Hume

¢qEj

¢qE−jl j−a j¤âZ J d¡lZ¡l j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ ¢L ?

¢qE−jl j−a C¢¾cÊuS h¡ j¤âZ q−µR j§m fËaÉr ¢hou Hhw d¡lZ¡ q−µR a¡l fË¢a¢m¢f h¡
eLm z j¤âZ q−µR pS£h J Øfø ¢L¿¹¥ d¡lZ¡ qm j¤â−Zl r£Z J AØfø eLm zC¢¾cÊuS h¡
j¤âZ , pS£h J Øfø ¢L¿¹¥ d¡lZ¡ qm C¢¾cÊu−Sl r£Z J AØfø eLm z C¢¾cÊuS, d¡lZ¡l
f§hN¡j£ k¢c J −L¡e −L¡e −r−œd¡lZ¡l JC¢¾cÊuS qu zpLm fËL¡l pw−hce, L¡je¡ J
B−hN kMe Bj¡−cl j−e n¢š² J a£hËa¡ ¢e−u fËbj fË−hn L−l , aMe a¡−L h−m
C¢¾cÊuS, Bl C¢¾cÊuS pÇf−LÑ kMe Bjl¡ ¢Q¿¹¡ L¢l - aMe a¡ q−µR d¡lZ¡ z C¢¾cÊuS
qµRA¢i‘a¡l p¡r¡v Ef¡š , ¢L¿¹¥ d¡lZ¡ q−µR f−l¡r Ef¡c¡e z pw−hcej§mL C¢¾cÊuS
A‘¡a L¡lZ −b−L B−p - a¡ ¢qEj LMeJ LM−e¡ h−m−Rez ¢L¿¹¥ d¡lZ¡l L¡lZ q−µR
C¢¾cÊuS z a¡R¡s¡ fË−aÉL¢V plm d¡lZ¡l Ae¤l©f C¢¾cÊuS b¡L−hCz

h¡Ù¹h OVe¡ pwœ²¡¿¹ ‘¡e ¢L ?

A¢iæa¡ h¡ a¡c¡−aÈl pðå , ÙÛ¡e J L¡mNa pðå Hhw L¡kÑLlZ pðå - HC ¢ae fËL¡l
c¡nÑ¢ZL pðå h¡Ù¹h OVe¡ ¢houL ‘¡−el p−‰ k¤š² z d¡lZ¡l pðå ¢houL ‘¡−el −r−œ
−kM¡−e pðå…¢m Af¢lhaÑe£u, h¡Ù¹h OVe¡ ¢houL ‘¡−el −r−œ HC pðå…¢m f¢lhaÑ−el
Lb¡ ¢Q¿¹¡ Ll¡ u¡k z H−r−œ h¡Ù¹h f¢lhaÑe e¡ O¢V−uJ , pð−ål f¢lhaÑe OV¡−e¡ pñh z
d¡le¡l pðå ¢houL ‘¡e −kje ¢e¢ÕQ¿¹ Abh¡ üax¢pÜ ,h¡Ù¹h OVe¡ ¢houL ‘¡e, −pl©f
¢e¢ÕQa eu ,hlw pñ¡hÉ z h¡Ù¹h OVe¡ ¢houL hQ−el paÉa¡ A¢i‘a¡ ¢eiÑl h¡ flap¡dÉ z
HC fËL¡l ‘¡e pw−nÔoL hQ−e fËL¡¢na qu Hhw ¢hfl£a hQe ¢Q¿¹¡ Ll¡ ü-¢h−l¡d£ qu e¡
- "p§kÑ BN¡j£L¡m f§hÑ ¢c−L EW−h ' - HC h¡Ù¹h OVe¡ pwœ²¿¹ hQ−el ¢hfl£a hQe ' p§kÑ
BN¡j£L¡m f§hÑ ¢c−L EW−h e¡ ' - Hl©f ¢Q¿¹¡ Ll¡ k¡u z

¢Li¡−h ¢qEj BaÈ¡l A¢iæa¡l pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡−e p−Qø q−u−Re ?

¢qE−jl j−a BaÈ¡l A¢iæa¡l d¡le¡u ¢hnÄ¡p¢V LÒfe¡S¡a z p¤¤M ,c¤xM fËi«¢a pw−hce J
d¡lZ¡pj§q p¡cªnÉ , pq - AhÙÛ¡e J L¡kÑL¡l−Zl ¢eu−jl à¡l¡ Ae¤o‰hÜ qu z f§hÑ-
A¢i‘a¡l h¡ fËaÉ−Zl fË¢al©f…¢ml f¤el©−âL O¢V−u Øj«¢a −p…¢mH j−dÉ p¡cª−nÉl pðå
ÙÛ¡fe L−l z HC Øj«¢al SeÉC j¡e¢pL fËaÉrZ…¢ml fË¢al©f…¢ml j−dÉ f¡lØfkÑ l©f
L¡kÑL¡lZ pðå ¢ho−u Bjl¡ p−Qae qC Hhw L¡Òfe¡l p¡q¡−kÉ A¢iæb¡l d¡lZ¡−L ¢h¢µRæ
j¡e¢pL fËaÉrZ…¢ml −r−œ fË−u¡N L−l b¡¢L z HCSeÉ Øj«¢a−LC hÉ¢š² A¢iæa¡l d¡lZ¡l
fËd¡e Evp hm¡ qu z

L¡kÑL¡lZ pð−å ¢qE−jl ja

L¡kÑL¡lZ pð−å ¢qE−jl ja−L paa-pw−k¡Nh¡c(Constant conjunction theory) Abh¡

¢eua f¡lØf−kÑl (Regularity theory)jah¡c hm¡ qu z ¢qE−jl ja L¡lZ J L¡kÑ qm
f§hÑN¡j£ Hhw Ae¤N¡j£- c¤¢V OVe¡l paa pw−k¡N zc¤¢V OVe¡ flfl, h¡lwh¡l OV−R- Hl©f
A¢i‘a¡l ¢i¢š−a ¢eua f§hÑN¡j£ OVe¡−L, Ae¤N¡j£ OVe¡l ¢LlZ hm¡ qu z HCSeÉ L¡l−Zl
−k±¢š²L pw‘¡u ¢qEj h−m−Re- L¡lZ q−µR HL¢V hÙ k¡−L Afl hÙ¹¥ A¢eNje L−l, Hhw
fËbj¢Vl pcªn pLm hÙ¹¥−L ¢àa£u¢Vl pcªn pLm hÙ¹¥−L Ae¤Nje L−l z

A¢eh¡kÑ L¡lZ hm−a ¢a¢e ¢L h¤¢T−u−Re ?

A¢eh¡kÑ L¡l−Zl d¡le¡l hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ll−a ¢N−u ¢a¢e h−m−Re - −k c¤¢V OVe¡l (f§hÑN¡j£ J
Ae¤N¡j£) ¢eua pw−k¡N −c−M Ae¤o−‰l ¢eu−jl à¡l¡ HC c¤¢V OVe¡−L pwk¤š² Ll¡l g−m
f§hÑN¡j£ OVe¡l Lb¡−L ¢Q¿¹¡ Ll−m , Ae¤N¡j£ OVe¡¢V−L Bjl¡ fËaÉ¡n¡ L¢l z HC
fËaÉ¡n¡l©f j¡e¢pL pwú¡l h¡ AiÉ¡p −b−LC A¢eh¡kÑ pw−k¡−Nl d¡le¡ Evfæ qu z p¤¤al¡w
¢qEj L¡lZ J L¡k−Ñl j−dÉ −k±¢š²L A−bÑ hÙ¹¥Na i¡−h A¢eh¡kÑ pÇfLÑ ü£L¡l e¡ Ll−mJ
jeÙ¹¡¢šÄL A¢eh¡kÑ pÇfLÑ ü£L¡l L−le z
¢qEj ¢L pwnuh¡c£ ?

¢qEj−L pwnuh¡c£ hm¡ k¡u L¡lZ ¢qEj j−e L−le −k j¡e¤o a¡l −h¡dn¢š²l à¡l¡ hÙ¹¥l
fËL«a ül©f−L S¡e¡−a f¡−l e¡ z BaÈ¡ SsSNv J DnÄ−ll kb¡bÑ ül©f S¡e¡ k¡u e¡ h−m,
A¢d¢hcÉ¡ J d−jÑl −r−œ ¢qEj−L pwnuh¡c£ hm¡ k¡u z N¡¢Z¢aL paÉ Hhw h¡Ù¹h OVe¡
pÇfLÑ£u A¢i‘a¡j§mL paÉ k¡ L¡kÑ-L¡lZ ¢eiÑl - a¡−L ¢qEj Aü£L¡l L−le ¢e h−m ,
H−r−œ ¢qEj−L f§ZÑ h¡ Q¨s¡¿¹ pwnuh¡c£ hm¡ k¡u e¡ z ¢qEj ¢e−Sl pwnuh¡c−L
¢hQ¡lj§mL, mO¤, Hhw pwka h−m−Re , L¡lZ fkÑ¡çfËj¡−Zl à¡l¡ fË¢a¢ùa eu- −pC pjÙ¹
¢hou −b−L paLÑ b¡L¡l SeÉ HC pwn−ul fË−u¡Se l−u−R zBh¡l j¡e¤−ol ‘¡−el rja¡−L
pwnu Ll¡l SeÉ, j¡e¤−ol B−m¡Qe¡l p£j¡hÜ l¡M¡ k¡u Hhw a¡l g−m p¡d¡lZ S£he
pÇf−LÑ pw−n¡¢da Hhw nª´Mm¡¢ua ¢Q¿¹e à¡l¡ k¤¢š²pÇja ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ Bp¡ k¡u z
f§hÑN¡j£ pwnh¡c ¢L ( antecedent scepticism) ? −k pwnh¡c pjÙ¹ lL−jl B−m¡Qe¡ J
c¡nÑ¢ZL ja fË¢aù¡l f§hÑN¡j£ Hhy fË¡p¢‰L ¢ho−ul B−m¡Qe¡ J Ae¤på¡−el f§−hÑC −k −r−œ
pwnu fËL¡n Ll¡ qu , a¡−L f§hÑN¡j£ pwnh¡c h−m zEc¡qle ül©f ¢a¢e −XL¡−aÑl
pwnuh¡−cl Lb¡ E−õM L−l−Re z
Ae¤N¡j£ pwnuh¡c ( consequent sceptecism) ?

−k jah¡c Ae¤p¡−l pLm fËL¡l ¢hnÄ¡p J Ae¤på¡−el gm h¡ ¢pÜ¡¿¹l©−f pwnu Evfæ qu

a¡−L Ae¤N¡j£ pwnuh¡c h−m z Bj¡−cl C¢¾cÊu Hhw h¤¢Ül rja¡ p£¢ja Hhw −pC SeÉ
H…¢ml à¡l¡ kb¡bÑ ‘¡e m¡i Ll¡ pñh ¢L e¡- Hl©f pwn−u Ef¢ea q−m, a¡−L Ae¤N¡j£
pwnuh¡c h−m z HC pwnuh¡c c¤C fËL¡l - 1)C¢¾cÊu pwœ²¡¿¹ pwnuh¡c 2)h¤¢Ü-pwœ²¡¿¹
pwnuh¡c z
−XL¡−aÑl f§hÑN¡j£ pwnh¡−cl ¢hl©−Ü ¢qE−jl Bf¢š

pwnu fÜ¢a fË−u¡N L−l −L¡e −j±¢mL üax¢pÜ p§−œ Ef¢ea q−u , a¡l −b−L k¡ha£u ‘¡e
¢expªa Ll¡ k¡u h−m , −XL¡aÑ −k c¡h£ L−le a¡ ¢WL eu , −k−qa¥ Hl©f −L¡e paÉ hÙ¹¥a
−eC z ü‘¡l (intuition)à¡l¡ mì A−eL üax¢pÜ p§œ b¡L−mJ H…¢ml j−dÉ −L¡e HL¢V−L
−j±¢mL h−m NËqZ L−l , B−l¡ −hn£ ‘¡e ASÑe Ll−a −N−m −k j¡e¢pL hª¢šl h¡ p¡j−bÑÉl
Efl ¢eiÑl Ll−a qu , a¡l ¢hl©−ÜC L¡−aÑS£u pwnu E›¡¢fa q−u−R z L¡−aÑS£u f§hÑN¡j£
pwn−ul AhnÉñ¡h£ f¢lZ¢Q q−µR Qlj pwnu- k¡l −no −eC z pwnuLaÑ¡l A¢Ù¹aÆ fËj¡−el
Efk¤š² −k±¢š²L e£¢a NËqZ Ll¡l p¤¤−k¡N L¡−aÑÑS£u pwnuh¡−c −eC z

¢qE−jl j−a d¡lZ¡l Ae¤o‰ ¢euj

¢qE−jl j−a j−el d¡lZ¡ Bj¡−cl Øj«¢a−a h¡ LÒfe¡u −S−N J−W ¢euj Ae¤p¡−l z kMe
Bjl¡ −L¡e S¢Vm ¢ho−u ¢Q¿¹¡ L¢l aMe −k d¡lZ¡¢V ¢Q¿¹¡ L¢l aMe −k d¡lZ¡¢V ¢Q¿¹¡l
f¢lj¡e¡−bÑl p−‰ Ap¡jPSpÉf§ZÑ a¡−L hSÑZ L¢l z
d¡lZ¡l pw−k¡−Nl p§œ ¢q−p−h ¢qEj ¢ae¢V e£¢al E−õM Ll¡−Re - p¡cªnÉj§mL p§œ ,
p¡¢ædÉj§mL p§œ Hhw L¡kÑ-L¡lZ p§œ z HC …¢m−L HL−œ ¢qE−jl Ae¤p‰ ¢euj hm¡ qu
zfËbj p§−œl hÉ¡bÉ¡ Ll¡ k¡u j§mhÙ¹¥l p−‰ a¡l fË¢a¢œ²¢al pðå fËcnÑZ L−l , ¢àa£u p§−œl
hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ll¡ k¡u HL¢V N¡−Rl HL¢V Aw−nl p−‰ Afl HL¢V Aw−nl pw−k¡N pðå−L cªø¡¿¹
¢q−p−h NËqZ L−l , a«a£u p§−œl hÉ¡MÉ¡ fËp−‰ ¢a¢e BO¡−al p−‰ hÉ¡MÉ¡l pw−k¡N pÇfLÑ−L
E−õM L−l−Re z