DietCaries and

Healthy teeth.
Prepared By: Group C3.
Supervised By: Dr. Sara Alsakkaf.
 Index:
01- Interdiction. 02- Carbohydrates.
03-Lipids. 04- Protein.
05-Vitamins. 06-Minerals.
07-Water. 08- Cariogenic Diet.
09- Diet substitute.

Team Of This Presentation:

1- Ahmed Aref. 11- Anas Hassan.
2- Zaid Mohammed. 12- Ibrahim Abdul Malik.
3- Hisham Mohammed. 13- Shimaa Ahmed.
4- Mouath Mohammed. 14- Heba Hussein.
5- Zidane Adel. 15- Hayat Bader.
6- Farid Abdel Khaleq. 16- Dema Fahmy.
7- Mohammed Yahya. 17- Anoud Adnan.
8- Nasser Ali. 18- Bayan Jafar.
9- Wael Talal.
10-Hamdan Omar.

Supervised By: Dr. Sara Alsakkaf.

Diet – Group C

Diet Caries and Healthy Teeth

Food is a substance that a person eats or drinks, and after it has been digested into
simple substances, whether its source is artificial or natural, As for nutrition or diet
, it is the way in which the body obtains food, or the process of supplying the body
with important nutrients, and it causes malnutrition, whether it is a deficiency in
the intake of one of the elements or an excessive increase in its intake to a defect
in the functions of the body, and causes various diseases, The most important
elements that must be provided for the health of the body and teeth are
macronutrients and micronutrients, and they are divided into protein , fats,
carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and fiber.
Healthy food has a great role in rebuilding damaged cells in the human body,
which secures for any injuries before, and doctors advise patients with wounds,
foods that contain omega-3 and vitamin D. and other vitamins. Among the
therapeutic factors for the treatment of the causes of cancer, colon and blood,
antioxidants found in many causes of cancer.
Healthy food makes a person who has gained weight reach the ideal weight he
wants by losing a large amount of calories and the percentage of fat accumulated
inside the body. Healthy food is important for children from 1 to 15 years old
because these are the stages in which body parts are built until they are healthy. It
gives the skin radiance and clarity on the outer skin. Removes impurities that
disturb the blood. Doctors advise drinking 3 cups of green tea the body from
oxidation.
The relationship between oral and dental health and the health of the whole body is
undoubtedly a strong one and diseases of the teeth and gums are a reflection not
only on the organs of the body, through the transmission of infection to the
bloodstream, but also on:
 proper pronunciation
 Digestion Process
 facial aesthetics
 Gaining self-confidence
 The ability to build relationships.
As we mentioned, incorrect food causes dental diseases, for example, gum disease,
periodontal disease, and tooth decay, which is the most prevalent nutrition-related
problem.

Carbohydrates :
Carbohydrates are an important part of a balanced, healthy, diet, but they are also
one of the main culprits in tooth erosion and decay. Carbohydrates not only
nourish you, but also the cavity-causing bacteria that lurks in your mouth. The
bacterium thrives on the presence of carbohydrates, subsequently creating an acidic
environment in your mouth. The presence of this acid is dangerous to tooth
enamel, and can begin to erode your teeth.

Type of Carbohydrates :
 SUGARS: Dietary carbohydrates can be divided into simple sugars and
complex carbohydrates ,e.g., starches. Among the sugars, sucrose is a major
component of the modern diet of Western countries and, increasingly ,of
developing countries .Its consumption far exceeds that of other common
dietary sugars(glucose, fructose, lactose), and it appears also to be the most
frequently consumed sugar .Sucrose, upon entering dental plaque, can be
readily fermented by a wide variety of plaque bacteria to organic acids
which are responsible for caries formation. Sucrose is also unique among the
common dietary sugars by serving as a specific substrate for the bacterial
synthesis of extra- cellular polysaccharides(glucans) that have been
implicated in caries causation.
 STARCHES: Starches are also a major component of the human diet. Cereal
grains are often a primary source of calories, proteins, minerals, and
vitamins. In the Western diet, starches, particularly wheat, are found in a
wide variety of foods and constitute a high percentage of total dietary
carbohydrate.
 Aspects about starch caries issue:
1) hypo salivation.
2) root caries.
Dental decay depends directly on plaque bacteria
that metabolize fermentable carbohydrates: the acids
that are thus formed lead to the demineralization of
teeth. Each meal containing carbohydrates leads to
an acid attack. The demineralization process depends not only on the daily number
of acid attacks but also on their duration and intensity, which are related to the
quantity, physical status and composition of food. The frequency and typology of
snacks consumed out of conventional mealtimes, and in particular the content of
sugars and starch, are thus important factors. Recent extensive review of the
relationship between diet and dental diseases confirms the importance of the
frequency of consumption of sugars in the a etiology of caries : the intake of
extrinsic sugars beyond four times a day leads to an increased risk of dental caries.

Lipids :
Fats may have a protective effect on enamel, making it less susceptible to acid
attack by coating the teeth and increasing the buffering ability of saliva.
Lipids are hydrophobic organic compounds. These macromolecules include fatty
acids insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar organic solvents (acetone,
chloroform, benzene, toluene). Certain components of membranes perform
functions as energy-storage molecules and/or chemical messengers. Lipids may be
classified into five main categories: fatty acids, glycolipids, glycerophospholipids,
sphingolipids, saccharolipids , (together with 3 additional lipids that are not found
in mammalian mineralized tissues).
In mineralized tissues, lipids account as minor components. However, they are
present both in cellular membranes and in extracellular matrix. Lipids are
structural components of membrane, acting as energy storage molecules. Lipids
are also mineral-associated lipo- or phospho-proteins of enamel, dentin and
alveolar bone.
Phospholipids have been identified in enamel and dentin.
Before demineralization, a group of phospholipids extracted
by lipid solvents was associated with cell membranes and is
therefore closely related to cell growth and intracellular
regulations. After demineralization, a second group of
phospholipids, associated with the extracellular matrix, was
extracted; this group is probably linked to the mineralized
phase.
Oral mucosal and salivary lipids exhibit potent
antimicrobial activity for a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria;
however, little is known about their spectrum of antimicrobial activity or
mechanisms of action against oral bacteria.
lipids could add hydrophobic characteristics to the tooth surface hampering
bacterial colonization and eventually decreasing caries susceptibility. Also, a lipid-
enriched pellicle might be more resistant in case of acid exposure and could
therefore reduce the erosive mineral loss.

Protein :
Importance of protein for protect a teeth of caries and plaque:
Protein is an important part of a healthy diet. It keeps your body, muscles and
teeth included, strong and protects against wear and tear. Protein-rich foods like
meat, poultry, fish, milk and eggs are the best sources of phosphorus. Both of these
minerals play a critical role in dental health, by protecting and rebuilding tooth
enamel While red meat alone is not enough to protect your teeth, it can contribute
to protect teeth, red meat contains an amino acid called arginine. Arginine helps
the mouth break down bacterial biofilm, which can lead to dental plaque.
charged/polar amino acids (eg: Lys, Arg, Glu, Gln, Ser) and destitute of
hydrophobic residues (eg: Tyr, Trp, Phe, Leu, Ile)8. These IDP’s play a crucial role
in the biomineralization of tissues, including teeth and similar systems like bone
and mollusk shells.

Effects of increasing amount of animal protein :

Unpleasant odor of mouth after protein digestion because increase a nitrogen gas
and urea aced that cause drying of body and oral cavity. Taking large quantities of
animal proteins can rise ratio of lack calcium, increase bone flexibility and frailty
therefore can also affect on teeth and socket bone .However, consuming protein
drinks can increase your risk for tooth decay if proper precautions aren't taken.

Effects of protein deficiencies:

Vitamin and protein deficiencies can lead to delayed tooth eruption, poor tooth
formation, abnormal jawbone development, bleeding gums, and periodontal
disease, while excessive amounts of sugar and starch cause dental erosion and
cavities. Protein deficiency results in an increased susceptibility to dental caries,
suggesting that oral host-defense properties are compromised. An important
component of oral host defense is salivary gland function, which is affected by
both protein deficiency and diet consistency.
Important proteins that fund in composition of teeth:
1- In enamel:
enamel surface of the tooth is produced by specialized dental epithelial cells called
ameloblasts. Enamel is approximately 95% mineral and contains enamel specific
proteins including amelogenin, which comprises approximately 90% of total
enamel protein, enamelin and ameloblastin . Amelogenins regulate growth in
thickness and width of crystals when enamel
mineralization is ongoing, thereby preventing
crystals from fusing during their formation and
must be removed to permit subsequent enlarging
of crystals during maturation.
2-In dentin:
Dentin sialoprotein (DSP) is a specific protein in
the dentin. It is a product of secretory activity of
mature odontoblasts. It presents a reliable
phenotype marker of odontoblasts. Bone
sialoprotein may have a role in initiation of the
growth of hydroxyapatite crystals in the mineralized tissues.

Vitamins:
Vitamins it is essential organic molecules needed in very small amounts for
cellular metabolism
Deficiency of a vitamin occurs when:
1) vitamin is not consumed in sufficient amounts.
2) absorption is impaired or excess excretion occurs.

Vitamin A: Vitamin A is an essential nutrient needed in small amounts by humans

for the normal functioning of the visual system; growth, development and
maintenance of epithelial cel-lular integrity. Vitamin A also has an important role
in the development of teeth, especially in the formation of ameloblasts (in enamel)
and odontoblasts (in dentin).
Oral Manifestations :
1. Keratinising Metaplasia of epithelium(increased keratin formation)
2. Occlusion of salivary gland ducts with keratin.
3. Enamel hypoplasia .
4. Atypical dentin formation .
5. Epithelial invasion of connective tissues
6. Delayed eruption of teeth.

Vitamin D: Vitamin D helps your body to absorb calcium and should be taken
alongside foods that are high in calcium. A lack of Vitamin D can lead to burning
mouth syndrome, which includes a bitter, metallic taste and dryness in your mouth.
Oral manifestation:
1- Teeth developmental abnormalities of dentine & enamel.
2- Caries – higher risk of caries.
3- Enamel – there may be hypoplasia of enamel, may be mottled, yellow gray in
color.
4- Pulp high pulp horns, large pulp chamber, delayed closure of root apices.

Vitamin E : Vitamin E can help to control periodontal disease is through its ability
to prevent inflammation.
Oral manifestation:
1- Loss of pigmentation
2-Atrophic degenerative changes in enamel.
3-Derangement of ameloblasts.

Vitamin B3: Healthy amounts of Vitamin B3,

or niacin, helps prevent canker sores and bad
breath.
Oral manifestation:
1-Burning tongue .
2-Senstive OMM .
3-Loss of taste.

Vitamin B12: Consuming Vitamin B12 can reduce your risk of developing canker
sores, which is a painful open sore that develops in your mouth.
Oral Manifestations:
1-Sore painful tongue.
2-glossitis and glossodynia Beefy red tongue Small shallow ulcers with atrophy of
papillae with a loss of normal muscle tone, called as Hunter's glossitis.

Vitamin C: Vitamin C is important for building and repairing connective tissues in

your body. This is crucial in preventing inflammation and other conditions
associated with your gums. Vitamin C also helps speed up your body's
regeneration and healing.
Oral manifestations:
1-Pathognomic signs swollen and spongy papillae,
2-particularly interdental papillae producing scu rvy buds.
3-In severe cases haemorrhages to periodontal membranes followed by loose teeth.
Mineral:
Mineral are inorganic substances needed in small
amounts by all cells for normal functioning.

Calcium: Your teeth and jaw are mostly made out of

calcium so consuming calcium on a regular basis helps
keep your teeth enamel and jaw strong and healthy.
Consuming too little of calcium can put you at risk of
gum disease and tooth decay.

Iron: Consuming too little of iron can cause tongue

inflammation or mouth sores. The main role of iron is to
transport oxygen throughout your body so a lack of iron
can also contribute to infections and bacteria build up in
the mouth due to lack of oxygen flow in your body.

Zinc: Zinc helps to prevent the growth of bacteria and the build-up of plaque along
your gum line.

Magnesium: Magnesium helps to build strong enamel for your teeth and helps
prevent the formation of cavities.

Phosphorus: is another mineral that helps you make the most out of your calcium
consumption. It plays a supportive role in strengthening bones and teeth.

Potassium : it's a mineral that helps boost bone mineral density in a similar manner
to Vitamin D. In other words, your bones require healthy doses of potassium for
strength and structure.

Fluoride : The most function of fluorine is a prevention of tooth caries. As a result

of the changes created by this function dental structure, the resistance of enamel
increases. In addition, it prevents the proliferation of bacteria in dental plaque. It
also accelerates remineralization.

Copper : Copper concentration is found to be higher compared to the enamel of

healthy and primary teeth than the enamel of decayed teeth.
Water:
Drinking water helps to keep your mouth clean. As well as rinsing away food.
Water consumption decreases the risk of dry mouth. When saliva levels are low,
bad breath can be the embarassing result. Water can substitue saliva when these
supplies are low.

Water consumption decreases the risk of dry mouth. When saliva levels are low,
bad breath can be the embarassing result. Water can substitue saliva when these
supplies are low

Cariogenic Diet:
producing or promoting the development of tooth decay cariogenic foods. When
your teeth develop caries (cavities), it means you have oral bacterial colonies living
on the surface of your teeth and gums .So why does plaque develop and
accumulate on your teeth and gums? Usually, it is a result of frequent snacking on
sugary and starchy food. Oral bacteria in plaque thrive on a continuous supply of
sticky sugary and starchy food residue trapped in your teeth. As a result, the plaque
thickens, and bacterial fermentation creates acid – which demineralizes and
dissolves your tooth enamel.

Frequent snacking increases the frequency and duration of high acid levels directly
on your tooth surfaces. So much so that your saliva doesn’t have a chance to
neutralize the acid, and remineralizer your tooth enamel. By the time you brush
your teeth before bed, the damage has already been done. Once your tooth enamel
is gone, you open the door to a whole host of nastier pathogenic oral bacteria.
These new bacterial colonies penetrate through your teeth resulting in more decay,
larger cavities and eventually, tooth loss and gum disease. But not all foods
promote the formation of plaque and acids. There are foods that oral bacteria
cannot feed on. There are also foods that can help strengthen your tooth enamel.
Some foods even help clean and protect your teeth.
The worst: Cariogenic foods.
Cariogenic foods have the most potential to cause caries. They are high in refined
carbohydrates such as both sugars and starches, which promote the development of
plaque and the creation of acid. Cariogenic foods include: sweet pastries, chips,
cookies, crackers, white bread, sweetened cereals, cakes, confectionary, sweetened
muesli bars, dried fruits, ice cream, flavored milk, sweet yoghurt, beer and any
sugary beverages. Follow any consumption by rinsing your mouth with water
immediately.
The not-so-bad: Low cariogenic foods.
Low cariogenic foods are unrefined carbohydrates with no added sugar. Their
higher fiber content can help remove plaque – but they still have the potential to
cause caries without a good oral health care routine. Low cariogenic foods include:
white bread with chocolate and sweet spreads and whole grains, whole wheat
bread, tortillas, whole meal pasta, cooked starchy vegetables (such as corn,
potatoes, yams, peas, carrots, beans), acidic fruits (such as mango and berries),
soup and meat or cheese sandwiches.

Neutral: Cario-static foods.

Cario-static foods are not a food source for bacteria.
Since bacterial fermentation does not occur, no harmful
acids are produced that can demineralize your tooth
enamel. Cario-static foods include: red meat, pork, fish,
chicken, eggs, raw high-fiber vegetables (such as celery,
broccoli, lettuce, spinach, cucumber and kale), nuts,
popcorn and non-acidic artificial sweeteners.

The protectors: Anti-cariogenic foods.

Anti-cariogenic foods do not contribute to any acid formation in the oral cavity. On
top of that, if eaten first, they can help buffer your tooth enamel against the effects
of eating cariogenic foods. The top anti-cariogenic foods/drinks of this type are
plain milk and cheese (such as Swiss and aged Cheddar).

Which carbohydrates are cariogenic?

Sucrose is considered the most cariogenic dietary carbohydrate, because it is
fermentable, and also serves as a substrate for the synthesis of extracellular (EPS)
and intracellular (IPS) polysaccharides in dental plaque.

Diet substitute:
sugar considered as main cause of dental caries , decay , and erosion. So we make
some dental substitutes to control of dental caries .

When we evaluating a non sugar sweetener in relation to dental caries , it is

important to consider the potential for metabolism by oral M.O. and dental plaque
simple steps to mitigating the damage carbs:
Since it’s nearly impossible to remove carbs from your diet altogether, here are
some simple steps to mitigating the damage carbs can do to your teeth and enamel:
  Eat the right carbs. Avoid eating sticky carbs that cling to your teeth. When
food sticks to your teeth, it provides a constant source of nourishment to the
bacteria in your mouth.
 Keep a clean mouth. If end up eating sticky carbs, rinse and floss your teeth
after a meal. This should dislodge any bacteria-inducing food particles
leftover in your mouth. Stick to flossing and rinsing directly after eating,
brushing your teeth after a meal can cause unwanted damage to enamel.
 Don’t add unneeded acid. Try avoiding extremely acidic foods like
carbonated beverages, citrus, and grains. By reducing your intake of high-
acid foods, your overall oral health will improve.
 Reduce the general acidity of your mouth. Should you end up eating
Chewing gum after a meal stimulates the production of saliva. Increased
saliva production helps neutralize the acidity level in your mouth, and keeps
teeth and enamel safe.
 Eat the carbs in one go. Have your carbs as a part of a meal instead of
snacking on them throughout the day. This strategy limits your mouth’s
exposure to the dangers of carbohydrates and reduces the need for additional
rinsing and flossing sessions during your daily schedule.

Some awesome things about sugar substitutes:

 They have few or no calories .
 They do not cause a rise in blood sugar like regular sugar.
 Some — but not all — sugar substitutes do not cause tooth decay
or cavities.

Best sugar substitutes:

 Xylitol is a natural substance found in fibrous vegetables and fruits,
corncobs, and various hardwood trees, like birch. Xylitol has 40 percent
fewer calories than sugar, and it helps restore PH balance in the mouth.
Xylitol can reverse destructive damage done by sugar in the mouth, enhance
mineralization of the enamel, and stabilize cavities. Chewing sugarless gum
containing xylitol has been shown to prevent dental decay, as has eating
xylitol candies.
 Stevia is a plant with sweet compounds in its leaves. This virtually zero-
calorie sweetener has been shown to lessen the formation of plaque and,
thus, prevent tooth decay.
 Erythritol, a polyol (sugar alcohol), is currently used as a bulk sweetener in
reduced calorie foods. It occurs naturally in fruits such as pears, melons, and
grapes, as well as foods such as mushrooms and fermentation-derived foods
such as wine, soy sauce, and cheese. This sugar
substitute has zero calories and does not cause tooth
decay. The American Dental Association has
recognized his sweetener , and the FDA has
approved the use of a ―does not promote tooth
decay‖ health claim in labeling for sugar-free foods
that contain erythritol or other polyols.
THE END.