Date : 14-06-2024 Question Bank Total Marks : 70

History Chapter 1

Que 1 (A) Answer The Following Questions In Short.[3 Marks Each] [42]
1. "The Ho Chi Minh trail became advantageous to Vietnamese in the war against U.S."
Support the statement with arguments.

Ans. : “The Ho-Chi-Minh Trail became advantageous to Vietnamese in the war against U.S”-
1. The Trail symbolizes how the Vietnamese used their limited resources to great
advantage.
2. The Trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads was used to transport men
and material from North to South.
3. It was improved in late 1950’s and from 1967 about 20,000 North Vietnamese
troops came south each month. The trail had support bases and hospitals along
the way.
4. Mostly supplies were carried by women porters on their backs or on their bicycles.
5. The U.S regularly bombed this trail to disrupt supplies but efforts to destroy this
important supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very
quickly.
2. Describe the process of unification of Germany.

Ans. : Unification of Germany:-

i. Nationalist feelings were wide spread among middle class Germans.
ii. They tried to unify Germany in 1848.
iii. Their feelings were repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and
military.
iv. Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.
v. Otto von Bismark with the help of military and bureaucracy was the architect of
this process.
vi. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian
Victory and completed the process of unification in January, 1871.
vii. The Prussian king, William I was proclaimed as the German Emperor.
3. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation
during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.

Ans. : The female figures as an allegory of the nation:

Artists found a way out to represent a country in the form of a person. Then nations were
portrayed as female figures. The female figure was chosen to personify the nation did not
stand for any particular woman in real life. It gave the abstract idea of the nation a
concrete form. Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
During the French, Revolution artists used the formal allegory to portray idea such as
Liberty, Justice and the Republic.

4. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.

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 Ans. : Nationalism developed through culture in Europe:
1. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and poetry,
stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings.
2. Romanticism a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of
nationalist sentiment.
Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science
and focussed instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
3. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture
was to be discovered among the common people- das Volk. It was through folk
songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of a nation was popularised.
4. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was
used to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were
mostly illiterates.
5. Write a note on:
The Greek war of independence.

Ans. : The Greek War of Independence:

This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821
and 1829 against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were supported by the West European
countries, while poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation.
Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

6. Explain any three reasons for which the population of London City expanded over the
nineteenth century.

Ans. : Between 1810 and 1880 the population of London multiplied fourfold.
i. London became a powerful magnet for migration of population even though it did
not have large factories.
ii. No scope of improvement in rural areas.
iii. It became a city of clerks and shopkeepers of small masters and skilled artisans,
of a growing number of semi-skilled and sweated out workers, soldiers and
servants, casual labourers, street sellers and beggars.
iv. There was a dockyard where many people earned livelihood. People came to the
city looking for jobs.
v. Five major types of industries that employed large number of people were
clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and
stationary and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches, objects
of precious metals.
7. Describe any three conditions that led to the formation of the British Nation State.

Ans. : The formation of British Nation State:

i. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic
ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
ii. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the
English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to
extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
iii. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the
end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with
England at its centre, came to be forged.
iv. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the
formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England

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 was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
v. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
8. Explain the process of unification of Italy.

Ans. : UNIFICATION OF ITALY

1. During the 1830s Giuseppe Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy.
He formed Young Italy for the purpose.
2. After revolutionary wars King Victor II took power to unify the Italian states
through wars.
3. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance Cavour succeeded in defeating the Austrian
forces in 1859.
4. Under the leadership of Garibaldi armed Volunteers marched into South Italy.
5. With the help of the Kingdoms of the two Sicilies and the peasants drove away the
Spanish rulers.
6. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the King of united Italy.
9. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s.

Ans. : Economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s:

i. Enormous increase in population was seen all over Europe.
ii. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
iii. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in over crowded slums.
iv. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of
cheap machine made goods from England.
v. In Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the
burden of feudal dues and obligations.
vi. The rise of food prices as a result of bad harvest led to wide spread pauperism in
town and country.
10. How was Scotland gradually taken over by the British nation?

Ans. : After the Act of Union between England and Scotland, England was able to impose its
influence on Scotland. The growth of British identity meant that Scotland's distinctive
culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. The Catholics in Scotland
suffered terrible repression wherever they attempted to assert their independence.

11. Explain any three features of Napoleonic Code.

Ans. : Features of Napoleonic Code-

1. All privileges based on birth were withdrawn.
2. Established equality before the law.
3. Secured the right to property.
4. Simplified administrative divisions.
5. Abolished the feudal system.
6. Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
7. Guild restrictions were removed.
8. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
12. Write a note on:
Guiseppe Mazzini.

Ans. : Giuseppe Mazzini:

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. He was a member of
the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for
attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies named ‘Young Italy’

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 in Marseilles and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men
from Poland, France, Italy and the German States.

13. How was the food problem solved in Britain after the scrapping of the ‘Corn
Laws’? Explain.

Ans. :
1. Food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced
within the country.
2. In eastern Europe, Russia and America, land was cleared and food production
expanded to meet the British demand.
3. Faster industrial growth in the mid 19th century led to higher income so that
British could import food.
14. Who were the inhabitants of Balkan region?

Ans. : The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area
called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation
comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as
the Slavs.

Que 2 (A) Answer The Following Questions In Brief.[5 Marks Each] [20]
15. "Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had
incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational
and efficient." Analyse the statement with arguments.

Ans. : “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field, he had
incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole systems more rational
and efficient.” -
1. All privileges based on birth were removed.
2. Established equality before law.
3. Right to property was given.
4. Simplified administrative divisions.
5. Feudal system was abolished and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial
dues.
6. Guild restrictions were removed.
7. Transport and communication systems were improved.
16. Describe any five steps taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity among the French people.

Ans. : Steps taken by French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective

identity among the French people were:
1. The idea of La-Patrie (the Fatherland) and Le-Citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the
notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2. New French flag the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
3. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizen and renamed the
National Assembly.
4. New Hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the
name of the nation. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it
formulated uniform laws for all citizen within its territory.
5. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weight
and measures were adopted.

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 6. Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of
the nation.
17. What was ‘Romanticism’ during the age of revolutions?

Ans. : The Romantic movement of 19th century art and literature was influenced by
revolutionary events such as the French and American revolutions. The 18th century
Romantic poets were influenced by many outside influences but chief among them was
the revolution occurring in France.

18. Explain the statement “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.”

Ans. : During the 'Age of Revolution', the first insurrection took place in France in July 1830.
The Bourbon dynasty, restored during the conservative reaction after 1815, was
overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. In its place, a constitutional moarchy with Louis
Philippe at is head was installed. This 'July Revolution' led to another insurrection in
Brussels and led to Begium becoming independent from the control of the Kingdom of
Netherlands. Even before these events, it had been witnessed that France was the political
nervecentre of the rest of Europe. Ever since the French Revolution, the political
developments in France had direct impact on the rest of the European continent. Hence
Metternich said 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold'.

Que 3 (A) CASE BASED QUESTIONS [8]

19. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional
divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke
French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. Their families were often
connected by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a
small group. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. To the west,
the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and
Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were
cultivated by serfs.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:
i. Which was the dominant class on the continent of Europe?
a. Landed aristocracy.
b. Tenants.
c. Small owners.
d. High class society.
ii. What did the majority of population comprise of?
a. Tenants.
b. Small owners.
c. Land holders.
d. Peasantry.
iii. The given passage describes the social and political life of this class?
a. Serfs and peasants.
b. Big land owners.
c. Aristocracy and middle class.
d. Peasants and small owners.
iv. Aristocratic class used to speak French for the purpose of:
a. Diplomacy and high society.
b. Farming on a big land.

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 c. Unity among the members.
d. Educing regional divisions.

Ans. :
i. (a) Landed aristocracy.
ii. (d) Peasantry.
iii. (c) Aristocracy and middle class.
iv. (a) Diplomacy and high society.
20. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit
of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state
and society - like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family
should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society
of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon,
that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It
could make state power more effective and strong. A modern army, an efficient
bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could
strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
Q.1. What kind of conservative regimes were set up in 1815?
Q.2. In which place representatives of European Power met?
Q.3. In your opinion, what were the beliefs and thinking of conservation?

Ans. : Q.1. The Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not
tolerate criticism and dissent sought to curb activities that questioned in legitimacy
of autocratic government and most of them imposed censorship laws to control
what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs.
Q.2. Vienna
Q.3. (a) New conservatism did not propose a return to the society of pre
revolutionary days.
(b) They believed that modernisation could in fact strength traditional institutions
like the monarchy.
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