CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

Turbine blades are used in aircraft propulsion and in land based power generation
or industrial applications. The inlet temperature in turbine or far
higher than the melting point of the blade material. Hence cooling has to be done.
The blades are cooled by extracting air from the compressor of the engine by
various methods. In this project, internal blade cooling method is used. There are
three types of internal blade cooling. The first method is the Jet impingement
cooling which is applied in the leading edge of the blade. This is done by
impinging air through tiny holes. This method is efficient for first
stage vanes. The second method is pin fin cooling which is employed in the trailing
edge of the blade due to space limitation. The third method is the
cooling done by using ribs which is employed in the middle portion of the blade.
The film cooling effectiveness distributions were presented along with the
discussions on the influences of rotational speed,blowing ratio, and vortices around
the leading edge region. Results showed that different rotation speeds significantly
change the film cooling traces with the average film cooling effectiveness in the
leading edge region increasing with blowing ratio.

1
 CHAPTER -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Jeyong Ahn, M.T. Schobeiri, Je-Chin Han, Hee-Koo Moon [1] have studied the
Effect of rotation on detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions in the leading
edge region of a gas turbine blade with three showerhead rows of radial-angle
holes were measured using the Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technique. Tests
were conducted on the first-stage rotor blade of a three-stage axial turbine at three
rotational speeds. The effect of the blowing ratio was also studied. The Reynolds
number based on the axial chord length and the exit velocity was 200,000 and the
total to exit pressure ratio was 1.12 for the first-stage rotor blade.. The
corresponding rotor blade inlet and exit Mach number was 0.1 and 0.3,
respectively. The film cooling effectiveness distributions were presented along
with the discussions on the influences of rotational speed,blowing ratio, and
vortices around the leading edge region. Results showed that different rotation
speeds significantly change the film cooling traces with the average film cooling
effectiveness in the leading edge region increasing with blowing ratio.

Zhihong Gao, Diganta P. Narzary, Je-Chin Han [2] have studied the film cooling
effectiveness on the surface of a high pressure turbine blade is measured using the
pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. Four rows of axial laid-back, fan-shaped
cooling holes are distributed on the pressure side while two such rows are provided
on the suction side. The coolant is only injected to either the pressure side or
2
suction side of the blade at five average blowing ratios ranging from 0.4 to 1.5.
The presence of wakes due to upstream vanes is simulated by placing a periodic set
of rods upstream of the test blade. Effect of the upstream wakes is recorded at four
different phase locations with equal intervals along the pitch-wise direction. The
freestream Mach numbers at cascade inlet and exit are 0.27 and 0.44, respectively.
Results reveal that the tip leakage vortices and endwall vortices sweep the coolant
film on the suction side to the midspan region. The film cooling effectiveness on
the suction side is usually higher than that on the pressure side except the regions
affected by the secondary vortices. The presence of upstream wakes results in
lower film cooling effectiveness on the blade surface. The moderate blowing ratios
(M = 0.6 or M = 0.9) give higher film cooling effectiveness immediately
downstream of the film cooling holes. Further downstream of the holes, higher
blowing ratios cover wider surface area.

Cun-liang Liu, Hui-ren Zhu, Jiang-tao Bai, Du-chun Xu [3] have studied the
Experimental tests to investigate the film cooling performance of converging slot-
hole (console) rows on the turbine blade. Film cooling effectiveness of each single
hole row is measured under three momentum flux ratios based on the wide-band
liquid crystal technique. Measurements of the cooling effectiveness with all the
hole rows open are also carried out under two coolant–mainstream flux ratios. Film
cooling effectiveness of cylindrical hole rows on the same blade model is
measured as a comparison. The results reveal that the trace of jets from both
consoles and cylindrical holes is converging on the suction surface and expanding
on the pressure surface by the influence of the passage vortex, while the influence
of passage vortex on the jets from consoles is weaker. The film coverage area and
the film cooling effectiveness of single/multiple console row(s) are much larger
than those of single/multiple cylindrical hole row(s). When the console row is

3
discrete and the diffusion angle of the console is not very large, the adjacent jets
cannot connect immediately after ejecting out of the holes and the cooling
effectiveness in the region between adjacent holes is relatively lower. On the
pressure surface, the film cooling effectiveness of console rows increases notably
with the increasing of momentum flux ratio or coolant–mainstream flux ratio. But
on the suction side, the increase in cooling effectiveness is not very notable for
console row film cooling as the coolant flux increases. Moreover, for the film
cooling of single console row at the gill region of the suction surface, the jets could
lift off from the blade surface because of the convex geometry of the suction
surface.

The suction side, the increase in cooling effectiveness is not very notable for
console row film cooling as the coolant flux increases. Moreover, for the film
cooling of single console row at the gill region of the suction surface, the jets could
lift off from the blade surface because of the convex geometry of the suction
surface.

Mahfoud Kadja, George Bergeles [4] have presented the article on a two-
dimensional numerical model for the injection of a fluid through a slot into a free
stream. The model is based on a finite-volume integration of the equations
governing mass, momentum and heat transport. The solution accuracy was
improved by using local grid refinement. The storage of variables was done in a
collocated manner, thus allowing the reduction of storage requirements and a more
accurate interfacing of the various sub-domains of the grid. The model developed
was validated doubly by comparison with available experimental data and the

4
results of an analytical method proposed for two-dimensional injection of an
irrotational inviscid fluid.

Innocenti Bruno Facchini, Giovanni Ferrara, Luca [5] has proposed a paper on
theoretical study of some alternative solutions to improve the blade cooling in the
heavy-duty gas turbine. The study moves to the evaluations of the air coolant
reduction temperature effects, considering two different methods: a water surface
exchanger (WSE) and a cold water injection (CWI). A logical development of
these possible cooling system improvements is the steam cooling application

CHAPTER - 3

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

3.1 Turbine

Tubine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and
converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for
generating electrical power when combined with a generator. A turbine is
a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a
shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they
move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine examples
are windmills and waterwheels. Gas, steam , and water turbines have a casing
around the blades that contains and controls the working fluid.

5
3.1.1 Gas turbine
A Gas turbine also called a combustion turbine, is a type
of continuous and internal combustion engine. The main elements common to all
gas turbine engines are:

 an upstream rotating gas compressor

 a combustor
 a downstream turbine on the same shaft as the compressor.

A fourth component is often used to increase efficiency

(on turboprops and turbofans), to convert power into mechanical or electric form
(on turboshafts and electric generators), or to achieve greater thrust-to-weight
ratio (on afterburning engines).

Fig 3.1: Gas turbine

6
3.1.2 Steam turbine
A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its
modern manifestation was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.

The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement
in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of
the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion
process. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be
used to drive an electrical generator—about 85% of all electricity generation in the
United States in the year 2014 was by use of steam turbines.

Fig 3.2: Steam turbine

3.1.3 Water turbine

7
 A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential
energy of water into mechanical work.

Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were widely used for
industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric
power generation. Water turbines are mostly found in dams to generate electric
power from water potential energy.

Fig 3.3: Water turbine

3.1.4 Wind turbine

A Wind turbine, or alternatively referred to as a wind energy converter, is a
device that converts the wind’s kinetic energy into electrical energy.

Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis.
The smallest turbines are used for application such as battery charging for auxiliary

8
power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Larger turbines can
be used to making contributions to a domestic power supply while seeing unused
power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid.

Fig 3.4: Wind turbine

3.2 Types of turbine

3.2.1 Impulse turbine

An impulse turbine is a turbine that is driven by high velocity jets of water
or steam from nozzles directed on to vanes or buckets attached to a wheel. The
resulting impulse ( as described by Newton’s second law of motion) spins the
turbine and removes kinetic energy from the fluid flow.

9
 Fig 3.5: Impulse turbine

3.2.1 A) Pelton turbine

The pelton turbine wheel extracts energy from the impulse of moving water,
as opposed to water’s dead weight like that traditional overshot water wheel. Many
earlier variation of impulse turbine turbines existed, but they were less efficient
than pelton’s design.

10
 Fig 3.6: Pelton turbine

3.2.1 B)Turgo turbine

The turgo turbine is an impulse water turbine designed for medium head
applications. Operational Turgo Turbines achieve efficiencies of about 87%. In
factory and lab tests Turgo Turbines perform with efficiencies of up to 90%. It
works with net heads between 15 and 300m.

Fig 3.7: Turgo turbine

11
3.2.1 C) Crossflow turbine

Cross flow turbines are radial, slightly overpressure turbines with tangential
injection of the runner blades and with a horizontal shaft. They rank among low
speed turbines. The water flow comes through an inlet pipe, then, it is regulated by
guide vanes and finally enters the runner of the turbine.

Fig 3.8: Cross flow turbine

3.2.2 Reaction turbine

Reaction turbine is a type of turbine that develops torque by reacting to the
pressure or weight of a fluid. The operation of reaction turbines is described by
Newton’s third law of motion ( action and reaction are equal and opposite)

12
 Fig 3.9: Reaction turbine

3.2.2 A) Kaplan turbine

The Kaplan turbine is a propeller- type water turbine which has adjustable
blades. It was developed in 1913 by Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan, who
combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted
wicket gates to acheieve efficieny over a wide range of flow and water level.

13
 Fig 3.10: Kaplan turbine

3.2.2 B) Francis turbine

The francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B.
Franscis in Lowell, Massachusetts. It is an inward- flow reaction turbine that
combines radical and axial flow concepts. Francis turbine are the common water
turbine in use today.

14
 Fig 3.11: Francis turbine

3.3 Overview of Turbine Blade

A turbine blade is individual component which makes up the turbine

section of a gas turbine or steam turbine. The blades are responsible for extracting
energy from the high temperature, high pressure gas produced by the combustor.
The turbine blades are often the limiting component of gas turbine. To survive in
this difficult environment, turbine blades often use exotic materials like superalloys
and many different method of cooling that can be categories as internal and
external cooling and thermal barrier coating. Blade fatigue is a major source of
failure in steam turbines and gas turbines. Fatigue is caused by the stress induced
by vibration and resonance within the operating range of machinery. To protect
blades from these high dynamic stresses, friction dampers are used.

15
 Blades of wind turbine and water turbines are designed to operate in different
conditions which typically involve .

Fig 3.12: Turbine blade (1)

Fig 3.13: Turbine blade(2)

16
 3.4 Turbine blade cooling

Cooling achieved by passing air through these passages from hub towards
the blade tip. This cooling air comes from an air compressor. In case of gas turbine
the fluid outside is relatively hot which passes through the cooling passage and
mixes with the main steam at the blade.

At a constant pressure ratio, thermal efficiency of the engine increase as the

turbine entry temperature increase. However, high temperature can damage the
turbine , as the blades are under centrifugal stresses and materials are under large
centrifugal stresses and material are weaker at high temperature. So, turbine
cooling is essential. Current modern turbine designs are operating with inlet
temperatures higher than 1900 kelvins which is achtively cooling the turbine
components.

Fig 3.14: Turbine blade cooing

17
 CHAPTER -4

OBSERVATION

4.1 Ribs:

Ribs are a popular heat transfer augmentation device used in various heat
exchanging channels such as the internal cooling channels in turbine blades. The
flow disturbance caused by the rib arrays greatly increases the production of
turbulent kinetic energy, which enhances turbulent heat transfer in the channel. The
ribs cause the flow to deflect and impinge on the opposite wall and its ribs,
resulting in higher heat transfer coefficient than that obtained in the corresponding
smooth channel.

4.2 Rib shapes:

The various rib are – square, isosceles triangular, reverse right-angle

triangular, right angle triangular, right angle trapezoidal, isosceles trapezoidal,
semicircular, fan-shaped, house-shaped, reverse cuttrapezoidal,
cut-trapezoidal, reverse boot-shaped, boot-shaped, reverse pentagonal, pentagonal
and reverse right angle trapezoidal.

18
 Fig 4.1: Rib shapes

4.3 Rib arrangement:

In order to attain higher heat transfer coefficient, it is desirable that the flow
at the heat transferring surface is made turbulent. The rib arrangement are full-span
and discrete ribs. In case of full span ribs, the flow generated in the duct and its
related heat transfer is highly three dimensional even when the rib height- to- duct
height ratio is small. In case of discrete ribs, flow passing the ribs accompany a

19
pair of counter rotating stream wise vortices and thus enhance the flow mixing
which keeps the wall heat transfer higher.

4.4 Rib performance

The utility of a rib in dissipating a given quality of heat is generally assessed
on the basic of the following perameters:
 Efficiency of rib
 Effectiveness of rib

4.5 Advantages of rib

 By using the ribs, heat transfer rate can be increased without any preventive
maintenance.
 It is cheapest way for increasing the heat transferring rate from the hot
bodies

4.6 Disadvantages of rib

 We know that the length of ribs is directly proportional to the heat
transferring rate. But the larger length is may br cause of bending in the ribs
and also increases the weight of engine. Therefore the overall efficiency will
goes to decrease.

4.7 Application of rib

 Cooling of electronics components
 Condensors and economisers of thermal power plants
 Dry type cooling tower

20
 CHAPTER – 5

MATERIAL USED

5.1 TITANIUM
Titanium is a strong and light weight refractory metal. Titanium alloy are
critical to the aerospace industry, while also being used in medical, chemical and
military hardware, and sporting equipment.
Aerospace application account for 80% of titanium consumption, while
20% of the metal is used in mirror, medical hardware, and consumer goods.

5.2 Properties of Titanium

 Atomic symbol: Ti
 Atomic number: 22
 Element category: Transition Metal
 Density: 4.506/cm3
 Melting Point: 3038˚F (1670˚C)
 Boiling Point: 5949˚F (3287˚C)
 Moh’s Hardness: 6

5.2.1 Physical properties

As a metal, titanium is recognized for its high strength-to-weight ratio. It is
a strong metal with low density that is quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-
free environment), lustrous, and metallic-white in color. The relatively high
melting point (more than 1,650 °C or 3,000 °F) makes it useful as a refractory
metal. It is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal
conductivity compared to other metals. Titanium is superconducting when
21
 cooled below its critical temperature of 0.49 K. Commercially pure (99.2%
pure) grades of titanium have ultimate strength of about 434 MPa (63,000 psi),
equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, but are less dense. Titanium is
60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong as the most
commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys (e.g., Beta
C) achieve tensile strengths of over 1,400 MPa (200,000 psi). However,
titanium loses strength when heated above 430 °C (806 °F).

5.2.2 Chemical properties

Like aluminium and magnesium, titanium alloys oxidize immediately
upon exposure to air. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in
air, and at 610 °C (1,130 °F) in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide. It is,
however, slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms
a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation.When it
first forms, this protective layer is only 1–2 nm thick but continues to grow slowly;
reaching a thickness of 25 nm in four years

5.3 Characteristics
Alloy containing titanium are known for their high strength, low weight,
and exceptional corrosion resistance. Despite being as strong as steel, titanium is
about 40% lighter in weight.
This, along with its resistance to cavitation (rapid pressure changes, that
cause shock waves, which can weaken or damage metal over time) and erosion,
makes it an essential structural metal for aerospace engineers.

22
 Titanium is also formidable in its resistance to corrosion by both water
and chemical media. This resistance is the result of a thin layer of titanium dioxide
that forms on its surface that is extremely difficult for these material to penetrate.
Titanium has a low modulus of elasticity. This means that titanium is very
flexible, and can return to its original shape after bending. Memory alloy (alloy
which can be deformed when cold, but will return to their original shape when
heated) are important for many modern application.
Titanium is non-magnetic and biocompatible (non-toxic, non-allergenic),
which has led to its increasing use in the medical field.

CHAPTER - 6

CONDITIONS

Conditions were given for the model to find the results. In computational
predications of forced convection of the rectangular duct mounted with ribs
were performed with pressure based, energy equation and k-ԑ model. The blade
material was given as Titanium (Ti) and the fluid region was specified as air. The
diameter distribution was specified as Rosin-Rammler. The boundary conditions
were given as; Inlet velocity 10m/s, inlet temperature 360K, wall temperature
1200K. The reference value was computed from the inlet. In computational field
COUPLED algorithm was used. In the solution method, gradient was selected as
Green Gauss Cell based. In solution control, the flow courrant number was
specified as 50. The monitor values were kept constant at 0.001. The solution was
initialized as Standard. Then the solution was converged in ANSYS Fluent

23
 CHAPTER- 7

GEOMENTRY

The three dimensional geometry was modeled in CATIA. A blade consisting

of 9 ribs on either side of the turbine blade wall was modeled. A square
crosssectional rib was modeled which was of 10x10mm. The pitch to height
ratio (p/e) is taken as 8. A noribbed turbine blade wall was modeled to find
inwhich case the heat transfer rate is better.

7.1 With out Ribs

Fig 7.1: Sectional view for No rib geomentry

24
 Fig 7.2: No ribbed Geomentry

7.2 With ribs

7.2.1 Triangular ribs

Fig 7.3: Sectional view for triangular rib geomentry

25
 Fig 7.4: Triangular ribbed Geomentry

7.2.2 “U” ribs

26
Fig 7.5: Sectional view for U ribbed geomentry

Fig 7.6: U ribbed geomentry

27
 CHAPTER- 8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Fluid flow and heat transfer investigations were carried out for 5-ribs and no-
ribs. From the above analysis, temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficient,
Reynolds number and Nusselt number were found.

8.1 Without ribs:

8.1.1. Temperature Distribution:

The blade temperature was given as 1200K. The temperature reduction at the
blade wall is observed to be 47K i.e., the final blade temperature near the outlet
was observed to be 1153K. A constant temperature is observed at the inlet. A
temperature variation is found along the duct
The inlet temperature is found to be 360K and is gradually increased to a
temperature of 625K at the outlet due to the interaction of air molecules.

28
 Fig 8.1: Temperature distribution for Without rib

8.1.2 At inlet:

29
 Fig 8.2: Temperature distribution at inlet

8.1.3 At outlet:

Fig 8.3: Temperature distribution at outlet

8.1.4 Heat Transfer Coefficeint:

At the inlet the heat transfer coefficient is found to be 29.9 W/m 2 K and it is
increased to 55.4 W/m2 K at the outlet. Hence, there is only a minimum heat
transfer variation.
30
 Fig 8.4: Heat transfer coefficient for Withot rib

8.1.5 Reynolds Number:

The turbulence is found to be high towards the interior of the blade and is found
to decrease towards the wall.

Fig 8.5: Reynolds number for without ribs

31
8.1.6 Nusselt Number:

The Nusselt Number is found to be 4.81 along the blade surface.

Fig 8.6: Nusselt number for without rib

8.2 With ribs:

8.2.1 “U” ribs

8.2.1 A) Temperature Distribution:

Temperature reduction at each rib was observed, which indicates that heat
transfer takes place. Gradually the temperature is found to increase, which
is due to the heating up of air molecules flowing through the duct.
S The inlet temperature is found to be 358.6K and is gradually increased to
a temperature of 314K at the outlet

32
Fig 8.7: Temperature distribution for U rib

33
Total temperature

Fig 8.8: Total temperature

8.2.1 B) At inlet

34
 Fig 8.9: Temperature distribution at inlet

8.2.1. C) At outlet

35
 Fig 8.10: Temperature distribution at outlet

8.2.1 D) Heat Transfer Coefficient:

The heat transfer coefficient or film coefficient in thermodynamics and in

mechanics is the proportionally constant between the heat flux and the
thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat .
The heat transfer coefficient was found to be 40 W/m2 K along the
blade surface.

36
 Fig 8.11: Heat transfer coefficient for U ribs

8.2.1 E) Reynolds Number:

The Reynolds number is a product of density times velocity times length

divided by the viscosity coefficient. This is proportional to the ratio of inertia
forces and viscous forces in a fluid flow.
ThSSe Reynolds number was found to be 2.94 along the blade surface.

37
 Fig 8.12: Reynolds number for U ribs

8.2.1 F) Nusselt Number:

Nusselt Number is the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer at a

boundary in a fluid. Convection includes both advection and diffusion.
The Nusselt Number is found to be 4.79 along the blade surface.

38
 Fig 8.13: Nusselt number for U ribs

8.2.2 Triangular ribs

8.2.2 A) Temperature Distribution:

Temperature reduction at each rib was observed, which indicates that heat
transfer takes place. Gradually the temperature is found to increase, which
is due to the heating up of air molecules flowing through the duct.
The inlet temperature is found to be 840K and is gradually increased to a
temperature of 720K at the outlet.

39
 Fig 8.14: Temperature distribution for Triangular ribs

8.2.2 B) At inlet

Fig 8.15: Temperature distribution at inlet

40
8.2.2 C) At outlet

fig 8.16: Temperature distribution at outlet

8.2.2 D) Heat Transfer Coefficient:

The heat transfer coefficient or film coefficient in thermodynamics and

in mechanics is the proportionally constant between the heat flux and the
thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat .
The heat transfer coefficient was found to be 50 W/m2 K along the
blade surface.

41
 Fig 8.17: Heat transfer coefficient for Triangular ribs

8.2.2 E) Reynolds Number:

The Reynolds number is a product of density times velocity times

length divided by the viscosity coefficient. This is proportional to the ratio of
inertia forces and viscous forces in a fluid flow.
The Reynolds number was found to be 4021 along the blade surface.

42
 Fig 8.18: Reynolds number for Triangular ribs

8.2.2 F) Nusselt Number:

Nusselt Number is the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer

at a boundary in a fluid. Convection includes both advection and diffusion.
The Nusselt Number is found to be 2.347 along the blade surface

43
 Fig 8.19: Nusselt number for Triangular Ribs

CHAPTER- 9

THEORETICAL CALCULATION

9.1 Triangular ribs

Heat transfer coefficient = 50W/m²K

Area of Rectabgular rib = ½ b×h
= ½ ×5×18.5
= 46.8 mm²
By Newton’s law of cooling,

44
Heat transfer, Q = h A ΔT
= 50×46.8 × (360 – 720)
= 50 ×46.8 ×120
Q = 0.2808 W

Efficiency
Efficiency of rib = Q/Qmax
= h A ΔT / n P L ΔT = A/ P L
= 46.8 / 15×100 = 0.0312 = 3.12%

[ P- Perimeter = 5+5+5 = 15mm

L- Length = 100mm ]

9.2 “U” ribs

Heat transfer coefficient = 40 W/ m²K
Area of “U” rib = π r² / 2 + a²
=π ×5² / 2 + 5²
= 34.8 mm²

By “ Newton’s law of cooling,

Heat transfer Q = h A ΔT
= 40 × 34.8 × (358 – 314)
= 40 × 34.8 × 44
= 0.061 W

Efficiency
Efficiency = Q / Qmax
= h A ΔT / h P L ΔT = A / P L

45
 = 34.8 / ( 27.8 × 100 )
= 1.2 %
[ Perimeter = π r + 4a = 27.8 mm
Length = 100 mm ]

9.3 Conclusion
Based on
 Higher heat reduction
 Higher heat transfer rate (Q)
 Low ‘Re’ & ‘ Nu’ number ( Laminar/ Steamline flow)
 Higher efficiency (3.1%)
The better result obtained in the “ Triangular rib” . so, we have to concluded
that Triangular rib given the best result compared to without rib and “U” rib. So,
Triangular is the best one.

CHAPTER – 10

TERMINALOGY

10.1 Laminar flow

Laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by high momentum
diffusion and low momentum convection. When a fluid is flowing through a
closed channel such as a pipe or between two plate, either of two types of flow
may occur depending on the velocity and viscosity of the fluid.

46
 Fig 10.1: Laminar flow and Turbulent flow

10.2 Turbulent flow

Turbulent flow is a type of fluid flow in which the fluid undergoes
irregular fluctuations, or mixing, in contrast to laminar flow, in which the fluid
moves in smooth paths or layer. In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a
point is continuously undergoing changes in both magnitude and direction.

10.3 Temperature distribution

A uniform temperature distribution is a MACROscopic property where
the temperature is measured to be the same throughout the volume measured.
An ideal gas with a uniform temperature distribution would have a Bellman
distribution of kinetic energy of microscopic particles.

47
10.4 Heat transfer coefficient
The heat transfer coefficient or the film coefficient or film effectiveness,
in thermodynamics and in mechanics is the proportionally constant between the
heat flux and thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat (i.e, the
temperature difference, ΔT)

10.5 Reynolds number

The Reynolds number is defined as the product of density times velocity
times length divided by the viscosity coefficient. This is proportional to the ratio
of inertial forces (forces resistant to change and heavy and gluely forces) in a
fluid flow.

10.6 Nusselt number

In fluid dynamics, the Nusselt number is the ratio of convective heat
transfer at a boundary in a fluid. Convection includes both advection and
diffusion. The conductive component is measured under the same conditions as
the convective but for a hypothetically motionless fluid.

CHEPTER - 11

APPLICATION

The thrust increases as temperature increases, but this high temperature may
lead to damage of turbine blade. This damage could be overcome by turbine
blade cooling, which is further enhanced by the use of ribs. Hence, the damage
of the blades is reduced. In this project, it is found that the blade could
withstand high temperature because of the use of ribs.

48
 CHAPTER - 12

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the present review that a lot of work has been carried
out to increase the heat transfer rate in a turbine internal blade cooling by
studying various aspects like temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficient,
Reynolds number and Nusselt number. Comparison was made between 5-
ribbed and no-ribbed turbine blade wall, from which it was found that using 5-
ribbed turbine blade, enhances the heat transfer rate and the temperature
distribution is found to be better. Hence, turbine blade cooling method is found
better to reduce the extreme temperature of the blade and which increases the
span of the blade .Thus a conclusion is made that using ribs in a turbine blade is
effective.

CHAPTER - 13

REFERENCE

1. K.Hari Brahmaiah , M.Lava Kumar, “Heat Transfer Analysis of Gas Turbine

Blade Through Cooling Holes”
2. K. Sivakumar, E.Natarajan, N. Kulasekharan, “Gas turbine blade cooling at
mid-chord region by using rib turbulators”- a review
3. Mi-Ae Moon, Min-Jung Park, Kwang-Yong Kim ,“Evaluation of heat
transfer performances of various rib shapes” , International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 71 (2014) 275-284

49
4. Tabish Alam , R.P. Saini ,J.S. Saini ,“Use of turbulators for heat transfer
augmentation in an air duct”, Renewable Energy 62 (2014) 689-715
5. K. Yongsiri, P. Eiamsa-ard, K. Wongcharee and S. Eiamsaard, “Augmented
heat transfer in a turbulent channel flow with inclined detached-ribs”, Case
Study in Thermal Engineering
6. W. Vickery and H. Iacovides, “Computation of gas turbine blade film
cooling”
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