6. Complete Essay (Final)

KEMBARAN E KEPADA
SPC 100-2/1/9 V2 ( 103 )

BERTARIKH 1 NOV 22
FORMAT MUKA HADAPAN PMEM TLDM 2023
PERADUAN MENGARANG ESEI MARITIM (PMEM) TLDM 2023
Tajuk Esei: Strengthening Maritime Sustainable and Marine Ecosystem Protection

Through Security Cooperation
Kategori: Pegawai Muda
Penulis (No/Pangkat/Nama):
Lt Cdr Muhammad Huzaifah Ashraf bin Abdul Jamal RMN N/404906
Markas: Unit/Bahagian/Cawangan:
Markas Pemerintahan Armada Timur Skuadron 601
No Telefon (h/p): Email:

013-8659409 hhuzaifah88@gmail.com
Bilangan Patah Perkataan (tidak termasuk rujukan): Bilangan Muka Surat:
3499 16
Nama Mentor: Captain Mohammad Fairuz bin Hassan RMN N/403450

Assistant Chief of Staff (N5) - Eastern Fleet Command
Abstrak/Ringkasan:
Maritime security cooperation is both an obligation and a necessity, as it plays a vital component in setting
another condition of a stable region by providing stability to explore Blue Economy (BE) potential and sustainability in
maritime ecosystem protection, especially in the complex maritime domain of the Indo-Pacific region. It also fits with
Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14), which is to conserve and sustain the use of the oceans, seas, and
marine resources for sustainable development. However, many undefined and unresolved disputes pose significant
challenges to regional cooperation on marine ecosystem protection. They are further complicated by distrust caused by
historical precedents and political tension.
Thus, the question arises whether maritime security cooperation is one of the best solutions to strengthen
sustainable maritime development. A study by Amarulla Octavia concludes: "Maritime security cooperation is the
best way to solve maritime security issues." Also, the need for utilising existing technology in developing maritime
security cooperation has been highlighted.
The first section of this essay has examined the importance of marine biodiversity ecosystems in the Indo-
Pacific region. The second section has investigated the issues and challenges pertaining to maritime ecosystem
development and maritime security cooperation efforts among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
countries. The final two sections have discussed how existing technological advancements would improve the
effectiveness of maritime security cooperation in strengthening maritime development sustainability, as well as the way
forward suggested.
Acknowledgment:
This paper has been reviewed by Mentor and proofread by Prof. Dr. Shattri Mansor (Remote Sensing SME) and
Assoc. Prof. Eur. Ing. Ts. Dr. Syuhaida Ismail (Director of Research - MIMA). To make the content more useful, I
also conducted several interviews and sought advice from several Maritime and Technology experts among the
LinkedIn connections mentioned in the references.
Nota Peringatan: Pengenalan diri peserta hanya dibenarkan pada muka surat ini sahaja.
Muka surat berikutnya hanya perlu disertakan Tajuk dan Esei yang dikarang beserta
Rujukan.
E-1
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AI Artificial Intelligence
AIS Automatic Identification Systems
AMF ASEAN Maritime Forum
ARM ASEAN Regional Forum
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
BE Blue Economy
BVLOS Beyond Visual Line of Sight
CSAP Council for Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific
DVIDS Defense Visual Information Distribution Service
EAMF Expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
GDP Gross Domestic Product
IFC International Fusion Centre
IRSA Integrated Remote Sensing Systems for The Artic
IRSS Integrated Remote Sensing Systems
ISG Institue for Security Governance
ISR Intelligent Surveillance and Reconnaissance
IUU Illegal Unreported and Unregulated
MARPOLEX Maritime Pollution Exercise
MCSBMs Maritime Confidence and Security Building Measures
MDA Maritime Domain Awareness
MIMA Maritime Institue of Malaysia
MSI Maritime Security Initiative
NRT Near Real-Time
ODC Office of Defence Cooperation
PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
SEACAT Southeast Asia Cooperation and Training

SLOCs Sea Lanes of Communications
UAS Unmanned Aerial Systems
UAV Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea
US United States of America
USD United States Dollar
VBSS Visit Board Search and Seizure
ViDAR Visual Detection And Ranging
RMN MARITIME ESSAY COMPETITION 2023
STRENGTHENING MARITIME SUSTAINABLE AND MARINE ECOSYSTEM

PROTECTION THROUGH SECURITY COOPERATION
INTRODUCTION
Maritime security cooperation is both an obligation and a necessity, as it plays a vital

component in setting another condition of a stable region by providing stability to explore
Blue Economy (BE) potential and sustainability in maritime ecosystem protection,
especially in the complex maritime domain of the Indo-Pacific region. Without
cooperation, there will be more border disputes, fisheries will be overfished, marine
habitats will be destroyed, and coastal countries may not have the scientific knowledge
they need to manage and grow their maritime interests.1 The United States (US)
President's congratulatory letter to the Malaysian Prime Minister on January 2023 also
proves the importance of strengthening relationships and cooperation to boost economic,
security, and prosperity:
“The relationship between Malaysia and the US – built on a strong foundation of ever-
growing economic, security, and people-to-people ties has also helped strengthen
freedom, security, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific." (Joe Biden)
The 1982 United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea (UNCLOS), moreover,
requires cooperation on the marine environment's ecosystem protection.2 Article 61
requires the conservation of the Exclusive Economic Zone’s (EEZ) resources and Article
192 obligates the states to protect the marine environment. It also fits with Sustainable
Development Goal 14 (SDG 14), which is to conserve and sustain the use of the oceans,
seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.3
1
Essay in Honour of Sam Bateman, “Maritime Cooperation and Security in the Indo-Pacific Region,” Chapter 13 -
Opportunities for Enhancing Naval Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region in the Presence of Strategic
Competition, (2022): p.253
2
Sam Bateman “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” Strategic, Legal and Political Initiative, (Canberra
Papers on Strategy and Defence No.132) (1999): p.11
3 Dr. Amarulla Oktavia, “Maritime Security Cooperation for Marine Ecosystem Preservation,” Conclusion (Galle
Dialogue 2018 – International Maritime Conference): p.97-98

1
However, many undefined and unresolved disputes pose significant challenges to

regional cooperation on marine ecosystem protection.4 They are further complicated by
distrust caused by historical precedents and political tension. Conflicting claims to
offshore territory and maritime space, established suspicion and distrust among
countries, competition over resources, and increasing political tension are amongst the
factors that contribute to difficulties in cooperation.5
Thus, the question arises whether maritime security cooperation is one of the best
solutions to strengthen sustainable maritime development. Even so, this paper observes
that "Bersatu Kita Teguh, Bercerai Kita Roboh" is a Malay proverb that proves any
activity involving cooperation is valuable compared to sole enforcement or disputes. A
study by Amarulla Octavia comes to the same conclusion: "Maritime security
cooperation is the best way to solve maritime security issues."6 Also, the need for
utilising existing technology in developing maritime security cooperation has been
highlighted.7
Hence, this paper will be segregated into four sections. The first section will examine the
importance of marine biodiversity ecosystems in the Indo-Pacific region. The second
section will investigate the issues and challenges pertaining to maritime ecosystem
development and maritime security cooperation efforts among the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. The final two sections will discuss how
existing technological advancements would improve the effectiveness of maritime
security cooperation in strengthening maritime development sustainability, as well as the
path forward.
4 Sam Bateman “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” Existing Maritime Cooperation Arrangements,
(Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No.132) (1999): p.11
5 Wang Yinghui “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” (Nanyang Technology University/RSIS) (2011):
p.1
6 Dr. Amarulla Oktavia, “Maritime Security Cooperation for Marine Ecosystem Preservation,” Cooperation among
Regional Navies and Coast Guards, (Galle Dialogue 2018 – International Maritime Conference): p.102
7 Dr. Amarulla Oktavia, “Maritime Security Cooperation for Marine Ecosystem Preservation,” Conclusion (Galle
Dialogue 2018 – International Maritime Conference): p.103

2
1. THE IMPORTANCE OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
The Indo-Pacific region is bio-geographically one of the world’s most diverse and
prosperous regions.8 This region contains more species than any other in the world's
oceans.9 The Coral Triangle (Figure 1), located in The Indo-Malaysian Philippines
Archipelago, is the global epicenter of marine biodiversity.10 Analysis of distribution data
for 2983 marine species reveals a pattern of biodiversity richness peak in the central
Philippine Islands and between peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra.11
Figure 1: Reef Fish Biodiversity in the Coral Triangle
This shows that the maritime sector is essential to developing the Blue Economy (BE).
Oceans contribute 3-5% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and ocean-based
jobs are expected to increase by 120% between 2010 and 2030.12 In 2023, the global
ocean economy is estimated to double from the 2010 estimate of USD 1.5 trillion, or
2.5% of global gross value, to USD 3 trillion. The maritime sector also has a great impact
on ASEAN’s economy. Figure 2 compares ocean economy productivity efficiency in
8 “The regional assessment report on Biodiversity And Ecosystem Services For Asia And The Pacific” – Chapter 1,
(2020): p.3
9 Miller EC, Hayashi KT, Song D, Wiens JJ. “Explaining the ocean’s richest biodiversity hotspot and global patterns
of fish diversity”, (2018): p.1

10 “The Coral Triangle” (Coral Triangle ATLAS) http://ctatlas.coraltriangleinitiative.org/About
11 “The Diversity of Fishes: Biology Evolution and Ecology, Marine zoogeographic regions fishes – Indo-West Pacific
Region,” https://www.brainkart.com/article/Marine-zoogeographic-regions-fishes_22193
12 Position Paper On Blue Economy, “Unlocking The Value Of The Oceans,” Chapter 5: Transformation of Malaysia
into a Successful Blue Economy, (Akedimi Sains Malaysia) (2023): p. 24

3
Southeast Asia in 2015.13 Singapore produces the most productivity efficiency by

creating just over 50 times (USD 20.6 million/km2) the gross value-added per square
kilometer of EEZ’s next most productive country (Thailand). Malaysia has the third most
productive ocean economy in this region, with (USD 0.14 million/km2).
Figure 2: Comparison of Ocean Productivity Efficiency in Southeast Asia in 2015
The discussion above highlighted the value of ocean economy productivity to BE and
indirectly has brought the need for strengthening maritime sustainability and marine
ecosystem protection towards SDG 14. The importance of emphasizing sustainable
marine environmental management for the development of BE was also highlighted.14
Therefore, the next section will discuss threats imposed on maritime ecosystems.
2. THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
The first two subsections in this section will review in detail the main concern of maritime
ecosystem sustainability issues, which significantly have led to the need for maritime
security cooperation. The following two subsections will investigate the issues and
challenges of maritime cooperation efforts among the ASEAN countries.
13 Position Paper On Blue Economy: “Unlocking The Value Of The Oceans,” Chapter 1 Introduction, (Akedimi Sains
Malaysia) (2023): p. 169
14 Cheryl Rita, “Malaysia: A Maritime Nation,” Chapter 9: Conservation and Sustainable Management of Marine
Living Resources and the Environment: A National Perspective, (2021)

4
a. MARITIME ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
Maritime Institue of Malaysia (MIMA) highlights Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated

(IUU) fishing and pollution as one of the region's main maritime ecosystem issues.15 This
is also supported by The CSCAP Study Group's Memorandum No. 31, which mentions
that the marine environment in the Indo-Pacific is in danger from both natural and human-
made causes.16
IUU FISHING
The world's oceans are overfished at an alarming rate, threatening many countries' food
security and long-term economic prosperity. IUU fishing has replaced piracy as the
leading global maritime security threat.17 Defense Visual Information Distribution Service
estimates that up to 27 million tonnes of fish are caught each year illegally, which
accounts for 20 - 30% of global fisheries' annual catch,18 equal to a USD 23 billion annual
loss to the global economy.19
Over the decade, concern about the economic and environmental impacts of IUU fishing
on this region has also increased. A study finds that IUU fishing also gives a significant
problem in the Indo-Pacific region.20 It is estimated that 3.4 – 8.1 million tonnes of fish
are taken by IUU fishing each year in the region, representing between 8 – 16% of the
reported 51 million tonnes of catch from the Pacific Ocean in recent years.21 This issue
also catalyses other security threats, such as smuggling and human trafficking. A lack of
political will in regional management, symptomatic of broader systemic failures in
governance, has driven this issue.22
15 Zulhilmi Nizam, “Symposium on Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (Session 3) ”, (2021),

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y6qhZM8IYo&t=1675s
16 “Enhancing Marine Environment Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region,” (CSCAP Memorandum No. 31, (2018): p.3
17 “Regulating IUU Fishing and Securing EEZ,” Boeing Insitu News,
https://www.insitu.com/newsroom/story/regulating-iuu-fishing-and-securing-eez-2
19Admiral Karl Schultz “Why I Serve,” 2022 State of USCG
https://www.uscg.mil/Portals/0/seniorleadership/SOTCG/2020-State-of-the-United-States-Coast-
Guard.pdf?ver=2020-02-20-144533-547
20 Frank Meere, Marry Lack, “Assessment of Impacts of IUU Fishing in the Asia-Pacific,” (Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation Fisheries Working Group), (2008), p.iii



5
Therefore, there is a need for a holistic and integrated approach to deal with this issue.
It will involve greater commitment and adoption of bilateral, regional, and multilateral
arrangements, in which maritime security cooperation serves as one of the best solutions
to deal with specific IUU fishing issues.
MARINE POLLUTION
Marine pollution also affects sustainable maritime development. Shipping activity along
the coastline and in the busy Sea Lanes of Communications (SLOCs) frequently
contaminates the marine environment and causes massive environmental damage. It is
found that Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the primary components in
oil and residue discharge from cargo and feeder ships, are particularly difficult to clean
up and could linger in the sediment and marine environment for years.23 Constant
exposure to PAHs in the marine environment can cause maritime developmental issues
and make marine organisms more prone to disease.
Figure 3: Ocean Plastic Waste Polluters Worldwide (in metric tonnes)
23 Sutarji Kasmin “Enforcing Ship-Based Marine Pollution for Cleaner Sea in the Strait of Malacca” (2010): p.61
6
Ocean plastic pollution also has a parallel impact on the issue. It is estimated that 1
million metric tonnes of plastic waste annually enter the ocean. This is particularly
prevalent in tropical archipelago countries in Indo-Pacific Region. Figure 324 shows the
global comparison of ocean plastic waste polluters (in metric tonnes) where the Philipines
(356,371), Malaysia (73, 098), and Indonesia (56, 333) are among the ASEAN countries
contributing to the global ocean plastic waste pollution.
b. MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION
Maritime ecosystem development issues discussed in the previous section have resulted
in an urgent need to catalysing maritime security cooperation among ASEAN regional
countries. However, many undefine disputes pose significant challenges to regional
cooperation on marine ecosystem protection. Thus, the following subsection investigates
the issues and challenges of maritime cooperation efforts among the ASEAN countries.
DISPUTES AND DISTRUST
Currently conflated with operational trust, strategic trust has become one of the main
obstacles to practical maritime cooperation and has dominated the debate amongst the
challenges. Overlapping sovereignty and claims disputes to insular features and
maritime zones have negative implications for maritime cooperation.25 Some countries
strongly adhere to independence and sovereignty, and for instance, due to its complexity
and multilateral nature, the Spratly dispute has dominated the debate and standing as
one of the maritime security concerns and challenges in this region.26
It is also claimed that the Maritime Confidence and Security Building Measures
(MCSBMs) are lacking, and they can only be overcome by a greater willingness of
regional countries to cooperate.27 This has been worsened by the increase of "naval
modernisation" or an "arms race" in this region, especially in countries like China, India,
and Southeast Asian countries, which has increased the mistrust. The existing mistrust
24 Louis Lugas, “More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean, Lourens
J. J. Meier (2021) via science.org.
25 Wang Yinghui “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region, Trends: A Mixture of Cooperation and
Challenges (Nanyang Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.3

26 Fairuz Hassan “Maritime Strategy: A Way Ahead for Malaysian Armed Forces - Balance of Power.” P.6
27 Wang Yinghui “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region, Policy Suggestions and Prospects (Nanyang
Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.3

7
can be very adverse when attempting multilateral maritime operations or initiatives.28 In

addition, at the operational level, there is some doubt among regional countries that
surveillance assets will be utilised for Intelligent Surveillance And Reconnaissance (ISR)
missions instead of maritime surveillance. Some countries are generally reluctant to
agree to cooperative activities if they appear to compromise national sovereignty or
security.29
Therefore, In order to stimulate confidence building among regional countries, regional

dialogue and discussion of maritime security cooperation through ASEAN Mechanisms
on security platforms like ASEAN Maritime Forum (AMF), ASEAN Regional Forum
(ARF), and Expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum (EAMF) as demonstrated in Figure 430
are amongst suitable mechanisms to be adopted. On the strategic level, territorial and
maritime conflicts should be resolved peacefully in accordance with international law,
including the 1982 UNCLOS. It is also proposed that "a new mindset” is needed to
replace the current mindset based on sovereignty, unilateral rights, and agreed maritime
boundaries.31 Peace and security in the South China Sea should be given the utmost
attention.
Figure 4: ASEAN Regional Bodies Dealing With Marine Environment

30 Marine Environment Regional Bodies, (Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore) (2019)
https://cil.nus.edu.sg/event/regional-cooperation-for-the-protection-of-the-marine-environment-conference/marine-
environment-regional-bodies-10jan2019/
31 Wang Yinghui “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region, Policy Suggestions and Prospects (Nanyang
Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.3-4

8
On the operational level, bilateral or multilateral engagement involving training, exercise,

and workshop can be amongst the best methods to increase trust. It will improve
operational comfort levels, an important component of interoperability. “Increased
participation in bilateral and multilateral exercises across the region develops
relationships based on shared values and subsequently creates an environment built on
mutual respect and trust. The only way to achieve a collaborative and productive
environment is through confidence in each other.”32
Interoperability exercises like Maritime Pollution Exercise (MARPOLEX) should be

strengthened. Conducted biennially since 1981, MARPOLEX posed as a significant effort
to support regional cooperation mechanisms to enhance readiness and skill through
interoperability among states in tackling oil spill pollution. Furthermore, the success of
maritime cooperation in strengthening marine protection in other regions should also be
emulated and used as guidelines.
LACK OF PERSISTENT AND TIMELY DATA
However, a common relevant concern with traditional surveillance methods is the lack of
continuous and persistent environmental monitoring providing real-time data for a broad
search area. Maritime sustainable and marine ecosystem protection is not a day's work.
It requires persistent surveillance and complete situational understanding to facilitate the
analysis and best decision-making. It is nearly impossible to monitor hundreds of
thousands or, in some instances, millions of square kilometers of the sea with manned
assets alone.
This issue has worsened with inadequate and outdated asset conditions due to a lack of
a defence spending budget. Spending budget on infrastructure, education, healthcare,
and other economic and social growth issues has historically taken precedence over
defence and security in this region.33 As a result, key agencies, such as the Navy and
Coast Guard, have had to make the enforcement with fewer assets and existing ones
that are both inadequate and outdated. Given the best scenario on how this issue
affected the oil pollution enforcement, it is found that any delay in taking the oil pollution
32 Jonathan Maed, “Importance of sharing Maritime Domain Information and Optimizing through Collaboration, (Galle
33 Thomas Daniel, “Issues Impacting Malaysia’s Maritime Security Policies and Postures,” Key Issues to Consider
(Institue of Strategic & International Studie Malaysia), (2018)

9
sample would make the pollutant disappear and allow the suspected ship to move out of
the scene.34
Hence, it is suggested that one of the best solutions to overcome this challenge is by
merging the current technology with the traditional maritime surveillance method.
Regional countries shall emphasise limited defence budgets by channeling some into
investing in technologies with cheaper acquisition and operating costs. But, it will always
come back to the question of how the technological emergence mitigates this lack of
persistent and timely data issues.
3. THE TECHNOLOGICAL EMERGENCE
Thus, the following subsection will discuss the technological advantages and advanced
solutions to enhance maritime security cooperation's effectiveness.
a. TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES
In recent years, satellites, drones, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology have
emerged as powerful tools for combatting traditional and non-traditional threats
worldwide. Satellites and drones are relatively inexpensive to operate and maintain
compared to traditional surveillance methods, such as manned aircraft and ships. Also,
surveillance has been mentioned to be one of the largest markets for Unmanned Aerial
Systems (UAS) technology, particularly when spaceborne technology, manned airborne,
and in situ methods are not as efficient for various reasons, including accessibility,
speed, cost efficiency, and operational safety.35 They can cover large ocean areas at
a fraction of the cost of traditional methods, making them a cost-effective alternative to
the limited defence budget country in this region.
Additionally, satellites can provide a wide-area ocean view, allowing them to detect and
track vessels over large areas. In contrast, drones provide persistent surveillance over
a specific area for extended periods. It allows for more comprehensive and efficient
surveillance of the maritime domain. As illustrated in Figure 5, timely data
34Sutarji Kasmin “Enforcing Ship-Based Marine Pollution for Cleaner Sea in the Strait of Malacca” (2010): p.64
35Shattri Mansor, Nadir Saadatkhan “UAS: The Future of Disaster Response and Surveillance,” Conference Paper,
(Geospatial Information Science Research Center (GISRC), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), (2016), Abstract
10
dissemination provides crucial tools for the best analysis and decision-making. "They
need to understand what is moving all the way from space until below the seabed. The
old way is not enough. Sending out a plane, a frigate, or the coast guard no longer cuts
it. Needs now are about persistent environmental monitoring providing real-time data."36
Figure 5: Near Real-Time Drone’s Data Dissemination
Figure 6: Illustration of ViDAR Wide Area Maritime Detection
Moreover, satellites and drones can be equipped with advanced sensors and cameras
with detailed imagery. The drone’s detection capability will improve by 80 times more
coverage area if fitted with Visual Detection and Ranging (ViDAR) technology (Figure
6),37 a wide-area autonomous detection system for electro-optic imagery in the maritime
domain. When equipped with ViDAR, a tactical drone like ScanEagle (Figure 7) can
36 Gunnar Jan Olsen, “Andøya Space Defence Launches Complete Surveillance System for the Arctic”
https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/andoya-space-defence-launches-complete-surveillance-system-arctic (2021)
37 “ViDAR Wide Area Maritime Detection Video” https://sentientvision.com/products/vidar-for-uas/
11
search an approximately 13,360 square nautical mile area in 12 hours38 concurrently

has become a game changer in the maritime surveillance world, which can lead to more
effective and efficient decision-making. Bob Little highlighted the value of ScanEagle,
stating, "Technology like ScanEagle allows to identify and track contacts (vessels) much
farther out or locate those 'dark targets' vessels, not on radar or transmitting on Automatic
Identification Systems (AIS).39
Figure 7: UAS ScanEagle Tactical Drone
Furthermore, technology will also offer better coordination and collaboration

solution. The use of digital platforms and web-based applications can improve
information sharing and coordination among ASEAN countries, which can lead to more
effective and efficient management of maritime security incidents.
b. INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM (IRSS)
This section will elaborate on how Integrated Remote Sensing System (IRSS) technology
consists of satellite data, Near Real-Time (NRT) video feed by drones, ViDAR, and AI
systems, provide a most advanced solution to the maritime surveillance system in marine
protection and environmental monitoring. ArcticX21 (a multinational collaboration
exercise between several nations and world-leading innovators in advanced defence
technology) has demonstrated the best example of how IRSS technology enhanced
the effectiveness of maritime surveillance.
38 “Sea Airspace 2016: Insitu's Scaneagle UAS Fitted With ViDAR Detection System”,
https://www.navyrecognition.com/4000-sas-2016-insitu-moving-forward-with-
12
Figure 8: Illustration of IRSS capability on ArcticX21
Figure 9: IRSA Mission Center
ArcticX21 provides complete situational awareness from satellites, Beyond Visual Line
Of Sight (BVLOS) drones, and other platforms in monitorings IUU fishing simulations,
'dark target,’ oil spills, and ship/iceberg detection in the Artic (the world's most
inhospitable environments)40 as illustrated in Figure 8.41 “Mainly, the basic idea is to use
satellites to detect "dark target" ships that are not properly using their AIS transponder.
Then, the IRSA Mission Center, shown in Figure 9, will deploy the Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle (UAV) to inspect the ship. If something is suspicious, the UAV will alert the Navy
or Coast Guard, who will send a ship or helicopter to perform a Visit Board Search and
40 IRSA Development Group,” The IDG ArcticX Campaigns,” https://www.idg.network/arcticx

41 Gunnar Jan Olsen, “Andøya Space Defence Launches Complete Surveillance System for the Arctic”
https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/andoya-space-defence-launches-complete-surveillance-system-arctic (2021)
13
Seizure (VBSS).”42 The system also successfully identified a real 'dark target' in that
mission, a Russian Corvette (BOIKEY 532).
If every fleet in this region, utilising this kind of technology, could log on to a network and
take a real-time look at what is happening in a given spot; the effectiveness of maritime
surveillance could be enhanced. "Although it was designed for the Arctic region, it is
still relevant anywhere else, such as the South China Sea, Straits of Malacca, Riau
Archipelago, etc."43 The bottom line is that this Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA)
capability can go almost anywhere worldwide and quickly become operational.
4. THE WAY FORWARD
The following subsection will discuss the way forward to be implemented by ASEAN
countries to have better coordination in order to enhance the effectiveness of maritime
security cooperation.
a. UTILISING CURRENT TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE
Regional countries are suggested to use technology to combat traditional and non-
traditional threats. If regional countries cannot afford to purchase integrated advanced
technology like IRSS discussed in the previous section, regional countries can start with
the current technology available in the inventory. Several ASEAN countries have been
blessed with ScanEagle (tactical drone) delivery under the Maritime Security Initiative
(MSI) programme, and others, like Brunei, have even purchased tactical drones
(Integrator).
Therefore, ASEAN countries should explore and utilise drones provided under the MSI
programme to enhance the effectiveness of maritime security cooperation, particularly in
strengthening maritime development sustainability and marine ecosystem protection.
Tactical drones have taken their architectural excellence as the most reliable, safe, and
efficient domain with tremendous outcomes in the highest performance and economical
approach to enhance maritime surveillance's effectiveness.
42 David “Funky” Funkhouser - Insitu Director of International Business Development “Interview through LinkedIn on
ARCTICX21” (2023)
43 David “Funky” Funkhouser - Insitu Director of International Business Development “Interview through LinkedIn on
ARCTICX21” (2023)
14
As a country with extensive experience deploying drones, the US government, under the
supervision of the Office of Defence Cooperation (ODC) or Institue for Security
Governance (ISG), can lead the discussion among regional countries on this issue
through workshops and exercise such as Southeast Asia Cooperation And Training
(SEACAT). SEACAT is a multilateral exercise designed to enhance cooperation among
Southeast Asian countries and provide mutual support and a common goal to address
crises, contingencies, and illegal activities in the maritime domain.44 To add more value
in the future, SEACAT can be a platform to discuss the required steps in utilising
technology in maritime security cooperation among regional countries.
b. INFORMATION SHARING CENTRE
The timely data provided by technology assets discussed in the previous subsection will
be more beneficial if regional countries have the best information-sharing system, which
has increased the need for a mission/information-sharing center mirror to the IRSA
Mission Centre. Going forward, International Fusion Centre (IFC) seems to be the best
mechanism for the needs. The IFC is key in ensuring safe and secure seas through timely
and comprehensive information sharing within regional countries.45 Over the years, IFC
has broadened the range of partnerships to include military and enforcement agencies
and shipping companies.
Furthermore, IFC provides smart partnerships in information sharing and facilitates the
best way to leverage timely data from technology assets. The exchange of information
in combatting maritime issues is vital as the actors capitalise on the loophole between
countries.46 This will significantly have a positive impact on maritime security
governance, which will interestingly be better coordinated and found to be the driving
factor to improving maritime security cooperation in strengthening marine ecosystem
protection and sustainable development.
44 Mohammad Issa, “Indo-Pacific Maritime Forces Kick off 21st SEACAT Exercise”, (2022)
https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/3130458/indo-pacific-maritime-forces-kick-off-21st-seacat-
exercise/
45 Lester Young, “Foreword From Head IFC”
https://www.ifc.org.sg/ifc2web/app_pages/User/commonv2/aboutus.cshtml
46
Fairuz Hassan “Maritime Strategy: A Way Ahead for Malaysian Armed Forces – Past and Present.” p.3
15
CONCLUSION
Overall, it is essential to strengthening maritime security cooperation, as this

method is one of the most effective ways to strengthen maritime development
sustainability. The complex maritime domain in the Indo-Pacific raised the need to
emphasise the security and safety of marine ecosystems, which played a vital role in the
Blue Economy (BE). ASEAN regional countries shall put aside the dispute and start
cooperating to emphasise the sustainability of marine development. Failure to cooperate
on the solution, particularly with maritime development sustainability, will lead to a
tragedy of the commons due to each country pursuing its self-interest, which in the end,
all will eventually lose.
It is about time to utilise technology such as satellites, drones, Artificial Intelligence (AI),
and even Integrated Remote Sensing Systems (IRSS) to enhance the effectiveness of
maritime security cooperation as it provides a range of capabilities in facing both
traditional and non-traditional threats. A number of suggestions could be presented to
assist regional countries in preparing the required steps in utilising technology in maritime
security cooperation.
Tactical drones have taken their architectural excellence as the most reliable, safe, and
efficient domain with tremendous outcomes in the highest performance and economical
approach to enhance maritime surveillance's effectiveness. Way forward, ASEAN
regional countries should utilise drones provided under the Maritime Security Initiative
(MSI) programme. International Fusion Centre (IFC) can provide smart partnerships in
information sharing to facilitate the best way to leverage timely data from technology
assets. Better coordination on this was the driving factor in enhancing maritime security
cooperation, particularly in strengthening marine ecosystem protection and sustainable
development.
16
REFERENCES
LINKEDIN CONNECTION
1. Captain Fairuz Hassan - Assistant Chief of Staff (N5)

2. Prof Dato’ Dr. Shattri Mansor
- Jurupro Chairman (Remote Sensing SME)
3. Lt M Ikmal Hisyam Abu (R) - Petronas Mexico HSSE (Maritime Analyst)
4. Mr. Dave “Funky” Funkhouser- Boeing Insitu Director of International Business
(Tactical Drone Service Provider)
5. Mr. Ebunolowa George Ojo-Ami - African Maritime Researcher
FOOTNOTES
1. Essay in Honour of Sam Bateman, “Maritime Cooperation and Security in the Indo-
Pacific Region,” Chapter 13 - Opportunities for Enhancing Naval Cooperation in the
Indian Ocean Region in the Presence of Strategic Competition, (2022): p.253
2. Sam Bateman “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” Strategic, Legal

and Political Initiative, (Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No.132) (1999):
p.11
3. Dr. Amarulla Oktavia, “Maritime Security Cooperation for Marine Ecosystem

Preservation,” Conclusion (Galle Dialogue 2018 – International Maritime
Conference): p.97-98
4. Sam Bateman “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” Existing Maritime

Cooperation Arrangements, (Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No.132)
(1999): p.11
5. Wang Yinghui “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” (Nanyang

Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.1

Preservation,” Cooperation among Regional Navies and Coast Guards, (Galle

Conference): p.103
8. “The regional assessment report on Biodiversity And Ecosystem Services For Asia
And The Pacific” – Chapter 1, (2020): p.3
1
9. Miller EC, Hayashi KT, Song D, Wiens JJ. “Explaining the ocean’s richest
biodiversity hotspot and global patterns of fish diversity”, (2018): p.1
10. “The Coral Triangle” (Coral Triangle ATLAS)

http://ctatlas.coraltriangleinitiative.org/About
11. “The Diversity of Fishes: Biology Evolution and Ecology, Marine zoogeographic
regions fishes – Indo-West Pacific Region,”
https://www.brainkart.com/article/Marine-zoogeographic-regions-fishes_22193
12. Position Paper On Blue Economy, “Unlocking The Value Of The Oceans,” Chapter
5: Transformation of Malaysia into a Successful Blue Economy, (Akedimi Sains
Malaysia) (2023): p. 24
13. Position Paper On Blue Economy: “Unlocking The Value Of The Oceans,” Chapter
1 Introduction, (Akedimi Sains Malaysia) (2023): p. 169
14. Cheryl Rita, “Malaysia: A Maritime Nation,” Chapter 9: Conservation and

Sustainable Management of Marine Living Resources and the Environment: A
National Perspective, (2021)
15. Zulhilmi Nizam, “Symposium on Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (Session

3) ”, (2021), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y6qhZM8IYo&t=1675s
16. “Enhancing Marine Environment Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region,” (CSCAP

Memorandum No. 31, (2018): p.3
17. “Regulating IUU Fishing and Securing EEZ,” Boeing Insitu News,
19. Admiral Karl Schultz “Why I Serve,” 2022 State of USCG

https://www.uscg.mil/Portals/0/seniorleadership/SOTCG/2020-State-of-the-United-
States-Coast-Guard.pdf?ver=2020-02-20-144533-547
20. Frank Meere, Marry Lack, “Assessment of Impacts of IUU Fishing in the Asia-
Pacific,” (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Fisheries Working Group), (2008), p.iii
23. Sutarji Kasmin “Enforcing Ship-Based Marine Pollution for Cleaner Sea in the Strait
of Malacca” (2010): p.61
2
24. Louis Lugas, “More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic
emissions into the ocean, Lourens J. J. Meier (2021) via science.org.
25. Wang Yinghui “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region, Trends: A Mixture
of Cooperation and Challenges (Nanyang Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.3
26. Fairuz Hassan “Maritime Strategy: A Way Ahead for Malaysian Armed Forces -
Balance of Power.” p.6
27. Wang Yinghui “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region, Policy

Suggestions and Prospects (Nanyang Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.3
30. Marine Environment Regional Bodies, (Centre for International Law, National
University of Singapore) (2019) https://cil.nus.edu.sg/event/regional-cooperation-
for-the-protection-of-the-marine-environment-conference/marine-environment-
regional-bodies-10jan2019/
31. Wang Yinghui “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region, Policy

Suggestions and Prospects (Nanyang Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.3-4
32. Jonathan Maed, “Importance of sharing Maritime Domain Information and

Optimizing through Collaboration, (Galle Dialogue 2018 – International Maritime
Conference): p.114
33. Thomas Daniel, “Issues Impacting Malaysia’s Maritime Security Policies and
Postures,” Key Issues to Consider (Institue of Strategic & International Studie
Malaysia), (2018)
of Malacca” (2010): p.64
35. Shattri Mansor, Nadir Saadatkhan “UAS: The Future of Disaster Response and
Surveillance,” Conference Paper, (Geospatial Information Science Research Center
(GISRC), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), (2016), Abstract
36. Gunnar Jan Olsen, “Andøya Space Defence Launches Complete Surveillance
System for the Arctic” https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/andoya-space-defence-
launches-complete-surveillance-system-arctic (2021)
37. “ViDAR Wide Area Maritime Detection Video”

https://sentientvision.com/products/vidar-for-uas/
3
38. “Sea Airspace 2016: Insitu's Scaneagle UAS Fitted With ViDAR Detection System”,
40. IRSA Development Group,” The IDG ArcticX Campaigns,”

https://www.idg.network/arcticx
42. David “Funky” Funkhouser - Insitu Director of International Business Development

“Interview through LinkedIn on ARCTICX21” (2023)

44. Mohammad Issa, “Indo-Pacific Maritime Forces Kick off 21st SEACAT Exercise”,
(2022) https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/3130458/indo-
pacific-maritime-forces-kick-off-21st-seacat-exercise/
45. Lester Young, “Foreword From Head IFC”

46. Fairuz Hassan “Maritime Strategy: A Way Ahead for Malaysian Armed Forces –
Past and Present.” p.3
WEBSITE LINKS
1. “The Coral Triangle” (Coral Triangle ATLAS)

http://ctatlas.coraltriangleinitiative.org/About
2. “The Diversity of Fishes: Biology Evolution and Ecology, Marine zoogeographic

regions fishes – Indo-West Pacific Region,”
https://www.brainkart.com/article/Marine-zoogeographic-regions-fishes_22193
3. Zulhilmi Nizam, “Symposium on Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (Session

3) ”, (2021), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y6qhZM8IYo&t=1675s

4
5. Admiral Karl Schultz “Why I Serve,” 2022 State of USCG
https://www.uscg.mil/Portals/0/seniorleadership/SOTCG/2020-State-of-the-United-
States-Coast-Guard.pdf?ver=2020-02-20-144533-547
6. Marine Environment Regional Bodies, (Centre for International Law, National

University of Singapore) (2019) https://cil.nus.edu.sg/event/regional-cooperation-
for-the-protection-of-the-marine-environment-conference/marine-environment-
regional-bodies-10jan2019/

8. “ViDAR Wide Area Maritime Detection Video”

https://sentientvision.com/products/vidar-for-uas/
9. “Sea Airspace 2016: Insitu's Scaneagle UAS Fitted With ViDAR Detection System”,
10. IRSA Development Group,” The IDG ArcticX Campaigns,”

https://www.idg.network/arcticx
11. Mohammad Issa, “Indo-Pacific Maritime Forces Kick off 21st SEACAT Exercise”,
(2022) https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/3130458/indo-
pacific-maritime-forces-kick-off-21st-seacat-exercise/
12. Lester Young, “Foreword From Head IFC”

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Essay in Honour of Sam Bateman, “Maritime Cooperation and Security in the Indo-
Pacific Region,” Chapter 13 - Opportunities for Enhancing Naval Cooperation in the
Indian Ocean Region in the Presence of Strategic Competition, (2022)
2. Sam Bateman “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” Strategic, Legal

and Political Initiative, (Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No.132) (1999)

Conference)
4. Wang Yinghui “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” (Nanyang

Technology University/RSIS) (2011)
5
5. “The regional assessment report on Biodiversity And Ecosystem Services For Asia
And The Pacific” – Chapter 1, (2020)
6. Miller EC, Hayashi KT, Song D, Wiens JJ. “Explaining the ocean’s richest
biodiversity hotspot and global patterns of fish diversity”, (2018)
7. Position Paper On Blue Economy, “Unlocking The Value Of The Oceans,” Chapter
5: Transformation of Malaysia into a Successful Blue Economy, (Akedemi Sains
Malaysia) (2023)
8. Cheryl Rita, “Malaysia: A Maritime Nation,” Chapter 9: Conservation and

Sustainable Management of Marine Living Resources and the Environment: A
National Perspective, (2021)
9. “Enhancing Marine Environment Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region,” (CSCAP

Memorandum No. 31, (2018)
Pacific,” (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Fisheries Working Group), (2008)
of Malacca” (2010)
12. Louis Lugas, “More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic
emissions into the ocean, Lourens J. J. Meier (2021) via science.org.
13. Fairuz Hassan “Maritime Strategy: A Way Ahead for Malaysian Armed Forces -
Balance of Power.”
14. Jonathan Maed, “Importance of sharing Maritime Domain Information and

Optimizing through Collaboration, (Galle Dialogue 2018 – International Maritime
Conference)
15. Thomas Daniel, “Issues Impacting Malaysia’s Maritime Security Policies and
Postures,” Key Issues to Consider (Institue of Strategic & International Studie
Malaysia), (2018)
16. Shattri Mansor, Nadir Saadatkhan “UAS: The Future of Disaster Response and
Surveillance,” Conference Paper, (Geospatial Information Science Research Center
(GISRC), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), (2016)


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KEMBARAN E KEPADA

SPC 100-2/1/9 V2 ( 103 )

FORMAT MUKA HADAPAN PMEM TLDM 2023

PERADUAN MENGARANG ESEI MARITIM (PMEM) TLDM 2023

Tajuk Esei: Strengthening Maritime Sustainable and Marine Ecosystem Protection

Kategori: Pegawai Muda

No Telefon (h/p): Email:

Bilangan Patah Perkataan (tidak termasuk rujukan): Bilangan Muka Surat:

Nama Mentor: Captain Mohammad Fairuz bin Hassan RMN N/403450

SEACAT Southeast Asia Cooperation and Training

STRENGTHENING MARITIME SUSTAINABLE AND MARINE ECOSYSTEM

Maritime security cooperation is both an obligation and a necessity, as it plays a vital

Dialogue 2018 – International Maritime Conference): p.97-98

However, many undefined and unresolved disputes pose significant challenges to

Dialogue 2018 – International Maritime Conference): p.103

1. THE IMPORTANCE OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

Figure 1: Reef Fish Biodiversity in the Coral Triangle

of fish diversity”, (2018): p.1

into a Successful Blue Economy, (Akedimi Sains Malaysia) (2023): p. 24

Southeast Asia in 2015.13 Singapore produces the most productivity efficiency by

Figure 2: Comparison of Ocean Productivity Efficiency in Southeast Asia in 2015

2. THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Living Resources and the Environment: A National Perspective, (2021)

a. MARITIME ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Maritime Institue of Malaysia (MIMA) highlights Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated

15 Zulhilmi Nizam, “Symposium on Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (Session 3) ”, (2021),

Cooperation Fisheries Working Group), (2008), p.iii

Cooperation Fisheries Working Group), (2008), p.iii

Cooperation Fisheries Working Group), (2008), p.iii

Figure 3: Ocean Plastic Waste Polluters Worldwide (in metric tonnes)

b. MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION

DISPUTES AND DISTRUST

Challenges (Nanyang Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.3

Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.3

can be very adverse when attempting multilateral maritime operations or initiatives.28 In

Therefore, In order to stimulate confidence building among regional countries, regional

Figure 4: ASEAN Regional Bodies Dealing With Marine Environment

Challenges (Nanyang Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.3

Technology University/RSIS) (2011): p.3-4

On the operational level, bilateral or multilateral engagement involving training, exercise,

Interoperability exercises like Maritime Pollution Exercise (MARPOLEX) should be

LACK OF PERSISTENT AND TIMELY DATA

(Institue of Strategic & International Studie Malaysia), (2018)

3. THE TECHNOLOGICAL EMERGENCE

Figure 5: Near Real-Time Drone’s Data Dissemination

Figure 6: Illustration of ViDAR Wide Area Maritime Detection

search an approximately 13,360 square nautical mile area in 12 hours38 concurrently

Figure 7: UAS ScanEagle Tactical Drone

Furthermore, technology will also offer better coordination and collaboration

b. INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM (IRSS)

Figure 8: Illustration of IRSS capability on ArcticX21

Figure 9: IRSA Mission Center

40 IRSA Development Group,” The IDG ArcticX Campaigns,” https://www.idg.network/arcticx

4. THE WAY FORWARD

a. UTILISING CURRENT TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE

b. INFORMATION SHARING CENTRE

Overall, it is essential to strengthening maritime security cooperation, as this

1. Captain Fairuz Hassan - Assistant Chief of Staff (N5)

2. Sam Bateman “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” Strategic, Legal

3. Dr. Amarulla Oktavia, “Maritime Security Cooperation for Marine Ecosystem

4. Sam Bateman “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” Existing Maritime

5. Wang Yinghui “Maritime Cooperation in The Asia-Pacific Region,” (Nanyang

6. Dr. Amarulla Oktavia, “Maritime Security Cooperation for Marine Ecosystem

7. Dr. Amarulla Oktavia, “Maritime Security Cooperation for Marine Ecosystem