LOCAL CORRUPTION: REALITY AND

LESSONS FROM SINGAPORE AND

VIETNAM
Group 6:
Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Anh
Trần Minh Anh
Trần Trúc Linh
 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF
1 CORRUPTION

TABLE OF 2 BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES ON

CORRUPTION AND ANTI-CORRUPTION

CONTENTS
3 SINGAPORE'S EXPERIENCES WITH ANTI-
CORRUPTION EFFORTS

4
THE REALITY OF PREVENTING CORRUPTION
IN VIETNAM
1 .D E F I N I T I O N

Transparency International (TI): the misuse of

entrusted power for private gain.

Independent Commission Against Corruption Act

1988 (NSW), is deliberate or intentional wrongdoing,
not negligence or a mistake.

According to Article 3, Clause 1 of the Anti-Corruption Law 2018 of Viet Nam

(effective from July 1, 2019), corruption refers to the act of individuals in positions of
authority or power who abuse their positions or powers for personal gain.
International Anti-Corruption Day: on 9 December, since the passage of the United Nations
Convention Against Corruption on 31 October 2003 to raise public awareness for anti-
corruption.
Anti-Corruption Organizations:
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

Published by Transparency
International since 1995.

An index that ranks

countries "by their perceived
levels of public sector
corruption, as determined by
expert assessments and
opinion surveys.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CORRUPTION
 2. BUSINESS
PERSPECTIVES
ON CORRUPTION
AND ANTI-
CORRUPTION
 Corruption between Businesses
and the State Sector
Levels Of
Corruption Collusive Corruption within
Businesses
In Business
Activities Internal Corruption within
Businesses
Implications of Corruption in Business

Corruption increases costs for

businesses.
Corruption can lead to a decline
in the quality of the company's
personnel structure.
Corruption damages the
reputation of businesses.
Corruption distorts the market
economy.
Corruption slows down
institutional reform.
Business Perspectives On Anti-Corruption

Why Businesses Compromise with Corruption

A lack of trust in state agencies and business associations as reliable allies in their fight
against corruption.
Lack knowledge and understanding of mechanisms and measures to prevent and
combat corruption.
A decline in the moral standards of a considerable number of Party members and a
weakness in the management, education, and training of Party members within state and
Party organizations.
Mechanisms, policies, and laws are not comprehensive
 Business Perspectives On Anti-Corruption

Solutions to combat corruption

Improve and actively participate in the

"Say No to Corruption" campaign.
Implement internal anti-corruption
measures.
Assess the integrity of employees.
Establish effective channels for
reporting violations and corruption.
Cooperate with state agencies in the
fight against corruption.
 3. SINGAPORE'S
EXPERIENCES WITH ANTI-
CORRUPTION EFFORTS
SINGAPORE'S
GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT

1. Location: Southeast Asia, south of

Peninsular Malaysia.
2. Challenges: Small size and limited
natural resources.
3. Development: Land acquisition
from neighboring nations and
reclamation efforts.
 THEIR CORRUPTION SITUATION
With a score of 83 out of 100 on
the TI-CPI, Singapore retains its
position as one of the least
corrupt nations, supported by
strong public confidence and
minimal public sector corruption
charges.
 FRAMEWORK OF
CORRUPTION
CONTROL
SINGAPORE HAS DEVELOPED A
REPUTATION FOR BEING VERY
INCORRUPTIBLE TODAY. SINGAPORE HAS
BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN COMBATING
CORRUPTION BECAUSE OF ITS STRONG
FRAMEWORK FOR PREVENTING
CORRUPTION, WHICH IS SUPPORTED BY
POLITICAL WILL AND STRONG LEADERSHIP
AND CONSISTS OF FOUR MAIN PILLARS:
LAWS, ADJUDICATION, ENFORCEMENT,
AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.
 EFFECTIVE ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTS
01. (OR LAWS)

POLITICAL WILL:
ESTABLISHED BY MR.
02. EFFECTIVE ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCY

LEE KUAN YEW IN 1959

EFFECTIVE ADJUDICATION (OR
WITH THE PEOPLE’S
ACTION PARTY.
03. PUNISHMENT)

EFFICIENT GOVERNMENT
04. ADMINISTRATION
EFFECTIVE ANTI- EFFECTIVE
CORRUPTION ADJUDICATION
LAWS

JUDICIARY STRUCTURE: CHIEF JUSTICE

PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT (PCA): APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT,
APPLIES TO PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL ENSURING INDEPENDENCE.
SECTORS.

CORRUPTION, DRUG TRAFFICKING, AND DETERRENT MEASURES: IMPOSING

OTHER SERIOUS CRIMES HEAVY PENALTIES AND
(CONFISCATION OF BENEFITS) ACT IMPRISONMENT FOR CORRUPT
(CDSA): FOCUSES ON CONFISCATING ACTIVITIES.
ILL-GOTTEN GAINS.
EFFECTIVE
ENFORCEMENT

EFFICIENT
GOVERNMENT
ADMINISTRATION
 MEASURES TO
COMBAT CORRUPTION
IN SINGAPORE
 CLEAR BUSINESS PROCESSES

Standardized Adaptive
Protocols: Ensure Measures: Update
uniform procedures Regular Audits: processes regularly
across all operations. Conduct diligent to stay relevant in a
record-keeping and dynamic business
audits to detect environment.
abnormalities.
POLICY ON GIFTS AND ENTERTAINMENT

Purpose of Gifts: Commonly used to foster

01. business relationships.

Risk of Corruption: Excessive or lavish gifts can

02. imply corrupt motives.

Guidelines and Record-Keeping: Establish clear rules

03. on the acceptance and provision of gifts to prevent
misuse.
DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Management
Potential Conflicts: Strategies: Options
Personal interests include reassignment
overriding business Declaration System: or removal from
ethics can lead to Implement a system for decision-making
corruption. all employees to processes.
declare conflicts of
interest.
CONVENIENT CORRUPTION
REPORTING SYSTEM
Importance of Reporting: Essential for
01.
identifying and managing corruption risks.

Whistle-blowing Policy: Encourage reporting by providing

02.
a safe, anonymous way to report unethical behavior.

Accessibility: Easy-to-use feedback routes such as

03.
published emails or phone numbers.
 SINGAPORE'S LESSONS IN
COMBATING CORRUPTION

Continuous Improvement:
Despite high standards,
Singapore continually evolves
its strategies to handle new
challenges in corruption
prevention.
International Benchmark:
As a model for both developed
and developing nations,
Singapore's practices offer
valuable lessons in governance
and anti-corruption strategies.
4. THE REALITY OF
ANTI-CORRUPTION
IN VIETNAM
 4.1.THE REALITY OF
CORRUPTION IN VIET NAM
Corruption occurs due to

1 2 3

Weak state The constant The importance

management change of society of hierarchy in
corporations
 NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF
CORRUPTION

Wealth Hindering Eroding Weakening Losing

gap development morality political confide
systems nce
The person who can be corrupt is the one who has
position and authority

In a 2005 investigation, the Central Committee for Internal

Affairs published a list of the most corrupt agencies in Vietnam.

BANKING IMPORT & EXPORT JOURNALISM HEALTHCARE

From 2018 to 2022, there were 481 corruption cases
that were prosecuted & investigated

The rate of recovering corrupt assets is low at only 32.5% - for every
10 dong lost, only 3 dong is recovered.
 Vietnam is one of the six countries in the Asia-Pacific region with
outstanding progress. In 2023, Vietnam's CPI decreased by 1 points
compared to 2022, from 42 to 41 on a scale of 100
Vietnam has moved down 6 places, from 77th (in 2022) to 83th (in 2023)
The corruption rate in Vietnam has increased significantly in the past year.
 4.2. The reality
of preventing corruption
in Vietnam
Since 2013, the Politburo has
issued a decision to establish the
Central Steering Committee for
Corruption Prevention and
Control, headed by General
Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong
Over 100 documents were issued
Areas with good corruption
control are often large cities,
centers of the country, with
developed economies.
Areas with high levels of
corruption are often small
provinces, mountainous areas,
with low living standards and
poor people's lives.
ĐVAN THINH PHAT & SACOMBANK
From 2012 to 2022 SCB approved over
2,500 loans for Ms. Lan's group
As of 2022, Ms. Lan's group still had
nearly 1,300 outstanding loans with SCB
caused SCB losses of 498 trillion VND
The Head of the Inspection Delegation,
was accused of covering up SCB's
financial irregularities
4.3. Anti-corruption
solutions in Viet Nam
Government

Continue to strengthen the Party's leadership in the work of preventing

and combating corruption

Providing political and ideological education

Supplementing and completing the mechanism, policies and laws

on socio-economic management

Inspectioning, auditing, investigating, prosecuting, handling corruption

 Businesses
Build a healthy business culture
without corruption
Impose a regulation of business
ethics and a code of professional
ethics for employees
Promulgate and implement codes of
conduct and internal control
mechanisms to prevent conflicts of
interest
Citizens
Raise awareness and receive
education on anti-corruption
Promote the supervisory role of the
people on setting example, declaring
assets and income, manifestations of
degradation...
Protect and reward who
report corruption
CONCLUSION
THANKS FOR LISTENING!