Internship Textbook for

General Nursing and

Midwifery

Includes:
1. Educational Methods and Media for Teaching in Practice of Nursing
2. Nursing Research
3. Administration and Ward Management.
4. Professional Trends and Adjustments
5. Health Economics
6. Practical Guidelines for Clinical Practice (see Annexure)
 Internship Textbook for
General Nursing and
Midwifery

I Clement
MA (Sociology), MA (Child Care and Education)
MSc (Nursing), MPhil (Education)
Principal
VSS College of Nursing, Bengaluru
Karnataka, India

JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD

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Internship Textbook for General Nursing and Midwifery

© 2010, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
author and the publisher.

This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by author is original. Every effort is made to ensure
accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and author will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error (s). In case
of any dispute, all legal matters are to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only.

First Edition: 2010

ISBN 978-81-8448-943-9
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit

Printed at Rajkamal
 PREFACE

Internship is a period of 26 weeks/6 months conducted after successfully completing the 3 years of
general nursing course. This period fills the gap that is created during the 3 years, obviously there is
slight lack of theoretical knowledge with lag in research, trends and issues, hospital administration
and management including health economics care taught in internship which really help each
general nursing student to withstand in growing technology and manage this work setup.
This book is enriched with subjects as per INC standards and will definitely fulfill the need of
internship student since all the subjects are filled up in one nutshell.
This text includes:
Section 1: Educational Methods and Media for Teaching in Practice of Nursing (Chapters 1-3).
Section 2: Nursing Research (Chapters 4-11).
Section 3: Administration and Ward Management (Chapters 12-21).
Section 4: Professional Trends and Adjustments (Chapters 22-26)
Section 5: Health Economics (Chapters 27-35)
Annexure: Practical Guidelines for Clinical Practice.
Each chapter is drafted in simple, easy English. Students can easily dig on and prepare themselves
for their internal exams and score well. This internship period not only nourishes them with practical
exposure, but also the theory added in this period really prepares them, moulds them in such a way
that creates a knowledge skill which helps them to tackle problems faced as soon they enter the job.
Career opportunities in local and abroad are wide and they prefer general nurses fortified with
this kind of knowledge so that they can be a good educator, researcher, administrator, manager,
finally a highly qualified professional nurse with knowledge of health economics.
I wish all the best for all the teachers, especially students who go through this book.

I Clement
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am thankful to the Lord Almighty, who always strengthens me and showers blessings on me to
complete my task in time.
My heartfelt thanks to Shri V Sommanna, MLA, Chairman of VSS group of institutions, for his
constant support and encouragement.
My sincere thanks to my guide and guru BT Basavanthappa, who is a great philosopher,
international leader in nursing, a wonderful person who showers fatherly love, who helps me to
discover the world of knowledge.
I am thankful to our Board of Directors of VSS Group of Institutions, Dr BS Arun and Dr Naveen,
for their support and encouragement.
I am grateful and extend my thanks to Dr Aswathnarayan MLA, Chairman of Padmashree Group
of Institutions, for his support and encouragement.
I owe my heartiest gratitude to the Teachers, Educators, Guides and Students for their help, support,
and encouragement given to me to achieve this level.
I convey my sincere thanks to my beloved wife Mrs Nisha Clement, MSc (N), for her continuous
and constant support and encouragement in each step of my life, also I take this opportunity to thank
my little ones Cibin, Cynthia and Cavin.
It is my honor and privilege to thank my parents Mr Irudthyanathan, and Arokiamary, my sisters
Elizabeth Rani, Mary Saraswathi, Glory, my brothers, Amalan and Felix for their support in the form
of finance, their powerful prayers and encouraging words to complete the task.
This is the time that I should thank my thick friend Mr Regi T Kurien (New York) and family, who
was with me in my dark times and my hurdle days. I thank him for his love and affection and
constant support.
My sincere thanks to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Chairman and Managing Director), Mr Tarun Duneja
(Director-Publishing), Mr KK Raman (Production Manager), Mr Akhilesh Kumar Dubey,
Mrs Uma Adhikari, Mr V Venugopal (Manager, Bengaluru Branch), Mr H Vasudev (Author
coordinator, Bengaluru Branch) and all staff of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd,
in bringing out this excellent quality textbook.
 CONTENTS

SECTION 1
EDUCATIONAL METHODS AND MEDIA FOR
TEACHING IN PRACTICE OF NURSING

1. Introduction to Education ................................................................................................ 1

• Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
• Meaning of education ....................................................................................................................... 1
• Historical perspectives in education ................................................................................................ 2
• Education in ancient India ............................................................................................................... 2
• The genesis of modern teaching and its pioneers ............................................................................. 3
• Trends in modern education and teaching ....................................................................................... 5
• Aims and objectives of education ..................................................................................................... 6
• Nature of aims of education ........................................................................................................... 11
• Principles of education and teaching-learning process .................................................................. 11
• General principles of teaching ....................................................................................................... 13
• Maxims of teaching ........................................................................................................................ 14
• Philosophy of nursing and nursing education .............................................................................. 16
• Meaning of philosophy—relationship between philosophy and education ................................... 17
• Branches of philosophy .................................................................................................................. 17
• Important philosophies .................................................................................................................. 18
• Agencies of education ..................................................................................................................... 19
• Estimate family as a socializing educational agency. .................................................................... 19
• Social play as an educational agency ............................................................................................. 21
• Community school ......................................................................................................................... 23
• Peer Group ..................................................................................................................................... 24
• Educational role of the state ........................................................................................................... 25
• Mass communication media play a vital role in socializing children ........................................... 26
• Community as an educational agency ........................................................................................... 26
2. Methods of Teaching ...................................................................................................... 29
• Lecture method ............................................................................................................................... 29
• Laboratory method ......................................................................................................................... 32
• Demonstration method ................................................................................................................... 35
• Field trip ........................................................................................................................................ 38
• Seminar .......................................................................................................................................... 42
• Symposium .................................................................................................................................... 45
• Structured self-report ..................................................................................................................... 48
x Internship Textbook for General Nursing and Midwifery

• Workshop ....................................................................................................................................... 51
• Self instructional module ............................................................................................................... 54
• Process recording ........................................................................................................................... 58
• Role play ........................................................................................................................................ 61
• Simulation ..................................................................................................................................... 64
• Ward teaching ................................................................................................................................ 67
• Patient assignments ....................................................................................................................... 69
• Bed-side clinic ................................................................................................................................ 72
• Nursing rounds .............................................................................................................................. 73
• Case presentation ........................................................................................................................... 76
• Demonstration ............................................................................................................................... 79
• Case study ...................................................................................................................................... 80
• Care plan........................................................................................................................................ 83
• Dramatization ................................................................................................................................ 86
3. Educational Media .......................................................................................................... 91
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 91
• Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 91
• Important values of the proper use of audio-visual aids ................................................................ 92
• Characteristics of good teaching aids ............................................................................................. 93
• Principles in the use of teaching aids ............................................................................................. 93
• Problems in the use of teaching aids .............................................................................................. 95
• Classification of teaching aids ....................................................................................................... 95
• Cone of experience .......................................................................................................................... 96
• Graphic aids ................................................................................................................................... 97
• Chart .............................................................................................................................................. 98
• Graph ........................................................................................................................................... 100
• Posters .......................................................................................................................................... 101
• Flash cards ...................................................................................................................................101
• Flannel board ............................................................................................................................... 102
• The bulletin board ........................................................................................................................ 103
• Cartoon ......................................................................................................................................... 104
• Three-dimensional aids ................................................................................................................104
• Puppets ......................................................................................................................................... 105
• Models .......................................................................................................................................... 106
• Mock-ups ...................................................................................................................................... 107
• Object ........................................................................................................................................... 107
• Moulage ....................................................................................................................................... 107
• Projected aids ............................................................................................................................... 107
• Television ..................................................................................................................................... 108
• Overhead projector .......................................................................................................................109
• Internet ......................................................................................................................................... 110
• Computers .................................................................................................................................... 110
• Video tape recorder (VCR) ...........................................................................................................110
• Information via satellite ............................................................................................................... 111
• Printed media ............................................................................................................................... 111
• Flip charts .................................................................................................................................... 111
 Contents xi

• Maps ............................................................................................................................................ 112

• Diagrams ...................................................................................................................................... 112
• Photographs ................................................................................................................................. 112
• Exhibits ........................................................................................................................................ 113
• Comic strips ................................................................................................................................. 113
• Magnetic chalkboard .................................................................................................................... 113
• Specimens ..................................................................................................................................... 114
• Diagrams ...................................................................................................................................... 114

SECTION 2
NURSING RESEARCH

4. Introduction to Nursing Research ............................................................................. 129

• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................129
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 130
• Definitions of nursing research .................................................................................................... 130
• Characteristics of nursing research .............................................................................................. 130
• Importance of nursing research .................................................................................................... 131
• Objectives of conducting nursing research .................................................................................. 131
• Roles of nurse in research ............................................................................................................. 132
• Research process ........................................................................................................................... 132
• Steps in research process .............................................................................................................. 133
5. Research Approach ....................................................................................................... 135
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 135
• Important features of research approach ...................................................................................... 135
• Types of research approaches ....................................................................................................... 135
• Historical research .......................................................................................................................136
• Descriptive research ..................................................................................................................... 137
• Explorative research .................................................................................................................... 137
• Experimental research .................................................................................................................. 138
• Qualitative research ..................................................................................................................... 139
• Population and samples ............................................................................................................... 140
• Sample error and bias ................................................................................................................... 142
6. Measurement and Data Collection ........................................................................... 143
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 143
• Definition ..................................................................................................................................... 143
• Levels of measurements ................................................................................................................ 143
• Data collection process ................................................................................................................. 144
• Data collection methods and instruments .................................................................................... 144
• Selection criteria for data collection method ................................................................................ 145
7. Data Collection Methods ............................................................................................. 146
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 146
• Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................. 146
• Interviews ..................................................................................................................................... 147
• Observation methods .................................................................................................................... 148
xii Internship Textbook for General Nursing and Midwifery

• Other observational methods ....................................................................................................... 149

• Psychological tests .......................................................................................................................149
• Other methods .............................................................................................................................. 149
8. Quantitative Analysis ................................................................................................... 151
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 151
• Levels of measurements ................................................................................................................151
• Descriptive statistics .................................................................................................................... 151
• Measures of central tendency ....................................................................................................... 151
• Variability ...................................................................................................................................152
• Inferential statistics ...................................................................................................................... 152
• Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests ............................................................................152
• Multivariate statistical procedures .............................................................................................. 153
9. Qualitative Analysis ..................................................................................................... 154
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 154
• Analysis styles ............................................................................................................................. 154
• Qualitative analysis process ........................................................................................................ 154
• Qualitative data management and organization ......................................................................... 155
• Analytic procedure .......................................................................................................................155
• Ground theory analysis ................................................................................................................155
10. Interpretation and Communication. ......................................................................... 156
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 156
• Objectives of interpretation .......................................................................................................... 156
• Presentation findings ................................................................................................................... 156
• Common errors of interpretation.................................................................................................. 157
• Communication of nursing research reports ................................................................................ 157
• Methods of research report presentation ...................................................................................... 157
• Nursing research and nurse ......................................................................................................... 157
• Research related activities in nursing .......................................................................................... 158
• Roles of nurses in research ...........................................................................................................159
11. Health and Vital Statistics .......................................................................................... 160
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................160
• Health information system (HIS) ................................................................................................. 160
• Sources of health information ...................................................................................................... 161
• Statistics ....................................................................................................................................... 162
• Vital statistics .............................................................................................................................. 163
• Modes of vital statistics presentation ........................................................................................... 165
• Tabulation .................................................................................................................................... 165
• Chart and diagrams ..................................................................................................................... 166
• Measures of central tendency ....................................................................................................... 167
• Measures of dispersion or variability or scatterness .................................................................... 169
• Normal distribution and curve ....................................................................................................171
• Statistical tests of significance or hypothesis testing ................................................................... 172
• t-test .............................................................................................................................................. 173
• ANOVA ....................................................................................................................................... 174
• Chi-square test ............................................................................................................................. 174
 Contents xiii

• Correlation and regression ...........................................................................................................175

• Measurement and scaling ............................................................................................................. 177
• Sampling ...................................................................................................................................... 178
• Statistics and nursing .................................................................................................................. 179

SECTION 3
ADMINISTRATION AND WARD MANAGEMENT

12. Introduction to Administration .................................................................................. 181

• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................181
• Philosophy of administration ...................................................................................................... 181
• Principles of administration ........................................................................................................ 183
• Elements of administration .......................................................................................................... 184
13. Planning ........................................................................................................................... 186
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 186
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................186
• Principles of planning ................................................................................................................. 186
• Importance of planning ................................................................................................................ 187
• Characteristics of planning .......................................................................................................... 187
• Compartments of planning .......................................................................................................... 187
• Types of planning ........................................................................................................................ 188
• Methods of planning .................................................................................................................... 189
14. Organization .................................................................................................................... 190
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................190
• Aims of organization .................................................................................................................... 190
• Nature of organization ................................................................................................................. 191
• Importance of organization .......................................................................................................... 191
• Principles of organization ...........................................................................................................192
• Hierarchy ..................................................................................................................................... 192
• Span of control ............................................................................................................................. 192
• Integration vs disintegration ....................................................................................................... 192
• Centralization vs decentralization ...............................................................................................193
• Unity of command .......................................................................................................................193
• Delegation .................................................................................................................................... 194
• Control ......................................................................................................................................... 195
15. Supervision ...................................................................................................................... 197
• Objectives of supervision ............................................................................................................. 197
• Factors of effective supervision .................................................................................................... 198
• Functions of supervision in directing .......................................................................................... 198
• Principles of supervision ............................................................................................................. 199
• Types of supervision .................................................................................................................... 200
• Methods of supervision ................................................................................................................ 200
• Techniques of supervision ............................................................................................................ 201
• Staffing ......................................................................................................................................... 201
xiv Internship Textbook for General Nursing and Midwifery

16. Budget ............................................................................................................................... 203

• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 203
• Definition ..................................................................................................................................... 203
• Purposes of budget .......................................................................................................................203
• Features of budget ........................................................................................................................ 203
• Importance of budget .................................................................................................................... 204
• Principles of budget ..................................................................................................................... 204
• Classification of budget ................................................................................................................205
• An essential requisition for budget preparation ........................................................................... 205
• Steps in budgeting .......................................................................................................................206
17. Hospital ............................................................................................................................ 208
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................208
• Objectives of the hospital ............................................................................................................. 208
• Scope of the hospital ..................................................................................................................... 209
• Functions of the hospital .............................................................................................................. 209
• Classification of the hospitals ...................................................................................................... 210
• Job description .............................................................................................................................. 212
• Responsibilities of head nurse ...................................................................................................... 214
• Job description of staff nurse ........................................................................................................ 214
18. Records and Reports ..................................................................................................... 217
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 217
• Purposes of records .......................................................................................................................217
• Importance of records ................................................................................................................... 217
• Principles of records ..................................................................................................................... 218
• Types of records ........................................................................................................................... 218
• General rules for recording .......................................................................................................... 219
• Nurses’ responsibility .................................................................................................................. 219
• Report ........................................................................................................................................... 219
• Purposes of report ........................................................................................................................ 220
• Types of report ............................................................................................................................. 220
• Nurses responsibility for record keeping and reporting .............................................................. 221
19. Staff Development ........................................................................................................ 223
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 223
• Need for staff development ...........................................................................................................223
• Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 223
• Types ............................................................................................................................................ 224
• Types of staff development program ............................................................................................ 224
• Role of the nurse manager in staff development .......................................................................... 225
20. Leadership Styles .......................................................................................................... 226
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................226
• Autocratic style ............................................................................................................................226
• Democratic style ........................................................................................................................... 227
• Participation style ........................................................................................................................ 227
• Laissez-Faire style ........................................................................................................................ 227
 Contents xv

• Job analysis .................................................................................................................................. 228

• Material management .................................................................................................................. 229
• Problem solving ........................................................................................................................... 230
21. Personnel Management ............................................................................................... 231
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 231
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................231
• Objectives of personnel management ........................................................................................... 232
• Functional areas of personnel management ................................................................................. 233
• Management process .................................................................................................................... 235

SECTION 4
PROFESSIONAL TRENDS AND ADJUSTMENTS

22. Introduction to Nursing as a Profession .................................................................. 237

• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................237
• Basic nursing principles .............................................................................................................. 237
• Nursing sciences .......................................................................................................................... 238
• Steps of scientific method ............................................................................................................. 238
• Nursing as a profession ................................................................................................................ 238
• Criteria for profession .................................................................................................................. 238
• The characteristics of a professional nurse ...................................................................................239
• Professional equities ..................................................................................................................... 239
• Roll and function of a nurse ......................................................................................................... 239
• Nurse as a member of the health care team .................................................................................. 240
23. Professional Ethics ........................................................................................................ 243
• Ethical issues in nursing .............................................................................................................. 243
• Nursing ethics .............................................................................................................................. 243
• Code of ethics ............................................................................................................................... 243
• Ethics in nursing .......................................................................................................................... 244
• The international code of nursing ethics ...................................................................................... 244
• Legal issues in nursing ................................................................................................................. 245
• Types of law ................................................................................................................................. 246
• Common legal issues .................................................................................................................... 246
• Law and nurse .............................................................................................................................. 246
24. Professional and Health Organizations .................................................................. 247
• International council (INC) of nursing ........................................................................................ 247
• Trained Nurses Association of India (TNAI) ............................................................................... 248
• Medical Council of India .............................................................................................................. 249
• Dental Council of India (DCI) ..................................................................................................... 250
• Indian Red Cross .......................................................................................................................... 250
• World Health Organization (WHO) ............................................................................................ 251
• United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) ...................................... 253
• United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) ........................ 254
• United State Agency for International Development (USAID) ................................................... 254
xvi Internship Textbook for General Nursing and Midwifery

• United Nations Development Program (UNDP) ........................................................................ 255

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ................................................................................. 255
• Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE) ................................................................256
• Rockefeller Foundation ................................................................................................................. 256
• Ford Foundation .......................................................................................................................... 257
• Colombo Plan ............................................................................................................................... 257
• World Bank .................................................................................................................................. 257
25. Continuing Education ................................................................................................... 259
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 259
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................259
• Need for continuing education ..................................................................................................... 259
• National policy on continuing education ..................................................................................... 260
• Programs of action on national policy on education .................................................................... 260
26. In-service Education ..................................................................................................... 261
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................261
• Aims and objectives ...................................................................................................................... 261
• Need for in-service program ........................................................................................................ 261
• Components of in-service education ............................................................................................. 261
• Nursing conferences ..................................................................................................................... 262
• Nursing standards .......................................................................................................................264
• Nursing audit .............................................................................................................................. 266

SECTION 5
HEALTH ECONOMICS
27. Terminology in Economics .......................................................................................... 273
• Microeconomics ............................................................................................................................273
• Macroeconomics ........................................................................................................................... 274
28. Introduction to Economics ........................................................................................... 277
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 277
• Meaning of economics .................................................................................................................. 277
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................278
• Characteristics of economics ........................................................................................................ 278
• Main features of welfare definition .............................................................................................. 279
• Concept of economics .................................................................................................................... 279
• Economics as an art ...................................................................................................................... 280
• Scope of economics .......................................................................................................................280
• Subject matter of economics .......................................................................................................... 281
• Economics as a science .................................................................................................................. 281
• Dimensions of economics.............................................................................................................. 282
• Significance of economics ............................................................................................................. 283
• Role and responsibilities of economist in today’s environment ................................................... 283
29. Introduction to Health Economics ............................................................................. 286
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 286
• Resources...................................................................................................................................... 286
 Contents xvii

• Focuse of health economics ...........................................................................................................287

• Area of health economics .............................................................................................................. 287
• Economics of health ...................................................................................................................... 288
• Health and economic development ...............................................................................................289
• Causes of health problems in India .............................................................................................. 289
• Health status of India ................................................................................................................... 289
• Health problems of India .............................................................................................................. 290
• The main causes for health related problems in India .................................................................. 291
• Primary health care and its elements .......................................................................................... 292
30. Economy in Nursing ...................................................................................................... 294
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 294
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................294
• Basic economic terms .................................................................................................................... 294
• Resources ...................................................................................................................................... 296
31. Cost of Health Care ....................................................................................................... 298
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 298
• Meaning of cost ............................................................................................................................ 298
• Factors influencing cost of production ......................................................................................... 299
• Types of cost ................................................................................................................................. 299
32. Demand and Supply in Health Care ........................................................................ 302
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 302
• Definitions ...................................................................................................................................302
• Concepts of demand ..................................................................................................................... 302
• Important features of the law of demand ...................................................................................... 302
• Factors affecting demand .............................................................................................................. 303
• Factors influencing demand ......................................................................................................... 303
• Health care demand ...................................................................................................................... 304
• The supply of health care ............................................................................................................. 304
• Market equilibrium ...................................................................................................................... 305
• Medical economics .......................................................................................................................306
• Behavioral economics ................................................................................................................... 306
• Production ...................................................................................................................................307
• Factors of production .................................................................................................................... 307
• Production function ..................................................................................................................... 307
• Characteristics of health care services in market .......................................................................... 308
• Demand and supply sides of health care market .......................................................................... 308
• Input-output model ...................................................................................................................... 309
• Production function ..................................................................................................................... 309
33. Income .............................................................................................................................. 310
• Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 310
• National income ........................................................................................................................... 310
• Methods of measuring national income ....................................................................................... 311
• Methods of estimating national income in India .......................................................................... 312
34. Financing of Health Care ............................................................................................. 313
• Sources of health finance .............................................................................................................. 313
xviii Internship Textbook for General Nursing and Midwifery

35. Economic Planning ........................................................................................................ 318

• Health plans in India ................................................................................................................... 318
• Role of State and Central Governments in financing health care ................................................ 322

ANNEXURE
PRACTICAL GUIDELINES FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
• Physical examination ................................................................................................................... 325
• Assessment of head to toe of major body systems ......................................................................... 328
• Critical thinking in nursing practice ........................................................................................... 332
• Nursing process ........................................................................................................................... 334
• Critical thinking in patient care management ............................................................................. 335
• Nursing care plan ........................................................................................................................ 339
• Career roles of a nurse .................................................................................................................. 342
• Interview ...................................................................................................................................... 344
• Project method ............................................................................................................................. 346
• Ward-teaching program ............................................................................................................... 349
• Assignments ................................................................................................................................. 351
• Brain stroming ............................................................................................................................. 351
• Group discussion.......................................................................................................................... 352
• Clinical evaluation .......................................................................................................................353
• Nursing audit .............................................................................................................................. 356
• Micro-teaching ............................................................................................................................. 360
• Nurse researcher ........................................................................................................................... 366
• Critiquing research report ...........................................................................................................370
• Nursing care standards in ward management ............................................................................. 376
• Organizing and management of nursing service unit ................................................................. 378
• Factors influencing ward management ........................................................................................380
• Modes of organizing patient care/nursing care delivery system ................................................. 384
Index ............................................................................................................................................ 391
 GUIDELINES
Internship is a period of supervised training required for qualifying for a profession. It follows a
specific number of academic credits.

General Objectives
Upon completion of the internship period the student shall be able to:
1. Demonstrate skills in the discharge of professional responsibilities independently and effectively.
2. Demonstrate beginning skills in teaching patients/client’s in health care setting in an effective
manner.
3. Demonstrate beginning skills in administration and management of nursing units, health clinics
and health centers.
4. Assist/participate in research activities of the institution/organization in various health care
setting.
5. Identify and appreciate the needs for continuing and in-service education in practice of nursing.

Details of Internship Period

Total duration: 26 weeks/6 months.
Vacation: 1 week
Examination: 1 week
For the remaining 24 weeks students will be posted in different clinical areas and also undergo
formal class room instruction.
Total no of hours of each day: 8 hours
Hours per week: 48 hours
Total hours of internship period: 1152 hours
Total hours of theory instruction: 190 hours.
Total hours of clinical posting: 1152-190=962 hours.
Students shall attend one hour class daily and 7 hours for clinical experience or one day for theory
and five days for clinical experience shall be planned by institutes as per their suitability which shall
come to 40 hours per week clinical and 8 hours for theory.

Break-up of Clinical Experience

1. Medical surgical nursing: 3 weeks
2. Surgical nursing: 3 weeks
3. Pediatric nursing: 3 weeks
4. Psychiatric nursing: 3 weeks
5. Community health nursing: 4 weeks
6. Midwifery: 4 weeks.
7. Student’s area of interest: 2 weeks.
8. Two weeks of night clinical experiences is to be given during this period with night supervisor.
Total: 24 hours
 xx Internship Textbook for General Nursing and Midwifery

Scheme of Evaluation-internship Period (School Exam)

Theory examination
Subject Assessment of School examination Total marks
six months
1. Educational methods and media for 50 50 100
teaching in practice of nursing and
research in nursing
2. Professional trends and adjustment, 50 50 100
administration and ward management
and health economics
Total 100 100 200

Practical Evaluation: School Assessment

1. Medical and surgical nursing: 20 marks
2. Pediatric nursing: 20 marks.
3. Community health nursing: 20 marks.
4. Midwifery: 20 marks.
Total: 100 marks.
Practical examination at the end of the six month is to be conducted by the school at its own level
to assess clinical skills, ward management and professional trends. Marks are to be submitted to the
council for addition in the overall result.
Diploma by the council / board will be issued only after successful completion of the internship.

Importance of Internship
The Career Center Staff want to ensure students become the employees of choice upon completing
their university experience. Internship and Co-op experiences allow students to have an avenue to
Explore career options while increasing their skill proficiency and gaining valuable career-related
Experience with professionals in their industry of choice. During this experience, students engage
on a daily basis the bridging of the classroom experience with the workplace.
1. Acquire new skills and apply those learned in the classroom
2. Explore potential career interests
3. Develop professional work habits and improve human relations skills
4. Gain practical, on-the-job, career-related experience prior to graduation
5. Improve permanent employment opportunities
6. Help defray the costs of education
7. Secure college credit in positions approved by faculty
8. Assists in the recruitment and retention of students
9. Builds a positive relationship between the institution and local businesses
10. Improves access to state-of-the-art equipment and technology by using the workplace as a
laboratory extension of the classroom
11. Helps to keep college curriculum up-to-date with changes in industry through constant input
from the employment sector
 Guidelines xxi

Benefits of Internships
Internship resources are provided by Career Connections to reveal viable career paths through hands-
on learning experiences in a variety of areas of interest. Completing internships during college
allows students to explore and experiment while gaining professional experience and exposure.
Additionally, interning helps participants develop essential skills and build the confidence to secure
a first job or graduate school opportunity.

Some of the Obvious Advantages an Internship Offers

1. Learn more about a chosen field.
2. Apply classroom theory to real work situations.
3. Become more knowledgeable about general work functions in particular fields.
4. Identify and/or test interests and talents.
5. Investigate organizational cultures.
6. Learn career-related skills.
7. Identify transferable skills.
8. Strengthen written and oral skills.
9. See if a selected career path is one you truly wish to travel.
10. Find out what it’s like to work in a business environment.
11. Enhance and strengthen your resume.
12. Make contacts to gain future employment.
13. Bridge between college and work.
14. Stimulate new interest in academic course work and frequently develop an interdisciplinary
perspective.
15. Gain an increased awareness of skills, attributes, personal qualities and values.