Math 11/L

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 1
MODULE 1: FUNCTIONS

Source: https://medium.com/left-right/when-will-we-ever-use-this-calculuss-surprising-uses-in-personal-and-professional-
development-256ca15d15b5

Prepared by:
ENGR. CLARK JASON C. AMORES, RCE
Faculty, CE Department
College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 1 [DATE]

This module has the following sections and corresponding icons:

It shows the specific topic of

Title
the module.

The topics in this module are

Overview
included in this section.

A brief discussion on the

lectures is given in this section. It
Lesson Proper
helps you explore new ideas and
capabilities.

It involves questions or an
Practice Problems expression that sets out the
concepts and wordings that you
learned from real-life
circumstances.

Assessment It is a job aimed at evaluating

your mastery in acquiring learning
skills.
In this segment you will
Supplementary improve your awareness or
Knowledge experience through the lectures as
an additional practice.

Answer Key This contains answers to all

activities in the module.

This is a list of all sources

References that this module uses for creation.

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CONTENTS:
OVERVIEW
1. Functions and It’s Notations

2. Domain and Range Functions

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
3. Graphs of functions
An introductory course covering the core concepts of
limit, continuity and differentiability of functions involving one or 4. Operations on Functions
more variables. This also includes the application of differential
calculations in solving problems optimization, rate of change,
related rates, tangents and normal, and approximations; partial
differentiation and transcendental curve tracing.

COURSE OUTCOME:
At the end of this course, you must be able to solve derivatives of algebraic and transcendental
functions using the appropriate formula.

TIME FRAME:

This module can be covered in one week.

INTRODUCTION
Good day future engineers! Welcome to Engineering Course.
This module will concentrate on functions, how to execute operations on them, what are the various
types of functions, their domains and ranges.
Weather forecasting is one of the general applications of function. The direction that a typhoon takes, or
may take, is of great significance. So, we could advise our people to plan to minimize the loss of life and
property harm. It is like walking in the dark, without the lights.
Another application for engineers will be building design. For example, if you try to build a high-rise
building, let us say, 10 story building. We need to consider the depth of the foundation. The higher the building
the deeper the foundation will be. For 10 story building, the foundation will be around 1/3 of its height.
Now, for a 100-story building, how deep would be the foundation be?
If you are ready, let’s start.

Fun Fact:
The word Calculus comes from Latin meaning "small stone", Because it is like
understanding something by looking at small pieces. Differential Calculus cuts
something into small pieces to find how it changes. Integral Calculus joins (integrates)
the small pieces together to find how much there is.

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Lesson
Functions and its Notations
1
In this lesson, you will learn on how to define functions, distinguish between dependent and
independent variables, represent functions in different ways, and evaluate functions.

LESSON PROPER
1.1. Let us first define a Function.
 A Function is a special relation such that every first element is paired to a unique second element. It is
a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs having the same first element.
 A Function is correspondence from a set X of real numbers x to a set Y of real numbers y, where the
number y is unique for a specific value of x.
Examples of Functions are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.2. Next, is the one-to-one and many-to-one functions.

 In the one-to-one function, each value of X maps only to one value of Y and each Y is mapped from
only one X.

Example of one-to-one function:

Values of X Values of Y
Explanation: As you can see in the example above, the values of x maps only to one value of y; (-2 to -2), (-
1 to -4) and so on.

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 In the many-to-one function, each value of X maps to only one value of y, however many other X
values map to that same Y.
Example of many-to-one function:

Values of X Values of Y
Explanation: As you can see in the example above, the values of x maps only to one value of y, however
other x values maps to that same y; (2 to 4) also (-2 to 4) and (1 to 1) also (-1 to 1).

1.2 Practice Problem

I want to try if you understand the difference between the two functions.
Tell me which of these two graphs of functions are one-to-one and many-to-one functions.
1.

2.

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1.1. Explanation
If you chose number one as the one-to-one function and number two as the many-to-one function, then
you are correct. If not, it is okay.

1.

2.

As you can see, in the first graph there is only one value of X maps to only one value of Y. However, in
the second graph there are many values of X maps to only one value of Y.

Note: One-to-many, only one value of X maps to many values of Y, is NOT a function.
It is just a relation. Thus, a function is a relation but not all relation is a function.

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Furthermore, in order to have a function, there must be one value of the dependent variable (y) for each
value of the independent variable (x). Or, there could also be two or more independent variables (x) for every
dependent variable (y). These correspondences are called one-to-one correspondence and many-to-one
correspondence, respectively. Therefore, a function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) in which no two
distinct ordered pairs have the same first number.

1.3. Ways of expressing a function:

1. Set Notation
2. Tabular form
3. Equation
4. Graph
5. Mapping

1.3. Example:
Express the function y = 2x; x = 0, 1, 2, 3 in 5 ways.
1. Set notation

a. S = { (0,0), (1,2), (2,4), (3,6) } or

b. S = { (x,y) such that y = 2x, x = 0, 1, 2, 3}

2. Tabular Form

x 0 1 2 3
y 0 2 4 6

3. Equation
y = 2x
4. Graph 5. Mapping

1.3 Practice Problem

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In the next set of functions, I want you to determine whether Check your answer in the
or not they represent a function by using the definition of next page. Please answer it all first
functions and one-to-one and many-to-one correspondence.
before checking, this is important for
Write Y for yes and N for no. Write your answer before the
numbers. Use Pencil. self-assessment.

1. A = {(-1, -1), (10, 0), (2, -3), (-4, -1)} If you got 4 - 5 items correct,
very good, you already understand
2. B = {(2, a), (2, -a), (2, 2a), (3, a2)} the concept.
If you got 3 items correct,
3. C = {(a, b) such that a and b are integers and a = b2}
good, you understand most of the
4. D = {(a, b) such that a and b are positive integers and a = b2 concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
5. E = {(x, y) such that y2 = x – 4}
If you got 0 – 2, it is okay, do
not worry, I got you. I will explain the
answers in the next page, then try to
answer the questions again. So, let
us proceed.

1.3. Explanation:
1. A is a function.
There is more than one element as the first component of the ordered pair with the same
second component namely (-1, -1) and (-4, -1), called a many-to-one correspondence.
2. B is not a function.
There exists one-to-many correspondence namely, (2, a), (2, -a) and (2, 2a).
3. C is not a function.
There exists a one-to-many correspondence in C such as (1, 1) and (1, -1), (4, 2) and (4, -2), (9,
3) and (9, -3), etc.
4. D is a function
The ordered pairs with negative values in solution c above are no longer elements of C since a
and b are given as positive integers. Therefore, one-to-many correspondence does not exist anymore
in set D.
5. E is not a function
Because for every value of x, y will have two values.

1.4. Function Notation:

 Letters like f, g, h, F, G, H and the likes are used to designate functions.

 When we use f as a function, then for each x in the domain of f, f (x) denotes the image of x
under f.
 The notation f (x) is read as “f of x”.
 Other examples are g(x), h(x), F(x), etc.

1.4. Example:
In these examples, I will teach you how to evaluate each function values.
1. If f (x) = x + 9, what is the value of f (x 2)?
Solution:
Substitute the x2 into the x
then f(x) = x + 9 will become .
2. If g(x) = 2x – 12, what is the value of g (– 2)?
Solution:

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Substitute the -2 into the x

then f(x) = 2x-12 will become f(-2) = 2(-2)-12
then simplified, it will become .

1.4 Practice Problem

Check your answer in the next
Now you try to evaluate the following functions. page. Please answer it all first before
checking, this is important for self-
1. If , find . assessment.

2. If – and – – , If you got 3 - 4 items correct, very

good, you already understand the concept.
Find: a) ) b)
If you got 2 items correct, good, you
3. If , show that understand most of the concepts, you only
need to practice for a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not
worry, I got you. I will explain the answers
in the next page, then try to answer the
questions again. So, let us proceed.

1.4. Explanation:

1. If h (x) = x 2 + 5, find h (x + 1).

Solution:
Substitute x+1 into x
Use FOIL method to expand
Simplify
2. If f(x) = x – 2 and g(x) = 2x2 – 3 x – 5, find (a) f (g (x))

Solution:
Substitute the value of g (x) that is 2x2 – 3 x – 5 into the x of f (x)

– – –

Simplify – –
2. If f(x) = x – 2 and g(x) = 2x2 – 3 x – 5, find (b) g (f (x))

Solution:
Substitute the value of f (x) that is x - 2 into the x of g (x)

– –

Use FOIL method to expand – – –

Simplify – – –

Simplify further –
3. If f (x, y) = x3 + 4xy2 + y3, show that f (ax, ay) = a3 f (x, y)

Solution:

Substitute ax and ay into the x and y of f (x) f (ax, ay) = (ax)3 + 4ax(ay)2 + (ay)3

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Expand f (ax, ay) = a3x3 + 4ax.a2y2 + a3y3

Simplify f (ax, ay) = a3x3 + 4a3xy2 + a3y3

Since a3 is common to all terms, therefore, we can simplify this into

f (ax, ay) = a3 (x3 + 4xy2 + y3)

Since (x3 + 4xy2 + y3) is the function f (x, y), therefore, it will become

f (ax, ay) = a3 f (x, y)

Congratulations! You have finished the lesson 1. Take a breather before you

proceed to the lesson 2.

Lesson
Domain and Range of Functions
2
In the last lesson, you have already learned on how to define functions, distinguish between dependent
and independent variables, represent functions in different ways, and evaluate functions.
In this lesson, you will learn on how to define and determine the domain and range of a function.

LESSON PROPER

2.1. Let us first define the Domain and Range.

All the possible values of x are called the domain and all the possible values of y are called the range.
In a set of ordered pairs (x,y), the set of first elements and second elements of ordered pairs is the domain and
range, respectively.

2.1. Example:
In these examples, I will teach you how to identify the domain and range of functions.
1. S = { ( 4, 7 ),( 5, 8 ),( 6, 9 ),( 7, 10 ),( 8, 11 ) }
Solution:
Just take all the values of x for domain D: {4,5,6,7,8}
Then, take all values of y for range R: {7,8,9,10,11}
2. S = { ( x , y ) s. t. y = | x | ; x  R }

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Solution:
In this kind of problem, you must try to understand the behavior of the functions and its possible values
for x and y.
Since, it says x  R or x can be any real numbers like 0, 1, 2, 3, -1, -2, -3, etc. Therefore, your domain
will be all real numbers. D: all real nos. or D: (- ꝏ, + ꝏ)
However, since the values of y are dependent to the values of x and it says y = | x |. Therefore, the
range will be all positive numbers or real numbers > 0 R: all real nos. > 0 or R: (0, + ꝏ)

Note: this sign “ꝏ” means infinite

3. √ or all real numbers.

Solution:
Same as the above problem, you must try to understand the behavior of the functions and its possible
values for x and y.

Let us first analyze the √ part. There are no square roots for negative numbers. Therefore, the
values that you will substitute for x for the x + 1 must not result a negative number. Then, the domain will
become all real numbers more than or equal to -1, since -1 + 1 is zero and if we use numbers less than -1, it
will result into negative numbers.
D: all real nos. > -1 or D: (-1, + ꝏ)
Meanwhile, for the range, we know that there are no negative square roots. Therefore, the range will
become all real numbers more than or equal to zero.
R: all real nos. > 0 or R: (0, + ꝏ)

2.1 Practice Problem

Try to identify the domain and range of following functions. Write your answers below the problems.
Use Pencil. You do not need to write your explanation.
1.
Answer:

2. –
Answer:

3.  }
Answer:

√
4.

Answer:

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Check your answer in the next page. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 3 - 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice for
a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry, I got you. I will explain the answers in the next page, then
try to answer the questions again. So, let us proceed.

2.1. Explanation:
1. S = { ( 6, 9 ),( 10, 13 ),( 14, 17 ),( 18, 21 ),( 22, 25 ) }
Solution:
Same explanation in example number 1
D: {6, 10, 14, 18, 22}
R: {9, 13, 17, 21, 25}
2. y = x 2 – 5
Answer:
The domain can be any real numbers. D: all real nos. or D: (- ꝏ, + ꝏ)
Since, y is dependent to x. Therefore, the results will be any positive real numbers more than/equal -5.
R: all real nos. > -5 or R: (- 5, + ꝏ)
3. S = { ( x , y ) s. t. y = | x + 1| ; x  R}
Answer:
Same explanation in example number 2.
D: all real nos. or D: (- ꝏ, + ꝏ)
R: all real nos. > 0 or R: (0, + ꝏ)
√
4.

Answer:

Let us first analyze the √ part. There are no square roots for negative numbers. Therefore, the
values that you will substitute for x for the 3 – x must not result a negative number. Then, the domain will
become all real numbers less than or equal to 3, since 3 - 3 is zero and if we use numbers more than 3, it will
result into negative numbers. However, there is an additional denominator x – 3. There must not have a zero

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denominator. Therefore, the values that you will substitute for x for the x – 3 must not result a zero number.
Then, your domain must not have a value of 3, since 3 – 3 is zero.
D: all real nos. < 3 or D: (- ꝏ, 3)
Since, y is dependent to x. Therefore, the results will be any positive real numbers more than 0.
R: all real nos. < 0 or D: (- ꝏ, 0)

2.2. Theorems for the determination of domain of a function:

From the above problems, you can draw conclusions and formulate the following theorems on the
domain determination of functions.
Theorem 1. The domain of a polynomial function is the set of all real numbers or (-, +).

Theorem 2. The domain of √ is the set of all real numbers satisfying the inequality f(x)  0 if n is
even integer and the set of all real numbers if n is odd integer.
Theorem 3. A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials. The domain of a rational function consists
of all values of x such that the denominator is not equal to zero

where P and Q are polynomials.

2.3. Kinds of Functions:

1. An algebraic function is the result when the constant function, (f(x) = k, k is constant) and the
identity function (g(x) = x) are put together by using a combination of any four operations, that is, addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to powers and extraction of roots.

Example: f(x) = 5x – 4,

2. Generally, functions which are not classified as algebraic function are considered as
transcendental functions namely the exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric,
hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions.

Congratulation! You have finished the lesson 2. Take a breather before you

proceed to the lesson 3.

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Lesson
Graph of Functions
3
In the last lesson, you have already learned on how to define and determine the domain and range of a
function.
In this lesson, you will learn on how to sketch the graph of a function, determine the domain and range
of a function from its graph, and identify whether a relation is a function or not from its graph.

LESSON PROPER
The graph of a function f consists of all points (x, y) whose coordinates satisfy y = f(x), for all x in the
domain of f. The set of ordered pairs (x, y) may also be represented by (x, f(x)) since y = f(x).
Your knowledge of the standard forms of the special curves discussed in Analytic Geometry such as
lines and conic sections is very helpful in sketching the graph of a function. Functions other than these curves
can be graphed by point-plotting.

In facilitating the graphing of a function, you are suggested to follow these steps:

1. Choose suitable values of x from the domain of a function and

2. Construct a table of function values y = f(x) from the given values of x.
3. Plot these points (x, y) from the table.
4. Connect the plotted points with a smooth curve.

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3.1. Example

In this example, I will show you on how to graph the following functions and to determine the domain
and range.

1. f (x) = x2

Solution.

1. Choose suitable values of x from the domain of a function. Using the theorem 1, from previous
lesson, the domain is all real numbers that is (-ꝏ, +ꝏ). However, you only need a representation of
this domain. Let us use (-4, -2, 0, 2, 4,)
2. Construct a table of function values y = f(x) from the given values of x.

x -4 -2 0 2 4
y 16 4 0 4 16
3. Plot these points (x, y) from the table.
4. Connect the plotted points with a smooth curve.

By inspecting:
D: (-ꝏ, +ꝏ)
R: (0, +ꝏ)

2. √
Solution:

1. Choose suitable values of x from the domain of a function. Using the theorem 2, from previous lesson,
the domain is all real numbers less than or equal to 9 that is (-ꝏ, +9). However, you only need a
representation of this domain. Let us use (0, 3, 6, 9)
2. Construct a table of function values y = f(x) from the given values of x.

x 0 3 6 9
y 3 √ √ 0
3. Plot these points (x, y) from the table.
4. Connect the plotted points with a smooth curve.

By inspecting:
D: (-ꝏ, +9)
R: (0, +ꝏ)

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3.

Solution

1. Choose suitable values of x from the domain of a function. Using the theorem 3, from previous lesson,
the domain is all real numbers except -1 that is (-ꝏ, +ꝏ) except -1. However, you only need a
representation of this domain. Let us use (-3, -2, 0)

x -3 -2 0
y -1 0 2
2. Plot these points (x, y) from the table.
3. Connect the plotted points with a smooth curve.

By inspecting:
D: (-ꝏ, +ꝏ)
except -1
R: (-ꝏ, +ꝏ)
except +1

3.1 Practice Problem

I want to try if you already know how to graph the following functions and to determine the domain and
range. Use pencil and ruler to plot. Write and draw your answer below the questions.

1. g (x) = x2 + 4

2. √

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3.

Note:
Check When the graph
your answer of answer
in the a function
key,ispage
given,
23.you can answer
Please easily determine its domain
it all first before and range.
checking, this is
Geometrically, the domain and
important for self-assessment. range of a function refer to all the x-coordinate and y-coordinate for which
the curve passes, respectively
If you got 3 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice for
a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to
answer the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

3.2. Vertical line test

Do you recall, in the lesson 1, that all relations are not functions? A function is one that has a unique
value of the dependent variable for each value of the independent variable in its domain. Geometrically
speaking, this means:

A relation f is said to be a function if and only if, in its graph, each vertical line cuts or touches the curve
at no more than one point. This is called the vertical line test.

3.2. Example:

Consider the relation defined as {(x, y) such that x2 + y2 = 9}. When graphed, a circle is formed with
center at (0, 0) having a radius of 3 units. It is not a function because for any x in the interval (-3, 3), two
ordered pairs have x as their first element. For example, both (0, 3) and (0, -3) are elements of the relation.
Using the vertical line test, a vertical line when drawn within –3  x  3 intersects the curve at two points. Refer
to the figure below.

(0, 3)

(-3, 0) (3, 0)

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As you can see, if we draw a vertical line across the graph, the line will intersect the curve more than
once. Therefore, this relation is not a function.

Congratulation! You have finished the lesson 3. Take a breather before you

proceed to the lesson 4.

Lesson
Operation on Functions
4
In the last lesson, you already learned how to sketch the graph of a function, determine the domain and
range of a function from its graph, and identify whether a relation is a function or not from its graph.
In this lesson, you will learn on how to perform operations on functions, determine the domain after you
perform operations on function, and define a composite function.

LESSON PROPER
4.1. Operations on functions and determination of domain of functions as a result of operation
You are given with functions f (x) and g (x), you can define:

For the functions f + g, f – g, and fg we define the domain to be the intersection of the domains of f and
g, and for the function f / g we define the domain to be the intersection of the domains of f and g but with the
points where g (x) = 0 excluded (to avoid division by zero.

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4.1. Example

Let √ and g (x) = x – 3

Find the domains and formulas for the functions f + g, f – g, fg, and f/g

Solution:

The formulas are:

(f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) = ( √ ) √

( √ ) √

( √ )

√
( )

The domains of f + g, f – g, and fg ∩

The domain for f / g D: (2, +ꝏ) except +3

Note: this sign “∩” means

intersection.

4.1 Practice Problem

I want you to find the formulas for f + g, f – g, fg, and f/g, state the domains of the functions. Write your
answer below the questions.

1. √ √

2.

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Check your answer in the answer key, page 24. Please answer it all first before checking, this is
important for self-assessment.
If you got 8 – 12 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 4 – 7 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
If you got 0 – 3, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to
answer the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

4.2. Operation on composite function and determination of its domain.

Given functions f and g, the composition of f with g, denoted by , is the function defined by

The domain of is defined to consist of all x in the domain of g for g (x) is in the domain of f.

4.2. Example:
1. Let and √ , find and and their domain.

Solution:

The formula for ( ) (√ )

Since the and the , the domain of consists of all x in such that
√ lies in ; thus, the domain of is . Therefore,

The formula for ( ) √

Since the and the , the domain of consists of all x in such that
lies in ; thus, the domain of is . Therefore,

There is no need to indicate that the domain is since this is the natural domain of √

2. Let √ , find

Solution:

First find the formula for ( )

Then, find the formula for ( ( )) √

√

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4.2 Practice Problem

Let √ , find the following. Write your answer below the
question. Please use pencil.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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Check your answer in the answer key, page 24. Please answer it all first before checking, this is
important for self-assessment.
If you got 5 – 6 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 3 – 4 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
If you got 0 – 2, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to
answer the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

Congratulation! You have finished the Module 1. Take a breather.

Assessment
This part is a graded assessment, I will assess if you have learned the whole module. Use pencil or
ballpoint to write your answer. Write your answer in a separate piece of papers. Copy the questions then
answer. After you answer, send it to me via Google Classroom in a PDF file. As much as possible, try to avoid
erasure. Good Luck!

A. Determine whether or not each of the following sets represents a function and explain. Write “not” in the
blank if it’s not a function and leave it blank if it’s a function then write your explanation. (1 point for your
answer on the blank and 2 points for explanation)

1. S = {(4,5), (4,8), (2,6), (2,10), (3,5), (6,7)}

This is ____ a function because___

2. S = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (10,11), (12,13), (20,21)}

This is ____ a function because___

3. 1 = x2 + y2
This is ____ a function because___

4. y = sin x
This is ____ a function because___

5. x = cos y
This is ____ a function because___

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6. y = tan x
This is ____ a function because___

7. 1 = (x+1)2 + (y+1)2
This is ____ a function because___

8. y2 = x
This is ____ a function because___

9. (y+2)2 = 2
This is ____ a function because___

10. y = 2x
This is ____ a function because___

B. sketch the graph of the following functions and determine the domain and range of the following functions.
(3 points for each sketch, 1 point for domain and 1 point for range)

1. y = (x+3)2 – 9

2. √

3.
√

4.

5.

6.

C. Find the formulas for f + g, f – g, fg and f/g. (2 points for each formulas)

1. √ √

2.

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3. √
√

D. Find the formulas for . (2 points for each formulas)

1. √ √

2. √
√

Answer Key
Answers for 3.1 Practice Problem:

1. g (x) = x2 + 4

By inspecting:
D: (-ꝏ, +ꝏ)
R: (+4, +ꝏ)

2. √

By inspecting:
D: (-3, +3)
R: (0, +3)

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3.

By inspecting:
D: (-ꝏ, +ꝏ)
R: (+3, +ꝏ)

Answer for 4.1 Practice Problem:

1. √ √
Solution:

The formulas are:

( √ ) (√ ) √

( √ ) (√ ) √

( √ )(√ )

√
( ) 2
√

The domains are:

For f + g, f – g, fg ∩

For f/g

2.

Solution:

The formulas are:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )

( )

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The domains are:

For f + g, f – g,
For fg, f/g

Answer for 4.2 Practice Problem:

1. √
2. √

3.
4. √
5.
6.
√

References
1. Louis Leithold , The calculus 7 7th edition
2. Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville, Differential and integral calculus 6th edition
3. Dit Gallesania, Engineering mathematics volume 2, Third Edition

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