117 Parathyroid Glands 4M.8 Adrenal Glands 11.9 Pancreas aso comple AIDS TO UNDERSTANDING WORDS /penss4" ‘i " SHI spaces tothe bloodstream interstitial fluid) to enter lymphatic capillaries, Once inside lymphatic capillaries the fluid is called Iymph (imf), Lymphatic Vessels ‘The walls of lymphatic vessels are similar to those of veins, but are thinner. Like some peripheral veins, lyme phatic vessels have valves that help prevent backflow of lymph (fig. 14.3).ely }14.2. Lymphatic capillaries are micros ear onic neces eon “masttissues. thoracic duct is the wider and longer collecting {receives lymph from the lower limbs and abdominal ‘egions Jeftupper limb, and left side of the thorax, head, and “and empties into the left subclavian vein near its june- th the left jugular vein. The right lymphatic duct ys Iymph from the right side of the head and neck, (othe right. ‘Yein near its junction with the right jugular vein. leaving the two collecting ducts, lymph enters the ‘system and becomes part of the plasma just before ims to the right atrium. Figure 14.5 summarizes ‘limb, and right thorax, and empties ish between the thoracic duct and the right natic duct. nd explain the hhow tissue fluid and tymph form, 9 1d exp of lymph. - 2 ly tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic ‘Thus, lymph formation depends uo” tissue fluid @Fluid Formation, ti .4, Blood Vessels, Peed isms ‘Tissue fluid is com issue fluid iposed of CHAPTER 14 Lymphatic Systom ond immunity 389 GAs Ye, Figure 14.3 Light micrograph of the valve (arrows) within, ‘a lymphatic vessel (60x). © McGraw Hil Eaueaton/Dennis Sete. photographer ‘water and dissolved substances that leave blood capillaries by filtration as capillary blood pressure forces water and small molecules from the plasma. The resulting fluid is very similar in composition to the blood plasma (including nutrients, gases, and hormones), with the important exception of the plasma proteins, most of which are too large to pass through the blood capillary walls. The osmotic effect of the plasma proteins (called the plasma colloid osmotic pressure) helps draw fluid back into the blood capillaries by osmosis. Some of the ‘smaller plasma proteins do pass through the blood capil- lary walls, and do not contribute to the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Lymph Formation and Function Filtration from the plasma normally exceeds reabsorp- tion, leading to the net formation of tissue fluid. This acctumulation of tissue fluid increases the tissue fluid hydro- static pressure, which moves tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries, forming lymph (see fig. 14.2), Lymph returns. to the bloodstream most of the small proteins that passed through the blood capillary walls. At the same time, lymph transports foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, 10 lymph nodes.390 unira | TRANSPORT ‘Area (shaded) droined byrrght lymphatic duct Right lymphatic duct 44.8 The lymphatic pathway. This pathway oc. both the right and left sides of the body. “What is the relationship between tissue fluid anc ‘4. How do plasma proteins in blood capillaries atfect ~ lymph formation? static pressure of tissue fluid drives yop Capillaries, However, muscular activity of lymph through the !yrps" lymphatic vessels, like venous Dl static pressure and may 00 apie in Iymphatic vessels without help from jure 14.4 Lymphatic pathways. (a) The 1 Skeletal muscles in the limbs, contraction ° Faure 14.4 Upon oT eit Amusle nthe wale otine lanes trent" whereas the thoracic duct drains lymph from the restof the body. (b) Lymph drainage of the right breast illustrates: a localized function of the lymphatic system. Surgery to sels, This treat breast cancer con Glstuph this drainage, causing painful swelling (edeme) inthe upperlimb ofthe treated side © ‘anich ympnatic duct droins tight dower limb? Bes Answer can be found in Appendix F, ; ‘Associated with breathing. Contracting fl muscles compress Iymphstt "> Ng action moves the lymph inside ain the abdominal cavity. Conse que etl nae ge oe als. Once again, valves in lymphatic no? enc: Phatic vessels Fhe continuous movement of fluid from inte inlo blood and lymphatic capitaries seni nt sper of fluid in these interstitial spares Conditions tht with Iymph movement cause aie a os ; id t0 accu. ie within the interstitial spaces, prodycr {edeinah, oF swelling. Edema may develop when set lop when Iymphatic tissue, preventing lymph flow, For essee pieasurgeon removing a cancerous breast tumor may alo ‘emove nearby axillary lymph nodes to p; " event associated yessels from transporting cancer cells to other Wren this lymphatic tissue can obstruct drainage from the upper limb, causing edema (sec fig, 14.46) a ee) PRACTICE RFS I 5incta rh tow BR Sccdience of yrosovecosvscioe 14.5 | Lymphatic Tissues and Lymphatic Organs @ LeaRN 8. Describe a lymph node and its major functions. 6, Discuss the locaton and function of the thymus andthe spleen tic tissue contains lymphocytes, macrophages, ae. cells. The unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic lissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts is called the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Compact masses of ae tissue compose the tonsils and appendin (see sections, } 3 Mouth, and 15.10, Large Intestine). MALT azgregai=) Of 97 Phatic tissue, called Peyer's patches. are suo eR ‘Out the mucosal lining of the distal portion fe oe eal ittestine, The lymphatic organs. including the Iymnit "Se and spleen, are encapsulated lymphatic 500% Capsule of connective tissue with many fibers ‘ach organ, lymph Nodes ‘ ape, bat are usally k Tymph nodes vary in size and shape but are us 146 Bsrextmaers Dag and somewhat bean sad (RE Te 81 147). Blood vessels join a 1y™PM 1 pitum. The ee te eet es afferent veel) ic vessels leading toa lymph nOde CT, Ser separately at various points 00 #8 CO rent ves: the lymphatic vessels leaving the 1yP" : Sk) exit from the hilum. usually less than sh CHAPTER 4 | Lymphatic System andImmunty 394 Afterent Subcapsule ymphatie (macrophages, 8 cols) Lymoh tow — Trabecuin Germinal — Bcels) Lymphatic ~ Capsule Lymphaticnedule. tum fiw Lymph flow Vein Efierent Iyemphatic Figure {6 section through a lymph node. (PIF tymh node Blood vessels Figure 44.7 Lymph emters and leaves a lymph node through ymphatic vessels. © 0c Kent. van De Gratt A capsule of connective tissue encloses each lymph node and subdivides it into compartments. Lymph nodes contain large numbers of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and macrophages that fight invading microorganisms. Masses of B cells and macrophages in the cortex are con- tained within lymphatic nodules, also called Iymphatie follictes, the functional units of the lymph node. The spaces within a node, called lymphatie sinuses, provide a complex network of chambers and channels through which lymph circulates,E 382 unr | transport carvcal bony iymoh noe nose Atty Iymoh nose Suprarochear ‘ynoh rose ‘Abdominal tymph rose Inguinal ctiy “4 oh ag be rece Figure 14.8 Locations of major lymph nodes. ‘Lymph nodes are generally in groups or chains along the paths of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body, but are absent in the central nervous system. Figure 14.8 shows the major locations of lymph nodes. Lymph nodes have two primary functions: (I) filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph before returning it to the bloodstream, and (2) monitoring body fluids (immune surveillance), a function performed by lymphocytes and mac- rophages. Along with red bone marrow, the lymph nodes fare centers for lymphocyte production. Lymphocytes attack viruses, bacteria, and other parasitic cells that are brought to the lymph nodes by lymph in the lymphatic vessels, Macro- phages in the lymph nodes engulf and destroy foreign sub- stances, damaged cells, and cellular debris. ‘Superficial lymphatic vessels inflamed by bacterlinfection ‘appear as red streaks beneath the skin, @ condition alled Iymphangits. Inflammation of the lymph nodes, called Iymphadenitis, often follows. In lymphadenopathy, e i‘ lymph nodes enlarge and may be quite painful + illary walls Ca emcnes ', What is the size and shape of @ IVP node? ‘9, Where are lymph nodes located and what functions? Thymus “The thymus (hi’mus) is a sot, bilobed gland enous connective tissue capsule and located anterior tothe js posterior to the upper part of the sternum (ig. 39, thymus is usually proportionately larger during inf, early childhood, but shrinks after puberty and may hc small in an adult. In elderly people, adipose and con, tissues replace lymphatic tissue in the thymus. Connective tissues extend inward from the sues the thymus, subdividing it into lobules (fig. 149}, lobules house many lymphocytes. Most of these (thymocytes) are inactive; however, some mature Iymphacytes (T cells), which leave the thymus an vide immunity, Epithelial cells in the thymus secre mones called thymosins, which stimulate maturation lymphocytes. FACTS OF LIFE ina person agea seventy, the thymus is one-tenth the size tw Person at the age of ten, Spleen The spleen (splén), the largest lymphatic ora the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity | rior to the diaphragm. It is posterior and late! ' stomach (fig. 1494), The spleen resembles 3 | node and is subdivided into lobules. However the lymphatic sinuses of a lymph node, the spsct* | Spleen, called venous sinuses, are filled with blood of lymph. The tissues within splenic lobules are of (fig. 14.10). The white pulp is distributed throu” spleen in tiny islands. This tissue is composed ° \ nodules, which are similar to the lymphatic lymph nodes and are packed with lymphocytes ! pulp, which fills the remaining spaces of the !0b!** fe the venous sinuses, This pulp contains 1" eat ecellss which impart its color, plus many |" Blood capillaries in the red pulp are quite Red blood cells can squeeze through the pe and enter the venous sinuses..en. (a) The thy 1d posterior CHAPTER 14 | Lymphatic System and immunity 393 a Thyroid gland Trechea wuss blobed, located between the lungs and superior tothe heart The spleen is. ue lateral to the stomach. (B) A ection through the thymus (15x), Note how the -to the diaphragm an eetvs Sr uccraw HlEoycationDenns Stele photoganhet Jivided into lobules. ring this passa ore ung ts ge: PRACTICE _ r4s3) > aeese macrophages alS® 10, Why ate the thymus and the spleen cons Sch as bacteria, that Eicimcnicosen, ee in the blood ‘the spleen filters blood mu! ‘tymph. venous rough the Venous ‘41, What are the major functions of the thymus and the has the lymph spleen? Se ee