Q. Write down the formula of Simpson biodiversity index.

(2)

𝑁(𝑁−1)
DI = ∑ 𝑛(𝑛−1)
where N= total number of individuals,

DI= sympson diversity index, n𝑖= number of individuals of a species

Q. Write down the formula of carrying capacity.(2)

It needs a component in it that will slow down the population growth as it

reaches a certain point, the carrying capacity of the environment (K) . The
equation is called the logistic equation
dN/dt = rN[(K-N)/N]
⚫ When N<K then dN/dt will be positive the population will increase in size
⚫ When then dN/dt will be zero the population growth will stop
⚫ Should N>K then dN/dt will become negative the population will decrease.

Q. Define rainwater harvesting.(2)

➢ Rainwater harvesting is a collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing
it to runoff. Rainwater is collected from a roof like surface and redirected to
a tank/deep pit/aquifer or a reserver with percolation, so that it seeps
down and restore the groundwater.
It's uses include watering gardens, livestock, irrigation and other domestic uses
with proper treatment & domestic heating. The harvested water can also be
committed storage and groundwater recharge.
Q. What are the 7 principles of waste management.(5)
⚫ Rethink - Become a more conscious consumer, take a step back to think
about your consumption and waste habit and their impact to the
environment.
⚫ Refuse - Before purchasing things consider the benefits and cost. Feel
empowered to go against consumer culture and not buy anything at all.
⚫ Reduce - Lower the amount you buy and how often you buy. Borrow things
when you can look for things that can last longer and has many uses .
⚫ Reuse - get many uses out of the things you buy . Avoid single use items
especially those made of plastic.
⚫ Repair - Try to fix things before throwing them out. Get crafty and join the
repair moment
⚫ Re-gift - Sharing the wealth and pass on the gift you have received to
someone else who could use it ⚫ Recycle- Give your product a new
purpose by recycling them.
Q. Define ozone layer depletion.(2)
➢ Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper
atmosphere. This happens when the chlorine and bromine atoms in the
atmosphere come in contact with ozone and destroy the ozone molecules.
One chlorine can destroy 100,000 molecules of ozone.
Q. What are the effects of acid rain?
➢ EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN
Acid rains create complex problems and their imports are reaching. Some
major impacts of acid rain on the eco-system discussed below :

⚫ Acid rain increases the soil acidity affecting land flora and fauna.
⚫ It causes acidification of aquatic bodies which leads to killing of aquatic
plants and animals. The increase in acidity also affects the metabolism,
growth and development of aquatic organisms.
⚫ It induces senescence of plants thereby reducing the productivity of the
eco-system.
⚫ Acid rain affected plants and animals are easily attacked pathogens.
Q. What is acid rain? (2)
Rain that becomes acidic after falling through and dissolving air pollutant,
primary sulphur di oxide and acid rain have a pH less than 7.0 .
Q. Write Down the equation for the formation of acid rain.(2)
Q.Definition of Activated sludge treatment.
A sewage treatment process in which a portion of a decomposer bacteria
present in the waste is recycled to the beginning of the process, thus providing
the system with acclimatized organisms.
Q. What is Aerosol?
Aerosols are solid and liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere.
Q.Define Albedo.
Albedo is defined as the fraction of received radiation that is reflected by a
surface.
Q. What are non-point sources?
➢ Non-point sources are the sources of pollutant in the landscape, for
example agricultural runoff.

Q. Define Age pyramid.

➢ The graphical representation of the distribution of population by age group
and sex is called the age pyramid. In age pyramid different reproductive
stages are represented. The pre-reproductive age is at
the base, reproductive age is in the middle and the post-reproductive age is
at the apex. Types of age pyramid –
(a) Triangular age pyramid -> population growth is positive. Example = India.
(b) Bell shaped age pyramid -> population growth is 0.
Urn shaped age pyramid -> population growth is negative.

Q. What is sulfurous smog?

It is the mixture of fog, smoke and sulfur dioxide gas. This type of pollution is
caused due to sulfur di oxide and smoke during temperature inversion. The
effect where more severe in morning hours and become deadly after sunrise
because of photochemical oxidation. The smoke cause bronchitis, pneumonia,
respiratory diseases and eye diseases. It is a mixture of reducing pollutants. So
it is also called reducing smog.

Hydrological Cycle (4), with diagram

Sulphur Dioxide sources:
Natural- volcanic eruption
Anthrophogenic - fuel combustion , industries and
transportation Nitrogen Dioxide sources:
Natural- volcanic eruption, photochemical reaction in atmosphere mediated by
cosmic ray. Anthrophogenic - combustion of coal oil, natural gas and gasoline,
byproduct of chemical oxides like HNO3

MBBR: Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor

MBR: Membrane Bio Reactor
GESAMP: Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution
GIPME: Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment
Q.What is species diversity?
Species diversity is defined as the number of different species present in an
ecosystem and relative abundance of each of those species.”
Q.What is albedo?
Albedo is defined as the fraction of received radiation that is reflected by a
surface.
Q.What is sunspot?
Sunspots are areas where the magnetic field is about 2,500 times stronger than
Earth's, much higher than anywhere else on the Sun. Because of the strong
magnetic field, the magnetic pressure increases while the surrounding
atmospheric pressure decreases.
Q.What are aerosols?
An aerosol is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another
gas. Aerosols can be natural or artificial. Examples of natural aerosols are fog,
forest exudates and geyser steam.
Q.What is activated sludge treatment?
The activated sludge process is a type of biological wastewater treatment
process for treating sewage or industrial wastewaters using aeration and a
biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa. It uses air (or oxygen) and
microorganisms to biologically oxidize organic pollutants, producing a waste
sludge (or floc) containing the oxidized material.
Q.What is age pyramid?
An age pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various
age groups in a population.
Q.What are the types of age pyramids?
There are usually three types of age pyramids - The expansive age pyramid,
stationary age pyramid, and constructive age pyramid. And all three pyramids
are of different shapes. These pyramids also have various uses such as telling us
about the mortality and fertility rates of any given area.
Q.What is population density?
Population density is the measure of the number of individuals living within
a specific area. To determine population density, the number of individuals
is divided by the size of the area.
Number of people residing in a square kilometre
Population density = Number of people/Land area
Q.Write down the scientific name of sea grasses & salt marsh grasses.
Sea grass - Thready Seagrass (Cymodocea rotundata)
salt marsh plants are glassworts (Salicornia spp)
Q.What are the pathological effects of carbon dioxide & ammonia in air
pollution?
CO has affinity towards Hb which cause disturbance in transportation of
Oxygen, impairing our concentration, slow our reflexes, and make us
confused and sleepy.
Exposure to high concentrations of ammonia in air causes immediate burning
of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract and can result in blindness, lung
damage or death.
Q.What are non-point sources?
Non-point sources are diffused across a broad area and their contamination
cannot be traced to a single discharge point.
Q.What is rain water harvesting?
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than
allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from a roof like surface and
redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), aquifer, or a
reservoir with percolation, so that it seeps down and restores the ground
water.
Q.What is natality?
Natality is average rate of reproduction or birth per unit time. It increases the
size of population. The offspring may be produced by birth, hatching or
germination.
Q.Write down the hydrological cycle with proper diagram.
The water cycle is an important Biogeochemical Cycle involved in the flow or
circulation of water through different levels of the ecosystem

• Evaporation

This is the initial stage of the water cycle.

The process by which water from its liquid state changes to vapour, a gaseous
state, is termed as evaporation.

• Condensation

. Formation of clouds are examples of condensation.

• Precipitation

Rain, snow, sleet, or hail are all examples of Precipitation

• Deposition or Collection

This is the final stage of the water cycle. Deposition occurs when evaporated
water vapour falls back to earth as precipitation

Q.What are the 7 principles of waste management

1. Rethink

Become a more conscious consumer.

2. Refuse

Say “no” to products you don’t need or won’t use.

3. Reduce

Lower the amount you buy & how often you buy.

4. Reuse

. Avoid single-use items, especially those made of plastic. Get creative using
what you already own!

5. Repair

Learn how to repair everyday items instead of buying new ones

6. Regift

Share in the wealth and pass on a gift you’ve received, but won’t necessarily
use, to someone else who could use it.

7. Recycle

Give your products a new purpose by recycling them. Learn to properly sort
recycling and garbage.

Q.In which layer of the Earth ozone is found? What is chemical symbol for
ozone?

The large amount of ozone in the stratosphere.

Symbol of ozone is 𝑂3

Q.What is the full form of BFCS? What is the source of BFCS?

BFCS is known as Bromoflurocarbons
Bromofluorocarbons (BFCs) are halons. Halons are organic, synthetic (i.e.,
human-made) chemicals. They are found in fire protection applications due to
their effectiveness as fire extinguishing agents.
Q.State 2 measures to control water pollution.
Some chemical methods that help in the control of water pollution are
precipitation, the ion exchange process, reverse osmosis, and coagulation
Q.What is flurosis of water?
Fluorosis is a condition that results in white or brown speckles on your teeth.
It's caused by overexposure to fluoride in the early years of life, when your
permanent teeth are developing.
Q.Name 2 equipments used to control air pollution.
Air pollution control devices used to control particulate matter are: Cyclone
Separators, Fabric Filters
Q.Name 2 non-renewable energy resources. Is geothermal energy a
renewable or non-renewable resource?
Non renewable sources are – coal, nuclear energy, petroleum
Geothermal energy is a renewable energy.
Q.Write the chemical formula for alum and heavy floc.
Alum is – Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O
Heavy flock is - (Al2(SO4)3)
Q.What is Blue Baby Syndrome?
Blue Baby Syndrome or Methemoglobinemia is caused by decreased
ability of blood to carry oxygen, resulting in oxygen deficiency in different
body parts.