Analytical

Chemistry
BY: ENGR. EDISON EDGAR B. LAURE
Analytical Chemistry Terms
 Colloidal Precipitate - is a mixture that has particles ranging between 1
and 1000 nanometers in diameter, yet are still able to remain evenly
distributed throughout the solution.
 Crystalline Precipitate - is a solid mass formed in a crystalline suspension.
 Gravimetric Precipitation - is an analytical technique that uses a
precipitation reaction to separate ions from a solution. The chemical
that is added to cause the precipitation is called the precipitant or
precipitating agent.
 Gravimetric Volatilization - involves separating components of our
mixture by heating or chemically decomposing the sample. The
heating or chemical decomposition separates out any volatile
compounds, which results in a change in mass that we can measure.
Analytical Chemistry Terms
 Precipitation - is the process of transforming a dissolved substance
into an insoluble solid from a supersaturated solution.
 Coprecipitation - is defined as the process of two or more solutes
precipitating together from a solution.
 Peptization - is the conversion of precipitate into colloidal solution by
adding a suitable electrolyte.
 Coagulation - is the aggregation or accumulation of colloidal
particles to form a precipitate. Coagulation is caused by the
removal of colloidal particle charge.
Analytical Chemistry Terms
 Occlusion - is the term used to define the adsorption of gases on the
surface of metals. So, we can say that it is a type of adsorption where
the adsorbate is the gas and metal acts as the adsorbent where the
gases are adsorbed.
 Mixed-crystal formation - is the term used when referring to substances
that have the ability to form crystals that contain atoms of two
different substances.
 Nucleation - the initial process that occurs in the formation of a crystal
from a solution, a liquid, or a vapor, in which a small number of ions,
atoms, or molecules become arranged in a pattern characteristic of
a crystalline solid, forming a site upon which additional particles are
deposited as the crystal grows.
 Particle Growth - Also known as Crystal Growth is the process of
increasing the size of a pre-existing crystal structure. It has three stages:
nucleation, coalescent coagulation, and agglomeration.
Analytical Chemistry Terms
 Standard solution – a reagent of a known concentration which used
in the titrimetric analysis.
 Titration – the process of adding a standard solution from the burette
or other liquid-dispensing device to an analyte (in the form of
solution) the reaction is believe to be completed.
 Equivalence point – the point in titration process when the amount
of titrant is chemically equivalent to the amount of analyte in a
sample.
 Back-titration – the process of adding excess amount of standard
titrant, and the excess is determined by back titration using second
standard. The equivalence point corresponds to the amount of
initial titrant is chemically equivalent to the amount of analyte plus
the amount of back titrant.
Analytical Chemistry Terms
 End point – Physical change occurs which related to the chemical
equivalence.
 Indicators – are used to give an observable physical change (end
point) or at near the equivalence point by adding them to the
analyte. The difference between end point and equivalence point
should be very small and this difference is referred to as titration
error, Et.
Et = Vep – Veq
Vep is the actual volume used to get to the end point.
Veq is the theoretical value of reagent required to reach the end point.
Acid, Base, and pH
Acid, Base, pH
 Acid – is a solution that has ana excess of H+ ions. It comes from the
Latin word acidus that means “sharp” or “sour”. The more H+ ions,
the more acidic the solution.
 Tastes Sour
 Conduct Electricity
 Corrosive, which means they break down certain substances. Many
acids can corrode fabric, skin, and paper
 Some acids react strongly with metals
 Turns blue litmus paper red
Acid, Base, pH
 Base - is a solution that has an excess of OH- ions. Another word for
this is alkali. They are substances that can accept hydrogen ions.
 Feel Slippery
 Taste Bitter
 Corrosive
 Can conduct electricity. (Think alkaline batteries.)
 Do not react with metals.
 Turns red litmus paper blue.
pH Scale
 pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
 The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
 Acidic solutions have pH values below 7
 A solution with a pH of 0 is very acidic.
 A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral.
 Pure water has a pH of 7.
 Basic solutions have pH values above 7
pH Scale
 A change of 1 pH unit represents a tenfold change in
the acidity of the solution.
 For example, if one solution has a pH of 1 and a second
solution has a pH of 2, the first solution is not twice as
acidic as the second—it is ten times more acidic.
Acid – Base Reactions
Each salt listed in this table can
be formed by the reaction
between an acid and a base.
Calculating pH
 The hydronium ions in an aqueous solution of a strong acid have
two sources:
1. The reaction of the acid with water, and
2. The dissociation of water itself
 Example: HCl with a concentration greater than about 10-6 M
[H3O+] = cHCl + [OH-] ≈ cHCl
 Where [OH-] represents the contribution of hydronium ions from the
dissociation of water. An analogous relationship applies for a
solution of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide. That is,
[OH-] = cNaOH + [H3O+] ≈ cNaOH
Titrating a Strong Acid with a Strong Base
 Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
 -log Kw = -log ([H3O+][OH-])
 -log Kw = -log [H3O+] - log [OH-]
 pKw = pH + pOH
 -log 10-14 = 14.00 = pH + pOH
Example 1
Solve for the pH of 50.00 mL of 0.500 M HCl when added with 10.00 mL
of 0.1000 M NaOH.
 Initial point
Before any base is added, the solution is 0.500 M in H3O+, and
pH = -log [H3O+] = -log 0.500 = 1.30
 After addition of 10.00 mL of Reagent
The hydronium ion concentration is decreased as a result of both
reaction with the base and dilution. Thus, the analytical concentration
of HCl is
Example 1 (continuation)
𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
cHCl = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 − 𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑
cHCl = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
50.00 𝑚𝐿 𝑋 0.0500 𝑀 −(10.00 𝑚𝐿 𝑋 0.1000 𝑀)
cHCl = 50.00 𝑚𝐿 + 10 𝑚𝐿
2.500 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1.000 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
cHCl = 60.00 𝑚𝐿
cHCl = 2.500 X 10-2 M
[H3O+] = 2.500 X 10-2 M
pH = -log [H3O+] = -log (2.500 X 10-2) = 1.602