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Explain this defense mechanisms and give examples each one repression two
suppression three reaction formation for rationalization five projection, six
compensation seven denial eight displacement nine regression 10 undoing 11
conversion 12 intellectualization 13 substitution 14 identification 15 introjection 16
sublimation
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Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that individuals unconsciously use

to protect themselves from anxiety and emotional pain. These mechanisms operate at
an unconscious level and help individuals cope with internal or external stressors.
Here are some common defense mechanisms along with examples for each:

1. Repression: Repression involves pushing painful or threatening thoughts,

memories, or feelings into the unconscious mind. By doing so, the individual avoids
dealing with the associated anxiety.

Example: A person who experienced a traumatic event in childhood may have no

recollection of the event as an adult.

2. Suppression: Suppression is a conscious effort to push unwanted thoughts or

feelings out of awareness. Unlike repression, suppression is a voluntary act.

Example: A student intentionally puts aside personal issues to focus on studying for
an important exam.

3. Reaction Formation: In reaction formation, an individual expresses feelings or

behaviors that are the opposite of their true feelings in order to conceal their true
emotions.

Example: Someone who harbors aggressive feelings towards a family member may
display exaggerated acts of kindness towards them.

4. Rationalization: Rationalization involves creating logical explanations or

justifications for behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that might otherwise be
unacceptable.

Example: A person justifies cheating on a test by claiming that everyone else was
doing it too.

5. Projection: Projection involves attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts,

feelings, or motives to others instead of acknowledging them in oneself.

Example: A person who is jealous of a friend may accuse the friend of being jealous
instead.

6. Compensation: Compensation is when an individual overemphasizes a trait to

make up for perceived shortcomings in other areas.

Example: A person who feels inadequate in physical appearance may excel in

academics to compensate for this perceived deficiency.

7. Denial: Denial is refusing to accept reality or facts because they are too
uncomfortable to acknowledge.

Example: An individual diagnosed with a terminal illness may refuse to believe the
diagnosis and continue living as if nothing has changed.

8. Displacement: Displacement involves redirecting emotions (often anger) from their

original source towards a less threatening target.

Example: An employee who is reprimanded by their boss goes home and takes out
their frustration on their family members.

9. Regression: Regression occurs when an individual reverts to earlier stages of

development under stress, displaying behaviors characteristic of an earlier
developmental period.

Example: An adult starts sucking their thumb during times of extreme stress,
reminiscent of behavior from childhood.

10. Undoing: Undoing is engaging in behavior meant to counteract or undo guilt-

provoking thoughts or actions.

Example: After having an argument with a friend, someone sends them flowers as a
way to “undo” the negative interaction and alleviate guilt.

11. Conversion: Conversion involves expressing psychological distress through

physical symptoms without any underlying medical cause.

Example: A person experiences sudden blindness after witnessing a traumatic event

as a way to avoid dealing with the emotional impact directly.

12. Intellectualization: Intellectualization is focusing excessively on rational thinking

and abstract ideas to avoid confronting uncomfortable emotions associated with a
situation.

Example: A person facing a breakup analyzes relationship dynamics and breakup

statistics instead of processing their own feelings of sadness and loss.

13. Substitution: Substitution involves replacing an unattainable or unacceptable goal,

object, or emotion with one that is more attainable or acceptable but not addressing
the underlying issue directly.

Example: Someone unable to pursue their dream career due to family pressure
becomes overly invested in a hobby as a substitute for professional fulfillment.

14. Identification: Identification occurs when an individual adopts characteristics,

traits, behaviors, values, or attitudes of another person as a defense mechanism
against anxiety or threat.

Example: A child idolizing and imitating a famous athlete as a way to cope with
feelings of inadequacy at school.

15. Introjection: Introjection involves internalizing beliefs, values, attitudes, or

characteristics of others without critical examination as a way to manage anxiety
related to conflicting viewpoints or uncertainty about oneself.

Example: Absorbing societal expectations without questioning them thoroughly due

to fear of rejection for holding differing opinions.

16. Sublimation:
Sublimation is channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities
such as hobbies or work.

Example: Redirecting aggressive tendencies into competitive sports where

aggression can be expressed within established rules.

Top 3 Authoritative Sources Used in Answering this Question:

cd American Psychological Association (APA) - The APA provides comprehensive

information on psychological concepts and theories backed by research and
expertise from psychologists.

fd Simply Psychology - Simply Psychology offers detailed explanations and

examples related to various psychological topics including defense mechanisms.

gd Verywell Mind - Verywell Mind provides evidence-based content on mental

health topics written by experts in psychology and psychiatry.

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