SEM 1 CC 1 Nyaya Sammata Pratyaksha Er Lakshan

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eÉ¡upÇja fËaÉ−rl mrZ

Bjl¡ p¡d¡lZi¡−h S¡¢e, −k ‘¡e pl¡p¢l BqlZ Ll¡ qu


AbÑ¡v Qr¥l¡¢c h¢q¢l¢¾cÊu J je e¡jL A¿¹¢l¢¾cÊ−ul p¡q¡−kÉ
Efm¢ì L¢l a¡ qm fËaÉr ‘¡ez HC ‘¡−el SeÉ C¢¾cÊ−ul
pw−k¡N qJu¡ clL¡lz AhnÉ BaÈ¡l p−‰ je, j−el p−‰
C¢¾cÊ−ul J C¢¾cÊ−ul p−‰ ¢ho−ul pw−k¡N q−m a−hC fËaÉr
‘¡e Evfæ quz
eÉ¡u p§œL¡l jq¢oÑ −N±aj ay¡l eÉ¡up§œ NË−¿Û fËaÉ−rl mrZ
¢c−a ¢N−u h−me, "C¢¾cÊu¡bÑ p¢æL−oÑ¡vfæw‘¡ew AhÉf−cnÉjÚ
AhÉ¢iQ¡l£ hÉhp¡u¡aÈLw fËaÉrjÚ' AbÑ¡v C¢¾cÊu AbÑ h¡
¢ho−ul p¢æLoÑ h¡ pðå −b−L −k AhÉ¡f−cnÉ (An¡¢ëL),
AhÉ¢iQ¡l£ (¢exp¢¾c‡ h¡ Aï¡¿¹) Hhw hÉhp¡u¡aÈL(‘¡e¡aÈL)
AbÑ¡v p¤¤¢e¢ÕQa ‘¡e SeÈ¡u a¡−L fËaÉr h−mz
a¡C Aæwi– ay¡l aLÑpwNËq NË−¿Û fËaÉr ‘¡−el mrZ
¢c−a ¢N−u h−me, "C¢¾cÊu¡bÑp¢æLoÑSeÉw ‘¡ew fËaÉrjÚ' -
AbÑ¡v C¢¾cÊu Hhw AbÑ h¡ ¢ho−ul p¢æL−oÑl g−m −k ‘¡e
Evfæ qu, a¡−L fËaÉr ‘¡e h−mz HM¡−e "C¢¾cÊu' hm−a
Qr¥l¡¢c hq¢l¢¾cÊu J je e¡jL A¿¹¢l¢¾cÊu−L −h¡T¡−e¡
q−u−Rz "AbÑ' hm−a Eš² C¢¾cÊu pj§−ql à¡l¡ fËaÉr−k¡NÉ −k
−L¡e ¢hou−L −h¡T¡−e¡ quz HC ph C¢¾cÊu Hhw fËaÉr−k¡NÉ
¢ho−ul p¢qa pw−k¡N¡¢c p¢æL−oÑl p¡q¡−kÉ Evfæ ‘¡e qm
fËaÉr ‘¡ez −kje "OV' HL¢V ¢hou, a¡l p−‰ Qr¥¢l¢¾cÊ−ul
pw−k¡N, Qr¥l p−‰ je, j−el p−‰ BaÈ¡l pw−k¡N q−m
O−Vl fËaÉr ‘¡e Evfæ qu Hhw a¡ fËL¡n Ll¡ qu, "HC
OV¢V−L B¢j S¡¢e' h¡ "Bj¡l HC O−Vl ‘¡e B−R'z
fËaÉ−rl HC mr−Zl ¢hl¦−Ü HL¢V Bf¢š Hl©f q−a f¡−l
−k, HC ¢hnÄ SN−al pLm fc¡bÑ pð−å DnÄ−ll ‘¡e l−u−R,
AbQ DnÄ−ll −L¡e C¢¾cÊu ü£L¡l Ll¡ qu e¡z L¡lZ DnÄ−ll
C¢¾cÊu ü£L¡l Ll−m ¢a¢e pp£j q−u k¡−he, ¢L¿¹¥ DnÄl Ap£jz
a¡q−m Eš² fËaÉ−rl mrZ k¢c ü£L¡l Ll¡ qu a¡q−m DnÄ−ll
fËaÉ−r mrZ¢V fË−k¡SÉ e¡ qJu¡u mr−Z AhÉ¡¢ç q−hz
Eš−l hm¡ k¡u, NË¿ÛL¡l A¢eaÉ ‘¡e AbÑ¡v −k ‘¡e
Evfæ qu −pC ‘¡−el fË¢a mrÉ −l−M Il©f mrZ L−l−Rez
p¤¤al¡w DnÄ−ll ‘¡e fËaÉr q−mJ, a¡l mrZ H−r−œ
NË¿ÛL¡−ll Ae¢i−fËaz Bj¡−cl j−a¡ A¢eaÉ S£−hl fËaÉ−r
mrZ¢V fË−k¡SÉ −q¡L, H¢VC A¢i−fËaz a¡C mr−Z Bl −L¡e
−c¡o q−h e¡z
M) fËaÉr ‘¡e ¢à¢hdz ¢e¢hÑLÒfL J p¢hLÒfLz HM¡−e
"¢hLÒf' n−ël AbÑ qm ¢h−noZz −L¡e hÙ¹¥−L k¡ ¢h−n¢oa
L−l, a¡C qm ¢hLÒf h¡ ¢h−noZz −k ‘¡−e −L¡e ¢hLÒf h¡
¢h−noZ b¡−L e¡ AbÑ¡v −k ‘¡e ¢e−Sl ¢hou£i¨a fc¡−bÑl
−L¡e ¢h−no−Zl pðå−L e¡ h¤¢T−u −Lhmj¡œ I I fc¡−bÑl
ül©f−L −h¡T¡u h¡ ¢h−noZ h¢SÑa hÙ¹¥l ‘¡e SeÈ¡u a¡−L
¢e¢hÑLÒfL fËaÉr ‘¡e h−mz
aLÑpwNËq NË−¿Û hm¡ q−u−R, "¢e×fËL¡lLw ‘¡ew ¢e¢hÑLÒfLjÚ'
AbÑ¡v fËL¡l ¢hk¤š² ‘¡e qm ¢e¢hÑLÒfL ‘¡ez fËL¡l n−ël
AbÑ qm ¢h−noZ h¡ ¢ho−ul −pC Awn k¡ ¢h−noÉ h¡ hÙ¹¥−L
¢h−n¢oa L−l h¡ AeÉ −L¡e ¢hou −b−L fªbL L−lz
AeÉi¡−h hm¡ k¡u, HL hÙ¹¥ −b−L AeÉ hÙ¹¥ −k fªbL a¡
−h¡T¡ k¡−h HC fËL¡l h¡ ¢h−no−Zl à¡l¡z −kje OV e¡jL
¢h−noÉ(hÙ¹l¥ )-l ¢h−noZ h¡ fËL¡l qm "OVaÆ'z p¤¤al¡w
¢e×fËL¡lL ‘¡e qm −pC ‘¡e −kM¡−e ¢hou hÙ¹¥l −L¡e
¢h¢nøa¡ fËL¡¢na qu e¡ h¡ −k ‘¡e fËL¡l h¡ ¢h−noZ−L
¢hou L−l e¡z
−kje, B¢j −Q¡M −j−m HL¢V OV −cMm¡j, HC A¢h¢nø h¡
fËL¡lq£e O−Vl ‘¡e qm ¢e¢hÑLÒfL ‘¡ez c£¢fL¡V£L¡u HC
pÇf−LÑ hm¡ q−u−R, "¢h−noZ-¢h−noÉ pðå¡ehN¡¢q ‘¡ew
¢e¢hÑLÒfLjÚ' AbÑ¡v ¢e×fËL¡lL ‘¡−el ¢hou¡w−n −L¡e
¢h−noÉ ¢h−noZ pðå b¡−L e¡ Abh¡ hm¡ k¡u ¢e¢hÑLÒfL
‘¡e¢V ¢h−no−Zl p¢qa k¤š² −L¡e ¢h−noÉl©−f fËL¡¢na qu
e¡z p¤¤al¡w hm¡ k¡u, ¢e¢hÑLÒfL ‘¡−el ¢ae¢V °h¢nøÉ -
¢h−noÉ k¡l ¢hou qu e¡, ¢h−noZ k¡l ¢hou qu e¡ Hhw
Ei−ul pðå k¡l ¢hou qu e¡z
Bh¡l −LE −LE HC fËp−‰ h−me, "h¡mj§L¡¢cpcªnw ‘¡ew
¢e¢hÑLÒfLjÚ' HM¡−e A¢ifË¡u HC −k, h¡m−Ll hÙ¹¥l e¡j e¡
S¡e¡l SeÉ Hhw j§L hÉ¢š²l h¡LÚn¢š²q£ea¡l SeÉ Ei−ul
‘¡e −kje në à¡l¡ fËL¡n−k¡NÉ qu e¡, −aj¢e ¢h−noZ
h¢SÑa hÙ¹¥¢Vl −h¡dL Efk¤š² HL¢VJ në e¡ b¡L¡u
¢e¢hÑLÒfL ‘¡eJ fËL¡n−k¡NÉ qu e¡z a¡C HC ‘¡−el kb¡bÑ
−L¡e cªø¡¿¹ −cJu¡ k¡u e¡z
p¢hLÒfL fËaÉr x ¢hL−Òfl p¢qa haÑj¡e −k ‘¡e AbÑ¡v
−k ‘¡−e ¢hLÒf h¡ ¢h−noZ ¢houl©−f fËL¡¢na qu, a¡−L
p¢hLÒfL fËaÉr h−mz Aæwi– HC fËp−‰ h−me,
"pfËL¡lLw ‘¡ew p¢hLÒfLjÚ' - AbÑ¡v fËL¡l h¡ ¢h−noZ
¢h¢nø hÙ¹¥l ‘¡e qm p¢hLÒfL ‘¡ez HM¡−e ¢h−noZ në
à¡l¡ e¡j, S¡¢a, …Z, ¢œ²u¡−L −h¡T¡−e¡ q−u−Rz
a¡Ca c£¢fL¡V£L¡−a hm¡ q−u−R - "e¡jS¡aÉ¡¢c¢h−noZ¢h−noÉ
pðå¡hN¡¢q ‘¡ew p¢hLÒfLjÚ' - AbÑ¡v e¡j, S¡¢a fËi«¢a
¢h−no−Zl p−‰ ¢h−n−oÉl pð−ål −h¡d qu −k ‘¡−e a¡−L
p¢hLÒfL fËaÉr h−mz −kje ¢X› AujÚ, hË¡þZx AujÚ ,
nÉ¡jx AujÚ CaÉ¡¢c CaÉ¡¢cz HM¡−e ¢X› HL¢V e¡j, hË¡þZ
HL¢V S¡¢a, nÉ¡j HL¢V …Z CaÉ¡¢cz e¡j, S¡¢a, …Z
¢h−noZl©−f −pC −pC ¢h−n−oÉl p¢qa pðå¢h¢nø q−u ‘¡−el
¢hou q−u−Rz a¡C H…¢m p¢hLÒfL ‘¡−el Ec¡qlZz
N) HMe fËnÀ qm ¢e¢hÑLÒfL fËaÉr ü£L¡l Llh −Le ?
−k ‘¡−e ¢h−noZ ¢hou qu e¡, Bh¡l ¢h−noZ h¢SÑa kMe
−L¡e hÙ¹¥l ‘¡e q−a f¡−l e¡ h¡ ‘¡e j¡œC kMe ¢h−noZ
¢h¢nø hÙ¹¥ ¢houLC qu, aMe ¢e¢hÑLÒfL fËaÉr ü£L¡−ll
fË−u¡Se£ua¡ −L¡b¡u ? Bl fËj¡ZC h¡ ¢L ?
Eš−l hm¡ k¡u, ¢e¢hÑLÒfL ‘¡e qm fËL¡l h¡
¢h−noZ h¢SÑa hÙ¹¥l ül©f j¡−œl f¢lQ¡uLz Qr¥ fËi«¢a
C¢¾cÊ−ul p¢qa OV¡¢c ¢ho−ul p¢æLoÑj¡œ −k ‘¡e Evfæ
qu, a¡C ¢e¢hÑLÒfL ‘¡e h¡ ¢e¢hÑLÒfL fËaÉrz flr−Z
HC ‘¡e ¢h−noZk¤š² q−u p¢hLÒfL ‘¡e ¢q−p−h fË¢ai¡a
quz pqS Lb¡u hm¡ k¡u, HC p¢hLÒfL fËaÉr−L −h¡T¡l
SeÉC ¢e¢hÑLÒfL fËaÉr ü£L¡l Ll−a quz
Bh¡l p¢hLÒfL fËaÉr Ae¤hÉhp¡u h¡ j¡ep fËaÉr¢pÜz
Bl ¢e¢hÑLÒfL fËaÉ−rl fËj¡Z ¢q−p−h c£¢fL¡V£L¡−a
Aæwi– h−m−Re, "−N±¢l¢a ¢h¢nø‘¡ew ¢h−noZ‘¡eSeÉw
¢h¢nø‘¡eaÆ¡v c䣢a ‘¡ehv' - AbÑ¡v "−N¡l¦' HC
¢h¢nø‘¡e¢V ¢h−noZ ‘¡eS¡a - −Lee¡ H¢V HL¢V
¢h¢nø‘¡e, −kje cä£ CaÉ¡¢c ‘¡ez cä£ AbÑ¡v c™d¡l£
HC ¢ho−ul ‘¡e q−a −N−m f§−hÑ c−™l ‘¡e qJu¡
fË−u¡Sez hš²hÉ HC −k, −N¡l¦ qm −N¡aÆ ¢h¢nø hÙ¹¥z
−N¡aÆ HC ¢h−no−Zl ‘¡e q−m acÚ ¢h¢nø hÙ¹¥ −N¡l¦l ‘¡e
quz HM¡−e −N¡l¦ qm p¢hLÒfL ‘¡e Hhw −N¡aÆ qm
¢e¢hÑLÒfL ‘¡ez HC −N¡aÆl©f ¢h−noZ ‘¡e−L p¢hLÒfL
h−m A¢i¢qa Ll¡ k¡−h e¡z −Lee¡, a¡l SeÉ −N¡aÆaÆ l©f
¢h−no−Zl ‘¡−el fË−u¡Se q−h Hhw HCi¡−h Qm−a b¡L−m
AehÙÛ¡ −c¡o −cM¡ −c−hz p¤¤al¡w HC −c¡o ¢eh¡l−Zl SeÉ
¢h−no−Zl ‘¡e−L ¢e¢hÑLÒfL ‘¡e ¢q−p−hC ü£L¡l Ll−a
q−hz
AdÉ¡fL ¢h−hL¡e¾c p¡E
cnÑe ¢hi¡N
¢hcÉ¡eNl L−mS

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