IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING INFORMATION

MODELLING FOR QUANTITY SURVEYING PROFESSIONS IN TANZANIA

Dr. Amon R. Makenya & Ally A. Ally

Department of Building Economics

School of Construction Economics and Management
Ardhi University
DAR ES SALAAM

ABSTRACT

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an innovative new approach to building design,

construction and management. During the construction phase of the building lifecycle, BIM
makes available concurrent information on building quality, schedule, and cost. Completing a
construction project within these three important parameters such as time, cost and quality are
the criteria of success for a project. BIM plays an important role in the performance
improvement of quantity surveying practice However; the concept of BIM to quantity surveying
professionals in Tanzania is unknown and little understood by many of the professions. Low
awareness and knowledge of BIM may lead to slow adoption of BIM as well as the delay in
benefiting from BIM as enjoyed by the various countries that have adopted it fully. This
research aims to investigate on how BIM can be implemented for quantity surveying
professionals in Tanzania.
The data were collected from 41Quantity surveying professions, after analysis using Statistical
Package for the Social Science (SPSS), it shows that the majority of quantity surveying
professionals is far behind as far as BIM knowledge is concerned and hence, hinders the
implementation of BIM for them. Comparing these facts, the suggestions to the factors
necessary to consider for BIM implementation to quantity surveying professions have been
proposed.

Keywords: Building Information Modeling (BIM), Quantity Surveying Professions, Tanzania.

1. INTRODUCTION

In light of recent technological advancements over the decades especially with Information
Technology (IT), the „Building Information Modeling‟(BIM) is one of those advancements
that have attracted significant attentions in the construction industry worldwide (Wuetal.,2014).
BIM is a revolutionary technology and process that has transformed the way buildings are

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designed, analyzed, constructed, and managed"(Hardin,2009). BIM has taken the construction
industry into a new-era where most processes has been fasten up, the benefits are not just time
and cost savings but also reduction of risks and uncertain in construction process.
The adoption of BIM may redefine traditional professional boundaries in construction not just
for quantity surveying. BIM has the potential to automate measurement and facilitate the
preparation of accurate estimates. Building Information Modeling has the capability to
automate a quantity take-off, which will reduce the time and costs required to estimate a project.

2. LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1 BIM in construction management

The BIM concept envisages virtual construction of a facility prior to its actual physical
construction, in order to reduce uncertainty, improve safety, work out problems, and simulate
and analyze potential impacts (Eastman et al. 2008). Sub- contractors from every trade can input
critical information into the model before beginning construction, with opportunities to pre-
fabricate or pre-assemble some systems off-site. Waste can be minimized on-site and products
delivered on a just-in- time basis rather than being stock-piled on-site (Eastman et al., 2008).

Quantities and shared properties of materials can be extracted easily. Scopes of work can be
isolated and defined. Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with
the entire facility or group of facilities. BIM also prevents errors by enabling conflict or 'clash
detection' whereby the computer model visually highlights to the team where parts of the
building (e.g.: structural frame and building services pipes or ducts) may wrongly intersect.

2.2 BIM and Quantity surveying Practices

2.2.1 Impact of BIM to Quantity surveying profession

Ashworth & Hogg (2007) emphasized that the Quantity Surveying professions is, like
many other professions, an evolving profession that needs to continue to change to meet the ever
changing conditions of the building industry. The history of Quantity Surveying and the way
Quantity Surveying tasks were performed provides enough substantial evidence to show how
Information Technology has changed the way Quantity Surveyors perform their duties and the
speed and efficiency of the professional services of the Quantity Surveyors.

BIM has the potential to influence every characteristic of the construction industry together with
construction professionals. BIM consists of 3-dimensional design functions (3D), programming
and scheduling functions (4D) and cost estimating functions (5D). Olatunji et al., (2009)
specified that, BIM is a major challenge to the services conventionally provided by QSs and
other construction disciplines. The adoption of BIM may redefine traditional professional

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boundaries in construction not just for quantity surveying. BIM has the potential to automate
measurement and facilitate the preparation of accurate estimates. BIM has the capability to
automate a quantity take-off, which will reduce the time and costs required to estimate a project;
however, the industry is not using BIM for estimating. BIM software is compatible with
estimating software, such as Innovaya Composer, which converts BIM files, making them
compatible with Timberline‟s estimate and quantity data (Sattineni and Bradford, 2012).
According to Gee (2010), BIM‟s capabilities of automating the production of bills of quantities,
which is one of the quantity surveyors fundamental tasks, will have both positive and
negative effects on the quantity surveying industry. Hergunsel (2011) reported that two
main elements of a cost estimate are quantity take-off and pricing. Quantities from a Building
Information Model can be extracted to a cost database or an excel file. However, pricing
cannot be attained from the model. Cost estimating requires the expertise of the cost estimator to
analyze the components of a material and how they get installed. If the pricing for a
certain activity is not available in the database, cost estimator may need a further breakdown
of the element for more accurate pricing.

Furthermore (Nigam at el., 2016 as cited Paul et al., (2011)) denote that BIM software
can help assist the Quantity Surveyor in various tasks rather than quantification. BIM can aid
program certainty at tender stage, contractors can link their program to the model upon
tender submission, and this should reduce the amount of variations required during the
construction phase.

As a summary it can be illustrated that there is considerable impact of BIM on the

profession of Quantity Surveying.

2.2.2 Application of BIM as a Quantity surveying tool

The use of BIM in the construction industry is on the rise. It is widely acknowledged that
adoption of BIM would cause a seismic shift in the business processes within the construction
industry and related fields (Sattineni and Bradford, 2012). The manual process requires a great
deal of time for revising the BOQ to accommodate design changes. Hence, t h e B O Q is
o f t e n o u t -of-date. Ashworth ( 2010) considers that the speed of response and the ability to
reduce manual errors have led to the wide spread use of software applications for performing
QTO and estimating. The 5D model created by BIM has the potential to perform an
automatic analysis of all materials and components and to derive their quantities directly
from the model (Kulasekara et al., 2013 as cited Baldwin & Jellings, 2009). Eastman et al.
(2008), consider that proponents of BIM are very useful for VM as the speed of response of
BIM tools provides an excellent opportunity to perform VM throughout the design period.

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2.2.3 Important of implementing BIM in quantity surveying practices

The quantity surveying profession has become a rapid developing profession over the last few
decades. As building work becomes more complex and employers become dissatisfied with the
methods used for controlling and settling the cost of the work, an urgent need for an
independent quantity surveyor has arisen. Quantity surveying is a vital part of the construction
process, from the project initiation phases to project closeout. The quantity surveyor today
can be defined as professional consultants that “add value primarily to the financial and
contractual management of construction projects at the pre-construction, construction and post-
construction stages” Quantity surveying is a profession that demands great knowledge and the
correct and skillful use and interpretation of this knowledge. It also requires correct
interpretation and understanding of designs and the numerical representation of these designs
(BIM Journal, 2009). Cost estimation, feasibility studies, tendering, cost planning, value
management, and dispute resolution are some of the activities employed by the quantity
surveyor. Some cost management functions of quantity surveyors are briefly explained as
follows.

2.2.3.1 Bills of Quantities

Bills of quantities are one of the main tools used in the cost management of
construction projects. The automatic production of bills of quantities is one of the functions that
BIM technology developers pride themselves on as the fifth dimension of BIM. The
automation of bills of quantities is one of the functions that enhanced BIM technology to be
fully collaborative and integrative. The automation of the production of bills of quantities
eliminates tedious traditional takeoff methods and at the same time reduces human error.

2.2.3.2 Cost Estimates

BIM technology can extract accurate quantities and spaces that can be used for cost estimating at
any period of the design of a project. It also allows estimators to identify and communicate the
relationships between quantities, costs and locations, and distinguish how areas and components
of the building are contributing to the total cost of the project. The realization and understanding
of cost-determinants enrich the competence of cost estimators and along with the accuracy of the
quantity takeoff produced by the BIM enables the estimator to produce reliable and accurate
cost estimates in the early stages of the design phase.

2.2.3.3 Rapid Updating of Costs

By integrating cost estimation with a BIM design tool, it allows Architects, Engineers, QS and

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clients/users to carry out value management throughout the design phase. As design changes are
made to the BIM the cost estimate can be automatically updated with quantities extracted from
the modified model, without the estimator needing to take-off quantities.

2.2.3.4 Bidding Process

Competitive tendering and bidding with BIM models can reduce the risk gap that exists
between project members due to the transparency and accessibility to project information and
documentation. The BIM provided substantially higher quality construction information than
conventional working drawings and provide a more accurate bill-of-quantities. In addition,
potential constructors can receive training in quantity extraction and measurement from the
BIM. During tender, bidders can identify and correct errors in the model, further enabling more
accurate bids.

2.2.4 The influence of BIM to quantity surveying Profession

Quantity surveyors are mainly involved with the measurement of works, the tendering process
and cost control. There are many potential uses of BIM, including automated quantity takeoff
and BOQ preparation, which will have a great impact to the quantity surveying profession. This
has raised concern about the viability of quantity surveyors in construction projects and whether
or not they are still required.

The impact of BIM to the quantity surveying profession will be related to the profession‟s
working proves, and it will bring more benefits rather than disadvantages. The common
argument is that other profession will be able to undertake the quantity surveyor‟s job as
BIM could potentially produce BOQ with the „click of a button‟. However, this is an invalid
argument as BIM software does not generate cost estimates automatically; it merely assists
the cost estimating process. Cost estimating with BIM still requires basic measuring skills.

Architects might also not want to take the responsibility of costing the project, as their scope of
work does not normally extend to quantity takeoff or cost information. The architects also
wouldn‟t want to be liable if the building cost was inaccurate. Therefore, it would be
more preferable to leave the responsibility of costing with the quantity surveyors.

The BIM software also allows quantity surveyors, to extract useful data for quantity takeoff at
any stage of the project. When the manual quantity takeoff is no longer required, the generation
schedules and cost estimates can be produced more quickly, and the potential for human error
is reduced. Quantity surveyors can bring so much more expertise and experience to the
project rather than simply counting or quantifying. The use of BIM means that the tedious
task of quantifying can be automated, which provides quantity surveyors with extra time that
can be used to focus on other tasks that can provide higher value for the project. This

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includes identifying construction assemblies, risk management, life cycle costing, price
generation and others.

Implementing BIM into a quantity surveying firm will enable quantity surveyors, to do their
work more accurately and efficiently, which will give them a competitive advantage. The
successful implementation of BIM will however not happen without affecting the quantity
surveying profession in some way or another. The cost management functions of BIM will
change the process of cost management of construction projects, which will shift the
responsibilities of the professionals involved, forcing quantity surveyors, to focus on
different parts of the cost management process and create new responsibilities and
opportunities for themselves, and rearrange the structure that they work in.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The researcher adopted both descriptive and conceptual design as the strategy for carrying out
the research. The study involved quantity surveying professions and the methodology adopted to
conduct this research consisted of; literature reviews of the related knowledge on the study,
questionnaires and to some extend interviews were used to clarify the questions, clear
doubts and make sure the questions were fully understood by the respondents before they
answer the questionnaires.
Data collected from 41 respondents within Tanzania and for each individual question were
processed by using Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro). CSPro a software which
uses data dictionaries to provide a common description of each data file, tools to view data and
export the data to SPSS for analysis to obtain a comprehensive and accurate analysis in both
the descriptive and statistics and presented using percentile, bar charts and tabulation where
appropriate to draw conclusions

4. DATA FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Analysis regarding to quantity surveying professions’ survives if BIM implemented

Generally more firms will intend to use BIM as 72% said yes (N=41) will intend to use it,
although some of them 21% were not sure if they will survive to the industry or not.
And for those said not going to adopt BIM in the future is 7% (refer figure 1 below). In
figure 2 below shows that, 61% f i rms forecast that they will struggle to survive if BIM
full implementation and only 7% will give up.

As 72% of the firms will be ready to adopt and implement BIM in the future and 61%
(N=35) forecast there will no struggle to survive if BIM is fully implemented, therefore
this proves BIM is not come to replace the quantity surveying professions as many people think.

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 Fig. 1 Fig. 2

4.2 Analysis regarding awareness, knowledge and readiness of quantity surveying

professions

In the fig. 3 shows that, the level of awareness of quantity surveying professions toward
understanding of BIM is very low, as only 24% are aware and more 75% have no idea about it.
The challenge is more typical to undergraduate quantity surveyors that only 21% among them
were aware of it, as compared to another level of education masters and PhD holders (50% and
100% respectively – fig.5). Also, many firms were not aware of BIM and the problem was
worse to the firms with low years of experiences only 20% among them were aware (fig. 5) and
low incomes which were 26%.

BIM Tools or software was big problem many quantity surveying professions had no knowledge
about them only 5% knew them (Fig.6).

The acronym BIM was a very new idea that to make many quantity surveyors not
knowledgeable about as because the industry is not well understood about it.

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 4.3 Analysis summary of the respondents regarding firms capabilities toward
BIM implementation

72% were ready to adopt BIM implementation in the future. Towards BIM implementation,
firms will change their mindsets towards the new technology; they will evaluate their capacities
towards new technology and planning for adaptation of BIM by doing in house training, attend
workshops, seminars and conferences related to BIM. Findings show that most of the firm‟s
high income and more experiences were more capable of doing them above.

Table 1: Firms’ capabilities towards BIM implement 1=

Disagreed, 2=Moderate,3=Agreed
Firms‟ Capabilities Min Max Mean Ranking

Firms will use their resources to research, 2 3 2.59 1

development and training for BIM implementation
Firms will be conducting in-house training, attend 1 3 2.46 2
workshops, seminars and conference related to BIM
implementation
Firms will change the mindset towards new 1 3 2.41 3
technology
The Firm will evaluate the company capacity and 1 3 2.37 4
planning for BIM implementation
Firms will spend additional time to familiarizing 1 3 1.78 5
themselves with BIM tools

Difficulties in obtaining additional times to spend on familiarization of BIM tools could be a

barrier towards BIM implementation if in-house training will fail. With mean of 1.78 as
shown in table.1 this is because our firms still use the traditional methods in doing their
roles, and one of the challenges of tradition method is time consuming and most of
firms still use the traditional method that‟s why they don‟t have more time as most of their
time used in fulfilling their roles. All of the high income range in which 4 of them were from
those with experience more than 5 years and 1firm from those with experience between 2 and 5
years.

Evaluation of firm‟s capacity to determine the capability of the firms towards adopting and
implement of BIM is one of the aspect which was given priority in firms, but from the findings
shows that 17 firms which equal to 49 percent, agreed to do an evaluation out of 35 firms and 5
firms disagreed.

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4.4 Analysis on Barriers that hinder BIM implementation for quantity surveyors in
Tanzania

The Majority of the firms seemed to agree on the 8 barriers such as Lack of BIM training
Unawareness of BIM can bring to QS firms, Cost of training, Lack of skilled personnel, Cost
software a new update, Inadequate Government supports, People refusal/reluctance to learn BIM
and Culture changes toward new technology that hinder BIM implementation for quantity
surveying professions in Tanzania where an average of 77% agreed to the factors. Most of the
firms put emphasize on lack of government supports, cost of training, lack of BIM training and
lack of skilled personnel were among the extremely barriers towards BIM implementation as
their mean is more than 2.5 as shown in table 2. It has been revealed that, it is not true that, the
majority of the Qs professionals is reluctance to learn BIM and not ready to change to new
technology.

Table 2: Barriers that hinder BIM implementation

1= Not Hindered, 2=Least hindered, 3=Hindered.
Barriers Min Max Mean Ranking

Lack of BIM training 2 3 2.80 1

Unawareness of BIM can bring to QS firms 2 3 2.68 2
Cost of training 1 3 2.59 3
Lack of skilled personnel 1 3 2.56 4
Cost software a new update 1 3 2.54 5
Inadequate Government supports 1 3 2.51 6
People refusal/reluctance to learn BIM 1 3 2.34 7
Culture changes toward new technology 1 3 2.32 8

None of the firms disagreed on the unawareness of BIM can bring barrier to BIM
implementation, although 35%, agreed on least hindered and 63% agreed that, unawareness is
the barriers toward BIM implementation but not very seriously as compared to lack of BIM
training.

Most of the emphasized factors which identified as the main problems to the large income
volumes firms were; unaware of BIM (9 firms out of 22), lack of skilled personnel that can
impart the knowledge to the firms, culture changes towards new technology also was identified
as the main challenge to them and inadequate of government supports as it was done by some
European and Asian countries.

Cost of training was identified a big challenge towards the BIM implementation by middle

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volume income range firms followed by low volume income range firms and the large volume
income range firms agreed on least hindered (44%, 37% and 19% respectively).

Low volume range firms identified person‟s refusal/reluctant to learn BIM, cost of software and
lack of BIM training were the major barriers towards BIM implementation for quantity
surveying professions in Tanzania meanwhile for the large volume range firms were not
serious for them.

4.5 Analysis regarding the necessary factors to influence BIM implementation

Government intervenes in this aspect was confined to be the most important factors that can
bring about awareness and final full implementation of BIM by quantity surveyor professions
as more than 34 firms which is equal to 83% agreed on that (table3).

Table 3. Measures to bring about BIM implementation

Not Least Important Total
important important
Education and Training (Review of 5 14 22 41
the current QS training program to
adhere to this new technology)
Changing the ways doing business 19 15 7 41
by QS themselves.
Government intervenes 0 7 34 41

Education and training programs was much emphasized by quantity surveyors at the master
level as 13 respondents out 20 who argued this factor was important in establishing the way
forwards to BIM implementation in Tanzania. In this aspect therefore, the need to review
the training programs and to introduce BIM concept knowledge to the student, especially the
master level so as to increase students‟ awareness towards to BIM implementation.

Changing the ways of doing business was important in this aspect as only 17% of respondents
argued and 46% and 37% argued as not important and least important respectively.

Hence, therefore among the factors given in the questions with regard the specific objective
which asked the respondents to rate those measures that can bring about BIM
implementation, then 2 out of 3 were given emphasized as the measures to bring about BIM
implementation to quantity surveying professions, those are;
1. Review the current program and establish programs that can include BIM concept.
2. The Government through its professional agencies should support the BIM
implementation.

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5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIOS

5.1 Awareness, knowledge and readiness of BIM implementation

Awareness of BIM concept is poor, majority of quantity surveying professions are far behind the
concept in general, the knowledge about BIM is also poor, but many firms are eager to adopt
and implement of BIM but the problem here where to acquire that knowledge. There are no
institutes, colleges or universities or training centers that give training regarding the BIM
concept. Most of the quantity surveyors agreed to hear such acronym at first time in the
country during the public lecture related to BIM which was organized by AQRB in 2014 that
was done in Mbeya, Tanzania, such types of lectures are still needed to bring about awareness
of this concept of full BIM implementation in the future. Regarding the readiness, many firms
are ready for adopting this new innovative and collaborative environment of doing business
in the modern ways and save time and cost during its implementation. And it is not true that
firms are worried by the introduction of BIM as it will go reduce the productivities of their
works as in fact BIM is coming to increase more benefits for quantity surveyors practices rather
than reduces their works.

5.2 Capabilities of the firms towards BIM implementation

Most of firms have shown some capabilities toward adoption and implementation of BIM. They
have already prepared resources for doing research, planning and development, although
unfortunately most of the firms are not ready to set aside additional time to familiarize
themselves with BIM tools may be because of uses of traditional methods consuming all the
normal time and left with nothing as additional and therefore make them difficult to set aside
additional times for learning BIM tools.

Training should be established to cater for the greatest number of professions who want
this BIM knowledge as many professions don‟t have relevant knowledge regarding BIM
concept and of course more BIM specialists are needed to conduct in house training within the
firms as many firms take this as solution for BIM training especially for those are in the
works. Conferences, seminars and workshops are still needed to knowledge this staff group
and other groups.

Above all, quantity surveying professions are required to change their mindsets towards
this new technology.

Large income firms and those with high experiences in business are more capable of
implementing BIM as compared to small income firms and those low years of experience in
business.

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5.3 Barriers of BIM implementation

Lack of BIM training is one of the typical barriers towards BIM implementation to quantity
surveying professions in Tanzania and therefore the author insists here, there must be
comprehensive training programs that can cater for the spread of knowledge of BIM to the
quantity surveying profession. Unawareness is also a problem or barrier towards BIM
implementation to professions and those who argued that they don‟t intend to introduce BIM
in future in their firms were because they don‟t have knowledge of what actual BIM is,
so they had refused because of ignorance and because the level of unawareness is high then
effective measures have to be taken to rescue this challenge.

5.4 Necessary factors to influence BIM implementation

All the BIM implantation barriers can be solved if the measures that will be discussed here will
be effective. Conclusions are made to most important solutions that can be appropriate measures
to bring about BIM implementation to quantity surveying professions in Tanzania, those are;

5.4.1 Training programs

There is a different style of training programs including, training institutes and centers,
workshops, seminars, conference and in house training. All these styles have been recommended
as the best style for bringing about BIM awareness and final full implementation. The training
can be physically attendances to the lecture rooms or through online basis where distance
learning can be achieved although, but this later style needs adequate and reliable internet
facilities though it is cheaper as compared to lecture room attendances. A Conclusion can be
drawn here programs related to BIM course should be established into Universities so as
to increase profession‟s awareness. For this regards to start with, I recommend BIM related
course to be introducing to master and postgraduate students in School of Construction
Economic and Management at Ardhi University though in a survey done by University of
Texas at Arlington titled “Evaluation of training needs for building information modeling
(BIM)” done between March and April 2011 of 46 companies ranked in the top 170 BIM
Adopters list, participants were asked and responded about the following positions and
what the ideal degree of education should be, more than 60% recommended to start at the level
of bachelor degree (MEPCor, 2013). According to (Taylor at el., 2010) urged that any
curriculum-wide change to a traditional course of study requires acceptance by the entire
faculty. Beyond acceptance in the program is acceptance by accrediting bodies. This may be
the biggest obstacle standing in the way of widespread adoption of a new BIM paradigm in
construction education, that‟s why I recommend to start with master level because it
within the school.

Apart from university training, other style like conference, workshops and seminars should be

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well established so as to increase awareness to the other group for professionals who already left
universities.

5.4.2 Government intervenes

Government is recognized as an important actor in relation to standardization as many

professions argued that, the intervene of the Government toward BIM implementation is
helpful as being done by other European Countries including UK, Norway, Sweden,
Denmark and France and some Asia countries like Malaysia, Singapore, Japan. European
Union‟s Parliament already gave directive to their member countries to use BIM for public
funded project by 2016 and they are thinking to move with their technology internationally and
because of that, many firms want the government intervention so as to speed the BIM
implementation in the industry.

5.5 Recommendations

Viewing the conclusion above related to BIM awareness, barriers, challenges and measures to
be taken so as to adopt BIM implementation in which enable the researcher to come up
the following recommendations.

5.5.1 Professional Boards and Institutes

Quantity surveying professions are registered and regulated their conducts by

Architects and Quantity surveyor registration Board (AQRB). This is Governmental arm,
which aims to promote, monitor and provide continuing professional development
opportunities and facilities for study and training in Quantity Surveying and other related Allied
subjects. The board has significant roles in shaping the professions toward new technology. BIM
is one of the new concepts the board should take possible measures to enable their
professions to implement BIM in their practices, hence strategic planning should be
established to achieve this role.

Tanzania Institute of Quantity Surveyors (TIQS) is an association that is spearheading Quantity

Surveyors in Tanzania. The association has a significant role toward update professions to the
new technology. The association has to establish strategies to prepare its members for new
upcoming technologies.

5.5.2 PPRA

Public Procurement Regulatory Authority vested with oversight powers and responsibilities on
all public procurement activities carried by all public bodies in the mainland Tanzania. For

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them, I recommend new Method of Contract Integrated Projects Delivery (IPD) to be
introduced and recognized as method of contract that allow and suitable for BIM
implementation.

REFERENCES

Ashworth, A., and Hogg, K. (2007). Willis‟s Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor,
12th Edition, Blackwell Science, Oxford London

Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R. and Liston, K. (2008). BIM Handbook: A Guide to
Building Information Modelling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and
Contractors, J Wiley, New Jersey

Gee, C. (2010). “The Influence of BIM on the QS Profession. Faculty of Engineering, Built
Environment and Information Technology.

Hardin, B. (2009). BIM and Construction Management: Proven Tools, Methods, and Workflows.
Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley Pub.

Hergunsel, M. (2011). “Benefits of Building Information Modeling For Construction Managers

And BIM Based Scheduling.” Worcester Polytechnic Institute.

Kulasekara, G, H., Jayasena, S. and Kato, R. (2013). “Comparative Effectiveness of Quantity

Surveying In A Building Information Modelling Implementation.”

Nigam, M., Dixit, A., and Sachana, K. K. (2016). “BIM Vs Traditional Quantity Surveying And
Its Future Mapping” Volume 4, Issue 2| ISSN : 2321-9939

Olatunji, O.A, W Sher, and N Gu.( 2009). “Building Information Modeling and Quantity
Surveying Practice.” Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 15(1), 67-70 (2010)

Sattineni, A, and Bradford, H. (2012). “Estimating with BIM: A Survey of Us Construction

Companies.” Auburn Univrsity, Auburn, AL, USA.

Taylor, M. T. Liu, J. and Hein, M. F. (2010). “Integration of Building Information Modeling

(BIM) into an ACCE Accredited Construction Management Curriculum.” Auburn
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Wu, S., Wood, G., Ginige, K., and Jong, S. K. (2014). “A Technical Review of BIM Based
Cost Estimating in UK Quantity Surveying Practice, Standards and Tools,” International

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WEBSITES

BIM Journal. (2009). “Journal of Building Information Modeling (JBIM).”

https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:dWbLWDfKHksJ:https://www.
wbdg.org/pdfs/jbim_spring09.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk.

MEPCor. (2013). “What Constitutes the Title „BIM Specialist‟?” MEPCor. Accessed Sept,
2016.. http://www.mepcor.com/constitutes-title-bim-specialist/.

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