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Entropy generation in magnetohydrodynamic radiative non-Darcy slip

flow of a Casson nanofluid with Hall effects and activation energy

A. Sahoo, R. Nandkeolyar

PII: S0304-8853(23)00361-X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2023.170712
Reference: MAGMA 170712

To appear in: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Received date : 13 September 2022

Revised date : 10 March 2023
Accepted date : 2 April 2023

Please cite this article as: A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar, Entropy generation in
magnetohydrodynamic radiative non-Darcy slip flow of a Casson nanofluid with Hall effects and
activation energy, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2023), doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2023.170712.

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© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

 Journal Pre-proof

Highlights

Highlights

of
In this paper, authors have performed an in-depth theoretical analysis of the magnetohydrodynamic
radiative second-order slip flow flow of Casson nanofluid along a horizontal stretching surface. The
study also incorporates the analysis of entropy generation and presents a quadratic regression
model to estimate the skin-frictions and heat transfer coefficients. The solution is carried out
numerically using an efficient numerical technique known as spectral quasilinearization method. The

pro
novelties in the article are included in the form of inclusion of:

1. non-Darcy porous medium, second-order slip, Hall current, activation energy, viscous and
Joule dissipations.
2. The entropy generation analysis is performed to understand the loss of energy by the
system.
3. Multiple regression analysis is included to approximate the coefficients of skin-friction, heat
transfer, and mass transfer.

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Manuscript File Click here to view linked References

1
2
3
Entropy Generation in Magnetohydrodynamic Radiative

of
4
5
6
Non-Darcy Slip Flow of a Casson Nanofluid with Hall Effects and
7
8
Activation Energy
9
10 A. Sahoo∗1 and R. Nandkeolyar†2

pro
11
1,2
12 Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur,
13 Jamshedpur-831014, India
14
15
16
17
18 Abstract
19 The present research work examines the entropy generation in the magnetohydrodynamic second-
20 order slip flow of Casson nanofluid surpassing a horizontal stretching sheet inside a non-Darcy porous
21 medium under the dominance of Hall current and nonlinear thermal radiation. The present model is
22
23
24
25
26
27
re-
made more realistic by taking second-order velocity slip flow. The energy field is pursued by incorpo-
rating the consequences of distinctive viscous dissipation and Joule heating. The chemical reaction
incited by activation energy is comprised in the current exploration. A substantive mathematical
problem is modeled by assigning nonlinear partial differential equations together with second-order
velocity slip and convective boundary conditions. A compatible similarity transformation comprised
in the current study is exerted to produce a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with com-
28 petent boundary conditions. The resulting mathematical model is numerically solved via dispensing
29 the spectral quasi-linearization method. The present article deals with an in-depth exploration of the
30 characteristics of diagnostic flow parameters against the flow field and efficient physical quantities
31 with the help of distinctive graphs and tables. As per regression analysis, the maximum relative error
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32 for the reduced Nusselt number ranging from .000090231% to .00015936% is less than that of the
33 other physical quantities. Magnetic force, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion assist in lessening
34 the heat transport rate, but it gets enriched under the Hall current effects. For the increasing Casson
35 parameter, fluid movement tends to rise near the sheet’s surface and gets decelerated afterwards.
36 The intense Hall current accelerates the Casson fluid’s motion. But the velocity components in
37 x and z-directions become abated across the flow region due to increasing the first-order velocity slip
38 parameter. Besides, the enhancement in the magnitude of the second-order velocity slip parameter
39 undermines the velocity components in x and z-directions. .
40
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Keywords: Casson nanofluid, Nonlinear thermal radiation, Activation energy, Hall current, Second-
41 order velocity slip, Non-Darcy porous medium
42
43
44 1 Introduction
45
46 Nowadays, pursuing non-Newtonian fluids encourages researchers anxiously due to abundant potential in
47 scientific areas. Casson fluid is one kind of non-Newtonian fluid that discloses yield shear stresses, which
48 is indicated as Casson fluid’s rheological feature. For researchers, Casson fluid seems to be a noteworthy
49 non-Newtonian fluid due to its feasible usage in scientific and medical areas like food processing, cancer
50 therapy, bio-engineering processes, drilling activities, etc. Pramanik [1] scrutinized Casson fluid flow
51 under the consequence of thermal radiation by taking the velocity of suction or blowing into account. In
Jou

52 his research study, the higher Casson parameter resists the fluid motion but has a boosting nature on the
53
temperature. Mukhopadhyay et al. [2] originated a mathematical model of unsteady Casson fluid flow for
54
highlighting momentum and heat transport features under the influences of peculiar parameters through
55
56 theoretical description and graphs. Parvin et al. [3] proposed magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid flow
57 ∗ Email: anindita.sahoo1993@gmail.com
58 † Corresponding Author, Email: rajnandkeolyar@gmail.com
59
60
61 1
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63
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considering shrinking sheet and mixed convection. They also incorporated the inclined magnetic field
1 and heat and mass transport in the research work. Few pertinent research works have been uncovered
2 in the articles [4–6]
3 The colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles generated by oxides, metals, carbides, etc., occurring within

of
4 a base fluid like oil, water, ethylene glycol, etc., can produce a nanofluid. Researchers apply nanoparti-
5 cles to promote the heat transport mechanism by utilizing modern nano-technology, which favors gaining
6 noticeable and environmental energy resources. For decades, investigators have been exploring renewable
7 energy resources with all their effort. Solar energy, one kind of major renewable energy source, assists in
8 decreasing the environmental pollution. Actually, nanofluids have great significance in the functioning of
9 solar systems. Due to the characteristic of increasing heat transport, nanofluids are applied in different
10

pro
scientific processes like nuclear reactors, biomedicine, electronics, etc. Because of the augmentation of
11
thermophysical properties, nanoparticles are effectively dispensed in chemical processes, sensor technol-
12
13 ogy, chemotherapy, artificial heart surgery,drug delivery, and modern biotechnology like diagnosing and
14 treating various diseases, cancer tissue, brain tumors, etc. Su et al. [7] numerically described the infusion
15 process by which nanoparticles were delivered inside tumors due to cancer treatment. Having peculiar
16 characteristics of diathermic oil, Wei et al. [8] reported diathermic oil-based hybrid nanofluids due to
17 the extensive demand for heat transport applications. Oudina et al. [9] analyzed magnetized Newto-
18 nian nanoliquids along with the consequence of free convection for elevating the heat transport system.
19 Sahu et al. [10] described the hydrothermal stagnation point flow of nanofluid considering the Carreau
20 model and Buongiorno model. They analyzed Carreau nanofluid flow across a moving thin needle in
21 the presence of chemical reactions and non-linear Navier’s slip condition by considering the non-Darcy
22
23
24
25
26
27
re-
porous medium. Sahu et al. [11] scrutinized Cross hybrid nanofluid flow across a vertical stretching
cylinder by employing the Darcy-Foprchheimer model. Samantray et al. [12] demonstrated up and down
flows of nanofluids passing over a thin needle under the impacts of Darcy-Forchheimer and second-order
slip. They evolved the model by involving characteristics of thermal radiation, entropy generation, and
non-uniform heat generation/absorption. Mahato et al. [13] unraveled the flow of ethylene glycol-based
Casson nanofluid close to the stagnation point over a stretching sheet with entropy generation across the
28 flow region. They proposed the physical model in a porous medium under the influences of nonlinear
29
radiation, velocity slip, an inclined magnetic field, and homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions. Ghosh et
30
al. [14] suggested a mathematical model concerning viscoelastic Casson nanofluid flow due to the com-
31
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32 bined consequences of bioconvection and Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion under the diacritic impact
33 of the induced magnetic field. Oyelakin et al. [15] investigated entropy generation across the Casson
34 nanofluid flow close to the stagnation point. They analyzed Casson nanofluid flow due to comprising
35 Arrhenius activation energy and utilized the bivariate spectral quasi-linearisation method for solving
36 the proposed physical model. Kumar et al. [16] revealed an irreversibility analysis of the micropolar
37 CNT blood nanofluid flowing within a squeezing channel by taking the distinctive influence of activation
38 energy.
39 The immense usage of hydromagnetic effects on the viscous electrically conducting fluids in different
40 scientific processes like the metallurgical process, MHD propulsion system, electromagnetic pumps, MHD
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41 generators, plasma confinement, etc., encourages researchers to analyze innovative aspects of the current
42 research work. The resistive Lorentz force created by the strong magnetic field tends to control the flow.
43 Turkyilmazoglu [17] disclosed flow and heat transport through a rotating disk due to considering the
44 distinctive consequence of the uniform horizontal magnetic field. Turkyilmazoglu [18] invented unsteady
45 hydromagnetic flow across a rotating disk, taking a temperature-dependent viscosity. He implemented the
46 mathematical model by introducing an appropriate scheme related to the spectral Chebyshev collocation.
47
48
Thermal radiation is one kind of significant process that performs the heat transport mechanism.
49
The thermal radiation effects have many potentials for usage in different scientific areas like heat ex-
50
changers, power technology, solar systems, gas production, etc. Hayat et al. [19] suggested nonlinear
51
thermally radiative couple stress nanofluid flow due to the entity of the magnetic field. The outcomes of
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52
53 their research study signify that thermal radiation augments temperature along with the corresponding
54 boundary layer thickness. Waqas et al. [20] researched the thermally radiative Carreau–Yasuda nanofluid
55 flow under the consequence of bioconvection and magnetic field by adopting second-order velocity slip.
56 They analyzed the chemical reaction through heat and mass transport. Gireesha et al. [21] developed
57 the hybrid nanofluid flow past a longitudinal fin inflicted in a porous medium by imposing Darcy’s
58 model. They added free convection and thermal radiation phenomenon to explore momentum and heat
59
60
61 2
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transport. Sahu et al. [22] explored characteristics of non-Newtonian fluid flow with SWCNT/MWCNT
1 suspensions because of a shrunk rotating disk. They examined the mechanism of thermal radiation by
2 introducing the Darcy-Forchheimer medium.
3 The small amount of energy for the initiation of chemical reactions is directed as activation energy.

of
4 The effective applications of activation energy are noticed in food processing, the petroleum industry,
5 etc. Mustafa et al. [23] depicted magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow due to the effects of the chemical
6 reaction induced by activation energy. They ascertained that Brownian motion did not affect the heat
7 transport rate, but the higher chemical reaction rate slowed down the heat transport rate. Muhammad
8 et al. [24] studied nonlinear thermally radiative 3D Eyring-Powell nanofluid flow under the impact of
9 Arrhenius activation energy using the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for improving the heat trans-
10

pro
port procedure. They employed the slip condition for the elevation of dynamical and physical research
11
on the prescribed model. Bhatti et al. [25] exceedingly attempted to create a physical model containing
12
13 the thermo-bioconvective nanofluid flow via a Riga plate by dispensing the chemical reaction with ac-
14 tivation energy. From their point of view, the increasing activation energy shows a favorable trend for
15 nanoparticle concentration.
16 Naturally, the electrically conducting fluid flow generates the Hall current based on the applied mag-
17 netic field’s intensive intensity. Since the Hall effect is dispensed in notable scientific and medical areas
18 like geophysics, Hall accelerator, Hall sensors, determination of mobility, Hall probes, Hall Generators,
19 cardiac MRI, ECG, and so on, researchers show an immense eagerness to explore the substantive models
20 based on the Hall effect principle.Turkyilmazoglu [26]executed the exploration of heat and mass trans-
21 port across the hydromagnetic fluid flow past a rotating disk, including characteristics of Hall effects.
22
23
24
25
26
27
re-
He introduced the flow model inside a porous medium. Turkyilmazoglu [27] detected exact solutions to
a mathematical problem containing hydromagnetic fluid flow passing over a porous rotating disk under
the dominance of Hall effects. Yadav and Lee [28] implemented a numerical study regarding magneto-
hydrodynamic nanofluid flow under the convection and Hall effects. They considered the nanoparticle
flux as zero included in the boundary condition in their prescribed mathematical model. Shah et al. [29]
emphasized the exploration of steady micropolar nanofluid flow due to the effects of Hall current enclosed
28 between two rotating parallel plates. Shah et al. [30] carried out a comprehensive study regarding the
29
squeezing nanofluid flow under the impacts of Ohmic heating, viscous dissipation, and Hall current by
30
considering Cattaneo–Christov heat flux in order to regulate the heat transport procedure. The related
31
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32 fluid flow problems under several aspects have been explored in the articles [31–33].
33 The no-slip boundary condition is one of the meaningful parts of the Navier-Stokes theory. But in
34 some physical situations, it is inadequate to apply this type of boundary condition. Especially in the case
35 of non-Newtonian fluids and nanofluids, the slip boundary condition affects very much in comparison
36 to Newtonian fluids. Generally, if either the flow pressure or the characteristic size related to the
37 flow system is less, slip flow is considered. However, in micro-electromechanical systems, the fluid
38 flow undergoes the slip boundary condition, which has a reliable significance in various technological
39 applications. These remarkable applications impressed the researchers to investigate the fluid flow under
40 the slip condition with several physical constraints. Ibrahim and Shankar [34] developed the mathematical
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41 problem regarding the thermally radiative hydromagnetic nanofluid flow under the effects of multiple slip
42 boundary conditions. Megahed [35] elaborated heat transport analysis of magnetohydrodynamic Casson
43 fluid flow owing to the influence of second-order velocity slip and thermal slip boundary conditions. He
44 also employed thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption to develop a perfect concept of the heat
45 transfer process. Nandi and Kumbhakar [36] examined magnetohydrodynamic Carreau nanofluid flow
46 surpassing a convectively heated wedge under the impacts of Navier’s slip condition and nonlinear thermal
47 radiation. The individual slip flow problems under various physical constraints have been developed by
48
several investigators [37–39].
49
Nowadays, many researchers are utmost trying to rein or reduce the destruction of effective energy
50
by using several useful methods. There is a deep connection between thermodynamical irreversibility
51
and entropy generation. Scientists utilize entropy generation and the Bejan number for propagating the
Jou

52
53 competency of energy, electronic devices, and scientific tools like microchannels, reactors, refrigeration,
54 fuel cells, air separators, etc. Mahian et al. [40] displayed a theoretical and mathematical study on
55 the minimization of entropy generation that occurred through flow and heat transport of nanofluids.
56 Pordanjani et al. [41] explained entropy generation of thermally radiative nanofluid flow set up in a
57 cavity under the influence of Natural convection together with the analysis of heat transport. Khan et
58 al. [42] established an operative mathematical model owing to clarifying entropy generation in radiative
59
60
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rolling motion of Casson nanofluid flow under the consequences of magnetic field and Joule heating.
1 Several research studies on undermining entropy production are interpreted in miscellaneous research
2 articles [43–45].
3 The close surveillance of the previous explorations infers that the unsteady three-dimensional second-

of
4 order slip flow of Casson nanofluid passed over a stretching sheet under diacritic effects of Hall current,
5 nonlinear thermal radiation, chemical reaction, and activation energy has not been investigated yet. No
6 previous studies have evolved characteristics of heat and mass transport across the Casson nanofluid
7 flow by comprising distinctive nonlinear thermal radiation, dissipative heat transfer, heat generation,
8 and activation energy in energy and nanoparticle concentration equations, respectively, while second-
9 order velocity slip and convective heating take place at the stretching sheet. Keeping the significance
10

pro
of the hydromagnetic slip flow of a nanofluid in mind, it is earnestly tried to fulfill this research gap
11
in the present research article. The current study elucidates the magnetohydrodynamic second-order
12
13 slip flow of Casson nanofluid within a non-Darcy porous medium under distinctive Hall current and
14 heat generation influences. The heat transport system is amended by comprising combined influences of
15 nonlinear thermal radiation and Joule heating along with viscous dissipation. An in-depth exploration
16 of heat and mass transport is executed by involving Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and the binary
17 chemical reaction incited by activation energy. The novelty of the present research study is illustrated
18 as follows.
19
20 • The substantive mathematical model is formed in order to analyze the heat and mass transport
21 across the unsteady three-dimensional hydromagnetic Casson nanofluid flow in a non-Darcy porous
medium under the influences of .second-order velocity slip and Hall current.
22
23
24
25
26
27
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• Hall current is incorporated in the current model to promote hydrodynamical problems.
• The diverse influences of nonlinear thermal radiation included in the energy equation rein the heat
transport feature.
28 • The critical characteristics of activation energy added in the concentration equation follow the
29 Arrhenius equation and develop the chemical reactions.
30
31 • The Buongiorno model [46] is accepted to exhibit the nature of Brownian motion and thermophore-
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32 sis on the fluid flow region for regulating heat and mass transport.
33
34 • Convective boundary conditions are affixed in the prescribed model for exploring the variation in
35 heat and mass transport.
36
• The second-order velocity slip is employed at the sheet’s surface to regulate the momentum bound-
37
ary layer successfully.
38
39 • Diacritic consequences of Joule heating and viscous dissipation are examined to amend the thermal
40
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transport throughout the flow region.

41
42 • Applying regression analysis, the specific physical quantities are approximated and controlled by
43 distinctive flow parameters.
44
45 • the present study includes lessening entropy generation due to amending the proposed system’s
46 competency.
47
48 • The current research study illustrates the diverse influences of peculiar parameters on the flow field
49 using several graphs and tables, which upholds applying the proposed model in various technolog-
50 ical, engineering, and medical fields.
51
• The numerical procedure, the spectral quasi-linearization method (SQLM), is exerted in order to
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52
53 fulfill the current study.
54
55
56
57
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2 Mathematical Formulation
1
2 The time dependent three-dimensional electrically conducting Casson nanofluid flow is considered to
3 surpass the horizontally stretching sheet under the consequences of magnetic field, second-order velocity

of
4 slip, and nonlinear thermal radiation. The non-Darcy porous medium is chosen in which the entire
5 flow model is placed by amplifying the Darcy-Forchheimer model due to a porous medium. The sheet’s
6 surface is set up horizontally, i.e., in the xz-plane. The x-axis is assumed horizontally along the sheet.
7 Also, the y-axis is inferred vertically in the normal direction to the sheet. We consider nanofluid flow to
8 be occupying the region y ⩾ 0. Generally, the flow is created across the region because of the sheet’s only
9 ax
movement with the time and space-dependent velocity uw (x, t) = 1−γt horizontally in the x-direction.
10

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The time-dependent magnetic field B(t) has been dispensed vertically along the positive y-direction. In
11 the present study, the magnetic Reynolds number within the flow region is imagined so small (Rem ≪ 1)
12
that the existence of the induced magnetic field is avoided. In the applied magnetic field’s case, its
13
intensity is taken very high, resulting in the generation of Hall current inside the flow region. The
14
15 binary chemical reaction impelled by activation energy at a constant rate kr arises among the species.
16 In addition, heat generation, energy dissipation because of the fluid’s viscosity and porous permeability,
17 and Joule heating comprised in the energy equation assist in controlling heat transit. The schematic
18 diagram of the current distinctive problem is evidently revealed in Figure 1. According to the boundary
19 conditions, the surface of the sheet is convectively heated with the heat transfer coefficient h1 , and the
20 transport of nanoparticles occurs at the sheet’s surface with the mass transport coefficient h2 . Moreover,
21 second-order velocity slip occurs at the sheet’s surface.
22
23
24
25
26
27
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28
29
30
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32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
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41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51 Figure 1: The schematic diagram of the current problem
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52
53
Following the above restrictions, the governing equations describing the flow characteristics due to
54
55 continuity, momentum, energy, and nanoparticle concentration are uncovered, respectively, as follows
56
57
58
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[20, 23, 24, 28, 47–50]:

1
2 ∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0 (1)
3 ∂x ∂y ∂z

of
4
5    
6 ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂2u σB 2 (t) 2 1 νnf u
+u +v +w = νnf 1+ − (u + mw) − F r u − 1 + (2)
7 ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z β ∂y 2 ρ(1 + m2 ) β kp
8
9    
10 ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w 1 ∂2w σB 2 (t) 1 νnf w

pro
2
+u +v +w = νnf 1+ + (mu − w) − Fr w − 1 + (3)
11 ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z β ∂y 2 ρ(1 + m2 ) β kp
12
13
14
"  2 #
∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T κnf ∂ 2 T 1 ∂qr ρcp np ∂C ∂T DT ∂T
15 +u +v +w =
−
+
D B +
16 ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρcp nf ∂y 2 ρcp nf ∂y ρcp nf ∂y ∂y T∞ ∂y
17  h i   
µnf 1 µnf 1 Q(t)(T − T∞ )
18 + 1+ u2y + wy2 + 1+ u2 + w2 +
19 (ρcp )nf β kp (ρcp )nf β (ρcp )nf
σB 2 (t) h i
20
+ u2 + w 2 (4)
21 (ρcp )nf (1 + m2 )
22
23
24
25
26
27
∂C
∂t
+u
∂C
∂x
+v
∂C
∂y
+w
∂C
∂z
∂2C
= DB 2 +
∂y
DT ∂ 2 T
T∞ ∂y 2
re-
− kr2 (C − C∞ )

The appropriate boundary conditions are expressed as follows:


T
T∞
 n1
exp

−Ea
K ∗T

(5)

28
29 
30 At y = 0 : 

 




31 Cf − C ;
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1
u = uw + 1 + β uslip , v = 0, w = 0, −κnf ∂T ∂C
∂y = h1 Tf − T , −DB ∂y = h2
32
33 As y → ∞ : 



34 

u → 0, w → 0, T → T∞ , C → C∞ ;
35
36 where a and γ are constants, u, v, and w are the velocity components along the x, y, and z directions,
37 respectively. Besides, β implies the Casson fluid parameter, σ stands for electrical conductivity, νnf
38
implies the nanofluid’s kinematic viscosity, kp indicates the permeability of the porous medium, Tf is the
39
convective fluid temperature, Cf is the convective nanoparticle concentration, T∞ is the ambient fluid
40
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41 temperature, C∞ stands for ambient species concentration, h1 and h2 denote heat and mass transport
42 coefficients, respectively. ρnf is the nanofluid density, κnf stands for the thermal conductivity, Fr = Cb1

xkp2
43 denotes the non-uniform inertia coefficient, ρcp nf indicates nanofluid heat capacity, n1 signifies the
44

45 fitted rate constant, ρcp np stands for the heat capacity of the nanoparticle, kr denotes the reaction
46 rate, DB signifies the Brownian diffusion coefficient, Ea denotes the activation energy, DT signifies the
47 thermophoretic diffusion coefficient, K ∗ denotes the Boltzmann constant, m implies the Hall current
48 parameter, qr indicates the radiative heat flux, T and C denote the fluid temperature and nanoparticle
49 concentration, respectively. The different terms in the governing equations are expressed as follows.
50
51 σB 2 (t)
•
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52 ρ(1+m2 ) (u + mw) denotes the Lorentz force along the x-direction.

53 2
σB (t)
54 • ρ(1+m2 ) (u + mw) denotes the Lorentz force along the z-direction.
55
56 • m indicates the Hall current parameter.
57
58 • Fr u2 is the inertial force component along the x-direction.
59
60
61 6
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• Fr w2 is the inertial force component along the z-direction.

1 ∂qr
2 • The term indicates nonlinear radiative heat transport inside the flow region.
∂y
3   h i   

of
µ
4 • The term µnf 1 + β1 u2y + wy2 + knf p
1 + 1
β u2
+ w 2
signifies energy dissipation because
5
6 of the fluid’s viscosity and porous permeability.
7 σB 2 (t)  2 
8 • The term (1+m 2) u + w
2
stands for Joule heating.
9   2 


10 • The term ρcp np DB ∂C ∂T
+ DT ∂T
indicates transferring heat in the nanofluid through

pro
∂y ∂y T∞ ∂y
11
12 nanoparticle diffusion processes.
13 2 2
• The term DB ∂∂yC2 + DT ∂ T
T∞ ∂y 2 signifies that nanoparticles acquire slip velocity relative to the fluid
14
15 because of Brownian motion and thermophoresis.
16 • Ea denotes the activation energy.
17
18 Among the terms mentioned above, the novel terms are Hall current, nonlinear radiative heat trans-
19 port, energy dissipation, Joule heating, and activation energy. Wu’s slip velocity model indicating the
20 second-order velocity slip [35, 51] is provided as
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
uslip =
2
3

=b
∂u
∂y
3 − α3 l3
α3
∂2u
+d 2
∂y
−re-
3 1 − l2
2 Kn
!
λ1
∂u 1
∂y
−
4

l4 +
2
Kn2
(1 − l 2
)

∂2u
λ21 2
∂y

(6)
28
29 where l = min(1/Kn , 1), Kn is the Knudsen number, α3 denotes the momentum  accommodation  co-
3 2
30 efficient with 0 ≤ α3 ≤ 1, λ1 denotes the molecular mean free path, b = 23 3−α 3l
− 32 1−l λ1 , and
α3 Kn
31  
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32 d = − 41 l4 + K22 (1 − l2 ) λ21 . Following the definition of l, we get 0 ≤ l ≤ 1 for any given value of
n
33 Kn (Kn = λ1 /l). So b (> 0) and d (< 0) signify constants.
34 The fluid is inferred to be optically thick. Dispensing Rosseland approximation, the radiative heat
35 flux vector is given by
36
37 4σ ∗ ∂T 4
38 qr = − (7)
3α∗ ∂y
39
40 where σ ∗ stands for the Stefen-Boltzmann constant. Besides, α∗ implies the Rosseland mean absorption
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41 coefficient. The simplified radiative heat flux can be disclosed as [52].

42
43 16σ ∗ 3 ∂T
44 qr = − T . (8)
3α∗ ∂y
45
46 The similarity transformations [53] are given by
47 
q q
48 (η) ,
′ aνnf
η=y a ax
v=− 
49 νnf (1−γt) , u= (1−γt) f (η) , (1−γt) f

50 w= ax T −T∞ C−C∞ 

(1−γt) g (η) , θ (η) = Tf −T∞ , ϕ (η) = Cf −C∞ .
51
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52
Exerting similarity transformations, the resulting mathematical model is provided as follows. Actually,
53
this produced model comprises the nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations [48, 54, 55] .
54
55      
1 η M
1
56 1+ f ′′′ + f f ′′ − f ′2 − A f ′ + f ′′ − f ′
+ mg − F f ′2
− 1 + Λf ′ = 0 (9)
57 β 2 1 + m2 β
58
59
60
61 7
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

     
1 η M
1
1+ g ′′ − gf ′ + f g ′ − A g + g ′ + 2
mf ′ − g − F g 2 − 1 + Λg = 0 (10)
1 β 2 (1 + m ) β
2
3  

of
4 4 η

1 + R(1 + (tr − 1)θ)3 θ′′ + 4R(tr − 1)(1 + (tr − 1)θ)2 θ′2 − P rA θ′ + P r f θ′ + αθ
5 3 2
   
6 1  ′′2  P rEcM  
7 + P r N bϕ′ θ′ + N tθ′2 + P rEc 1 + f + g ′2 + f ′2 + g 2
8 β (1 + m2 )
   
9 1
+ Pr 1 + ΛEc f ′2 + g 2 = 0 (11)
10 β

pro
11
12  
13 N t ′′ A n −E
14 ϕ′′ + θ + Scf ϕ′ − ϕ′ ηSc − σr Scϕ (θα1 + 1) 1 exp = 0. (12)
Nb 2 θα1 + 1
15
16 The boundary conditions are are provided by
17     
η = 0;
′′ ′′′
18 f ′ = 1 + 1 + β1 Bf + 1 + β1 Df , f = 0, g = 0, θ′ = −Bi1 (1 − θ) , ϕ′ = −Bi2 (1 − ϕ) at
19
f ′ → 0, g → 0, θ → 0, ϕ→0 as η→∞ 
20
21 (13)
22
23
24
25
26
27 Brownian motion parameter N b =
(µcp )
re-
Prandtl number P r = κnfnf , temperature ratio parameter tr = T∞
(ρcp )np DB (Cf −C∞ )
(ρcp )nf νnf
σB 2
where unsteadiness parameter A = γa , magnetic Parameter M = ρnf0a , radiation parameter R = κnf α∞∗ ,
Tf

, porosity parameter Λ =
4σ ∗ T 3

, Schmidt number Sc = Dnf

(1−γt)νnf
akp
ν
B

, thermophoretic
,

28
29 (ρcp )np DT (Tf −T∞ ) u2w
parameter N t = , Eckert number Ec = cp (Tf −T , heat generation parameter, α =
30 (ρcp )nf νnf T∞ ∞)

Q0 Cb Ea
a(ρcp )nf , inertia coefficient parameter F = 12 , activation energy parameter E = K ∗ T∞ , chemical reaction
31
lP
kp
32 q
k2 (1−γt) νnf (1−γt)
33 parameter σr = r a , thermal Biot number Bi1 = κhnf 1
a , solutal Biot number Bi2 =
34 q q
h2 νnf (1−γt) a
35 DB a , first-order velocity slip parameter B = b νnf (1−γt) , second-order velocity slip parameter
36 da
D= νnf (1−γt)
37
38
39 3 Physical Quantities of Engineering Significance
40
rna

41 The operative physical quantities are generated as follows

42

43 • Skin friction coefficient along the x-direction Cf x = ρu
τwx
2 ,
w
44

45 • Skin friction coefficient along the z-direction Cf z = ρu2 ,
τwz
w
46
xqw
47 • Local Nusselt number (heat transport rate)= N ux = κnf (Tf −T∞ ) ,
48
49 • local Sherwood number(mass transport rate)= Shx = xJw
DB (Cf −C∞ ) ,
50
51 where
Jou

52
53
54       
55 τwx = µnf 1 + β1 ∂u
, τwz = µnf 1 + β1 ∂w
,


y=0 
∂y ∂y
y=0
56     (14)
57 qw = −κnf ∂T , Jw = −DB ∂C 

∂y + qr ∂y . 

58 y=0 y=0
59
60
61 8
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

The proposed physical quantities are nondimensionalized as

1 1
  1
  
Cf x Rex2 = 1 + β1 f ′′ (0), Cf z Rex2 = 1 + β1 g ′ (0), 

2
3 −1 h
i −1
(15)
3 
4
θ (0), Shx Rex = −ϕ (0).
′ ′

of
4 N ux Rex = − 1 + 3 R 1 + (tr − 1)θ(0)
2 2

5 xuw
6 Here Rex = νnf stands for the local Reynolds number.
7
8
9
4 Solution Methodology
10

pro
We dispense the spectral quasi-linearization method (SQLM) [48, 54–56]in order to solve the produced
11
nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations. The iterative scheme utilizing SQLM is provided by
12 ′′′ ′′ ′
13 a113,i fi+1 + a112,i fi+1 + a111,i fi+1 + a110,i fi+1 + a120,i gi+1 = r1,i (16)
14 ′′ ′ ′

15 a222,i gi+1 + a221,i gi+1 + a220,i gi+1 + a211,i fi+1 + a210,i fi+1 = r2,i (17)
′′ ′ ′ ′′ ′
16 a332,i θi+1 + a331,i θi+1 + a330,i θi+1 + a310,i fi+1 + a311,i fi+1 + a312,i fi+1 + a341,i ϕi+1
17 ′

18 +a320,i gi+1 + a321,i gi+1 = r3,i (18)

′′ ′ ′′
19 ϕi+1 + a441,i ϕi+1 + a440,i ϕi+1 + a430,i θi+1 + a432,i θi+1 + a410,i fi+1 = r4,i (19)
20
21 subject to the boundary conditions

22
23
24
25
26
27
At η = 0 :
′
  ′′
  re-
′′′ ′
fi+1 = 1 + 1 + β1 Bfi+1 + 1 + β1 Dfi+1 , fi+1 = 0, gi+1 = 0, θi+1
′
ϕi+1 = −Bi2 (1 − ϕi+1 ) ;
As η → ∞ :





= −Bi1 (1 − θi+1 ) ,











28 ′ 
29 fi+1 → 0, gi+1 → 0, θi+1 → 0, ϕi+1 → 0.
30 1−e −η
In order to initiate the iteration scheme, we elect the initial guess functions as f0 = 1+(1+ 1 , g0 =
31 β )(B−D)
lP
   
32 Bi1 −η
0, θ0 = Bi1 +1 e , ϕ0 = Bi2 +1 e Bi2 −η
We exert the Chebyshev spectral collocation method on
33
34 account of solving the linearized equations (16)-(19). We get the domain [0, L∞ ] by truncating the
35 physical region [0, ∞). The computational domain [0, L∞ ] is altered into the closed interval [−1, 1]
36 exerting the linear transformation mentioned as
37 L∞ (ξ + 1)
38 η= , −1 ⩽ ξ ⩽ 1.
2
39
40 Gauss-Lobatto collocation points are given by
rna

41 πj
ξj = cos , j = 0, 1, 2 . . . n.
42 n
43 The
functions Fr , Gr , Θr , and Φr (r ⩾ 1) are approximated by exerting the k th Chebyshev polynomial
44 Tk∗ provided below.
45
n
X
46
47 Fr (ξ) ≈ Fr (ξk ) Tk∗ (ξ) (20)
48 k=0
Xn
49
50 Gr (ξ) ≈ Gr (ξk ) Tk∗ (ξ) (21)
51 k=0
n
Jou

52 X
53 Θr (ξ) ≈ Θr (ξk ) Tk∗ (ξ) (22)
54 k=0
Xn
55
56 Φr (ξ) ≈ Φr (ξk ) Tk∗ (ξ) (23)
k=0
57
58 where
59
60
61 9
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

 
Tk∗ (ξ) = cos kcos−1 (ξ) .
1
2 The rth derivative of unknown functions Fi+1 , Gi+1 , Θi+1 , and Φi+1 are mentioned below.
3 
dr Fi+1 Pn 

of
4 = X r
f (ξ ) = X r
F , 

k=0 kj i+1 k i+1 

5 dη r 

r 

6 d Gi+1 Pn 

i+1 
r r
7 r
= X g
k=0 kj i+1 k (ξ ) = X G , 
dη
8 r j = 0, 1, 2 . . . n. (24)
d Θi+1 Pn r 

9 = k=0 Xkj θi+1 (ξk ) = X r Θi+1 , 
dη r 

10 


pro
dr Φi+1 Pn 

11
r
= k=0 Xkj ϕi+1 (ξk ) = X Φi+1 
r r 

12 dη
13
14 2D
Here X = , D stands for the Chebyshev differentiation matrix. The entries of the aforemen-
15 L
16 tioned matrix are given by
17 
2n2 + 1 cj (−1)j+k 
18 D00 = , Djk = , j ̸= k; j, k = 0, 1 . . . n


19 6 ck (ξj − ξk )
(25)
20 2n2 + 1 ξk 

21 Dnn = − , Dkk = − 2 , k = 1, 2 . . . n − 1  
6 2(1 − ξk )
22
23
24
25
26
27
re-
where cj =

Ultimately, the relevant matrix equation is

(
2
1

revealed by
j = 0 or n
otherwise.

28
29     
30 B11 B12 B13 B14 Fi+1 R1,i
B21 B22 B23 B24     
31   Gi+1  = R2,i  (26)
lP
32 B31 B32 B33 B34  Θi+1  R3,i 
33 B41 B42 B43 B44 Φi+1 R4,i
34
35 where the order of each matrix Bjk (j, k = 1, 2, 3, 4) is (n + 1) × (n + 1). Besides, the order of each
36
37
38
39
40
rna

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Jou

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61 10
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

R1,i , R2,i , R3,i , and R4,i is ascertained to be (n + 1) × 1.

1  T 
2 Fi+1 = fi+1 (ξ0 ), fi+1 (ξ1 ), . . . fi+1 (ξn ) , 



3  T 

Gi+1 = gi+1 (ξ0 ), gi+1 (ξ1 ), . . . gi+1 (ξn ) , 


of
4 

T 

5 Θi+1 = [θi+1 (ξ0 ), θi+1 (ξ1 ), . . . θi+1 (ξn )] , 

 T 

6 

Φi+1 = ϕi+1 (ξ0 ), ϕi+1 (ξ1 ), . . . ϕi+1 (ξn ) , 

7 



8 R1,i = [r1,i (ξ0 ), r1,i (ξ1 ), . . . , r1,i (ξn )]T , 

9 

R2,i = [r2,i (ξ0 ), r2,i (ξ1 ), . . . , r2,i (ξn )]T , 

10 



pro
T
R3,i = [r3,i (ξ0 ), r3,i (ξ1 ), . . . , r3,i (ξn )] , 

11 



12 T
R4,i = [r4,i (ξ0 ), r4,i (ξ1 ), . . . , r4,i (ξn )] , 



13 
B11 = a113,i X + a112,i X + a111,i X + a110,i I,
3 2


14 

15 B12 = a120,i I, 


16 B13 = O,
17 

B14 = O, B21 = a211,i X + a210,i I, 

18 



19 B22 = a222,i X 2 + a221,i X + a220,i I, 



20 B23 = O 



21 2 
B24 = O, B31 = a310,i I + a311,i X + a312,i X  

22
23
24
25
26
27
re-
B32 = a320,i I + a321,i X,

B34 = a341,i X,
B41 = a410,i I,
2
B33 = a332,i X + a331,i X + a330 I,























28 B42 = O, 

29 

2
B43 = a432,i X + a430,i I 

30 


31 B44 = X 2 + a441,i X + a440,i I.
lP
32
The governing nonlinear ordinary differential equations can also be solved using the finite element
33
method (FEM) [57–67]. The computational domain [0, L∞ ] is divided into a finite number of subdomains
34
35 that are called elements. Firstly we consider
36 f′ = h (27)
37
38 The reduced form of the governing nonlinear ordinary differential equations is expressed as
39
     
40 1 η M 1
rna

41 1+ h′′ + f h′ − h2 − A h + h′ − 2
(h + mg) − F h2 − 1 + Λh = 0 (28)
β 2 1+m β
42
43      
44 1 η M 1
45 1+ g ′′ − gh + f g ′ − A g + g ′ + (mh − g) − F g 2
− 1 + Λg = 0 (29)
β 2 (1 + m2 ) β
46
47  
48 4 η

49 1 + R(1 + (tr − 1)θ)3 θ′′ + 4R(tr − 1)(1 + (tr − 1)θ)2 θ′2 − P rA θ′ + P r f θ′ + αθ
3 2
   
50 1  ′2  P rEcM  
51 + P r N bϕ′ θ′ + N tθ′2 + P rEc 1 + h + g ′2 + 2
h2 + g 2
β (1 + m )
Jou

52  
1  
53
+ Pr 1 + ΛEc h2 + g 2 = 0 (30)
54 β
55
56  
N t ′′ A n −E
57 ϕ′′ + θ + Scf ϕ′ − ϕ′ ηSc − σr Scϕ (θα1 + 1) 1 exp = 0. (31)
58 Nb 2 θα1 + 1
59
60
61 11
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

The boundary conditions are provided by

1     
η = 0;
′ ′′
2 h = 1 + 1 + β1 Bh + 1 + β1 Dh , f = 0, g = 0, θ′ = −Bi1 (1 − θ) , ϕ′ = −Bi2 (1 − ϕ) at
3 
h → 0, g → 0, θ → 0, ϕ→0 as η→∞

of
4
5 (32)
6
Variational Formulations:
7
The variational form of the equations (27)-(31) over the k th element Ωk = (ηk , ηk+1 ) is given by
8
Z ηk+1
9

10 w1 f ′ − h dη = 0 (33)

pro
ηk
11
12 "
13 Z ηk+1      #
1 η M 1
14 w2 ( 1 + h′′ + f h′ − h2 − A h + h′ − (h + mg) − F h2
− 1 + Λh dη = 0
ηk β 2 1 + m2 β
15
16 (34)
17
18 Z "      #
ηk+1
1 η M 1
19 w3 1+ g ′′ − gh + f g ′ − A g + g ′ + (mh − g) − F g 2
− 1 + Λg dη = 0
20 ηk β 2 (1 + m2 ) β
21 (35)
22
23
24
25
26
27
Z

ηk
ηk+1
w4
"
4

 



re-
+ P r N bϕ′ θ′ + N tθ′2 + P rEc 1 +

1  ′2  P rEcM 
h + g ′2 + 2
η
1 + R(1 + (tr − 1)θ)3 θ′′ + 4R(tr − 1)(1 + (tr − 1)θ)2 θ′2 − P rA θ′ + P r f θ′ + αθ
3 2

h2 + g 2


28 β (1 + m )
29   #
1  
30 + Pr 1 + ΛEc h2 + g 2 dη = 0 (36)
31 β
lP
32
33 Z "  #
ηk+1
N t ′′ A n −E
34 w5 ϕ′′ + θ + Scf ϕ′ − ϕ′ ηSc − σr Scϕ (θα1 + 1) 1 exp dη = 0. (37)
35 ηk Nb 2 θα1 + 1
36
37 where w1 , w2 , w3 , w4 , and w5 are the arbitrary weight functions that may be noticed as the variation
38 in f, h, g, θ, and ϕ, respectively.
39 Finite Element Formulations:
40 The finite element model is attained from the system of equations (33)-(37) by substituting the following
rna

41 finite element approximations.

42 PN PN PN 
43 f = i=1 fi ψi , h = i=1 hi ψi , g = i=1 gi ψi ,
PN PN (38)
44 θ= θ i ψi , ϕ = ϕi ψi 
i=1 i=1
45
46 where we consider N = 2 (linear) or 3 (quadratic) with w1 = w2 = w3 = w4 = w5 = ψi . The shape
47 functions of the typical element Ωk = (ηk , ηk+1 ) are expressed as follows.
48 Linear element:
49
50 (ηk+1 − η) (η − ηk )
ψ1k = , ψk = , ηk ≤ η ≤ ηk+1 (39)
51 (ηk+1 − ηk ) 2 (ηk+1 − ηk )
Jou

52
53 Quadratic element:
54 (ηk+1 + ηk − 2η)(ηk+1 − η) 4(η − ηk )(ηk+1 − η)
55 ψ1k = , ψ2k =
(ηk+1 − ηk )2 (ηk+1 − ηk )2
56
(η k+1 + η k − 2η)(η − η k )
57 ψ3k = − , ηk ≤ η ≤ ηk+1 (40)
58 (ηk+1 − ηk )2
59
60
61 12
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

The finite element model equations are expressed as follows.

1    12   13   14   15     
2 A11 A A A A f R1
    
3     
 21   22   23   24   25     2 

of
4  A A A A A  h   R 
    
5              
 31     3 
6  A A32 A33 A34 A35   g = R  (41)
    
7     
8  41   42   43   44   45      4 
 A A A A A  θ   R 
9     
   52   53   54   55     
10 A51 R5

pro
A A A A ϕ
11
12 where
13 Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1
14 dψj
A11
ij = ψi dη, A12
ij = − ψi ψj dη, A13 14 15 1
ij = 0, Aij = 0, Aij = 0, Ri = 0,
15 ηk dη ηk
16 A21
= 0,
ij
17  Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1
18 1 dψi dψj dψj
A22
ij=− 1+ dη + f ψi dη − hψi ψj dη − A ψi ψj dη
19 β ηk dη dη η dη η ηk
20 Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1 k Z ηk+1 k Z ηk+1
η dψj M 1
21 −A ψi dη − ψi ψj dη − F hψi ψj dη − (1 + )Λ ψi ψj dη
2 dη (1 + m2 ) ηk β
22
23
24
25
26
27
ηk

A23ij −


1
Mm
(1 + m2 ) ηk

 Z ηk+1
Z ηk+1

31
re-
ψi ψj dη, A24

Aij = 0, Aij =

dψi dψj
32

Z ηk+1
Mm
25

(1 + m2 ) ηk
ηk

Z ηk+1
2
ij = 0, Aij = 0, Ri = − 1 +

ψi ψj dη,
Z ηk+1


dψj
1
β

ψi
dh
ηk
ηk+1

dη ηk

Z ηk+1
28
29 A33
ij = − 1 + dη − hψi ψj dη + f ψi dη − A ψi ψj dη
β ηk dη dη ηk ηk dη η
30 Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1   Zk ηk+1
η dψj M 1
31 −A ψi dη − ψi ψj dη − F gψi ψj dη − 1 + Λ ψi ψj dη,
lP
32 ηk 2 dη (1 + m2 ) ηk ηk β ηk
  ηk+1
33 1 dg
34 A34 35 3
ij = 0, Aij = 0, Ri = − 1 + ψi
β dη ηk
35   Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1   Z ηk+1
36 1 dψj P rEcM 1
A42
ij = P rEc 1 + h′ ψi dη + hψ i ψ j dη + P rEcΛ 1 + hψi ψj dη
37 β ηk dη (1 + m2 ) ηk β ηk
38 Z ηk+1    
3 dψ dψ
Z η Z η
4R i j P rAη k+1
dψj k+1
dψj
39 A44
ij = − 1+ 1 + (tr − 1)θ dη − ψi dη + P r f ψi dη
ηk 3 dη dη 2 ηk dη ηk dη
40
rna

Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1

41 dψj dψj
+ P rα ψi ψj dη + P rN b ϕ′ ψi dη + P rN t θ ′ ψi dη
42 ηk ηk dη ηk dη
43   Z ηk+1 Z ηk+1   Z ηk+1
1 dψj P rEcM 1
44 A43
ij = P rEc 1 + g ′ ψi dη+ gψi ψj dη+P rEcΛ 1 + gψi ψj dη
β ηk dη (1 + m2 ) ηk β ηk
45
46
  !ηk+1
47 4R
3 dθ
48 A41
ij = 0, A 45
ij = 0, R 4
i = − ψ i 1 + 1 + (tr − 1)θ
3 dη
49 ηk
50
Z ηk+1 ηk+1 Z Z
51 dψi dψj dψj ScAη ηk+1 dψj
A55
Jou

52 ij = − dη + Sc f ψi dη − ψi dη
ηk dη dη ηk dη 2 ηk dη
53 Z ηk+1   n1  
54 −E
− σr Sc θα1 + 1 exp ψi ψj dη,
55 ηk θα1 + 1
56 Z ηk+1  η  η
Nt dψi dψj dϕ k+1 N t dθ k+1
57 A54
ij =− dη, A51 52 53 5
ij = 0, Aij = 0, Aij = 0, Ri = − ψi − ψi
58 N b ηk dη dη dη ηk Nb dη ηk
59
60
61 13
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

where
1 3 3 3
2 X X X
f= fi ψi , h = hi ψi , g = gi ψi ,
3
i=1 i=1 i=1

of
4
5
6 3
X 3
X
7 θ= θ i ψi , ϕ = ϕi ψi
8 i=1 i=1
9
10 are assumed to be known. fi , hi , gi , θi , and ϕi are nodal values at the previous iteration.

pro
11
12
13 5 Solution Error
14
15 In the present section, The solutions’ convergence is checked to affirm the obtained solutions by using
16 SQLM. Here the errors in solutions are given by
17
18 error F = ∥fi+1 − fi ∥∞ , error G = ∥gi+1 − gi ∥∞ , error Θ = ∥θi+1 − θi ∥∞ , error Φ = ∥ϕi+1 − ϕi ∥∞
19
The iteration scheme is stopped if the proposed errors gain a specific tolerance level 10−7 . As per
20
Figures 2(a) to 2(d). nine iterations are solely required to acquire the accuracy level of 10−7 , upholding
21
the precision of obtained outcomes.
22
23
24
25
26
27
6 Validation of Results
re-
Table 4 compares the current outcomes with the those of Makinde and Aziz [68] by assuming β →
∞, M = 0, B = 0, D = 0, α = 0, Λ = 0, F = 0, A = 0, Ec = 0, Sc = 10, R = 0, P r = 10, Bi1 =
28
0.1, Ec = 0, m = 0, N b = 0.1, Bi2 → ∞ . A suitable similarity attained by this computation justifies
29
30 the accuracy of the current results. The results obtained by the SQLM are also compared with the
31 results obtained using the FEM and presented in Table 5, showing that both the results are in excellent
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32 agreement. These two comparisons along with the carried residual analysis build the required trust on
33 the results of the spectral quasilinearisation method (SQLM).
34
35
36 7 Entropy Generation Analysis
37
38 The dimensional form of entropy generation across the flow region is introduced below [48, 54, 56]
39 ! 2   "  2  2 #  
40 1 16σ ∗ T 3 ∂T µnf 1 ∂u ∂w µnf 1  2 
rna

EG = 2 κnf + ∗
+ 1+ + + 1+ u + w2
41 T∞ 3α ∂y T∞ β ∂y ∂y kp T∞ β
42 2    2   
43 σB (t) 2 2 RDB ∂C RDB ∂T ∂C
+ u + w + + .
44 (1 + m2 )T∞ C∞ ∂y T∞ ∂y ∂y
45 (42)
46
47 Now entropy generation is disclosed in nondimensional form.
48  2
2 y
49 EG T∞ η
50 NG = =
2 E G (43)
51 EG0 κnf Tf − T∞
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52
2
53 κnf Tf − T∞
54 where EG0 =  2 . The resulting NG by exerting the similarity transformations is unveiled
2 y
55 T∞ η
56 as
57
58
59
60
61 14
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

1  
2 4R  3 ′
NG = 1 + θ(tr − 1) + 1 θ2
3 3
| {z }

of
4 NGT
5 " #
M Br  ′   
1 Br  ′′ 2 ′
  
1 BrΛ  ′ 2 
6 + 2 2
f +g + 1+ f +g 2
+ 1+ f +g 2
7 (1 + m2 ) α1 β α1 β α1
8 | {z }
NGF F
9 " #
10 α22 L ′ 2 Lα2 ′ ′

pro
11 + ϕ + ϕ θ (44)
α12 α1
12 | {z }
13 NGM
14 2 2
RDB C∞ µ a x
15 where diffusive variable L = , Brinkman number Br = (1−γt)2 κnf T −T , dimensionless con-
κnf nf ( f ∞)
16 Cf −C∞ Tf −T∞
17 centration ratio variable α2 = C∞ , dimensionless temperature ratio variable α1 = T∞ . NG
18 stands for total entropy generation. Besides,
19
• NGT implies entropy generation number via heat transit.
20
21 • NGF F and NGM represent the entropy generation number occurring because of fluid friction and
22
23
24
25
26
27
mass transmission, respectively.
re-
The dimensionless Bejan number reduces to the following form.

Be =
NGT
NG
. (45)
28
29 As per Equation (45), the Bejan number expands from 0 to 1.
30
31
8 Results and discussion
lP
32
33 Proper similarity transformations and the spectral quasi-linearization method are dispensed to acquire
34 appropriate numerical solutions and perform computational analysis. The proper attributes of emerg-
35
ing flow parameters against the flow field are annexed in the current study by theoretical, graphical,
36
and tabular exploration. The default values of momentous parameters weilding the current study are
37
38 presumed as Λ = 0.2, F = 0.5, A = 0.1, M = 1, β = 0.3, P r = 10, α1 = 1, Sc = 1.5, N b =
39 0.1, N t = 0.1, E = 0.1, n1 = 0.5, σr = 5, L = 1, α2 = 1, Ec = 0.2, m = 0.5, R = 0.5, B = 0.1, D =
40 −0.1, Bi1 = 3, Bi2 = 2, and α = 0.1. A close resemblance is noticed when solving the governing
rna

41 nonlinear differential equations by using SQLM and FEM in Table 5.

42
43 8.1 Velocity Profiles
44
45 With increasing the magnetic parameter, the Casson fluid velocity in the x-direction becomes retarded
46 as per Figure 3(a). Figure 3(b) displays that on increasing M , the transverse velocity initially augments
47 massively, and it decelerates after that. The swelling M generates potent hydromagnetic body force
48 defined as the resistive Lorentz force retarding the Casson fluid’s motion. Figures 4(a) and 4(b) depict
49 that for the higher Casson parameter, fluid movement leads to rising near the sheet’s surface and becomes
50 decelerated after that. Physically, an upswing in β causes enriching plastic dynamic viscosity, which
51 assists in reducing the yield stress. As a result, Casson fluid’s motion leads to decreasing away from
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52 the sheet. In Figures 5(a) and 5(b),m accelerates the Casson fluid’s motion. The intense Hall current
53 σ
effects make the conductivity 1+m 2 lessened. Consequently, the conflicting force because of the potent
54
55 magnetic field gets retarded. As a result, the acceleration of the Casson fluid’s motion occurs.
56 As per Figures 6(a) and 6(b), on increasing the first-order velocity slip parameter, the velocity
57 components in x and z-directions become abated across the flow region. Besides, Figures 7(a) and 7(b)
58 elucidate that the enhancement in the magnitude of the second-order velocity slip parameter undermines
59
60
61 15
62
63
64
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the velocity components in x and z-directions. Since the first-order velocity slip parameter and the
1 second-order velocity slip parameter depend on the slip coefficients b and d, respectively , the Casson
2 fluid’s motion becomes undermined across the flow region under the increment of the first-order and
3 second-order velocity slip parameters. In Figures 8(a) and 8(b), the porosity parameter resists the

of
4 Casson fluid’s motion immensely. Resistance is generated across the flow region because there is an
5 affinity of Λ with frictional force and robust drag force. As per Figures 9(a) and 9(b), F decelerates
6 the Casson fluid’s motion up to a definite distance and then affects the Casson fluid’s motion nominally
7 far from the sheet. Physically, there exists a direct relation of the inertia parameter F with the drag
8 force. In the attendance of the greater F , called the Forchheimer parameter, the drag force becomes
9 strengthened, creating an intensive resistance in the Casson fluid’s motion. As a result, the Casson
10

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fluid’s motion becomes retarded up to a specific distance. Figures 10(a) and 10(b) display that the
11
Eckert number encourages enriching Casson fluid’s motion substantially. Eckert number directly relates
12
13 to the kinetic energy and is inverse to the boundary layer enthalpy difference. Generally, mounting the
14 Eckert number, kinetic energy becomes prospered, amplifying fluid movement across the flow region.
15
16 8.2 Temperature Distribution
17
18 Figures 11 to 13 portray the influences of peculiar parameters on the Casson fluid temperature field.
19 From Figure 11(a), the higher magnetic parameter prolongs the temperature immensely. The potent
20 magnetic field boosts elevating the Ohmic heating. It upholds growing energy dissipation due to the
21 Lorentz force. Thereby a substantial rise occurs in the temperature profile. The larger Hall current
22
23
24
25
26
27
re-
parameter tends to diminish the fluid temperature , as elucidated in Figure 11(b). Physically, the
larger Hall current parameter creates a resistance in the temperature distribution, due to which the fluid
temperature becomes diminished.
Through Figure 12(a) on upsurging the thermophoretic parameter, the temperature is discerned to
be raised evidently. With uplifting N t, thermophoretic force tends to be potent. It injects nanopar-
ticles transferring from hotter to cooler areas. Therefore there exists an upturn in fluid temperature.
28 Figure 12(b) demonstrates that N b has a substantial increasing impact on the fluid temperature profile.
29 On enlarging N b, the kinetic energy of nanoparticles becomes enriched due to the extreme Brownian
30 diffusion through the intensely arbitrary motion of molecules. Thereby the fluid temperature gets in-
31
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creased. With an upsurge in the Casson parameter, the temperature profile is shown to be decreased
32
in Figure 12(c). Physically, an upswing in β upholds enriching plastic dynamic viscosity. Thereby yield
33
stress goes to be declined, upholding the presence of the effective resistance in temperature distribution.
34
35 Through Figure 12(d), a slight uplift in Ec upholds a vast upsurge in the energy field. The dissipative
36 heat produced by viscous dissipation and Joule heating because of internal friction between the fluid
37 particles indicates energy storage across the fluid flow region. Thereby the energy field gets raised.
38 The larger estimation of the inertia parameter F causes an intensive increase in the fluid temperature,
39 as depicted in Figure 12(e). The energy field becomes developed due to the existence of potent inertial
40 force. The temperature rises evidently due to strengthening the porosity parameter’s impact, as displayed
rna

41 in Figure 12(f). Physically, the porosity parameter’s escalation creates a drastic resistance across the
42 fluid flow path, which, in turn, enhances temperature. However, Figure 13(a) elucidates the increasing
43 Prandtl number’s intense diminishing behavior towards the temperature profile. Physically, due to an
44 increase in P r, thermal diffusivity lessens. Thereby less thermal diffusivity leads to undermining the
45 fluid temperature. As per Figure 13(b), the growing thermal radiation parameter R boosts in enlarging
46 the temperature massively. The higher R causes to diminish the absorption coefficient and leads to be
47 raising the divergence of the radiative heat flux. Apart from this, enhancing R stimulates the movement
48 of fluid particles by increasing their kinetic energy, which upshots an augment in fluid temperature.
49 Moreover, Figure 13(c) demonstrates the increasing influence of Bi1 on the temperature distribution.
50 Generally, uplifting the thermal Biot number causes lessening the thermal resistance and speeds up the
51
convective heat transport, due to which temperature gets upgraded.
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52
53
54 8.3 Concentration Profiles
55
56 Figures 14 and 15 are drawn for elucidating the nature of different dominating flow parameters on
57 nanoparticle concentration. The uplifting thermophoretic parameter leads to decaying the nanoparticle
58 concentration profile closer to the sheet; on the other hand, it augments the concentration far from the
59
60
61 16
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

sheet intensely, as per Figure 14(a). The increment in the thermophoretic parameter N t is related to
1 the intensity of the thermophoresis. Naturally, thermophoresis indicates one type of particle motion,
2 which takes place due to dispensed thermal gradients. Nanoparticles diffuse intensely in the base fluid
3 because of the strong thermophoretic force. On growing N t, This phenomenon yields an upturn in the

of
4 concentration in the distant area. It is inferred from Figure 14(b) that on growing the Brownian motion
5 parameter, the concentration gets augmented near the sheet. In contrast, it follows the reverse pattern
6 after a specific distance. The Brownian motion indicates a random movement executed by particles
7 suspended in the base fluid. On upturning the Brownian motion parameter, the chemical species diffuse
8 intensely near the stretching sheet. So the concentration of the solute significantly increases close to the
9 surface. Naturally, the Brownian motion helps to heat the fluid inside the flow region and boosts driving
10

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the nanoparticles to the area far from the flow regime. It upholds abating concentration distribution
11
away from the stretching sheet. As per Figure 15(a), an increment in activation energy elevates the
12
13 concentration. The physical reason behind an upsurge in the concentration
  n1 profile is that the augment
T −Ea
14 in E causes a decrement in the modified Arrhenius function T∞ exp K∗T ,which upturns the
15 generative chemical reaction. It yields in boosting up the nanoparticle concentration. The opposing
16 nature of the chemical reaction parameter σr on the concentration distribution is noticed in Figure 15(b).
17 Physically, the consumption of chemicals grows for the larger estimation of chemical reaction parameter,
18 which results in a downfall of concentration and the relevant boundary layer thickness. Figure 15(c)
19 reveals that the uplifting solutal Biot number Bi2 enlarges concentration at the sheet’s proximity; beyond
20 that, the concentration distribution alters its nature by variating negligibly. The growing Bi2 helps to
21
emphasize the mass transfer rate, causing an enhancement in the concentration profile. It is worth
22
23
24
25
26
27
re-
pointing out from Figure 15(d) that with upgrading the Prandtl number, initially the concentration
profile gets risen, but its decreasing nature is observed clearly after that. Upsurging P r generates less
thermal diffusivity, causing a deterioration in the concentration away from the sheet.

8.4 Entropy Generation and Bejan number

28
29 With the larger estimation of m, the entropy generation gets elevated near the sheet, and it leads to a
30 decline after that, as discerned in Figure 16(a). Figure 16(b) shows the same fact in the case of Be. The
31 escalation of the impact of Hall current diminishes the temperature, resulting in a reduction in NG after a
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32 small distance from the sheet. Near the sheet, the heat transfer effect is more significant than the viscous
33 impact for the escalation of Hall current’s influence, causing an elevation in the Bejan number profile.
34 But for strengthening Hall current, after a small distance, the fluid friction irreversibility dominates so
35 that the Bejan number reduces. Figure 17(a) demonstrates that the entropy generation profile undergoes
36 a decay up to an appointed distance from the sheet; on the contrary, it follows the increasing pattern away
37 from the sheet for growing the thermophoretic parameter. The Bejan number follows the same pattern
38 in Figure 17(b). The thermophoretic force upholds in producing entropy far from the sheet on uplifting
39 N t. Enriching the thermophoretic diffusion’s impact makes the viscous effect more considerable than
40
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the heat transfer influence closer to the sheet. It yields in dwindling Be. In contrast, far from the sheet,
41 the heat transport impact dominates over the viscous effect for the growing thermophoretic diffusion,
42
resulting in an enhancement in Be. Figure 18(a) ascertains that the larger N b lessens entropy production
43
NG in the sheet’s proximity, whereas it strengthens NG far from the sheet. In Figure 18(b), the same
44
45 characteristic of the Bejan number Be towards N b is observed evidently. The increment in N b promotes
46 the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. As a consequence, the kinetic energy of nanoparticles becomes
47 enriched, and heat is transferred to the distant region. So entropy production occurs away from the sheet.
48 On uplifting N b in the sheet’s neighborhood, the viscous effect gets intensified in comparison to the heat
49 transfer irreversibility, causing resistance in Be. After an appointed distance, the heat transport gets
50 strengthened for enlarging N b, resulting in an augmentation in Be. Figure 19(a) displays the assisting
51 nature of the thermal Biot number on the entropy generation. Figure 19(b) elucidates that on enlarging
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52 the thermal Biot number, the Bejan number leads to mounting after an appointed distance. The larger
53 thermal Biot number nominally affects the Bejan number near the stretching sheet. Actually, the higher
54 Bi1 promotes convective heat transfer rate. Through this procedure, more heat is produced. Thereby
55 NG gets enlarged. The impact of heat transport does not operate considerably close to the stretching
56 sheet due to enriching Bi1 . For the larger Bi1 , heat transfer influence dominates in the distant region.
57 Therefore, the Bejan number gets elevated after an appointed distance. Upsurging the solutal Biot
58
59
60
61 17
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

number, the entropy generation NG becomes enriched in the sheet’s vicinity; after that, its negligible
1 variation is visualized in Figure 20(a). However, the elevating solutal Biot number dwindles Be up to
2 a small distance and then affects Be nominally, as discerned in Figure 20(b). Bi2 augments the mass
3 transfer rate. So NG gets developed through an increment of mass transfer irreversibility. Consequently,

of
4 Be decays due to enriching the total entropy production.
5 As perFigure 21(a), the promoting activation energy E initially lessens NG but enhances it after a
6 small distance from the sheet. In addition, the uplifting activation energy dwindles Be in the sheet’s
7 proximity; after that, it changes its nature by augmenting Be, as elaborated in Figure 21(b). Physically,
8 the increment in activation energy makes the concentration of nanoparticles uplifted, upholding the
9 acute mass transport. Hence entropy production rate becomes strengthened after a small distance from
10

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the sheet. From the physical aspect, with elevating E, the viscous effect is more robust in the sheet’s
11
vicinity; on the contrary, the heat transfer impact dominates after that. Therefore Be gets diminished
12
13 in the sheet’s neighborhood but leads to enhancing explicitly in the distant region.
14
15
16
9 Skin friction, Heat Transfer, and Mass Transfer
17 The characteristics of appointed flow parameters toward physical quantities are unveiled inTables 1 to 3.
18
The elevating parameters A, m, β, Bi1 , Bi2 , σr , Sc, R, N t, N b, and Br reduce the magnitude of
19
skin friction coefficient along the x-direction , but it appears to be increased on uplifting parameters
20
21 M, Λ, F, P r, and E. The skin friction coefficient along the z-direction follows an enhancing pattern
under the influences of increasing parameters A, M, m, β, Bi1 , σr , Sc, and R, whereas the opposite
22
23
24
25
26
27
re-
phenomenon arises for Λ, F, P r, E, N r, and Rb. The nominal increment in the skin friction coefficient
along the z-direction appears for augmenting the parameters N t, N b, and Br. Naturally, the Casson
parameter β retards yield stress. As a result, it generates intense viscosity at the surface, due to
which the skin friction coefficient along the z-direction gets enlarged eventually. Generally,the magnetic
force creates resistance in fluid motion, causing augmentation in skin friction coefficients. However,
the uplifting parameters m, β, P r, Bi1 , σr , Sc, and R enriches the heat transport rate. But the
28
29 mounting parameters A, M, Λ, F, Bi2 , E, N t, N b, and Br tend to lessen it. The amplifying
30 thermophoretic diffusion upholds prolonging the Casson nanofluid thermal diffusivity. Consequently, the
31 thicker temperature field provides a downfall in heat transfer rate. The larger parameters m, β, and P r
lP
32 dwindle the thermal layer thickness, upholding a high heat transport rate. The upsurging parameters
33 M, Λ, F, N b, and Br boost the thermal layer thickness to be promoted, causing a decrement in heat
34 transfer rate. Definitely, the uplifting parameters P r, Bi1 , Bi2 , σr , Sc, N t, σr , and Sc enrich mass
35 transport rate. But the hostile phenomenon occurs by amplifying parameters A, M, E, R, and N b.
36 The parameters m, β, and Br uplift the mass transport rate gently, while the hostile fact arises due to
37
the parameters Λ and F .
38
39
40
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41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
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52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61 18
62
63
64
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 Journal Pre-proof

Table 1: Numerical computations of physical quantities for diverse flow parameters

1 1 1 −1 −1

2 A M m β Λ F Pr −Cf x Rex2 Cf z Rex2 N ux Rex2 Shx Rex2

3 0.1 1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 12 1.520619 0.219074 3.797129 1.300903

of
4 0.15 1.469048 0.228680 3.716303 1.299925
5 0.18 1.437287 0.234226 3.667755 1.299344
6
7 0.1 2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 10 1.435190 0.438054 3.470764 1.295872
8 3 1.535528 0.566051 3.237525 1.293341
9 5 1.679874 0.741285 2.801303 1.289201
10

pro
11 0.1 1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 10 1.452978 0.054402 3.522938 1.296468
12 0.3 1.445028 0.152890 3.543434 1.296703
13 0.6 1.422533 0.252162 3.596942 1.297322
14
15
0.1 1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.5 10 2.731223 0.212152 3.036269 1.291138
16
0.3 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
17
18 0.5 0.981163 0.248836 3.804653 1.299821
19
20 0.1 1 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 10 1.430874 0.217680 3.464015 1.295791
21 0.6 1.524106 0.186705 3.228108 1.293229
0.8 1.595649 0.163717 3.006092 1.291015
22
23
24
25
26
27
0.1 1 0.5 0.3 0.2
re-
0.5
0.8
1.5
10 1.430981
1.439151
1.456174
0.226295
0.223361
0.217121
3.577556
3.530618
3.428742
1.297097
1.296539
1.295352

28 0.1 1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 10 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097

29 12 1.520619 0.219074 3.797129 1.300903
30 14 1.596552 0.213024 3.980539 1.304512
31
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32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
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41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
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52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61 19
62
63
64
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Table 2: Numerical computations of physical quantities for diverse flow parameters

1 1 1 −1 −1

2 Bi1 Bi2 σr Sc E R −Cf x Rex2 Cf z Rex2 N ux Rex2 Shx Rex2

3 0.1 2 5 1.5 0.1 0.5 2.146970 0.139294 0.223243 1.197673

of
4 0.5 1.840730 0.178618 1.405521 1.258568
5 1 1.596134 0.219029 2.456284 1.281915
6
7 3 2 5 1.5 0.1 0.5 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
8 2.5 1.414387 0.225900 3.560197 1.485826
9 3.5 1.389029 0.225134 3.532199 1.782180
10

pro
11 3 2 5 1.5 0.1 0.5 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
12 6 1.428122 0.227371 3.591461 1.334200
13 7 1.300584 0.264499 3.740097 1.366355
14
15
3 2 5 1 0.1 0.5 1.557867 0.179749 3.375448 1.205535
16
1.5 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
17
18 1.7 1.428501 0.227156 3.587925 1.323818
19
20 3 2 5 1.5 0.1 0.5 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
21 0.5 1.442514 0.223268 3.557342 1.264309
0.7 1.578257 0.170490 3.354779 1.245694
22
23
24
25
26
27
3 2 5 1.5 0.1
re- 0.5
1
1.5
1.430981
0.961689
0.761253
0.226295
0.300915
0.326576
3.577556
5.675073
7.250350
1.297097
1.289633
1.286074

28
29
30 Table 3: Numerical computations of physical quantities for diverse flow parameters
31
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1 1 −1 −1
32 Nt Nb Br −Cf x Rex2 Cf z Rex2 N ux Rex2 Shx Rex2
33 0.05 0.1 0.01 1.448478 0.225856 3.667857 1.283055
34
0.08 1.437754 0.226204 3.613629 1.291561
35
0.1 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
36
37
38 0.1 0.1 0.01 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
39 0.2 1.417726 0.228354 3.503438 1.284033
40 0.3 1.408092 0.229410 3.427204 1.279826
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41
42 0.1 0.1 0.01 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
43 0.05 1.424242 0.226788 3.547715 1.297415
44 0.1 1.415752 0.227411 3.510261 1.297811
45
46
47 −1 −1

48 Table 4: Comparison of N ux Rex2 and Shx Rex2 versus N t at β → ∞, M = 0, α = 0, Λ = 0, F =

49 0, A = 0, Ec = 0, Sc = 10, R = 0, P r = 10, Bi1 = 0.1, m = 0, N b = 0.1, Bi2 → ∞
50 Present results Makinde and Aziz [68]
51 −1 −1 −1 −1
Nt N ux Rex2 Shx Rex2 N ux Rex2 N ux Rex2
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52
53 0.1 0.092907 2.277419 0.0929 2.2774
54 0.2 0.092733 2.248961 0.0927 2.2490
55 0.3 0.092545 2.222816 0.0925 2.2228
56 0.4 0.092344 2.199198 0.0923 2.1992
57 0.5 0.092126 2.178353 0.0921 2.1783
58
59
60
61 20
62
63
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−1 −1

1 Table 5: Comparison of numerical values of N ux Rex2 and Shx Rex2 versus Ec at Λ = 0.2, F =
2 0.5, A = 0.1, M = 1, β = 0.3, P r = 4, α1 = 1.8, Sc = 1.5, N b = 0.1, N t = 0.1, E = 0.1, n1 =
3 0.5, σr = 5, m = 0.5, R = 0.5, B = 0.01, D = −0.01, Bi1 = 3, Bi2 = 2, and α = 0.1.

of
4 Results using SQLM Results using FEM
−1 −1 −1 −1
5 Ec N ux Rex2 Shx Rex2 N ux Rex2 Shx Rex2
6 0.05 1.47578 1.28720 1.47577 1.28720
7
0.1 1.01872 1.29116 1.01873 1.29115
8
9 0.15 0.55504 1.29511 0.55503 1.29511
10

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11
12 10 Multiple Quadratic Regression Analysis
13
1/2 1/2
14 In the current section, we form the quadratic regression models for estimating Cf x Rex , Cf z Rex ,
15 −1/2 −1/2
N ux Rex , and Shx Rex , respectively.
16
17 Cf xest = Cf x + b1 F + b2 Λ + b3 F 2 + b4 Λ2 + b5 F Λ (46)
18
19 Cf zest = Cf z + c1 F + c2 A + c3 F 2 + c4 A2 + c5 F A (47)
20 N uest = N u + e1 N t + e2 N b + e3 N t2 + e4 N b2 + e5 N tN b (48)
21
Shest = Sh + g1 N t + g2 N b + g3 A + g4 N b2 + g5 N tN b + g6 N t2 + g7 A2 + g8 AN t + g9 AN b (49)
22
23
24
25
26
27
−1/2
re-
where b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 , b5 ; c1 , c2 , , c3 , c4 , c5 ; e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 , e5 , and g1 , g2 , g3 , g4 , g5 , g6 , g7 , g8 , g9
indicate regression coefficients of the proposed regression models for estimating Cf x Rex , Cf z Rex ,
−1/2
N ux Rex , and Shx Rex , respectively. In order to generate the regression models, we compute the
1/2 1/2 −1/2
numerical values of Cf x Rex , Cf z Rex , N ux Rex , and Shx Rex
−1/2
1/2

by randomly picking 100 values

1/2

28 of F and Λ from the intervals [0.1, 0.3] and [0.1, 0.3]; F and A from the intervals [0.1, 0.3] and [0, 0.15];
29 N t and N b from the intervals [0.1, 0.3] and [0.1, 0.3] and N t, N b, and A from the intervals [0.1, 0.3],
30 [0.1, 0.3], and [0, 0.15], respectively. Besides, the other parameters have fixed numerical values during
31
lP
computations. The maximum relative errors εCf x , εCf z , εN u , and εSh are uncovered by
32
33
Cf xest − Cf x
34 εCf x = (50)
35 Cf x
36
Cf zest − Cf z
37 εCf z = (51)
38 Cf z
39 N uest − N u
40 εN u = (52)
rna

Nu
41
42 Shest − Sh
εSh = (53)
43 Sh
44
45 As per Table 6, Cf x is negative, and coefficients of F and Λ are positive under the increment of E.
46 Therefore, from equation (46), it is discerned that the growing inertia parameter and porosity parameter
47 reduce the magnitude of the skin friction coefficient along the x-direction. Table 7 elucidates the coeffi-
48 cients of F and A to be negative and positive respectively. As per Table 7 and equation (47) the inertia
1/2
49 parameter’s decreasing trend and the unsteadiness parameter’s assisting behavior on Cf z Rex are visi-
50 ble. Table 7 uncovers the coefficient of A to be more compared with the coefficient of F in magnitude. So
51 1/2
a slight variation in A changes Cf z Rex more compared to F . Table 8 shows the regression coefficients
Jou

52 to be very small with elevating thermal radiation. As a result, either of the variation in N t and N b makes
53 −1/2
a minor perturbation in N ux Rex . Having the positive coefficient of N t and negative coefficients of
54 −1/2
55 N b and A as per Table 9, the thermophoretic diffusion has an augmenting impact on Shx Rex . The
56 hostile phenomenon occurs due to uplifting A and N b. Moreover, Table 9 uncovers the coefficient of N b
57 to be more compared with the coefficients of N t and A in magnitude. So Brownian motion dominates
−1/2
58 Shx Rex severely than the other two parameters.
59
60
61 21
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

Table 6: Numerical values of regression coefficients and maximum relative errors in approximating
1/2
1 Cf x Rex
2
E Cf x b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 εCf x
3
1 -1.9654 0.0088 0.0104 0.0008 0.0109 -0.0028 0.0033

of
4
5 2 -1.9704 0.0087 0.0107 0.0004 0.0103 -0.0020 0.0034
6 3 -1.9766 0.0087 0.0116 0.0001 0.0094 -0.0017 0.0034
7
8
9
10

pro
11 Table 7: Numerical values of regression coefficients and maximum relative errors in approximating
1/2
12 Cf z Rex
13
14 E Cf z c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 εCf z
15 0.5 0.0557 -0.0043 0.0073 0.0054 0.0329 -0.0184 0.0067
16 0.8 0.0553 -0.0042 0.0066 0.0036 0.0245 -0.0118 0.0069
17 0.9 0.0552 -0.0042 0.0064 0.0032 0.0228 -0.0105 0.0070
18
19
20 Table 8: Numerical values of regression coefficients and maximum relative errors in approximating
21 −1/2
N ux Rex
22
23
24
25
26
27
R
0.5
0.7
0.9
Nu
0.4304
0.5765
0.7225
e1
-1.4548E-06
-1.3579E-06
-1.2948E-06
re-
e2
-8.3282E-07
-8.5923E-07
-8.7911E-07
e3
8.1117E-08
6.6633E-08
1.1031E-07
e4
7.9042E-07
8.9752E-07
1.0087E-06
e5
-8.6870E-07
-9.5965E-07
-1.1166E-06
εN u
1.5936E-06
1.1530E-06
9.0231E-07

28
29 Table 9: Numerical values of regression coefficients and maximum relative errors in approximating
30 −1/2
Shx Rex
31
lP
32 m Sh g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9 εSh
33 0.1 1.4806 0.0078 -0.0086 -0.0067 0.0186 0.0104 -0.0343 -0.0282 0.0715 -0.0429 7.2289E-04
34 1 1.4807 0.0083 -0.0091 -0.0068 0.0198 0.0108 -0.0363 -0.0299 0.0758 -0.0455 7.3218E-04
35 2 1.4808 0.0087 -0.0095 -0.0069 0.0208 0.0112 -0.0379 -0.0313 0.0793 -0.0476 7.3963E-04
36
37
38
39
40
rna

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Jou

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61 22
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

100 100
1
2 10-2
3 10-2

of
4
10-4
5 10-4

Error G
Error F

6
10-6
7
10-6
8
10-8
9
10

pro
10-8
10-10
11
12
10-10 10-12
13 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
14 iterations iterations

15 (a) (b)
16
17
18 100 100
19
20
10-2 10-2
21
22
23 10-4
re- 10-4
Error Θ

Error Φ

24
25 10-6 10-6
26
27
28 10-8 10-8

29
30 10-10 10-10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
31
lP
iterations iterations
32
33 (c) (d)
34
Figure 2: Graphs of errors in (a) f (η), (b) g(η), (c) θ(η), (d) ϕ(η)
35
36
37
38 0.7 0.03
39 M=0.1 M=1
M=1 M=1.8
40 0.6
rna

0.025
M=3 M=2.4
41 0.5
42 0.02

43 0.4
0.015
44
g( η)
f'(η)

0.3
45 M=0.1, 1, 3 0.01
46 0.2

47 0.005 M=1, 1.8, 2.4 M=1, 1.8, 2.4

0.1
48
49 0 0

50
-0.1 -0.005
51 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
Jou

52 η η

53 (a) (b)
54
55 Figure 3: Characteristics of M toward (a) f ′ (η), (b) g(η)
56
57
58
59
60
61 23
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

0.9 0.045
1 β=0.2 β=0.18
0.8 β=0.25 0.04 β=0.25
2 β=0.34
β=0.34
3 0.035
0.7

of
4 0.6
0.03

5 0.025
6 0.5

g( η)
f'(η)

0.02
7 0.4
0.015
8
0.3 β=0.18, 0.25, 0.34
9 β=0.2, 0.25, 0.34 0.01

10 0.2 β=0.18, 0.25, 0.34

pro
0.005
β=0.2, 0.25, 0.34
11 0.1 0
12
0 -0.005
13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 5 10 15
η η
14
15 (a) (b)
16
′
17 Figure 4: Characteristics of β toward (a) f (η), (b) g(η)
18
19
20
0.7 0.03
21
m=0.1
22
23
24
25
26
0.6

0.5

0.4
m=0.1
re- g( η)

0.025

0.02

0.015
m=0.5
m=0.9
f'(η)

27 m=1
0.3 m=3 0.01
28
29 0.2 0.005
30
m=0.1, 0.5, 0.9
31
lP
0.1 0
32 m=0.1, 1, 3
33 0
0 5 10 15
-0.005
0 5 10 15
34 η η
35
(a) (b)
36
37 Figure 5: Characteristics of m toward (a) f ′ (η), (b) g(η)
38
39
40
rna

41 1 0.025
B=0.01 B=0.01
42 0.9 B=0.1 B=0.1
B=0.01, 0.1, 0.2
43 0.8
B=0.2 0.02 B=0.2

44
0.7
45 0.015

46 0.6
g( η)
f'(η)

47 0.5
B=0.01, 0.1, 0.2
0.01

48 0.4
49 0.005
0.3
50
0.2
51 0
Jou

52 0.1

53 0 -0.005
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 5 10 15
54 η η
55
56 (a) (b)
57 Figure 6: Characteristics of B toward (a) f ′ (η), (b) g(η)
58
59
60
61 24
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

1 0.03
1 D=-0.01 D=-0.01
0.9 D=-0.1 D=-0.1
2 D=-0.2
0.025
D=-0.2
3 0.8

of
D=-0.01, -0.1, -0.2
4 0.7 0.02

5 0.6
0.015
6

g( η)
f'(η)

0.5 D=-0.01, -0.1, -0.2

7 0.01
0.4
8
9 0.3 0.005
10

pro
0.2
11 0.1
0

12
0 -0.005
13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 5 10 15
14 η η

15 (a) (b)
16
′
17 Figure 7: Characteristics of D toward (a) f (η), (b) g(η)
18
19
20
0.7 0.03
21 Λ=0.1 Λ=-0.1
22
23
24
25
26
0.6

0.5

0.4
Λ=0.1, 0.3, 0.5
re- Λ=0.3
Λ=0.5
g( η)

0.025

0.02

0.015
Λ=0.1, 0.3, 0.5
Λ=0.3
Λ=0.5
f'(η)

0.3
27
0.01
28 0.2
29 0.005
30 0.1

31
lP
0 0
32
33 -0.1
0 5 10 15
-0.005
0 5 10 15
34 η η
35
(a) (b)
36
37 Figure 8: Characteristics of Λ toward (a) f ′ (η), (b) g(η)
38
39
40
rna

41 1 0.03
F=0.1 F=0.1
42 0.9 F=2 F=2
0.025
43 0.8
F=6 F=6

44 0.02
F=0.1, 2, 6
0.7
45
46 0.6
0.015
g( η)
f'(η)

47 0.5 F=0.1, 2, 6
48 0.4
0.01

49
0.3 0.005
50
0.2
51 0
Jou

52 0.1

53 0 -0.005
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 5 10 15
54 η η
55
56 (a) (b)
57 Figure 9: Characteristics of F toward (a) f ′ (η), (b) g(η)
58
59
60
61 25
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

0.9 0.07
1 Ec=0.01 Ec=0.01
0.8 Ec=0.1 Ec=0.2
2 Ec=0.25
0.06
Ec=0.4
3 0.7

of
0.05
4 0.6
5 0.04

6 0.5

g( η)
f'(η)

0.03
7 0.4
8 0.02
0.3
9
0.01
10 0.2

pro
Ec=0.01, 0.2, 0.4

11 0.1 Ec=0.01, 0.1, 0.25 0

12
0 -0.01
13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 5 10 15
14 η η

15 (a) (b)
16
′
17 Figure 10: Characteristics of Ec toward (a) f (η), (b) g(η)
18
19
20
1.2 1.2
21
M=1 m=0.1
22
23
24
25
26
1

0.8
re- M=2
M=3 1

0.8 m=0.1, 1, 3
m=1
m=3
θ (η)

θ (η)

0.6 0.6
27
28
M=1, 2, 3
29 0.4 0.4

30
31 0.2 0.2
lP
32
33 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
34 η η
35
(a) (b)
36
37 Figure 11: Temperature distribution versus (a) M, (b) m
38
39
40
rna

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Jou

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61 26
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

1.2 1.2
1 Nb=0.1
Nb=2
2 1 1 Nb=6
3

of
4 0.8 0.8
5
6 Nt=0.1
θ (η)

θ (η)
0.6 0.6
Nt=0.3
7 Nt=0.5
8
0.4 0.4
9 Nb=0.1, 2, 6
10

pro
0.2 0.2
11 Nt=0.1, 0.3, 0.5

12
0 0
13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
14 η η

15 (a) (b)
16
17 1.2 1.4
β=0.15 Ec=0.2
18 β=0.2 Ec=0.4
1.2
19 1 β=0.35 Ec=0.6

20 1
β=0.15, 0.2, 0.35
21 0.8

22
re- 0.8
θ (η)

θ (η)

23 0.6
24 0.6

25 0.4
0.4
26
27 0.2
0.2 Ec=0.2, 0.4, 0.6
28
29 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
30 η η
31
lP
32 (c) (d)
33
1.2 1.2
34 F=1
35 F=3
1 F=6 1
36
37
0.8 0.8
38
39 Λ=0.2
θ (η)

θ (η)

0.6 0.6
40
rna

Λ=0.4
Λ=0.6
41
0.4 0.4
42
43 F=1, 3, 6
0.2 0.2
44 Λ=0.2, 0.4, 0.6
45
46 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
47 η η
48 (e) (f)
49
50 Figure 12: Temperature distribution versus (a) N t, (b) N b, (c) β, (d) Ec, (e) F, (f ) Λ
51
Jou

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61 27
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

1
1 Pr=5
0.9 Pr=7
2 Pr=10
3 0.8

of
4 0.7
Pr=5, 7, 10
5 0.6
6

θ (η)
0.5
7
0.4
8
9 0.3

10

pro
0.2
11 0.1
12
0
13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
14 η

15 (a)
16
17 1 1
R=0.5 Bi 1 =0.7
18 0.9 R=1 0.9
Bi 1 =1.5
19 0.8
R=1.5
0.8 Bi 1 =5
20
0.7 0.7
21
22 0.6

re- 0.6
θ (η)

θ (η)

23 0.5 0.5
R=0.5, 1, 1.5
24 0.4 0.4
Bi 1 =0.7, 1.5, 5

25
0.3 0.3
26
0.2 0.2
27
28 0.1 0.1

29 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
30 η η
31
lP
32 (b) (c)
33 Figure 13: Temperature distribution versus (a) P r, (b) R, (c) Bi1
34
35
36
37 0.4 0.4
38 Nt=0.1 Nb=0.05
0.35 Nt=0.3 0.35 Nb=0.1
39 Nt=0.5 Nb=0.3
0.3
40
rna

0.3

41 0.25
0.25
42 0.2
0.2
43
φ(η)

φ(η)

0.15 Nt=0.1, 0.3, 0.5

44 0.15 Nb=0.05, 0.1, 0.3
0.1
45 0.1
46 0.05
0.05
47 0
Nt=0.1, 0.3, 0.5
48 -0.05 0
49 Nb=0.05, 0.1, 0.3
-0.1 -0.05
50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
η η
51
Jou

52 (a) (b)
53
54 Figure 14: Concentration distribution versus (a) N t, (b) N b
55
56
57
58
59
60
61 28
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

0.4 0.45
1 E=0.1 σr=2
0.35 E=0.5 0.4
2 E=1
σr=3

0.35 σr=6
3 0.3

of
4 0.25
0.3

5 0.25
6 0.2
φ(η)

φ(η)
0.2
7 0.15 σr =2, 3, 6
0.15
8
0.1
9 0.1

10 0.05

pro
0.05
11 0 E=0.1, 0.5, 1 0
12
-0.05 -0.05
13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
14 η η

15 (a) (b)
16
17 0.7 0.4
Bi 2 =0.5 Pr=4
18 0.35 Pr=5
0.6 Bi 2 =1.5
19 Bi 2 =6
Pr=7
0.3
20 0.5

21 0.25

22
0.4

re- 0.2
φ(η)

φ(η)

23 0.3
0.15
24
0.2
25 0.1
26 0.1 Pr=4, 5, 7
0.05
27
0
28 0
Bi 2 =0.5, 1.5, 6 Pr=4, 5, 7
29 -0.1 -0.05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
30 η η
31
lP
32 (c) (d)
33 Figure 15: Concentration distribution versus (a) E, (b) σr , (c) Bi2 , (d) P r
34
35
36
37 1.4 0.9
38 m=0.1 m=0.1
m=0.8 0.8 m=0.8
39 1.2
m=2 m=2
40
rna

0.7 m=0.1, 0.8, 2

1
41 0.6
m=0.1, 0.8, 2
42 m=0.1, 0.8, 2
0.8 0.5
43
NG (η)

Be(η)

m=0.1, 0.8, 2
44 0.6 0.4

45 0.3
46 0.4
0.2
47
0.2
48 0.1
49
0 0
50 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
η η
51
Jou

52 (a) (b)
53
54 Figure 16: Influence of m on (a) NG , (b) Be
55
56
57
58
59
60
61 29
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

1.5 0.9
1 Nt=0.1, 0.3, 0.6 Nt=0.1
Nt=0.1, 0.3, 0.6
Nt=0.1
Nt=0.3 0.8 Nt=0.3
2 Nt=0.6 Nt=0.6
3 0.7

of
4 1 0.6
5
6 0.5
NG (η)

Be(η)
7 0.4
Nt=0.1, 0.3, 0.6
8 Nt=0.1, 0.3, 0.6
0.5 0.3
9
10 0.2

pro
11 0.1
12
0 0
13 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
14 η η

15 (a) (b)
16
17 Figure 17: Influence of N t on (a) NG , (b) Be
18
19
20
1.2 1
21 Nb=2, 3, 4
Nb=0.2 Nb=2
22
23
24
25
26
1

0.8
Nb=0.2, 0.6, 1

re- Nb=0.6
Nb=1
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Nb=2, 3, 4
Nb=3
Nb=4
NG (η)

Be(η)

0.6 0.5
27 Nb=0.2, 0.6, 1
28 0.4

29 0.4
0.3
30 0.2
31 0.2
lP
0.1
32
33 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
34 η η
35
(a) (b)
36
37 Figure 18: Influence of N b on (a) NG , (b) Be
38
39
40
rna

41 1.5 1
Bi 1 =1 Bi 1 =2
42 0.9
Bi 1 =2 Bi 1 =3.5
43 Bi 1 =5 0.8 Bi 1 =8
44
0.7
45 1

46 0.6
NG (η)

Be(η)

Bi 1 =2, 3.5, 8
47 0.5

48 Bi 1 =1, 2, 5
0.4
49 0.5
0.3
50
0.2
51
Jou

52 0.1

53 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
54 η η
55
56 (a) (b)
57 Figure 19: Influence of Bi1 on (a) NG , (b) Be
58
59
60
61 30
62
63
64
65
 Journal Pre-proof

3.5 0.9
1 Bi 2 =1 Bi 2 =1, 3, 10 Bi 2 =1
0.8
2 3 Bi 2 =4 Bi 2 =3
Bi 2 =10 Bi 2 =10
3 0.7

of
4 2.5
0.6
5
2 0.5
6
NG (η)

Be(η)
7 1.5 0.4
8
0.3
9 1
10 0.2

pro
11 0.5
Bi 2 =1, 4, 10 0.1
12
0 0
13 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
14 η η

15 (a) (b)
16
17 Figure 20: Influence of Bi2 on (a) NG , (b) Be
18
19
20
1.4 0.9
21 E=2 E=0.1, 3, 6 E=0.1
22
23
24
25
26
1.2

0.8
E=2, 4, 6

re- E=4
E=6
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
E=3
E=6
NG (η)

Be(η)

27 0.4
0.6
28
E=0.1, 3, 6
29 0.4
0.3

30 E=2, 4, 6
0.2
31
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0.2
0.1
32
33 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
34 η η
35
(a) (b)
36
37 Figure 21: Influence of E on (a) NG , (b) Be
38
39
40 11 Conclusions
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41
42 The salient outcomes of the present quest are summarized below
43
44 • The parameters m and Ec boosts up the fluid velocity while the contrary trend of Λ on it is
45 visible. Fluid movement becomes feeble by augmenting first-order and second-order velocity slip
46 parameters.
47
48 • The strong magnetic field resists fluid movement but enlarges transverse velocity at the sheet’s
49 neighborhood. For the higher Casson parameter, the Casson fluid motion leads to rising near the
50 sheet and becomes decelerated after that.
51
• The parameters M, Ec, N t, N b, F, Λ, R, and Bi1 show their augmenting trend on tem-
Jou

52
53 perature. Besides, the temperature goes through a downfall under the increment of parameters.
54 m, β, and P r.
55
56 • The parameters σr follows diluting the nanoparticle concentration because of which the allied
57 boundary layer thickness leads to a decrement. The reverse occurrence arises due to activation
58 energy.
59
60
61 31
62
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• Enhancing the influence of the thermophoresis leads to decaying the nanoparticle concentration
1 profile closer to the sheet and exceedingly prolongs the concentration in the distant region. On the
2 contrary, Brownian motion and Prandtl number behave in the opposite pattern. The solutal Biot
3 number is responsible for enlarging nanoparticle concentration at the sheet’s proximity.

of
4
5 • N t, N b, and E display hostile trend to both NG and Be near the sheet and amplifies the distri-
6 bution of NG and Be far from the sheet. Bi1 favors the distribution of entropy generation.
7
• Using the regression analysis, it is discerned that Λ dominates the skin friction coefficient along
8
the x-direction more than F , while A affects the skin friction coefficient along the z-direction very
9
10 much. Besides, the variation in Brownian motion is more responsible for changing the reduced

pro
11 Sherwood number compared to thermophoresis and the unsteadiness effect as per the regression
12 analysis.
13 • As per the regression analysis, variation in N t or N b causes a minor perturbation in the reduced
14
Nusselt number.
15
16 • The performed regression analysis suggests that the maximum relative error for the regression
17 model corresponding to the reduced Nusselt number ranges from 0.000090231% to 0.00015936% .
18
19 • The maximum relative error for the regression model estimating the reduced Sherwood number is
20 uncovered as 0.072289% − 0.073963%.
21
• In approximating the skin friction coefficients in x and z-directions, the maximum relative errors
22
23
24
25
26
27
Acknowledgement
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are discerned as 0.33% − 0.34% and 0.67% − 0.70%, respectively.

R. Nandkeolyar gratefully acknowledges the financial support received from Science and Engineering Re-
search Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India vide File No. MTR/2021/000426.
28
29 Ms. Anindita Sahoo is thankful to the National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur, India
30 for providing the research fellowship.
31
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32 Conflicts of Interest
33
34 The authors have no conflicts to disclose.
35
36 Data Availibility
37
38 The manuscript has no associated data.
39
40
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Author Statement

Anindita Sahoo formulated the problem, performed numerical computations and

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wrote the final draft of the manuscript. Raj Nandkeolyar supervised the overall
work, read the manuscript and finally approved for submission.

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Conflict of Interest Statement

All the authors of the manuscript declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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