India was the third-largest energy

consumer in the world after China and

the United States in 2021 (according
to the BP Statistical Review of World
Energy 2022) and the second-most
populous country, with 1.4 billion
people. India’s energy needs continue
to grow as a result of population
growth and modernization.
Refining

•As of 2021, India had 5.0 million b/d of nameplate refining capacity, making it the second-largest

refiner in Asia after China .

•The country’s refining capacity utilization was almost 90% in 2020. The two largest refineries by

crude oil capacity, located in the Jamnagar complex in Gujarat, are world-class export facilities and

are owned by Reliance Industries.

•The Jamnagar refineries account for 27% of India’s current capacity.

Wind Power Systems –
Electricity from Thin Air

1
 India status
• The Government of India has fixed a target of 500 GW of Renewable Energy by 2030 out of which 140 GW
will be from Wind.
• Installed capacity of wind energy: 42633 MW (Mar. 2023); Wind power operation capacity: 44969 MW (Jan.
2024)
• Wind Energy holds the major portion of 34.06% of total renewable energy capacity

2
https://www.indianwindpower.com/wind-energy.php#tab1 Images: Wikipedia
Wind Energy
• Wind turbines operate on a simple
principle. The energy in the wind
turns two or three propeller-like
blades around a rotor. The rotor is
connected to the main shaft, which
spins a generator to create
electricity.
• Wind turbines are built to harness
wind energy (kinetic energy

3
 Propeller Wind farms need
Blade • Strong winds
• Clear hilltop
• Turbines in prevailing wind direction

Nacelle
containing
generator

Tower

Wind turbine 4
Structure

Structure and components of a wind tur bine.

Graphics: Nordex AG.

Wind turbine manufacturer:

• Enercon
• Vestas
• Nordex
• Vensys
• GE
• Siemens Gamesa

Saturday, October 22,

2022 School of Technology 5
Wind Energy

Characteristics:
• Wind class
• Hub height
• Diameter
• Generator capacity

6
Principle of a simple stand-alone wind system.
7
 Wind turbine working principle
❖ A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic force from the rotor blades, which work like an

airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade.

❖ When wind flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade decreases.

❖ The difference in air pressure across the two sides of the blade creates both lift and drag. The force of the lift is stronger

than the drag and this causes the rotor to spin.

❖ The rotor connects to the generator, either directly (if it’s a direct drive turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a

gearbox) that speed up the rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator.

❖ This translation of aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates electricity.

8
Flow profile of a wind turbine.

Functional principle of a wind turbine with horizontal axis.

9
The amount of power, and therefore electricity, a wind
turbine can produce is largely based on wind velocity using
this equation:
Higher wind speed = lots more power

Power = ½ ρAV3

Larger wind turbine = more power

ρ = air density; ~1 kg m3
A = swept area (π r2 ) Power is measured
V = velocity (m s-1) in Watts
10
Calculate the power in the wind if the air density is 1 kg/m3 wind speed is
15 m/s and blade length is 60 m.

Calculation:
Wind speed (V) = 15 m/s; Blade length (l) = 60 m; Air density (ρ)= 1 kg/ m3.
The area (A) = πr2
= 3.14 * 602 = 11304
The wind power formula is given as,
Power = ½ ρAV3

= ½ * 1*11304*153

= ½ * 1*11304*3375

= 19075500 W

= 19075.5 KW 11
Wind Energy

• Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy.

At 100 feet or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster
and less turbulent wind.
• Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or
building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid for more
widespread electricity distribution.

12
 Development of wind turbines

Size development of wind turbines.

13
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windkraftanlage#/media/Datei:EnerconSizes_de.svg
 Construction of a wind turbine

Foundation Rotor and nacelle.

14
Photos: German Wind Energy Association and ABO Wind AG.
 Maintenance work on wind turbines

• Gearbox is expensive
and high-maintenance

15
Source: REpower Systems AG, Photos: Jan Oelker,cam´ el ´eon und St´ephane Cosnard.
 Onshore and Offshore Windfarms
Windfarms. Source: REpower Systems AG, Photos: Jan
Oelker.
Timelapsevideo Repowering Esterwegen
The Nysted offshore windfarm in the Baltic Sea off Denmark.
Source: nystedhavmoellepark,
http://uk.nystedhavmoellepark.dk. Left: Construction of the
windfarm. Photo: Gunnar Britse.
16
 Small wind turbines

Small wind turbines used to charge battery systems.

Small wind turbines at HTW Berlin.

Saturday, 22 October 2022 School of Technology 17

Economics

Distribution of costs for a 1.2MW wind turbine.

18
Wind Energy
• Advantages of Wind Energy
• Clean and renewable source of power
• Cost effective
• Rapid growth of industry, large potential

• Disadvantages of Wind Energy

• Wind reliability
• Threat to wildlife
• Noise and visual pollution

19
 Working Principle of Solar cell

• A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is an

electronic device that converts the light
energy directly into electricity
• Photovoltaic effect is the generation of
voltage and electric current in a material
upon exposure to light
• The PV cell is composed of
semiconductor material

light absorption causing excitation of an electron or other charge carrier to a higher-energy state
1
Working Principle of Solar cell

https://www.electrical4u.com/solar-cell/
2
3
Function of a solar cell

4
When light reaches the p-n junction, the light photons can easily enter in the junction, through very thin p-type
layer. The light energy, in the form of photons, supplies sufficient energy to the junction to create a number of
electron-hole pairs.

The incident light breaks the thermal equilibrium condition of the junction. The free electrons in the depletion
region can quickly come to the n-type side of the junction.

Similarly, the holes in the depletion can quickly come to the p-type side of the junction. Once, the newly created
free electrons come to the n-type side, cannot further cross the junction because of barrier potential of the
junction.

Similarly, the newly created holes once come to the p-type side cannot further cross the junction became of
same barrier potential of the junction.

As the concentration of electrons becomes higher in one side, i.e. n-type side of the junction and concentration
of holes becomes more in another side, i.e. the p-type side of the junction, the p-n junction will behave like a
small battery cell.

A voltage is set up which is known as photo voltage. If we connect a small load across the junction, there will be
a tiny current flowing through it.

5
 Solar Power - status
• Nearly 40 countries have PV capacity of more than 1 gigawatt
• Australia’s Solar PV capacity is now sufficient to supply more than 15% of the nation's electrical energy
• China is the leading country – 390 GW;
• India is in 4th position - ~ 64 GW (China, USA, Japan)
• India launched its National Solar Mission in 2010 under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, with
plans to generate 20 GW by 2022 - Surpassed 20 GW of installed solar capacity in January 2018
• Important large grid-scale solar parks in India (in operation)
• Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park with the capacity of 1,000 MW,
• The Kamuthi Solar Power Project with the capacity of 648 MW,
• The 345 MW Charanka Solar Park,
• The 480 MW Bhadla Solar Park with a proposed capacity of 2,255 MW
• The Gujarat solar parks with a combined capacity of 605 MW
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_by_country 6
Structure of a solar cell

7
8
 Types of solar cell
Silicon:
Solar cells made out of silicon currently provide a combination of high efficiency, low cost, and long lifetime.
Modules are expected to last for 25 years or more, still producing more than 80% of their original power after this
time.
Thin-film photovoltaics:
A thin-film solar cell is made by depositing one or more thin layers of PV material on a supporting material
such as glass, plastic, or metal. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) are mostly used.
Perovskite photovoltaics:
Perovskite (CaTiO3) solar cells are a type of thin-film cell and are named after their characteristic crystal
structure. Fast growing option - from 3% in 2009 to over 25% in 2020
Organic Photovoltaics:
Organic PV, or OPV, cells are composed of carbon-rich (organic) compounds and can be tailored to enhance a
specific function of the PV cell, such as bandgap, transparency, or color - about half as efficient as crystalline silicon
9
cells
 Types of silicon cell

❖ Monocrystalline silicon cells are highly efficient, but their manufacturing process is slow and labour
intensive, making them more expensive than their polycrystalline or thin film counterparts.

https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-photovoltaic-cell-basics#:~:text=Silicon%20is%2C%20by%20far%2C%20the,semiconductor%20used%20in%20computer%20chips.

10
Criteria for Materials to be Used in Solar Cell

• Must have band gap from 1ev to 1.8ev.

• It must have high optical absorption.

• It must have high electrical conductivity.

• The raw material must be available in abundance and the cost of the

material must be low.

11
Advantages & Disadvantages of solar cell
Advantages
1. No pollution associated with it.

2. It must last for a long time.

3. No maintenance cost.

Disadvantages
1. It has high cost of installation.

2. It has low efficiency.

3. During cloudy day, the energy cannot be produced and also at night we will not

get solar energy.

12
 The world's tallest solar tower

The bird's view of the

Noor III Concentrated
Solar Power project in
Ouarzazate, Morocco

❑ Noor CSP plant will

cover an area of 6,178
acres.

13
solar tower plant

▪ A solar tower plant consists of a large field of mirrors(Heliostats)

❖ CSP uses either lenses or parabolic mirrors to concentrate the sun's light
onto a small point where water or another substance is heated.
❖ The heat is used to create steam, which runs a turbine that produces
electricity.
❖ In the Noor CSP, concave mirrors focus on molten salt, heating it anywhere
from 300° to 660 ° Fahrenheit.

14
15
16
17
Hydropower
Plants

1
 Hydropower
• Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is a largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of
moving water (not only dams) to generate electricity.
• Although, not all dams were built for hydropower, they have proven useful for pumping tons of renewable
energy to the grid.
• In the United States, there are more than 90,000 dams, of which less than 2,300 produce power as of 2020.
Advantages
Impoundment • Sustainable
• Eco-friendly
Hydropower
facilities

Diversion (Run-of-River)
• Flood control and water supply
• Consistency
Pumped storage
• Disadvantages
• Expensive (for dam construction)
• Affecting eco-systems (dams)
• Peoples are displaced from their
place
2
https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/hydropower-basics https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-plants
 Global status

Electricity generation from hydropower

plants in different countries. 2016.

https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Hydropower 3
 Hydropower – India status
• India stands 5th position globally for installed
hydroelectric power capacity
• No. of hydropower plants in India - 197
• As of 31st March 2020, India's installed utility-scale
hydroelectric capacity was 46,000 MW (12.3% of its
total utility power generation capacity) along with
total capacity of 4,683 MW (1.3% of its total utility
power generation capacity) from smaller
hydroelectric power units
• In India, hydro power plants of 25MW or below
capacity are classified as small hydro, which have
further been classified into micro (100kW or below),
mini (101kW-2MW) and small hydro (2-25MW)
segments

https://optimizeias.com/hydroelectric-power-plants-in-india/ 4
 Water turbine
• Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy
of running water.
Hydroelectric
• Water flows downwards with dam
gravity to spin a turbine.
• More reliable than solar and wind power. Reservoir of
water

Generator
Turbine

5
Applications for different water-powered turbines.
 Water turbine

Drawing showing a Kaplan turbine with a generator (left) Bulb turbine with generator. Source: Voith Hydro.
and a photo of a Kaplan turbine (right).
Source: Voith Hydro.

6
 Run-of-River Hydropower Plants

Principle of a run-of-river hydropower plant.

Run-of-river hydropower plant at Laufenburg.

Source: Energiedienst AG.

School of Technology 91
7
Storage Power Plants

Examples of storage power plants in Austria: Malta (left), Kaprun (right).

Source: Verbund, www.verbund.at.

8
 Pumped-storage Hydropower Plants
Principle of a pumped-storage power plant.

The largest hydroelectric power plants in the world

The Goldisthal pumped-storage power plant in Germany.

Source: Vattenfall Europe.
School of Technology 93
9
 705 GWh per year

Aerial view of the Itaipu power plant.

Photo: Itaipu Binacional, www.itaipu.gov.br.
Cruachan Power Station, Argyll and Bute, Scotland
10
Geothermal Energy
Power from the Deep

1
 Geothermal Energy
• (geo = earth and thermal = heat), geothermal energy comes from
heat produced by the Earth.

Hot spring, volcano are natural geothermal energy on the planet

2
Source: https://www.worldatlas.com/volcanoes/natural-displays-of-volcanic-and-geothermal-energy.html
 Role of Earth’s structure on Geothermal energy
• In core layer, through the immense
gravitational pull, friction, and due to the
radioactive decay of potassium-40 and
thorium-232, temperature reaches about
9392° F (5200° C)
• The Earth’s temperature rises with depth at a
rate of about 1° F per 77 feet of depth.
• Convection – Processes in which thermal
energy moves through the earth which occurs
between the earth's liquid outer core and solid
mantle, and conduction through the earth's
plates at the surface
• The thermal energy produced in the core gives
rise to natural displays on the surface of the
earth.
https://www.worldatlas.com/volcanoes/natural-displays-of-volcanic-and-geothermal-energy.html 3
Image: https://www.sciencefacts.net/layers-of-the-earth.html
4
 Tectonic plates on Earth

Geothermal electric
plants were traditionally
built on the edges of
tectonic plates where
high-temperature
geothermal resources
approach the surface

5
 Geothermal Electricity - Status
Installed geothermal power plant capacity worldwide.
Data: IGA, http://www.geothermalenergy.org.
Global status
• Around the world 27 countries, totally generated about
92 billion kWh of electricity from geothermal energy
(data: 2021)
• United states occupies the first place for the production
of geothermal electricity with the capacity of 17 billion
kWh (data: 2022)
• Indonesia was the second-highest after the United
States—at about 16 billion kWh (5% of Indonesia’s total
electricity generation)
• Kenya was the eighth-highest geothermal electricity
producer, at about 5 billion kWh, which was equal to
about 43% of Kenya's annual electricity generation
https://www.mayurnotes.com/2023/10/current-scenario-of-geothermal-energy.html?m=1

India status
• Currently, there are no operational geothermal power plants in the country
• Some of the projects are in progress – E.g., 10 MW geothermal power plant in Puga Valley,
Ladakh, by ONGC, Tattapani Geothermal Project in Himachal Pradesh
• India’s Target – To achieve 10,000 MW by 2030 6
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/geothermal/use-of-geothermal-energy.php
 Geothermal Energy
Geothermal power plant will produce energy
Advantages
for around 8600 hours/year, while in solar
• Renewable energy
plants the average is around 2,000 hours/ year
• Cleaner than burning fossil fuels
• Availability - Not time/season depended
• Doesn’t require large space
• Negligible noise levels – silent energy Structure of a
derrick. Photo:
• Creating new job opportunities Geopower Basel AG.
• More energy for the same nominal
power
• Long-lasting, safe and reliable
• Little maintenance (domestic usage)
Disadvantages • Depending on location depths of
• Cost of drilling, researching proper areas many km´s are possible
• Requires a suitable location • Drill holes are the most cost-intensive
• Approx. 10 million €/km 7
https://www.enelgreenpower.com/learning-hub/renewable-energies/geothermal-energy/advantages
 Geothermal Heat Plants
• Just heat, no electricity

• A geothermal aquifer well is an underground

water source that supplies two natural
resources: water and thermal energy
• At depths below ground surface ranging from
900 to 2300 m, the temperature of the
geothermal aquifer are in the temperature
range of 35 °C and 45 °C - depending on
location and depth

Principle of a geothermal heat plant.

8
 Geothermal Power Plants

1 – hot water extracted from the earth

2– hot water exposed to lower pressure
creates steam
3– steam goes through a turbine
generator converting thermal energy to
mechanical / electrical energy
4 – in the cooling tower steam is cooled
5– condensed water is returned to the
earth in

9
 Geothermal Power Plants
• Direct dry steam use
• Flash power plants (with
expansion stage because under
pressure ) temperatures of 200
°C.
• ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle)
power plants
• Kalina power plants (mixture of
water and ammonia acts as the Principle of a geothermal ORC plant.
working material)
10
 Hot Dry Rock (HDR)

• drilling at depths of up to 5.000m

• petrothermal geothermal energy
• temperatures of 200 °C.

drilling at depths of up to 5.000m

Diagram of an HDR power plant

11
Geothermal Power Project - Cornwall
• Harnessing heat from granite (~ 190
˚C) 4.5km beneath Cornwall (UK) -
• United Downs Geothermal Energy
Project has funding to build a pilot
geothermal energy plant
• 10MW of electricity and 55MW of
heat
• Geothermal energy beneath Cornwall
could meet all of Cornwall’s demand
for electricity and up to 20% of the
UK’s demand
© BGS (NERC) 12
Geothermal Power Station - Iceland
• Iceland lies on the Mid Atlantic Ridge
a region of sea floor spreading = lots
of hot rocks!
• 600 hot springs and 20 high-
temperature steam fields >150 °C.
• 85% of Iceland’s heating and 27% of
electricity comes from geothermal
energy.
• Still dependent on fossils fuels for
ships, cars and buses –actually one of
the highest emitters of CO2 per
capita.
• Research into hydrogen fuel cells to
power buses and cars. Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station
13
Tidal and Waves

1
Wave Energy
• Ocean waves contain tremendous energy potential.
• Wave power devices extract energy from the surface
motion of ocean waves or from pressure fluctuations
below the surface.

2
Tidal Energy
• Tidal Stream Generator
• Makes use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in
a similar way to wind turbines that use wind to power turbines.
• Tidal Barrage
• Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in
height between high and low tides.

3
 Tidal/wave Energy - Status
• Energy conversion by the several oceans wave is considered one of the leading technologies for generating
over 1,000-10,000 GW of electrical
• It is reported that the estimated global theoretical wave energy potential is nearly 29,500 TWh/year, and the
total tidal energy potential amounted to nearly 26,000 TWh/year. (TWh- Terawatt hours (one trillion watt
hours)
• Extracting these energy resources can help to achieve net zero emission targets by 2050
• India has a potential of generating up to 12,455 MW of tidal energy with the highest potential of 10,425MW in
Gujarat along the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambat (2021)

https://www.polarismarketresearch.com/industry-analysis/wave-and-tidal-energy-market#:~:text=Report%20Outlook,27.4%25%20during%20the%20forecast%20period.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801823013793

https://www.cenfa.org/tidal-energy-in-india-are-we
ready/#:~:text=Tidal%20energy%2C%20India's%20status&text=The%20report%20was%20presented%20in,and%20the%20Gulf%20of%20Khambat. 4
 Tidal/wave Energy - Market

https://www.polarismarketresearch.com/industry-analysis/wave-and-tidal-energy-market#:~:text=Report%20Outlook,27.4%25%20during%20the%20forecast%20period.
5
https://www.skyquestt.com/report/wave-and-tidal-energy-market
Tidal Power Plants(barrages)

6
Tidal barrages
One type of tidal energy system uses a structure similar to a dam called a barrage. The barrage is installed
across an inlet of an ocean bay or lagoon that forms a tidal basin. Sluice gates on the barrage control water
levels and flow rates to allow the tidal basin to fill on the incoming high tides and to empty through an electricity
turbine system on the outgoing ebb tide. A two-way tidal power system generates electricity from both the
incoming and outgoing tides.

Tidal turbines
Tidal turbines are similar to wind turbines in that they have blades that turn a rotor to power a generator. They
can be placed on the sea floor where there is strong tidal flow. Because water is about 800 times denser than
air, tidal turbines have to be much sturdier and heavier than wind turbines. Tidal turbines are more expensive to
build than wind turbines but can capture more energy with the same size blades.

7
Tidal Power Plants(turbines)

8
 ❖ Construction: 2004-2011
❖ No of turbines:10
❖ Capacity: 25.4 MW each
❖ Total Capacity:254 MW

Worlds largest tidal power plant(Sihwa tidal power plant) in Ansan, Republic of Korea.
Tidal Energy
• Advantages
• Clean fuel source compared to fossil fuels
• Domestic source of energy
• Disadvantages
• Tidal power can have effects on marine life.
• The turbines can accidentally kill swimming sea life with the
rotating blades.
• Some fish may no longer utilize the area if threatened with a
constant rotating or noise-making object.
• Installing a barrage may change the shoreline within the
bay or estuary, affecting a large ecosystem that depends on tidal
flats.

10
Ocean Current Power Plants

Left: Prototype system in the Seaflow project off the west coast
of England. Photo: ISET.
Right: Maintenance ship in a planned ocean current power
plant park. Graphics: MCT.
11
 Wave Power Plants
• Float systems - floating overtopping device
• Chamber systems - uses the up and down energy of the wave
• TapChan systems - narrowing channel with wall heights equal to the
filling level of the reservoir

Principle of wave power plants. Left: Float system. Right: Chamber system.
12
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=73764&section=4.2
Wave Energy
• Advantages
• Renewable
• Environmentally friendly compared to fossil fuel energy
• Variety of designs to use
• Less energy dependence from foreign governments
• Disadvantages
• Can affect the marine environment
• May disturb private or commercial shipping
• Dependent on wavelength for best operation
• Poor performance in rough weather
• Visual/noise issues

13