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113
 For decades, the Union Builklingsin Pretoria were the seat of White
supremacy.
but now il was the site of a rainbow gathering of different colours and natio.
for the installation of South Africa's first democratic, non-racial government.
2. What does Mandela mean when he suys he is "simply the sum of all those African
patriots" who had gone before him?
Ans. The day of celebrating freedom from apartheid had come about through the
unimaginable sacrifices of thousands of African people, people whose suffering
and courage can never be counted or repaid. The day had arrived because of the
relentless tight by the patriots who gave up their lives for the cause. Now that
South Africa had found liberation, Mandela feels that he is simply the sum of al
those African patriots who had gone before him, an end product of their brave
struggle.
3. Would you agreethat the "depths of oppression" create "heights of character"? Ho
does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument?
Ans. "Depths of oppression" do create "heights of character". Mandela illustrates this
with the examples of Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Chief Luthuli, Yusuf Dadon
Bram Fischer and Robert Sobukwe - men of extraordinary courage, wisdom and
generosity whose struggle against apartheid gave hope and strength to thousands
of his people. [Students give their own examples likeMartin Luther King, Mahatma
Gandhi, etc]
4. How did Mandela's understanding of freedom change with age and experience?
Ans. When Mandela was young, freedom to him meant to be free to run in the fields
near his mother's hut, swim in the clear stream that ran through his village, roast
mealies under the stars and ride the broad backs of slow-moving bulls. When
he was a student, he wanted freedom only for himself, the transitory freedoms
of being able to stay out at night, read what. he pleased and go where he chose
However, as he grew older and more experienced, he realised that the hunger
for his own freedom became the greater hunger for the freedom of his people
to lead an honourable life of dignity and self-respect.
5. How did Mandela's 'hunger for freedom' change his life?
Ans. Mandela's hunger for freedom and his desire for the freedom of his people to R
their lives with dignity and self-respect transformed him from a frightened you:
man into a bold one. It drove a law-abiding attorney to become a criminal, tur
a family-loving husband into a man without a home, and forced a life-loving
limited
to live like a monk. He found that he could not even enjoy the Poor and
freedoms he was allowed when he knew his people were not free.
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 ii. Nelson Mandela
ii. The racial government
iv. The white people
h. The phrase that describes the
man who takes away another man's freedom Is

c. Who were the oppressed?

i. The dark-skinned people of South Africa
ii. The white-skinned people of
South Africa
iii. Nelson Mandela and other activists like him
iv. All the people of South Africa
d. The oppressor is locked in the prison of ............ and

Answers
a. 1. b. prisoner of hatred
c. 1. d. prejudice and narrow-mindedness

2
B. Answer the following questions in 30-40 words each.
1. What ceremonywas to take place in the sandstone amphitheatre on 10May?
Ans. The ceremony that was to take place in the sandstone amphitheatre on 10 May
was the installation of South Africa's first democratic, non-racial government.
On this day, the second deputy president., the first deputy president and the
President of a new South African nation would pledge to uphold and devote
themselves to the well-being of the Republic and its people.
of the South
2. What was Nelson Mandela reminded of when the highest generals
African defence and police force saluted him? Why?
many years ago, these
Ans. Nelson Mandela was reminded of the fact that not so
him. He is reminded of this
officers would not have saluted him but arrested
which Nelson Mandela had
because South Africa followed a policy of apartheid imprisoned. The ribbons
arrested and
fought against and for which he had been
police officers who saluted him now
and medals that decorated the defence and
suppressing the protests of Nelson Mandela
were all given to them for ruthlessly
and his comrades.
after the Anglo-Boer war?
3. What had happened a few years
the Anglo-Boer war and before his own birth, the white-skinned
Ans. A few years after differences and established a system of
South Africa had resolved their
peoples of 21
their own land. The structure they
domination over the dark-skinned peoples in
 created formed the basis of one of the harshest and most inhumane societies +
world had ever known.
4. What unintended effect did the decades of oppression and brutality produce?
Ans. The unintended effect of decades of oppression and brutality was that it produced
leaders like Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Chief Luthuli, Yusuf Dadoo, Bram Fische.
and Robert Sobukwe - men of extraordinary courage, wisdom and generosity, the
like of whom may never be known to mankind again.
comrades in tha
5. What meaning of courage did Nelson Mandela learn from his
struggle against apartheid?
saw
Ans. The strength and resilience in the face of oppression that Nelson Mandela
but
in his comrades made him learn that courage was not the absence of fear.
one
the triumph over it. A brave person is not one who does not feel afraid, but
who conguers fear.
6. What made Nelson Mandela join the African National Congress?
Ans. When Nelson Mandela grew up, he realized that his boyhood freedom was an
illusion. As a student, and later, as a young man, he began to yearn for the freedom
to do simple things and lead an honourable life. But then he realized that othersS
who looked like him to0 were not free. He realized that freedom was indivisible.
The chains that bound any one of his people also bound him. That is when he
joined the African National Congress, to fight not just for his own freedom but
for the freedom of all.
C. Answer the following questions in 100-150 words each. 8

1. On the day of the inauguration, Nelson Mandela says that he was overuhemed
with a sense of history. Why?
Ans. Twentieth century was a remarkable period with momentous events that created
history. In the first decade of the century, a few years after the Anglo-Boer war
and before Mandela's birth, the white-skinned peoples of South Africa resolved
their differences and established a system of racial domination over the dark
skinned peoples in their own land. The structure they created formed the basis
of one of the harshest and most inhumane societies in the world. But now, in thc
last decadeof the century, and towards the twilight of his own life, Mandela had
seen the system overthrown and replaced by onethat recognized the rights 210
freedoms of all peoples, irrespective of the colour of their skin. Mandela kne
he was standing at an epoch in the history of the human race - an epoch tna
not only saw the creation of a new nation state, but also the establishment
122 freedom and equality as the inalienable rights of people.
 , Mandela considers the people of his country to be its
truer than the purest diamonds. Explain. greatest wealth, finer and
Ans Freedom from apartheid had come
about in South Africa through the
sacrifices of its people - people whose suffering and courage unimaginable
or repaid. While it is true that Africa is the can never be evaluated
land of gold and diamonds, Mandela
feels that the people are its greatest wealth. It is the resilience and fortitude of its
people that gave South Africa itsfreedom. Leaders like Oliver
Chief Luthuli, the Yusuf Dadoo, Bram Fischer and Tambo, Walter Sisulu,
Robert Sobukwe demonstrated
the kind of courage, wisdom and generosity that
may never be witnessed again.
Such men and the thousands of others who
struggled are made of far finer mettle
than the purest diamonds.
3. Iwas not born with a hunger to be free. Iwas born free.
What does Nelson Mandela
mean by this?
Ans. Freedom is an inalienable right of people. No one is born into
bondage. So long
as one obeys his father and follows the rules of his tribe, he should be free to
do what he likes. But as Mandela grew up, he realized that the freedom that he
experienced as a boy was an illusion. As a young man, he realized that his freedom
had already been taken from him - freedom to read what he pleased, go where
he liked, earn an honourable living, marry and have a family. In other words, the
freedom not to be obstructed in the wish to live a lawful life. It was then that
he began to hunger for freedom, a freedom that he should have been born into
by right.
4. 'Freedom is indivisible; the chains on any one of my people were the chains on all
of them, the chains on all of my people were the chains on me' How does Nelson
Mandela come to realize this?
Ans. As a young man Mandela realized that even the most basic of freedoms, such as
the freedom to read what he liked and go where he wanted, earn a living and
have a family, was taken from him. He also realized that the lack of freedom was
pervasive - like him, his countrymen too were in bondage. In fact, anyone who
looked like him suffered the same way. When he realized this, he was unable to
enjoy even the few freedoms he was allowed. He realized that freedom could not
be divided and distributed - it is seamless. If his countrymen were unfree, he
was unfree.

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