or area. The word LASER stands for
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. These are
available in different types like semiconductor, infrared, Ga As laser diode.
This has an energy wavelength of approximately 900 nano meters with a
beam divergence of 3million radians i.e. equal to a beam width small
beam width. Security alarms are used in residential, commercial,
industrial, and military properties for protection against theft or property
damage as well as personal protection against intruders. Car alarms
likewise protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons also use security
systems for control of inmates
Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary protection;
combination systems provide both fire and intrusion protection.
Intrusion alarm systems may also be combined with closed circuit
television surveillance systems to automatically record the
activities of intruders, and may interface to access control systems for
electrically locked doors. Systems range from small, self-contained
noisemakers, to complicated, multi - area systems with computer
monitoring and control

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

CENTER VOLTAGE LDR ALARM

TAPPED RECTIFIER REGULATOR

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3. WORKING

The working of the circuit is simply based on a voltage divider circuit. The
full wave center tapped rectifier circuit that converts an alternating
waveform signal to a pulsating dc signal. This kind of rectifier can be build
with a tapped transformer through secondary windings and two diodes
connected in upper and lower portion of the circuit. The D1 diode uses the
ac voltage which appears across the upper side of the secondary winding
whereas D2 diode uses the lower of the winding. The dc signal is then
travelled through a 7805 which is a three terminal voltage regulator IC to
produce a regulated output. The output is fed to the emitter pin of the
transistor BC457. As the light intensity on LDR increases its resistance
decreases, so when laser light is falling on LDR, its resistance goes very low
hence the 9volt supply gets connected to the ground with the help of a 10K
resistor, and in this way base of the transistor receives low value or in other
words transistor is OFF. Now as soon as light intensity decreases or it laser
gets interrupted by someone, LDR resistance increases which in turn gives a
high value to the base of the transistor, and hence transistor turns on, and
finally, the buzzer sounds up. In this way, our project is working and
providing us with a security system using a laser.

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4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

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SIMULATED OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

ON BREADBOARD

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ON PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)

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COMPONENTS

1. TRANSFORMER
2. TRANSISTOR
3. IC 7805
4. LDR
5. BUZZER

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1. TRANSFORMER
The transformer is basically a voltage control device that is used widely in
the distribution and transmission of alternating current power. The idea of a
transformer was first discussed by Michael Faraday in the year 1831 and
was carried forward by many other prominent science scholars. However,
the general purpose of using transformers was to maintain a balance
between the electricity that was generated at very high voltages and
consumption which was done at very low voltages.

FULLWAVE CENTER TAPPED TRANSFORMER WITH FILTER

A Center Tap transformer functions almost in the same way as an ordinary

transformer. The only difference is that the tap present in the secondary
winding of the center tap transformer divides the transformer into two
parts, therefore, we can get two individual voltages across the two line ends
if the transformer. Center tap transformers play a pivotal role in
uninterrupted and even voltage. Tapping helps in voltage regulation by
changing the coil turn ratio. It can increase or decrease the voltage to
compensate for the rise/loss. The output waveform of a full wave rectifier
is not a standard DC voltage. To reduce the ripple and increase the average
output voltage, a filter capacitor will be used in parallel with the output.

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WORKING

The working principle of the center tapped transformer is the same as

any other transformer. When AC current flows through the primary coil of
the center tap transformer, it creates a magnetic flux in the core of it. When
the secondary winding comes near to the primary, a magnetic flux induces
in the secondary winding. This happens because the flux flows through the
iron core and changes the direction with each AC cycle. Thus the AC current
also passes through the two halves formed in the secondary winding and
flows to the entire circuit. When the capacitor value is large, the charging
current for the capacitor is also large, so we can see the current through
diode D1 increase dramatically. When the voltage value on the capacitor is
higher than the value of the source voltage, D1 is reversed. The capacitor
starts to discharge through the load, the larger the capacitor value, the
smaller the voltage drop rate. When the voltage across the capacitor is
lower than the source voltage, the capacitor will charge again. If the
capacitor value is large enough, then after the circuit stabilizes, the output
current and voltage waveform will be a straight line.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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WAVEFORMS

APPLICATIONS OF A TRANSFORMER

1. The conversion between high AC to low DC can be done by using this type
of rectifiers.

2. The efficiency is high in these circuits make it capable of using it as a basic

component in the power supply units.

3. In the criteria of powering on the devices like LED’S or it maybe motors

this type of rectifiers are preferred.

4. Audio systems

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2. BC547 TRANSISTOR

The BC547 transistor is a NPN transistor. A transistor is nothing but the

transfer of resistance which is used for amplifying the current. A small
current of the base terminal of this transistor will control the large current
of emitter and base terminals. The main function of this transistor is to
amplify as well as switching purposes. The maximum gain current of this
transistor is 800A.The similar transistors are like BC548 & BC549. This
transistor works in a fixed DC voltage in the preferred region of its
characteristics which is called the biasing. Further, the series of this
transistor can be divided into three groups based on the current gain like
BC547A, BC547B & BC547C.

BC547 Transistor Pin out configuration

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 1. Collector: Current Flow through the collector.

2. Base: Controls the biasing of the transistor.

3. Emitter: Current drains out through the Emmiter

The BC547 transistor is an NPN transistor. A transistor is nothing but the

transfer of resistance that is used for amplifying the current. A small
current of the base terminal of this transistor will control the large
current of the emitter and base terminals. The main function of this
transistor is to amplify as well as switch purposes. Similar transistors
are BC548 & BC549. This transistor works in a fixed DC voltage in the
preferred region of its characteristics which is called biasing. Further,
the series of this transistor can be divided into three groups based on
the current gain BC547A, BC547B & BC547C.
The BC547 Transistor works in two mode
1. Forward: In Forward bias mode, the two terminals like emitter &
collector are connected to allow the flow of current through it
2. Reverse: In Reverse bias mode, it doesn’t allow the flow of current
through it because it works as an open switch

BC547 as Switch

Transistor is used as a switch when it is operating in the Saturation and

Cut-off region. The transistor will act as an Open switch during
forwarding Bias and as a closed switch during Reverse Bias, and this
biasing can be achieved by supplying the required amount of current to
the base pin. The biasing current should maximum of 5mA, anything
more than themaximum current will kill the transistor

APPLICATIONS
1. RF circuits
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2. Amplification of current
3. Audio Amplifier
4. Switching Loads < 100mA
5. Transistor Darlington Pairs
6. Drivers like an LED driver, Relay Driver, etc.
7. Quick switching
8. Alarm circuits
9. Sensor-based circuits
10. Heat sensor circuit

3.IC 7805

Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not providing

fixed voltage outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at
a constant value. 7805 Voltage Regulator, a member of the 78xx series of
fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a
popular voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC).

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The voltage regulator IC 7805 is a member of the 78xx series of voltage
regulator ICs. The voltage regulator 7805 is a linear voltage regulator. In the
78xx series of voltage regulators, the “xx” represents the steady output
voltage produced by the voltage regulator. Therefore, for the voltage
regulator IC 7805, the steady output voltage is +5 V DC. It is to be noted that
the maximum input voltage of the voltage regulator IC 7805 is 35 V.
Therefore, the voltage regulator 7805 can produce a steady output voltage
of 5 V for any value of input voltage less than or equal to 35 V. Hence, the
34 V is the threshold limit of the input voltage for a voltage regulator 7805
IC.

WORKING
The IC’s requires any external connecting device to obtained voltage.
For proper functioning of the regulator of the regulator, a common ground
is required in between input and output of the regulator. If the location of
the regulator is far away from the input supply, a capacitor Ci is required. To
improve the transient response of the regulator, use a capacitor Co at the
output of the regulator and it is not compulsory. The Capacitor on the input
: It is used to eliminate the electrical noise in case the sub unit containing
this regulator IC is at a distance from the main transformer in the system.
The length of the wire acting like an antenna attracts switching noise, motor
noise etc. This input capacitance helps eliminate that.
The capacitor on the output side: It is used to eliminate the transients
caused by the switching on the Totem Pole outputs on the digital ICs that
may be connected on the output. Know that if in a Totem pole output, if
both the transistors in sequence on the totem pole are ON simultaneously
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 even for a small instant, it creates a momentary short acting like a negative
going ( but not negative ) transient pulse effectively pulling the regulator
voltage to zero. Suppose that many such ICS are connected to the o/p. In
such a case, there is a transient propagation of this undesirable signal. The
capacitor on the output side is used to eliminate the transients caused by
the switching on the Totem Pole outputs on the digital ICs

APPLICATIONS

1. Changeable output Regulator

2. Permanent O/P Regulator
3. Current Regulator
4. DC Voltage Regulator
5. Reverse bias based projection circuit
6. Inductance meter
7. Phone charger
8. Portable CD player
9. Extension of IR remote control
10.UPS power supply circuits

4. LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)

An LDR or a photo resistor is a device that is made up of high resistance

semiconductor material. An electronic component like LDR or light-
dependent resistor is responsive to light. Once light rays drop on it, then
immediately the resistance will be changed. The resistance values of an LDR
may change over several orders of magnitude. The resistance value will be
dropped when the light level increases. The resistance values of LDR in
darkness are several mega ohms whereas in bright light it will be dropped to
hundred ohms. So due to this change in resistance, these resistors are
extremely used in different applications. The LDR sensitivity also changes
through the incident light’s wavelength. Even though for these resistors, a
semiconductor material is used, because they are simply passive devices
and they do not have a PN - junction. This detaches them from other LDRs
such as photo transistors & photo diodes.
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SYMBOL OF LDR

Working
The working principle of an LDR is photo conductivity, which is nothing but
an optical phenomenon. When the light is absorbed by the material then
the conductivity of the material enhances. When the light falls on the LDR,
then the electrons in the valence band of the material are eager to the
conduction band. But, the photons in the incident light must have energy
superior to the band gap of the material to make the electrons jump from
one band to another band (valance to conduction).Hence, when light having
ample energy, more electrons are excited to the conduction band which
grades in a large number of charge carriers. When the effect of this process
and the flow of the current starts flowing more, the resistance of the device
decreases.The sensitivity of LDR varies based on the light’s wavelength that
is affecting the responsive region of the device. This effect is noticeable &
found when the wavelength of light is outside of a specified range then a
noticeable effect will not be there. Devices that are made with different
materials will respond in a different way to the wavelengths of light, which
means that the various components can be employed for a variety of
applications.

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 CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

TYPES OF LDR
The classification of LDR can be done based on linearity or photosensitive
materials. The most frequently used materials while designing LDR mainly
include cadmium sulfide, thallium sulfide, cadmium selenide & lead sulfide.

 The LDRs generated with this cadmium sulfide chemical are very
responsive to all kinds of light radiation that are noticeable within the
spectrum of human beings.
 The LDRs made with lead sulfate chemicals are particularly responsive
to IR radiation. The most frequent classification of LDR is linear as well as
nonlinear

 Liner type LDRs are called as photo diodes however in some

applications areas it is used as photo resistors because of the linear
performance they present & their operation.
 Non-linear LDRs are commonly used but their behavior does not
depend on the polarity through which it unites.

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APPLICATIONS

1. The LDR is used in light failure alarm circuits and used in light meters.
2. The LDR used in smoke detectors.
3. It is used for automatic contrast and brightness control in television
receivers.
4. It is used in photosensitive relay.
5. It is used in optical coding.
6. It is used in street light control circuits.
7. It is used in camera light meters.
8. It is used in the security alarm.
9. It is used as a proximity switch.
10.It is used in light activated control circuits.

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5. FUTURE SCOPE
 Identification: We can implement a person identification system like
face-recognition and fingerprint scanning features in the future.
 Various Applications: This type of system can be used in
antique/expensive items protections or for various other security
purposes.
 Multiple Lasers and LDRs: We can use various Lasers and LDRs to make
this system more effective.
 Renewable Power Supply: We can also provide renewable energy
sources like solar power to power this system.

Lasers may also be a key player in future energy plans. For example, they
could detect changes in the wind to ensure wind turbines are positioned to
capture as much power as possible, or perhaps be part of laser-activated
fusion that could become an energy source

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6. CONCLUSION
Laser security system provides us the security against any crime, theft in our
day to day life and so people are installing them in order to stay safe, secure
and sound. Various electronic security systems can be used at home and
other important working places for security and safety purposes. It is a
great opportunity and source of saving man power contributing no wastage
of electricity. The "Laser Security System" is an important helping system.
Using this system robbery, thefts & crime can be avoided to large extend.
Avoiding thieves results in the safety of our financial assets and thereby this
system provides us protection against all.
The Laser & LDR system is highly sensitive with a great
range of working. The system senses the light emitted by the Laser falling
over the LDR connected with the circuit. Whenever the beam of light is
interrupted by any means, it triggers the alarm or siren. This highly reactive
approach has low computational requirement, therefore it is well suited to
surveillance, industrial application and smart environments.

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 REFERENCE

1.https://www.electronicshub.org/laser-security-system/

2.https://www.slideshare.net/123xyz123/laser-security-system

3.https://blog.prayogindia.in/make-laser-light-security-alarm/

4. Digital Electronics : An Introduction To Theory And Practice by William

Gothmann[5]

5. Digital Electronics by John Morris

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 SKILL DEVELOPMENT LAB REPORT

LTspice

LTspice is a high-performance SPICE simulation

software.SPICE(simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis)
is open source software produced by semiconductor manufacturer
Analog Devices that simulate the operating conditions of analog
circuits. Some important advantages to LTspice are that it is free,
circuit sizes are unlimited, it is very easy to add new models, and the
user can easily modify the simulator’s behavior.

LTspice provides facilities to draft, probe, and analyze the

performance of circuit design.LTspice contains an integrated
schematic editor, waveform viewer, and advanced features that are
easy to use once you learn some basic commands.

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1. HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
Circuit:

Output:

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2.HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

Circuit:

Output:

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3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER

Circuit:

Output:

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4. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

Circuit:

Output:

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5. FULL WAVE CENTER TAPPED RECTIFIER

Circuit:

Output:

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6. HALF ADDER

Circuit:

Output:

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7. FULL ADDER
Circuit:

Output:

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8. RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER
Circuit:

Output:

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THANK YOU……

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