COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

POLICING
 the practice for the maintenance of peace and order, law enforcement
and for the security of the community.
 the methods practice by police officers for the maintenance of peace and
order.

THEORIES IN POLICING SYSTEM

HOMERULE THEORY CONTINENTAL THEORY
 Policemen are servants of the  Policemen are servant of
community higher authority.
 Effectiveness of police men
depends on the express wishes  They just follow the wishes of
of the people. top official of the government
OLD POLICING CONCEPT MODERN CONCEPT
 The yardstick of the efficiency  The yardstick of police
of the police is determined by efficiency is the absence or
the number of arrests lesser occurrence of crimes.
 Police omnipresence is
considered as the tool or
 Punishment is the sole instrument in crime
instrument of crime control. prevention.

COMPARATIVE:
 degree of likeness and unlikeness of two things
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM:
 It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system
of nations. It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and
methods of policing of various nations.
HOW TO COMPARE?
o Safari Method – it is a type of research in comparative criminology wherein a
researcher will visit another country for comparison purposes.
o Collaborative Method – one researcher will collaborate the work to a foreign
researcher.

COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

• It is a subfield of the study of criminal justice that compares justice system
worldwide. Such study can take descriptive, historical or political
approach. It studies the differences and similarities in the structure,
goals, punishments and emphasis on rights as well as the history and
political structure of different systems.
TRANSNATIONAL POLICING
• It pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders.

GLOBAL POLICING
• Indicates those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.

MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE:

1. CENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM - A system wherein there is only one
police force that is recognized and operates entire a certain country.
2. DECENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM - A police system wherein police
administration and operation are independent from one state to another.
It is more applicable to countries with federal government.
MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO APPROACH:
1. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING
• A model of policing which is focused in preventing crime from
happening.
• This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns in crime
to help understand when and how crime are being committed. Once they
have a pattern, they will search for ways to prevent crimes from
happening. This model has more proactive stance than the traditional
policing.
• A global movement with American origin. It embraces an analytic
approach which takes community concerns seriously while developing
strategic responses that aim to deal effectively with issues underlying
police relevant community problems, the origins of this method is under
the work of Goldstein (1979).

2. INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING MODEL

• By Sir David Philips
• It originated from United Kingdom, it draws upon the notion that the
police can do know a great deal about offending patterns. The Police
should actively gather information about criminals and their
organization.
The core emphasis are as follows:
 the focus on crime alone;
  the means used are enforcement and disruption of criminal
groups;
 the measure is aimed to reduce the problem by undermining the
ability of criminals to do the business.

3. REACTIVE OR TRADITIONAL POLICING

• It is a model of policing wherein police will respond when a call was
received.

4. PREDICTIVE POLICING
• A model of policing which includes predictive and analytical techniques
in Law Enforcement to identify potential offenders.
• It is the usage of mathematical predictive and analytic techniques to
identify possible criminal activity.

5. REASSURANCE POLICING
• It is a model of policing with the aim of identifying signals and it
involves the community in solving community-related problems. It is
similar to community oriented policing system. Signal crimes are those
that shape the community’s perception of risk from a particular type of
crime during a given period.
• It gives a feeling of safety that a citizen experiences when he knows that
a police officer or patrol car is nearby.

6. SCANNING, ANALYSIS, RESPONSES, ASSESSMENT (SARA)

• A type of policing which involves four steps in problem solving and
decision-making process.
o Scanning – it involves detection of patterns of problem activities,
including victims, location and types of crimes.
o Analysis –looking for the root causes of any problems or issues
identified. Once cause was identified, law enforcement officials will work
with the community to come up with and execute an appropriate, long
term response.
o After the Response is implemented, an on-going Assessment is required
to evaluate the effectiveness of the solution and make adjustment if
necessary.
SEVEN THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY:
1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY
- Explains that people’s alertness to crime is heightened so they report more
crimes to the police and also demand the police to become more effective in
solving crime problems.
2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY
- Crime is a result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban
areas such as ghettos and slums.
3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY
– Along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of their
belongings and opportunities for committing of crime multiply.
4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
- Greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby booms
grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
- Progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom
develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top do not see themselves
rising fast enough.
6. MODENIZATION THEORY
- Sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE THEORY
- social cohesion on values; suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result
in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together.

What is Transnational Crime?

 Crime that takes place across national borders.
 It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences whose inception,
proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one
country.
 a crime perpetuated by organized criminal groups which the aim of
committing one or more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain
directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefits committed
through crossing of borders or jurisdictions.
 criminal activities, transactions, or schemes that violates the laws of more
than one country or have direct impact on a foreign country.
Transnational crime covers many different types of crime with varying levels of
gravity:

– Organized crime

– Corporate crime

– Professional crime

– Political crime

WHAT IS ORGANIZED CRIME?

- An organize criminal group shall mean a structured group of three or more

persons existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of
committing one or more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain, directly
or indirectly a financial or other material benefit.

Organized crime includes:

– Drugs and arms trafficking

– Trafficking in human beings –

People smuggling

– Smuggling of foodstuffs and stimulants (particularly tobacco products,

alcohol and meat)

– Smuggling of growth promoting substances for the livestock industry –

Credit card fraud

– Smuggling of nuclear materials

– Illegal car trading

For organized group to work usually it has at least the following:

1. An enforcer

2. A corrupter

3. A corruptee

AN ENFORCER - The one who makes for the arrangements for killing (injuring
or carrying out the task physical economically or psychologically) the members
or non-members

A CORRUPTER - The one who corrupts or bribes, intimidate or threatens,

negotiate or “sweet talks” into a relationship with public officials, law
enforcement officer or anyone who would be of help in obtaining security and
immunity from possible arrest, prosecution and punishments.

CORRUPTEE - A public officials, law enforcement officers or anybody who not

a member of the organization who can helps the organization.

Attributes of organized crime

 Has no political goals

 Is hierarchical
 Has a limited or exclusive membership
 Constitute a unique subculture
 Perpetuates itself
 Exhibits a willingness to use an illegal violence and bribery
 Demonstrates specialization / division of labor
 Is monopolistic
 Is governs by explicit rules and regulations

What is International Crime?

 Defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind
 The UN has identified the following as international crimes:
1. Aggression (by one state against another)
2. Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group)
3. Terrorism
4. Drug trafficking
 INTRO TO SECURITY CONCEPTS

CFLM 2 Character Formation with Leadership, Decision

Making, Management & Administration

LEADERSHIP

 Leadership is the ability of an individual or a group of individuals to

influence and guide followers or other members of an organization.
 Leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards
achieving a common goal.
 Leadership involves showing workers how to effectively perform their
responsibilities and regularly supervising the completion of their tasks.

What does an effective leader do?

 Effective leaders inspire and motivate, and those who know how to bring
out the best in themselves and others help their organizations to thrive
and grow.
 Effective leader has an easy level of honest communication with their
teams and their peers, and a thorough understanding of how they are
perceived. Testing others’ perception of you can be as simple as
observing their behavior.
 Effective leader really wants to know what people think, the leader asks
his or her employees.
 Effective leadership is based upon ideas, but won't happen unless those
ideas can be communicated to others in a way that engages them enough
to act as the leader wants them to act.

Different styles of leadership

1. Coaching Leadership CFLM 2 Character Formation with Leadership,
Decision Making, Management & Administration
 -A coaching leader is someone who can quickly recognize their team
members’ strengths, weaknesses and motivations to help each individual
improve. This type of leader often assists team members in setting smart
goals and then provides regular feedback with challenging projects to
promote growth.
2. Visionary Leadership
-Visionary leaders have a powerful ability to drive progress and usher in
periods of change by inspiring employees and earning trust for new
ideas. A visionary leader is also able to establish a strong organizational
bond
3. Servant Leadership
-Servant leaders live by a people-first mindset and believe that when
team members feel personally and professionally fulfilled, they’re more
effective and more likely to produce great work regularly.
4. Autocratic Leadership
-Also called the authoritarian style of leadership, this type of leader is
someone who is focused almost entirely on results and efficiency. They
often make decisions alone or with a small, trusted group and expect
employees to do exactly what they’re asked.
5. Laissez-faire or hands-off Leadership
-This leadership style is the opposite of the autocratic leadership type,
focusing mostly on delegating many tasks to team members and
providing little to no supervision.

Decision Making
 Decision making is precisely the study of how real individuals at home or
work actually take decisions, that is, what models they use to structure
and interpret their world.
 Decision making is at the center of several intellectual discipline; economics,
politics, systems analysis and psychology to cite the main ones
 The thought process of selecting a logical choice from the available options.
When trying to make a good decision, a person must weigh the positives
and negatives of each option, and consider all the alternatives. For
effective decision making, a person must be able to forecast the outcome
of each option as well, and based on all these items, determine which
option is the best for that particular situation.
Decision Making Process
 As a set of actions and dynamics factors that begins with the identification of
a stimulus for action and ends with the specific commitment to action.
 Formulating a question to be answered
 Gathering information in order to identify and/or create alternative answers
to the questions
 Predicting the consequences of acting on each of the alternative answers.
 Deciding by selecting what appears to be the best alternative answer of the
question.

Types of Decision Making

 Programmed decisions - Programmed decisions are those which are
normally repetitive in nature and are taken as a routine job and
responsibilities.
 Non programmed decisions - Is not a routine or repetitive nature. These are
unique and new and they have a long-lasting effect on the organization.
 Major and minor decisions - Among different decisions some decisions are
considerably more important than others and are prioritized.
 Routine and strategic decisions - Routine decision making means such
decisions, which are taken in respect of the day to day activities of the
organization and which require less thinking and advise. These are of a
repetitive nature. Basic decision making means such decisions which are
essential for the existence of the organization and for which complete
study, analysis, power, and critical thinking are essential.
 Organizational and personal decision - Organizational decisions are those
which an executive takes in his official capacity and which can be
delegated to others. On the other hand, personal decisions are those
which an executive takes in his individual capacity but not as a member
of organization.
 Individual and group decisions - When the size of the business unit is small
and the decisions to be taken do not require high, specific and technical
knowledge, then the decisions for various problems are normally taken
by the managers himself. Such decisions are known as individual
decision-making technique. - Group decision making techniques mean
such decisions which are not taken by a single individual, but by a
group. This is known as participating decisions are known as individual
decision making.
 Policy and operating decisions - Policy decisions are those which are taken
by top management and which are of a fundamental character affecting
the entire business. Operating decisions are those which are taken by
lower management for the purpose of executing policy decisions.
Operating decisions relate mostly to the decision marker's own work and
behavior while policy decisions influence work or behavior pattern of
subordinates.
 Tactical and Strategic Decision Making - Tactical decisions are those which
a manager makes over and over again adhering to certain established
rules, policies and procedures. They are of repetitive nature and related
to general functioning. Strategic decisions on the other hand are
relatively more difficult. They influence the future of the business and
involve the entire organization. Decisions pertaining to objective of the
business, capital expenditure, plant layout, production etc.
 Policy, Administrative and Executive Decisions - Policy decisions are
taken by top management or administration of an organization.
Administrative decisions are made by middle management and are less
important than policy decisions. Executive decisions are those which are
made at the point where the work is carried out.

MANAGEMENT
 Management is a set of principles relating to the functions of planning,
organizing, directing and controlling, and the application of these
principles in harnessing physical, financial, human and informational
resources efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals.
 Management is distinct process consisting of planning, organizing,
activating and controlling to determine and accomplish the objectives by
the use of people and resources.

Various management functions

 Planning - Planning means to decide in advance what is to be done. It
charts a course of actions for the future.
-It is an intellectual process and it aims to achieve a coordinated and
consistent set of operations aimed at desired objectives.
 Organizing - Once the objectives have been established through
planning, management concern must turn to developing an organization
that is capable of carrying them out. The management function of
 organizing can be defined as, relating people and things to each other in
such a way that they are all combined and interrelated into a unit
capable of being directed toward the organizational objectives.
 Staffing - Staffing is the selection, training, motivating and retaining of
personnel in the organization. Before selection, we have to make analysis
of the particular job, which is required in the organization, then comes
the selection of the personnel. It involves manpower planning to have the
right place and avoid square peg in the round hole.
 Directing - Directing means the issue of orders, assignments and
instructions that permit the subordinate to understand what is expected
of him, and the guidance and overseeing of the subordinate so that he
can contribute effectively and efficiently to the attainment of
organizational objectives.
 Commanding - When given orders and clear working instructions,
employees will know exactly what is required of them. Return from all
employees will be optimized if they are given concrete instructions with
respect to the activities that must be carried out by them. Successful
managers have integrity, communicate clearly and base their decisions
on regular audits. They are capable of motivating a team and
encouraging employees to take initiative.
 Coordinating - It is the act of synchronizing people and activities so that
they function smoothly in the attainment of organization objectives.
Coordination is more important in the health services organization,
because functionally they are departmentalized. Different kinds of
organization require different amount of coordination.
 Controlling - By verifying whether everything is going according to plan,
the organization knows exactly whether the activities are carried out in
conformity with the plan.
Control takes place in a four-step process:
1. Establish performance standards based on organizational objectives.
2. Measure and report on actual performance.
Compare results with performance and standards
3. Take corrective or preventive measures as needed.
 Reporting - Reports are oral or written exchanges of information shared
between caregivers or workers in a number of ways.
-A report summarizes the services of the person, personnel and of the
agency. Reports are written usually daily, weekly, monthly or yearly.
  Budgeting - Budgeting through primarily recognized as a device for
controlling, becomes a major part of the planning process in any
organization. It is expressed in financial terms and based on expected
income and expenditure. Budget is the heart of administrative
management.
-It served as a powerful tool of coordination and negatively an effective
device of eliminating duplicating and wastage.

ADMINISTRATION
 Administer originated from Latin word – “ministiare” meaning to
serve.
 Administer means to look after or manage the affairs of people.
 The organization and direction of human and material resources to
achieved desire ends.
 Administration generally refers to the day-to-day management of
activities to achieve a goal.
 Administration is a type of cooperative if it has effects that would be
absent if the cooperation did not take place.
 The significance of high degree of rationality lies in the fact that
human cooperation varies in effectiveness of goal attainment whether
we think in attainment, terms of formal goals, the goals of leaders,
leaders or of all who cooperate.

 Administration is a planned approach to the solving of all kinds of

problems in almost every individual or group activity, both public
and private.

Different types of administration

 Centralized Administration - These administrators have permission to
access the replica servers at all sites.
 Individual Administration - These administrators are responsible for
creating and maintaining replicas, synchronization patterns and
synchronization schedules at their sites.
 Semi-centralized Administration - Sites with major development efforts
have local Multisite administrators, and responsibility for administering
smaller sites is distributed among the Multisite administrators.
 Account Administrators - The top-level, fully authorized email
administrator.
 Monitor Administrators - Observe the activity and status of the
hierarchy.
 Compliance Officers and Security Administrators - Prevent illegal and
unethical conduct across the account hierarchy.
 Archive Administrators - This includes the Archive Security
Administrator, Archive Search, Audit, Retention and investigator Security
administrators for the account.
 Email Config Administrators - Maintain mail flow and server
connections.
 Organization Policy Administrators - Manage common settings and
service
Character Formation - Nationalism and Patriotism
Patriotism
 is support for one's country because you feel pride in it, and a belief in
the values of that country.
Nationalism
 a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others
and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests
as opposed to those of other nations or supranational
Patriotism represents attachment to one's country; nationalism refers to the
tendency to favour one's own country over others. National identification can
facilitate cooperation and cohesion within one's country but at the same time
engender conflict directed at other national groups.

"The first manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the decades of the

1880s and the 1890s, with a reform or propaganda movement, conducted both
in Spain and in the Philippines, for the purpose of "propagandizing" Philippine
conditions in the hopes that desired changes in the social, political and
economic life of the Filipinos would come about through peaceful means.

Filipino Traits that Affect the Development of Nationalism

PROPENSITY FOR GAMBLING
 Like all people on earth, Filipinos have bad and good character traits.
Most scandalous of their character defects is their propensity for
gambling. They would bet for almost anything. Their favourite forms of
gambling are cockfighting, horse races, jutting, black jack, poker,
mahjong and etc.
INVETERATELY EXTRAVAGANT.
 They love colourful fiestas, expensive clothes and jewellery and gay
parties. No day ever passes in the Philippines without a costly fiesta, for
every barangay, town and city the archipelago has a patron saint, whose
annual feast day is celebrated with great extravaganzas.
FATALISTIC IN THEIR OUTLOOK IN LIFE.
 They tend to believe that whatever happens, good or bad, is due to fate
(tadhana). So they accept with uncomplaining resignation whatever
happens to them, and face the future with the expression: "BAHALA NA,"
the equivalent of the Spanish "QUE SERA, SERA" (What will be, will be).
LACK OF DISCIPLINE AND PERSEVERANCE
 A character trait caused perhaps by their tropical environment. They
seem to have stamina for long difficult task. Normally they begin their
work with great enthusiasm, but like a cogon fire which burns brightly
for a brief time and then soon disappears.
HOSPITABLE.
 Most admirable of the character traits of the Filipinos is their proverbial
hospitality. They receive all foreigners, including their former foes in
wars, in their country and home with warm hospitality and friendship
CLOSE FAMILY TIES AND EXTENDED FAMILY STRUCTURES.
 Apart from being loyal to their blood relatives. Filipinos adapt new kin
(kumpadre and kumare) through having male and female sponsors
(ninong and ninang) during baptisms and weddings
GRATITUDE (UTANG NA LOOB)
 Is another excellent trait of the Filipino. They are grateful to those who
have given them favours or who are good to them. Their high sense of
gratitude is expressed in the phrase -UTANG NA LOOB|| or (debt of
honour).
COOPERATIVENESS.
 They value the virtue of helping each other and other people. They
cherish ancestral trait of bayanihan (cooperation), which can mean
helping a rural family move their small hut to another place.
BRAVERY.
 Filipino rank among the bravest people on earth. They bravely resisted
the Spanish, American, and Japanese invaders of their native land. To
them, courage is a badge of manhood, and it has been shown on Filipino
soldiers service during battles and wars. Another example is the courage
to stand up for people power revolution
PASSIONATELY ROMANTIC AND ARTISTIC
 Owing to the effect of their beautiful country, Filipinos are passionately
romantic and artistic. They are dedicated and in love as they are fierce in
battle. They are also born musicians, singers, artist and poets.
INTELLIGENT.
 According to David P. Barrows an American educator, Filipinos have
quick perception, retentive memory, aptitude and extraordinary docility
making them most teachable person.
ADAPTABILITY, ENDURANCE AND RESILIENCY.
 Throughout the ages, they have been lashed by all kinds of sufferings
like: invasions, revolts, was, earthquakes, typhoons, volcanic eruptions
and epidemics. Against the winds of adversities which regularly visits
their land, they simply bend, but never break, for they have durability of
the narra tree and resiliency of the bamboo.
DEEP SPIRITUAL YEARNING AND GIFT OF FAITH.
 According to Jesuit historian Horacio de la Costa, God gave the Filipinos
2 gifts:
-the gift of faith, and the gift of music
Filipinos tend to take their spiritual obligations with utmost devotion and
faithfulness-whatever their religion may be.
Characteristics of a Police Officer's Job
1. The Uniform. It sets the officer apart, and it clearly identifies his or her
status as a police officer.
2. The Power. The uniformed police officer, with the sidearm, baton, citation
book, and other trappings of office, is a walking symbol of government power.
3. The Working Hours. Police officers work daily and "off duty" is not a right
but a privilege only, they also work weekends, holidays, and frequently must
put in overtime in emergency situations, and for court appearances.
4. The Danger. They deal with several issues, situations, and problems.
5. The Dirty Works. The police deal with dead bodies, crimes, crime victims,
criminals, automobile accidents and other aspects of society that most of us
would rather not think about.

Strengths of the PNP

1. Spiritual Beliefs. During times of great personal crisis and danger, they
bravely forge on, confident that Divine Providence will grant them protection
and safety.
2. Valour. They sacrificed their limbs and lives for the sake of their
countrymen whom they have pledged to serve.
3. Patriotism. They manifest their love of country with a pledge of allegiance to
the flag and a vow to defend the Constitution.
4. Discipline. The discipline of PNP members is manifested by instinctive
obedience to lawful orders and thorough and spontaneous actions towards
attainment of organizational objectives guided by moral, ethical and legal
norms.
5. Courteous. PNP members are upright in character, gentle in manners,
dignified in appearance, and sincere in their concern to fellowmen.
6. Word of Honour. PNP members' word is their bond. They stand by and
commit to uphold it.
7. Duty. PNP members perform their tasks with deep sense of responsibility
and self-sacrifice. They shall readily accept assignment anywhere in the
country.
8. Loyalty. PNP members are traditionally loyal to the organization, country
and people as borne by history and practice.
9. Camaraderie. The binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation
in the police organization, extending to the people they serve, is manifested by
the PNP members' deep commitment and concern for one another.

Most Common Types of corruption in the PNP

1. Case Fixing - the subjective imposition of penalties or downright sabotage of
the investigation process in exchange for money or other things for personal
gain.
2. Bribery - it is the receipt of cash or a gift in exchange for present, past or
future assistance in avoidance of prosecution, as by a claim that the officer is
unable to make a positive identification of a criminal or by being in the wrong
place at a time when a crime is to occur, or by any other action that may be
excused as carelessness but not offered as proof of deliberate miscarriage of
justice.
3. Extortion or Shakedowns - the common practice of holding "street court,"
where incidents such as minor traffic tickets can be avoided with a cash
payment to the officer and no receipt given. Using this process, police have also
been known to extort money from nightclub owners and other businesses by
threatening to enforce city health and zoning codes.
4. Protection - the taking of money or other rewards from vice operators or
from legitimate companies operating illegally in return for protecting them from
law enforcement activity.
5. Recycling - the use or sale of confiscated items and evidence, usually drugs
or narcotics.
6. Selective Enforcement - it occurs when police officers exploit their officer
discretion. For example, a PNP member who releases a suspect due to what is
commonly known as "areglo" or "balato" is in clear abuse of his or her
discretion and authority. On the reverse side, a police officer who arrests a
person simply because the latter "annoys" him is likewise guilty of selective
enforcement.
7. Internal Pay-offs - sale of work assignments, day-offs, holidays, vacation
periods, and even promotions.
8. Corruption of Authority - this type of corruption is tolerable, but because
policeman must act beyond reproach and with impartiality, it is expected that
policeman must be free from possible from temptation to evil and this includes
receiving free meals, services, discounts, gratuities and the like.
9. Kickbacks - this type of police corruption occurs when the police officer
receives any consideration such as money and other valuable materials in
return to a police services which a police officer should be performed.
10. Opportunistic Theft - it is the taking advantage of the situation in the
conduct of police operations by profiting or taking properties with intent to gain
and not reporting to authorities.
11. Fixes - it involves an activity in which a police officer acts as a mediator in
a certain case and offer to the other party to settle the case for a particular
amount and the police officer receives a certain amount of the payment made
by the other party.
12. Direct Criminal Activity - this is the worst behaviour of a police by
involvement of police officer in a criminal activity and profiting on it.

Police Misconduct
1. Malfeasance or Misconduct - is any wrongful, improper or unlawful
conduct motivated by premeditated, obstinate or intentional purpose. It usually
refers to transgression of some established and definite rule of action, where no
discretion is left except where necessity may demand; it does not necessarily
imply corruption or criminal intention.
2. Misfeasance or Irregularities in the Performance of Duty - is the
improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done.
3. Nonfeasance or Neglect of Duty - is the omission or refusal, without
sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which it was the peace officer's
legal obligation to perform; implies a duty as well as its breach and the fact can
never be found in the absence of duty.
4. Police Brutality - it refers to unnecessary and unreasonable use of force in
effecting arrest or abuse in the manner of conducting search and seizure, and
other police operations.
5. Police Lying - a deceptive practices are in fact part of working environment.
Categories of Police Lying
1. Accepted Lying - considered as part of police working environment
especially in surveillance and intelligence driven operations.
2. Tolerated Lying - recognized as lies but tolerated as necessary to explain
inadequacy or inefficiency of the police organization.
3. Deviant Lying - it involves lies that violate substantive or procedural laws
and police officers standards or protocols.

The Canons of Police Ethics

1. Primordial Police Responsibility - The primary objectives of Police is the
prevention of crime, policeman knew too well that he has committed his Life to
defend and protect the rights of the citizen and uphold the law at all cost.
2. Limitation of Police Authority - The primary as an upholder of the law
must know its limitation upon him in enforcing the law, thus: He must be
aware of the limitations which the people, through law, have placed him.
3. Knowledge of the Law and other Responsibility - The policeman shall
assiduously apply himself to the principles of the laws, which he is sworn to
apply.
4. Use of proper Means to Obtain Paper Ends - The policeman shall be
Mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of methods in discharging
the duty of his office. Violation of law or public safety and property on the part
of the officer are intrinsically wrong. They are self-defeating if they instill in the
public mind and a like disposition.
5. Cooperation with Public Officials - The policeman shall cooperate fully
with other public officials in the performance or authorized duties, regardless
of party affiliation or personal prejudices.
6. Proper Conduct and Behaviour - The policeman shall be mindful of his
special identification by the public as an upholder of law. Police laxity of
conduct or manner in private life, expressing either disrespect for the law or
seeking to gain special prevail, cannot but reflect upon in the policeman and
the police service.
7. Conduct towards the Community - The policeman shall be mindful of his
responsibility to the community. He shall deal with individuals of the
community in the manner calculated to instill respect for its law.
8. Conduct in Arresting Law Violator - Policeman shall use his powers of
arrest in accordance with the law and with due regard to the rights of the
citizen concerned.
9. Firmness in Refusing Gifts or Favors -Policeman representing the
government bears heavy responsibility of maintaining, in his conduct, the
honor and integrity of all government institution.
10. Attitude towards Police Profession - Policeman shall regard the best
possible of his duties as a public trust and recognize his responsibilities as a
public servant.
11. Impartial Presentation of Evidence - Policeman shall be concerned
equally in the prosecution of the accused or for the defense of the innocent.

Professional Police Principles

1. Prevention of Crime and Disorder - The basic mission for which the police
exist is to prevent crime and disorder as an alternative to the repression of
crime and disorder by police force and severity of legal punishment.
2. Cooperation of Crime and Disorder - The police must secure the willing
cooperation in the voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and
maintain the respect and support of the community.
3. Unreasonable Force Reduce Community Cooperation - A police officer will
never employ unnecessary force or violence and will use only such force in the
discharge of duty as in reasonable in all circumstances.
4. Use of Reasonable Force when Persuasion Is Sufficient - The police
should use reasonable force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the
law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and
warning is found to be insufficient to attain police objectives.
5. Impartial Enforcement of Laws - The police seek and preserve community
favor, not by catering to community opinion, but constantly demonstrating
absolutely impartial enforcement of laws, without regard to the justice and
injustice of the substance of particular laws.
6. The Community is the Police – The police at all times should maintain
relationship with the community that gives really to the historic tradition that
the police are the community are the police.
7. Police Should Not Usurp Judicial Powers – The police should always direct
their actions strictly toward their functions and never appear to usurp the
powers of judiciary by averaging individuals of the state of authoritative judging
guilt of punishing the guilt.
8. Reduction of Crime and Disorder – The test of police efficiency is the
reduction of crime and disorder until totally eradicated, not by evidence of
police present and action in dealing with the community.
9. Rules of Enforcement Impartially Observed – Policemen engaged in anti-
crime operation always consider the safety and security of who might be
caught in the crossfire or arm encounters.
10. Police Discretion – A police officer will use responsibly the discretion
vested in the position and exercise if within the law.

The Police Professional Conduct

1. Commitment of Democracy: Uniform PNP members shall commit
themselves to the democratic way of life and value and maintain the principles
of public accountability.
2. Public office is a public trust. Public officer must at all times be
accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity,
loyalty and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and leas modest lives.
They shall at all times uphold the constitution and be loyal to our country,
people and organization above loyalty to any persons or organization.
3. Commitment to Public Interest: PNP members shall always uphold public
interest over and above personal interest. All government properties, resources
and powers of their respective offices must be employed and used effectively,
honestly and efficiency, particularly to avoid wastage of public fund and
revenues.
4. Non-Partisanship: PNP members shall provide service to everyone without
discrimination regardless of Party affiliation in accordance with existing laws
and regulations.
5. PNP Conduct during Labor Dispute: The involvement of PNP during strike,
lockout, and labor dispute in general shall limited to the maintenance of peace
and order, enforcement of laws and legal Orders of duly contributed
authorities.
6. Physical Fitness and Health: All PNP members shall strive to be physically
fit and in good health at all times.
7.Secrecy Discipline: All PNP Members shall guard the confidentiality of
classified information against unauthorized disclosure. This includes
confidential aspect of official business special orders, communication and other
documents, roster or any portion thereof of the PNP, contents of criminal
records, identities of person who may have given information, etc.
8. Social Awareness: All PNP members shall be actively involved in civic,
religious, and other social activities with the end purpose of increasing social
awareness.
9. Proper Care and Use of Public Property: All PNP members shall be
responsible for the security, proper care and use of Public property issued to
them and/or deposit under their care and custody, unauthorized used of
Public property for personal convenience of gain and that of their family,
friends, relatives is strictly prohibited.
10. Non-Solicitation of Patronage: All PNP members seeking self-
improvement through career development and shall not directly or indirectly
solicit influence or recommendation from politician, high ranking government
officials, prominent citizens, persons affiliated with civic or religious
organization with regard to their assignment, promotion, transfer or related
advantage.
11. Respect for Human Rights: In the performance of duty, PNP members
shall respect human dignity and uphold human rights of all persons.
12. Devotion to Duty: All PNP members shall perform their duties with
dedication, efficiency enthusiasm, determination and manifest concerned for
public welfare.
13. Conservation of Natural Resources: All members of the PNP shall help in
the development and conservation of our natural resources for ecological
balance and posterity. The natural resources are considered inalienable
heritage of our people.
14. Discipline: PNP policemen shall conduct themselves at all times in keeping
with the rules and regulation of the organization. All policemen at all levels
shall adhere to the eight tenets of discipline

THE POLICE CUSTOMS

A. Custom on Courtesy
Courtesy is a manifestation or expression of consideration and respect on
others.
1. Salute – It is the usual greeting rendered by uniformed members upon and
recognizing person entitled to salute. PNP members stand at attention and
salute the national color and standard as it passes by them or when the
national color is raised or lowered during ceremony.
2. Address/Title – junior in rank address senior members who are entitled to
salute with the word “Sir”
3. Courtesy Calls – The following are the customs on courtesy calls:
 Courtesy call of newly assigned/ appointed members -PNP members who
are newly appointed or assigned in a unit or command, call on the Chief
of the Unit or command and to other key personnel for accounting,
orientation and other purposes.
 New year’s call – PNP members pay a new year’s call on their
commanders and/or key official in their respective areas of
responsibility.
 Promotion Call – Newly promoted PNP members call on their unit head.
On this occasion, they are usually given during recognition and
congratulations by their peers for such deserved accomplished
4. Exit Call – PNP members pays an exit call on their superiors in the unit or
command when relieve or reassigned out of the said unit or command.
5. Courtesy of the Post – The host unit extend hospitality to visiting personnel
who pay respect to the command or unit.
6. Rank has its own Privilege – PNP members recognize the practice that
different rank carry with them corresponding privilege.
B. Custom on Ceremonies
Ceremony is a formal act or set of formal acts established by custom or
authority as proper to special occasion.
1. Flag Raising Ceremony – PNP members honor the flag by raising it and
singing the National Anthem before the start of the official day’s work for the
week.
2. Flag Retreat Ceremony – At the end of the Official day’s work to PNP
members pause for a moment to salute the lowering of the flag.
3. Half-Mast – The flag is raised at half – mast in difference to deceased
uniform / civilian member of the command.
4. Funeral Service and Honor – Departed uniformed members, retires, war
veterans are given vigil, necrological services and graveside honor as a gesture
of farewell.
5. Ceremony rendered to Retirees – In recognition of their long, faithful and
honorable service to the PNP, a testimonial activity is tendered in their honor.
6. Honor Ceremony – Arrival and departure honor ceremonies are tendered to
visiting dignitaries, VIPs PNP officers of equivalent grade.
7. Turn – Over Ceremony – The relinquishment and assumption of command
key position is
Publicly announced in a Turn – Over Ceremony by the incoming – outgoing
officers in the presence of the immediate superior or his representative and key
officials.
8. Wedding Ceremony – During marriage of PNP members, a ceremony is
conducted with participants in uniform and sworn drawn.
9. Anniversary The birth or institutional establishment of a command or unit
is commemorated in a Anniversary Ceremony
C. Custom and Social Decorum
Customs on Social Decorum are set of norms and standards practiced by
members during social and other functions. The following are police customs
and social decorum.
1. Proper Attire – PNP members always wear appropriate and proper attire
in conformity with the occasion.
2. Table Manner – PNP members observe table etiquette at all times.
3. Social Graces – PNP members conduct themselves properly in dealing
with the people during social functions.
4. Uniform/ Appearance The public looks upon PNP members as
distinctively decent when PNP members wear their uniforms properly
wherever they may be. Since disciplined PNP members are best
exemplified by those whose are neat in appearance and wearing the
prescribed uniform, they must therefore observe the following:
 Wearing the prescribed uniform

 Wearing as part of the uniform, awards and decorations earned in

accordance with the prescribed rules and regulations
 Adherence to haircut prescribed by rules and regulations.
5. Manner of Walking – Every PNP members is expected to walk with pride
and dignity.