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BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
Chapter-4
ANIMAL KINGDOM
1. What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if
common fundamental features are not taken into account?
Ans. Animals are classified on the basis of common characteristics such as cell organisation, body
symmetry, coelom type, digestive tract, circulation, and reproductive system. It is very difficult to
handle each living thing uniquely without these common traits. It is also a tedious task to add new
species discovered every day
without including these common features. Therefore, to investigate animal diversity, classification
must be based on common fundamental features.
2. If you are given a specimen, what are the steps that you would follow to classify it?
Ans. There are some fundamental features that help in the classification of living organisms and the
features that can be used in classification are as
follows:
Ans. The nature of coelom or body cavity gives important clue for classification of animals. The
absence of coelom means that the animal has not developed a division of labour for various biological
activities. On the other hand, the presence of coelom shows further evolution from simple to more
complex organism.
4. Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular digestion?
1. It is a type of development in
It is a type of development that involves a sexually-
which an embryo develops into
immature larval stage, having different food requirements
a mature individual without
than adults.
undergoing a larval stage.
6. What are the peculiar features that you find in parasitic Platyhelminthes?
(a) They have dorso-ventrally flattened body, hence are called flatworms.
(b) These are mostly endoparasites found in animals including human beings.
(c) Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals with organ level of
organisation.
(e) Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface.
(f) Specialized cells called flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion.
Ans. The phylum Arthropoda consists of about 80% of the total animals in animal kingdom. The
reasons for arthropods being the largest group are as follows:
(a) They have joint legs that allow more mobility on land.
(b) Their exoskeleton is hard which is made up of chitin that protects the body.
(c) The hard exoskeleton reduces water loss from the body and thus making them more adapted to
terrestrial conditions.
8. Water vascular system is the characteristic of which group of the following:
(a) Porifera
(b) Ctenophora
(c) Echinodermata
(d) Chordata
Ans. Water vascular system is a characteristic feature of the phylum Echinodermata. It consists of an
array of radiating channels, tube feet, and madreporite. The water vascular system helps in
locomotion, food capturing, and respiration.
9. “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates”. Justify the statement.
Ans. The characteristic features of all chordates is the presence of a notochord. Chordates include
Urochordates, Cephalochordates (both are called Protochordates) and vertebrates. In vertebrates,
notochord is replaced by vertebral column (backbone). However, vertebral column is not present in
Protochordates. Therefore, all the vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.
10. How important is the presence of air bladder in Pisces?
Ans. Air bladder is a gas-filled sac present in fishes. The function of air bladder is to maintain
buoyancy while fish is swimming. Thus, it helps fishes to ascend or descend and stay in the water
current.
11. What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them fly?
Ans. Birds have several structural modifications to suit their aerial life. Some of these modifications
are as follows.
(a) They have streamlined body for rapid and smooth movement.
(c) Their forelimbs are modified into wings and hind limbs used for walking, perching and
swimming.
Ans. The number of eggs produced by oviparous and viviparous mothers cannot be equal. This is
because the number of eggs produced by oviparous mothers is more. The reason is that in oviparous
animals, fertilization takes place outside the body whereas in viviparous animals, development takes
place inside the body which is a protective environment. In case of oviparous animals, the eggs are
present outside, so they are exposed to risk by eaten away by the predators. So, these animals produce
more eggs to sustain their progeny.
13. Segmentation in the body is first observed in which of the following:
(a) Platyhelminthes
(b) Aschelminthes
(c) Annelida
(d) Arthropoda
Ans. The body segmentation or metamerism first appeared in the phylum Annelida. They
demonstrate the division of the body into a linear series of cylindrical segments from head to tail. So,
the correct answer is option (c).
14. Match the following:
Column I Column II
Column I Column II
15. Prepare a list of some animals that are found parasitic on human beings.
Ans.
Name of organism Phylum In parts of human body