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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
Chapter 08
Photosynthesis
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Heterotrophs
A. have the ability to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
B. are ultimately dependent upon preformed organic molecules made by producers.
C. are the origin of all food for the rest of the living world.
D. are also called autotrophs.
E. None of the answer choices is characteristic of heterotrophs.
Heterotrophs are also known as consumers. They must take in preformed organic molecules
in order to survive.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.01.01 Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Photosynthesis
2. Which statement about producers and/or consumers is true?

A. Consumers not only feed themselves but also feed producers.
B. All animals must be either producers or consumers.
C. Producers produce more food than they use.
D. Consumers are not dependent upon other organisms for food.
E. Only one species of producer and consumer can exist in any single community.
Producers produce more food than they use, which then provides foods for the consumers.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Section: 08.01
8-1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
3. Which of the following is not an autotroph?

A. yeast
B. oak tree
C. cyanobacterium
D. algae
E. grass
All of the organisms are capable of photosynthesizing except the yeast.

Section: 08.01
True / False Questions
4. At the base of most food chains are autotrophs.

TRUE
Autotrophs produce their own food and are able to sustain themselves and all other living
things on Earth.

Section: 08.01
8-2
5. Which of the following allows photosynthetic organisms to capture solar energy?

A. pigments
B. nucleus
C. chloroplasts
D. glucose
E. NAD+
Pigments, such as chlorophyll, allow organisms to capture solar energy.

Section: 08.01
6. The red maple tree cannot photosynthesize because it is not green.

FALSE
The red maple is capable of photosynthesis because it has other pigments besides chlorophyll
that enable it to capture solar energy.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 08.02.01 Identify the photosynthetic pigments required to absorb the various wavelengths of light necessary for
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
8-3
7. The main function of stomata is to

A. expose the chlorophyll to sunlight.
B. transport water to the chlorophyll.
C. allow passage of CO2 and O2 into the leaf.
D. store glucose.
E. store pyruvate and provide the site of the Calvin cycle.
The stomata are small openings in the leaf that allow the exchange of carbon dioxide and
oxygen.

Learning Outcome: 08.01.04 Describe the process of photosynthesis in terms of two sets of reactions that take place in a chloroplast.
Section: 08.01
8. The substance that initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis is

A. chlorophyll.
B. RuBP.
C. water.
D. glucose.
E. pyruvate.
Pigments, such as chlorophyll, capture solar energy.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
8-4
9. The flattened sacs within the stroma of a chloroplast, which are connected to form a single
inner compartment, are called
A. stomata.
B. thylakoids.
C. mesophyll.
D. carotenoids.
E. CAM units.
The thylakoids are the flattened sacs within the chloroplast.

Section: 08.01
Topic: Light Reactions
10. In the process of photosynthesis, the light reactions follow the Calvin cycle reactions.
FALSE
The light reactions occur first. This provides the energy for the Calvin cycle reactions.

Section: 08.01
8-5
11. What does the term stroma refer to?

A. the cytochrome system in the membranes of the thylakoids
B. a stack of thylakoid membrane structures
C. the double membrane of the chloroplast
D. a flattened disk or sac in the chloroplast
E. the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
The stroma is the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast.

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the organization of the thylakoid and how this organization is critical to the production of ATP during
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Calvin Cycle/Carbon Reactions
12. The raw materials or reactants of the photosynthetic process include

A. glucose and oxygen.
B. carbon dioxide and glucose.
C. carbon dioxide and water.
D. carbon dioxide and oxygen.
E. glucose and water.
The chloroplast requires carbon dioxide and water for photosynthesis. Glucose and oxygen
are the end products.

Learning Outcome: 08.01.03 Recognize the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis.
Section: 08.01
8-6
13. What are the products of photosynthesis?

A. water and carbon dioxide
B. water and oxygen
C. carbohydrate and water
D. oxygen and carbohydrate
E. carbon dioxide and carbohydrate
The end products of photosynthesis are a carbohydrate (glucose) and oxygen. Carbon
dioxide and water are the substrates of the reaction.

Section: 08.01
14. Which molecule would you need to radioactively label in order to produce radioactive
oxygen during photosynthesis?
A. carbon dioxide
B. water
C. cytochrome
D. glucose
E. G3P
Water contains oxygen which is broken down during photosynthesis to produce oxygen gas.

Section: 08.01
8-7
15. At the cellular level, photosynthesis occurs within

A. the chloroplast.
B. the cristae of the mitochondria.
C. both chloroplasts and mitochondria.
D. all plant cell organelles.
E. the nucleus of plants but not of animals.
Photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts.

Section: 08.01
16. How many membranes does a chloroplast have?

A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
E. five
A chloroplast has three membranes: an outer and inner membrane and a thylakoid membrane.
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Section: 08.01
8-8
17. To what does the term grana refer?

A. the cytochrome system in the membranes of the thylakoids
Grana are stacks of thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast.

Section: 08.01
8-9
18. In which plant structure does photosynthesis primarily occur?

A. root
B. stem
C. leaf
D. petiole
E. bark
The leaves of a plant are specialized to carry out photosynthesis.

Section: 08.01
19. What are the two sets of reactions for photosynthesis?

A. light reactions, Calvin cycle reactions
B. glycolysis, citric acid cycle
C. light reactions, glycolysis
D. Calvin cycle reactions, citric acid cycle
E. electron transport chain, light reactions
The two sets of reactions in photosynthesis are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
reactions.

Section: 08.01
8-10
20. An early experiment by Van Helmont (1600s) describes how he grew a tree in a large pot
and found that after five years, the amount of soil in the pot had not changed. He concluded
that the increase in weight was due to the addition of water. At that time, the compounds of
the air had not yet been identified. Today, it is known that he only discovered half the story.
Which of these experiments would NOT provide evidence that materials from a source other
than water were involved in photosynthesis?
A. Carbon is discovered as a major element in trees and is lacking in water molecules.
B. Radioactive carbon in carbon dioxide in the air is identified as part of tree structures.
C. A very careful analysis of the water taken in and lost by the tree would have revealed only
part of the added weight gained by the tree was from water.
D. After adding radioactive water with labeled oxygen to a plant, radioactive oxygen is given
off.
E. Radioactive carbon is found in stored glucose molecules after supplying a plant with
radioactive carbon dioxide.
Adding radioactive water with labeled oxygen would not address the other requirement for
photosynthesis—carbon.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Section: 08.01
8-11
21. The heavy oxygen isotope (18O) could be provided to plants either in the CO2 or in H2O
or in both. Today, we know from experimental results that O2 released from chloroplasts
comes from H2O and not from CO2. Which of the following experimental results would show
conclusively that O2 is released from H2O and not CO2?
A. When heavy oxygen is part of water given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2.
B. When heavy oxygen is part of both water and CO2 given to the plant, the plant produces
heavy O2.
C. When no heavy oxygen is part of water given to the plant, the plant produces no heavy O2.
D. When no heavy oxygen is part of CO2 given to the plant, the plant produces no heavy O2.
E. When heavy oxygen is part of CO2 given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2.
Because the oxygen comes from water, only heavy oxygen as part of water will produce
heavy oxygen. In order to differentiate between water and carbon dioxide as the source of the
oxygen, you could not give both water and carbon dioxide labeled with heavy oxygen.

Section: 08.01
22. Which two organelles are most directly involved in the flow of energy from the sun
through all living things?
A. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria
B. lysosomes and chloroplasts
C. chloroplasts and mitochondria
D. mitochondria and ribosomes
E. ribosomes and Golgi apparatus
Chloroplasts are involved in the capture of solar energy to form carbohydrates. Mitochondria
are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates to form ATP.

Section: 08.01
8-12
23. Which cofactor is involved in the Calvin cycle reactions?

A. NAD+
B. FAD
C. NADP+
D. both NAD+ and FAD
E. both FAD and NADP+
NADP+ is the cofactor involved in the Calvin cycle reactions.

Learning Outcome: 08.03.01 Describe the three phases of the Calvin cycle.
Section: 08.03
24. Which of the following statements is true concerning sunlight radiation used for
photosynthesis?
A. All of the sunlight that hits the atmosphere is used for photosynthesis.
B. Only the highest energy wavelengths are used for photosynthesis.
C. All of the visible light is used for photosynthesis.
D. Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis.
E. Only the green visible light is used for photosynthesis.
Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
8-13
25. Why are plant leaves green?

A. They absorb only green wavelengths of light.
B. They absorb only yellow and blue wavelengths of light.
C. They reflect nearly all wavelengths of light.
D. They reflect green wavelengths of light.
E. They reflect yellow and blue wavelengths of light.
Leaves reflect green light so they appear green to us.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
26. The reason that deciduous leaves turn bright colors of red and yellow in the fall is
A. chlorophyll is converted into bright carotenoid pigments.
B. when chlorophyll breaks down, the remaining pigments other than green will show
through.
C. it is a chemical reaction involving the formation of ice crystals.
D. bright pigments are shifted from the roots and stem to the leaves while sugars and
chlorophyll are pumped down to the roots.
E. a shift in the reflectance values of light is caused by the sun being lower in the sky; all leaf
pigments actually remain the same.
The yellow and orange carotenoids are present but masked by the green chlorophyll. When
chlorophyll breaks down in the fall, the other pigments are uncovered.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
8-14
27. We set up an experiment where the same species of plant is grown in boxes covered with
plastic that only allows a single color of light through. In which box would we expect the least
plant growth and even perhaps the death of the plant to occur?
A. white
B. blue
C. red
D. green
E. indigo
White light is a combination of all the colors so it would allow the plants to grow.
Chlorophyll absorbs light in the indigo, blue, violet, and red region so those colors would
allow the plant to grow. Chlorophyll does not absorb green light so that plant would not be
able to photosynthesize and might die.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
28. Photosynthesis shows higher activity for violet/blue and orange/red and a lower
absorption for green/yellow. If we could create a different photosynthetic pigment that
absorbed absolutely all visible wavelengths of light, the leaves would appear which color?
A. white
B. black
C. red
D. green
E. orange
Since it absorbs all the colors, it does not reflect any, so it would appear black to us.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
8-15
29. Visible light has more energy than radio waves.

TRUE
Visible light is in the middle of the spectrum and contains more energy than radio waves.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
30. There is an inverse relationship between wavelength of light and amount of energy.
TRUE
The greater the wavelength, the less the energy. This is an inverse relationship.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
8-16
31. The "antenna" system of a plant that gathers the solar energy consists of
A. the grana.
B. the epidermal cells of the leaf.
C. the pigment complex.
D. the ATP synthase complex.
E. the hydrogen ions (H+)
The pigment complex gathers the solar energy.

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Explain the role of the noncyclic electron pathway and the cyclic electron pathway.
Section: 08.02
32. Water is split and oxygen is released in

A. the electron transport chain.
B. the cyclic electron pathway.
C. the Calvin cycle reactions.
D. the noncyclic electron pathway.
E. photosystem I.
In the noncyclic electron pathway, water is split in order to replace the electrons that are lost
by photosystem II.

Section: 08.02
8-17
33. Which part of photosynthesis does not occur inside the thylakoid membrane?
A. noncyclic electron pathway
B. cyclic electron pathway
C. electron transport chain
D. light reactions
E. Calvin cycle reactions
The Calvin cycle reactions occur within the stroma of the chloroplast. All of the others occur
in the thylakoid membrane.

Section: 08.02
34. The cyclic electron pathway produces only

A. NADPH.
B. ATP.
C. NAD+.
D. oxygen.
E. carbon dioxide.
The cyclic pathway produces only ATP. The noncyclic produces NADPH, ATP, H+, and O2.

Section: 08.02
8-18
35. Which of these is most closely associated with the process of electron transport?
A. a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids
The electron transport chain consists of a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid
membrane.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
36. Photosystem I comes before photosystem II in the noncyclic electron pathway.

FALSE
The photosystems were named for the order in which they were discovered, not the order in
which they participate in photosynthesis. Photosystem II comes before photosystem I.

Section: 08.02
8-19
37. ATP synthase is an enzyme complex located in the thylakoid membranes.

TRUE
The ATP synthase in the thylakoid membranes participates in the production of ATP for the
Calvin cycle.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
38. The first step of the cyclic electron pathway involves the removal of the electrons from
water.
FALSE
The electrons for the cyclic electron pathway recycle. Water is used to replace the electrons
in photosystem II in the noncyclic electron pathway.

Section: 08.02
39. What are the products of the noncyclic electron pathway?

A. H+, O2, ATP, and NADPH
B. H+ and O2
C. H+, ATP, and NADPH
D. ATP and NADPH
E. O2 and ATP
The noncyclic electron pathway produces H+, O2, ATP, and NADPH.

Section: 08.02
8-20
40. What pathway moves the electrons from water through PS II to PS I and then on to
NADP+?
C. CO2 fixation stage of Calvin cycle reactions
D. citric acid cycle
E. CO2 reduction phase of Calvin cycle reactions
This occurs in the noncyclic electron pathway of the light reactions.

Section: 08.02
41. What will cycle the energized electrons from the reaction center of PS I back to the
reaction center in PS I?
C. CO2 fixation stage of Calvin cycle reactions
D. citric acid cycle
E. CO2 reduction phase of Calvin cycle reactions
This occurs in photosystem I of the cyclic electron pathway.

Section: 08.02
8-21
42. Biologists are fairly certain that oxygen was built up in the atmosphere by the
development of photosynthesis. The production of oxygen and, therefore, the beginning of
extensive aerobic life was made possible by the evolution of
A. fermentation.
B. photosystem I.
C. photosystem II.
D. glycolysis.
E. the nucleus.
Photosystem II splits water to form H+ and O2.

Section: 08.02
43. Why does the chloroplast utilize a cyclic electron pathway as well as the noncyclic
electron pathway?
A. The noncyclic electron pathway does not provide enough NADPH for the cell.
B. The noncyclic electron pathway does not provide enough oxygen for the cell.
C. The Calvin cycle utilizes more NADPH than ATP and the cyclic electron pathway
produces NADPH.
D. The Calvin cycle utilizes more ATP than NADPH and the cyclic electron pathway
produces ATP.
E. The cyclic electron pathway only runs when oxygen is limiting.
The cell utilizes both because the noncyclic pathway provides both NADPH and ATP but the
Calvin cycle reactions require more ATP than NADPH. Because the cyclic electron pathway
only produces ATP it can provide the extra needed by the Calvin cycle.

Section: 08.02
8-22
44. The H+ (protons) accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between
photosystems I and II. The excess of protons in the thylakoid space
A. enters the photorespiration pathway.
B. raises the pH of the space until the processes stop.
C. is small enough to diffuse back out through the lipid bilayer.
D. converts NADP to NADPH and generates ATP in the process.
E. moves from the thylakoid space to the stroma through the ATP synthase complex.
These excess H+ move through the ATP synthase complex and synthesize ATP from ADP +
P. This is chemiosmosis.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
45. Which of the following statements comparing the ATP synthase complex in cellular
respiration and photosynthesis is not true?
A. Both require the movement of H+ from inside a compartment to outside of the
compartment.
B. Both produce ATP.
C. Both work via chemiosmosis.
D. Both require a H+ gradient.
E. Both are located in a membrane.
In photosynthesis, the H+ move from inside the thylakoid space to outside while in cellular
respiration, the H+ move from outside the matrix inside.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
8-23
46. The reservoir for hydrogen ions for chemiosmotic ATP synthesis during photosynthesis is
the
A. stroma.
B. thylakoid membrane.
C. thylakoid space.
D. cytoplasm.
E. matrix.
The H+ accumulate in the thylakoid space.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
47. The formation of carbohydrate occurs within the

A. stroma.
B. outer chloroplast membrane.
C. inner chloroplast membrane.
D. thylakoid membranes.
E. thylakoid space.
The Calvin cycle, which produces carbohydrate operates within the stroma.

Section: 08.03
8-24
48. NADPH and ATP are used in the

A. noncyclic electron pathway.
B. cyclic electron pathway.
C. Calvin cycle reactions.
D. citric acid cycle.
E. light reactions.
The NADPH and ATP generated in the light reactions are used by the Calvin cycle reactions
to produce carbohydrates.

Section: 08.03
49. In the Calvin cycle, the three-carbon molecule that will be immediately formed after
carbon dioxide fixation occurs is
A. PS I.
B. glucose.
C. 3PG.
D. G3P.
E. RuBP.
The first three-carbon molecule formed is 3PG (3-phosphoglycerate).

Section: 08.03
8-25
50. What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?

A. carbon dioxide fixation and reduction
B. carbon dioxide fixation and regeneration of RuBP
C. the noncyclic electron pathway and the cyclic electron pathway
D. the light reactions, regeneration of RuBP, and cyclic electron pathway
E. carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP
The Calvin cycle has three stages: carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and the
regeneration of RuBP.

Section: 08.03
51. How many total carbons are involved in carbon dioxide fixation with 3 molecules of
carbon dioxide and 3 molecules of RuBP?
A. 6
B. 12
C. 18
D. 24
E. 30
Carbon dioxide contains 1 carbon each while RuBP contains 5 carbons each, for a total of 18
carbons.

Section: 08.03
8-26
52. The Calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of

A. water and carbon dioxide.
B. carbon dioxide and NADPH.
C. carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP.
D. oxygen and carbon dioxide.
E. glucose and carbon dioxide.
The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide using NADPH and ATP so it needs all three
molecules.

Section: 08.03
53. Some herbicides inhibit the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. Without
the movement of electrons, hydrogen ions would not be pumped from the stroma to the
thylakoid space and the hydrogen ion gradient would not be established. How would this
affect the Calvin cycle reactions?
A. ATP would not be produced and, as a result, the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.
B. CO2 would not enter the cell as a result, and the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.
C. RuBP carboxylase would not function properly, so CO2 fixation would not occur.
D. Sunlight could no longer be used by the chloroplast, but this would have no effect on the
Calvin cycle reactions because they do not require light.
E. Since the Calvin cycle reactions occur in a different part of the chloroplast, there would be
no effect.
The electron transport chain produces ATP. Without ATP the Calvin cycle reactions would
not run.

Section: 08.03
8-27
54. What is the function of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) during photosynthesis?

A. It produces the CO2 needed for photosynthesis.
B. It combines with CO2 to produce a 6-carbon compound.
C. It combines with ATP to form G3P.
D. It splits water to release oxygen.
E. It splits carbon dioxide to release oxygen.
RuBP joins with carbon dioxide during the first step of the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide
fixation, to form three 6-carbon molecules.

Section: 08.03
55. How much of the protein content in chloroplasts is made up of the enzyme RuBP
carboxylase? Why?
A. less than 1%; the enzyme is very fast
B. less than 1%; the enzyme also catalyzes several side reactions
C. 20-50%; the enzyme also catalyzes several side reactions
D. 20-50%; the enzyme is very slow
E. almost 100%; the enzyme is very slow
RuBP carboxylase makes up 20-50% of the chloroplast proteins because it is unusually slow.
It does catalyze a side reaction but that is not the reason it is so abundant.

Section: 08.03
8-28
56. During photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced. This means that

A. the molecule gains electrons.
B. CO2 is broken down into two smaller molecules.
C. the molecule loses electrons.
D. the molecule loses protons.
E. CO2 is released into the environment.
Reduction is the gain of electrons. CO2 will bond to hydrogen and oxygen to form glucose.

Learning Outcome: 08.03.02 Explain how the products of the Calvin cycle are used to form the other molecules found in plants.
Section: 08.03
57. One of the products of the Calvin cycle is

A. PS I.
B. RuBP carboxylase.
C. 3PG.
D. G3P.
E. RuBP.
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is the end product of the Calvin cycle. Two of these
make up a glucose.

Section: 08.03
8-29
58. Plants need other molecules besides glucose. Where do these molecules, such as cellulose
and fructose, come from?
A. Glucose must always be produced first; glucose can then be used as the monomer to form
everything else.
B. G3P is directly converted to many other organic molecules besides glucose.
C. Plants absorb those molecules from the environment through their roots.
D. Any molecule beyond glucose must be converted from plant tissues already present.
E. Alternative forms of photosynthesis beyond those described must be producing those
molecules.
G3P can be converted to other molecules a plant needs, such as glucose, sucrose, starch,
cellulose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Section: 08.03
59. The hydrocarbon skeleton used to form fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids (when N is
added) is derived from
A. starch.
B. sucrose.
C. cellulose.
D. G3P.
E. glucose phosphate.
G3P can be converted to other molecules a plant needs, such as glucose, sucrose, starch,
cellulose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Section: 08.03
8-30
60. Most major food plants such as wheat, oats, and rice are in the group of
A. nonphotosynthetic plants.
B. C3 plants.
C. C4 plants.
D. C5 plants.
E. CAM plants.
Wheat, rice, and oats are examples of C3 plants.

Learning Outcome: 08.04.01 Contrast C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis.
Section: 08.04
Topic: C3, C4, and CAM Photosynthesis
61. Which of the following is a CAM plant?

A. rice
B. cactus
C. corn
D. wheat
E. sugarcane
A cactus is an example of a CAM plant. Wheat and rice are C3 plants. Corn and sugarcane
are C4 plants.

Section: 08.04
8-31
62. Which statement is not true about C3 and C4 plants?

A. C4 plants are more successful in hot climates than C3 plants.
B. C3 plants fix carbon dioxide in the mesophyll cells.
C. In C3 plants, O2 competes with CO2 for the active site of RuBP carboxylase.
D. C4 plants deliver CO2 to the Calvin cycle using bundle sheath cells sheltered from leaf air
spaces.
E. CO2 is fixed at night to decrease water loss.
CAM plants fix carbon dioxide at night to decrease water loss.

Section: 08.04
63. Over time, what would we expect in the evolution of C3, C4, and CAM strategies?
A. As the most complicated plants, CAM plants are most likely to go extinct.
B. As the probable ancestral form of photosynthesis, C3 plants are primitive and most likely
to go extinct.
C. Because CAM plants make better usage of metabolism during the night, they are superior
and will eventually become the dominant plants.
D. Because CO2 is delivered by the bundle sheath cells in C4 plants, they are superior and
will eventually dominate.
E. Each form of photosynthesis has advantages in a heterogeneous world and, as long as
environmental conditions vary, all forms will have an adaptive advantage in their unique
niche.
Because the environmental conditions around Earth vary, each type of carbon dioxide
fixation has its advantages.

Learning Outcome: 08.04.02 Explain how different photosynthetic modes allow plants to adapt to a particular environment.
Section: 08.04
8-32
64. CAM plants

A. do not perform any part of photosynthesis during the day.
B. fix CO2 in mesophyll cells during the day.
C. include economically important food crops like corn and sugarcane.
D. open their stomata at night to minimize water loss.
E. typically grow very quickly because they are found in hot, moist environments.
CAM plants open their stomata at night to minimize water loss. They include plants such as
cacti and are found in hot, dry environments.

Section: 08.04
65. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by cellular respiration and
photosynthesis?
A. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plant cells.
B. Both processes produce ATP by chemiosmosis.
C. Both processes produce oxygen.
D. Both processes use an electron transport chain located in membranes of organelles.
E. One or more electron carriers are used in both processes.
Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.

Learning Outcome: 08.05.02 Describe the similarities and differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Section: 08.05
8-33
66. Which of the following statements is false?

A. During cellular respiration, carbohydrate energy is converted into ATP.
B. During cellular respiration, mitochondria release carbon dioxide.
C. During photosynthesis, energy from the sun is used to form carbohydrates.
D. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used.
E. During photosynthesis, oxygen is used.
During photosynthesis, oxygen is produced.

Section: 08.05
67. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration utilize the same chemical pathways but in reverse
of each other.
FALSE
The chemical equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the reverse of each
other, but the pathways are not the same.

Section: 08.05
68. Only organisms with chloroplasts are capable of photosynthesis.

FALSE
Cyanobacteria do not have organelles, yet they carry on photosynthesis. They do have
thylakoids.

Section: 08.05
8-34
69. At night, plants cannot run metabolic pathways because there is no sunlight.
FALSE
Plants carry out cellular respiration at night. They cannot carry out the light reactions of
photosynthesis without sunlight, but they carry out other chemical reactions.

Section: 08.05
70. In what ways are photosynthesis and cellular respiration not alike?
A. Both will use the electron carrier NADH.
B. Both require ATP.
C. Both require a membrane.
D. Both require a cyclical enzymatic pathway.
E. Both require an electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration requires the electron carrier NADH, while photosynthesis requires
NADPH.

Section: 08.05
8-35
71. Which statement about photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?

A. Photosynthesis produces water, while cellular respiration uses water.
B. Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration uses oxygen.
C. Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, while cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts.
D. Photosynthesis breaks down carbohydrates, while cellular respiration produces
carbohydrates.
E. Photosynthesis requires oxygen, while cellular respiration requires sunlight.
It is true that photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration uses oxygen.
Photosynthesis does not produce water, does not occur in the mitochondria, does not break
down carbohydrates, and does not require oxygen.

Section: 08.05
72. What is the value of photosynthesis to humans?

A. It results in the production of fatty acids and oxygen.
B. It results in the production of proteins and oxygen.
C. It will convert carbohydrates into usable forms of energy for humans.
D. It will reduce the amount of methane in the atmosphere.
E. It will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and form sugars
and oxygen. The reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will help reduce climate
change.

Learning Outcome: 08.01.02 Explain the role of photosynthesis for all organisms on Earth.
Section: 08.01
8-36
73. Which pathway is the foundation for the majority of ecosystems and food chains on
Earth?
A. photosynthesis
B. anaerobic respiration
C. aerobic respiration
D. chemosynthesis
E. decomposition
Photosynthesis results in the formation of energy in the form of various carbohydrates.

These carbohydrates provide fuel for the majority of food chains. Anaerobic respiration,
aerobic respiration, and decomposition all require the input of carbohydrates.
Chemosynthesis can form energy but it is not highly used.

Section: 08.01
74. Which photosynthetic mode would be most favorable in a desert environment?

A. CAM
B. C3
C. C4
D. both CAM and C3
E. CAM, C3, and C4
Plants that are adapted to a desert environment will run the CAM form of photosythesis. C3
plants are more adapted to cool, moist environments since they do not do well when drought
conditions occur. C4 plants are better suited to the hot, dry periods during the growing season
due to their ability to avoid photorespiration, but they are not able to survive in a desert
environment.

Section: 08.04
8-37
75. Which of the following organisms do not have a dependence on photosynthesis for their
energy?
A. white-tailed deer
B. wolves
C. squirrels
D. raccoons
E. All of the answer choices will have a dependency on photosynthesis.
All of the answer choices will have a dependency on photosynthesis. White-tailed deer,
squirrels, and raccoons will directly eat plant products that are produced by photosynthesis.
Wolves will eat animals that have eaten plant products that are products of photosynthesis.

Section: 08.01
Short Answer Questions
76. Explain how CAM plants are adapted to a desert type of environment.
CAM plants separate components of the photosynthesis pathway by time. CO2 is fixed into a
four-carbon molecule at night when it is cooler and they can keep their stomata open. During
the day, the stomata will be closed and the four-carbon molecule will release the CO2 to the
Calvin cycle.
Bloom's Level: 6. Create

Section: 08.04
77. Write the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6H2O

Learning Outcome: 08.05.01 Compare the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Section: 08.05
8-38
78. Which statement is accurate about how C4 plants are able to survive hot, dry spells during
the growing season?
A. When the stomata close during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is not exposed to the
increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to avoid
photorespiration.
B. When the stomata close during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is exposed to the increase in
oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to avoid photorespiration.
C. When the stomata open during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is not exposed to the
increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to avoid
photorespiration.
D. When the stomata close during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is exposed to the increase in
oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to undergo
photorespiration.
E. When the stomata open during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is not exposed to the
increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to undergo
photorespiration.
C4 plants have an advantage during hot, dry spells because the stomata will close during heat
stress. This prevents RuBP carboxylase from being exposed to the increase in oxygen
concentration experienced in the leaf, avoiding photorespiration. Photorespiration is an
inefficient way to produce carbohydrates.

Section: 08.04
8-39
Short Answer Questions
79. Explain why chlorophyll appears green to our eyes.
When the wavelengths of visible light enter the chlorophyll, the pigment molecules will
absorb various wavelengths of light while reflecting back others. It is the reflected
wavelengths that are interpreted by our brain as various colors. The wavelength spectrum
absorbed by chlorophyll includes violet, indigo, blue, and red. The wavelength spectrum that
is reflected back includes the greens, which is why we interpret chlorophyll as green.

photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
8-40
80. Which of the following is a substrate in the photosynthesis equation?

A. CO2
B. O2
C. C6H12O6
D. H2
The substrates of photosynthesis include CO2 and H2O. C6H12O6 and O2 are the end products
of the reaction.

Learning Outcome: 08.05.01 Compare the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Section: 08.05
8-41

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Multiple Choice Questions

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

2. Which statement about producers and/or consumers is true?

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

3. Which of the following is not an autotroph?

All of the organisms are capable of photosynthesizing except the yeast.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

True / False Questions

4. At the base of most food chains are autotrophs.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Multiple Choice Questions

5. Which of the following allows photosynthetic organisms to capture solar energy?

Pigments, such as chlorophyll, allow organisms to capture solar energy.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

True / False Questions

6. The red maple tree cannot photosynthesize because it is not green.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Multiple Choice Questions

7. The main function of stomata is to

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

8. The substance that initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis is

Pigments, such as chlorophyll, capture solar energy.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

The thylakoids are the flattened sacs within the chloroplast.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

True / False Questions

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Multiple Choice Questions

11. What does the term stroma refer to?

The stroma is the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

12. The raw materials or reactants of the photosynthetic process include

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

13. What are the products of photosynthesis?

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

15. At the cellular level, photosynthesis occurs within

Photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

16. How many membranes does a chloroplast have?

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

17. To what does the term grana refer?

Grana are stacks of thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

18. In which plant structure does photosynthesis primarily occur?

The leaves of a plant are specialized to carry out photosynthesis.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

19. What are the two sets of reactions for photosynthesis?

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

23. Which cofactor is involved in the Calvin cycle reactions?

NADP+ is the cofactor involved in the Calvin cycle reactions.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember