CONTENTS

Page
1. THE PROPERTIES OF GASES 1
Aim and Goal
1.1 Properties of Gases 1
1.1.1 General Characteristics of Gases 2
1.1.2 Parameters of a Gas 2
1.1.3 The Gas Law 3
1.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 6
1.2.1 Assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theory 6
1.2.2 Derivation of Kinetic Gas Equation 7
1.2.3 Kinetic Gas Equation in Terms of Kinetic Energy 10
1.2.4 Deduction of Gas Laws from the Kinetic Gas Equation 11
1.3 Distribution of Molecular Velocities 12
1.3.1 Different Kinds of Velocities 13
1.3.2 Relation between Average Velocity, RMS Velocity and
Most Probable Velocity 14
1.4 Specific Heat Ratio of Gases 17
1.4.1 Specific Heat at Constant Volume (Cv) 17
1.4.2 Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (Cp) 19
Exercises 20
References 22

2. THE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS 23

Aim and Goal
2.1 The General Properties 23
2.1.1 Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) 24
2.1.2 The Solution 28
2.1.3 Solution and its Concentration 31
2.2 Solutions of Solids in Solids 33
2.3 Solutions of Solids in Liquids 33
2.4 Solution of Gases in Gases 35
2.5 Solutions of Gases in Liquid 36
2.6 Solutions of Liquids in Liquids 38
2.7 Colligative Properties 41
2.7.1 Lowering of Vapour Pressure: RAOULT'S LAW 42
2.7.2 Elevation of Boiling Point 44
2.7.3 Freezing-Point Depression 46
2.7.4 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 49
2.8 Colligative Properties of Electrolytes 55
2.9 Concept of Activity and Activity Coefficient 56
2.10 Surface Tension 57
2.11 Viscosity 59
2.12 Refractive Index 61
Exercises 63
References 66
3. ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS II 67
Aim and Goal
3.1 Carboxylic Acids (Monocarboxylic Acids) 67

3.1.1 Sources of Carboxylic Acids 68

3.1.2 Nomenclature 68

3.1.3 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 69

3.1.4 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 71

3.1.5 Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 72

3.2 Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids 74

3.3 Esters 75

3.3.1 Sources of esters 75

3.3.2 Nomenclature 76

3.3.3 Preparation of esters 76

3.3.4 Physical properties of esters 77

3.3.5 Chemical properties of esters 78

3.4 Amines (Monoamine) 79

3.4.1 Structure and Bonding 80

3.4.2 Sources of Amines 80

3.4.3 Nomenclature 80

3.4.4 Preparation of Amines 81

3.4.5 Physical Properties of Amine 83

3.4.6 Reaction of Amines 84

3.5 Amides 86

3.5.1 Nomenclature 86

3.5.2 Preparation of Amides 86

3.5.3 Physical Properties of Amides 87

3.5.4 Chemical Properties of Amides 87

Exercises 89
References 92