Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmmm

Research article

Entropy generation in magnetohydrodynamic radiative non-Darcy slip flow

of a Casson nanofluid with Hall effects and activation energy
A. Sahoo, R. Nandkeolyar ∗
Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur 831014, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The present research work examines the entropy generation in the magnetohydrodynamic second-order slip
Casson nanofluid flow of Casson nanofluid surpassing a horizontal stretching sheet inside a non-Darcy porous medium under
Nonlinear thermal radiation the dominance of Hall current and nonlinear thermal radiation. The present model is made more realistic
Activation energy
by taking second-order velocity slip flow. The energy field is pursued by incorporating the consequences
Hall current
of distinctive viscous dissipation and Joule heating. The chemical reaction incited by activation energy is
Second-order velocity slip
Non-Darcy porous medium
comprised in the current exploration. A substantive mathematical problem is modeled by assigning nonlinear
partial differential equations together with second-order velocity slip and convective boundary conditions. A
compatible similarity transformation comprised is exerted to produce a set of nonlinear ordinary differential
equations with competent boundary conditions. The resulting mathematical model is numerically solved via the
spectral quasi-linearization method. The present article deals with an in-depth exploration of the characteristics
of diagnostic flow parameters against the-flow field and other efficient physical quantities with the help of
distinctive graphs and tables. As per the regression analysis, the maximum relative error for the reduced Nusselt
number ranging from .000090231% to .00015936% is less than that of the other physical quantities. Magnetic
force, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion assist in lessening the heat transport rate, but it gets enriched
under the Hall current effects. For the increasing Casson parameter, fluid movement tends to rise near the
sheet’s surface and gets decelerated afterwards. The intense Hall current accelerates the Casson fluid’s motion.
But the velocity components in 𝑥 and 𝑧-directions become abated across the flow region due to increasing the
first-order velocity slip parameter. Besides, the enhancement in the magnitude of the second-order velocity
slip parameter undermines the velocity components in 𝑥 and 𝑧-directions.

1. Introduction
Nowadays, pursuing non-Newtonian fluids encourages researchers
due to abundant potential in scientific areas. Casson fluid is one kind
of non-Newtonian fluid that discloses yield shear stresses, which is indi-
cated as Casson fluid’s rheological feature. For researchers, Casson fluid
seems to be a noteworthy non-Newtonian fluid due to its feasible usage
in scientific and medical areas like food processing, cancer therapy, bio-
engineering processes, drilling activities, etc. Pramanik [1] scrutinized
Casson fluid flow under the consequence of thermal radiation taking
the velocity of suction or blowing into account. In his research study,
the higher Casson parameter resists the fluid motion but has a boosting
nature on the temperature. Mukhopadhyay et al. [2] originated a
mathematical model of unsteady Casson fluid flow for highlighting
momentum and heat transport features under the influences of special
parameters through theoretical description and graphs. Parvin et al. [3]
proposed magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid flow considering shrink-
ing sheet and mixed convection. They also incorporated the inclined
magnetic field and heat and mass transport in the research work. Few
pertinent research works have been uncovered in the articles [4–6]
The colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles generated by oxides, met-
als, carbides, etc., occurring within a base fluid like oil, water, ethylene
glycol, etc., can produce a nanofluid. Researchers use nanoparticles
to promote the heat transport mechanism by utilizing modern nano-
technology, which favors gaining noticeable and environmental energy
resources. For decades, investigators have been exploring renewable
energy resources with all their effort. Solar energy, one kind of major
renewable energy source, assists in decreasing the environmental pol-
lution. Actually, nanofluids have great significance in the functioning
of solar systems. Due to the characteristic of increasing heat transport,
nanofluids are applied in different scientific processes like nuclear
reactors, biomedicine, electronics, etc. Because of the augmentation of
thermophysical properties, nanoparticles are effectively dispensed in
chemical processes, sensor technology, chemotherapy, artificial heart

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: anindita.sahoo1993@gmail.com (A. Sahoo), rajnandkeolyar@gmail.com (R. Nandkeolyar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2023.170712
Received 13 September 2022; Received in revised form 10 March 2023; Accepted 2 April 2023
Available online 4 April 2023
0304-8853/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar
surgery,drug delivery, and modern biotechnology like diagnosing and
treating various diseases, cancer tissue, brain tumors, etc. Su et al. [7]
numerically described the infusion process by which nanoparticles
were delivered inside tumors for cancer treatment. Having peculiar
characteristics of diathermic oil, Wei et al. [8] reported diathermic oil-
based hybrid nanofluids due to the extensive demand for heat transport
applications. Oudina et al. [9] analyzed magnetized Newtonian nano-
liquids along with the consequence of free convection for elevating
the heat transport system. Sahu et al. [10] described the hydrothermal
stagnation point flow of a nanofluid considering the Carreau model
and Buongiorno model. They analyzed Carreau nanofluid flow across a
moving thin needle in the presence of chemical reactions and non-linear
Navier’s slip condition considering the non-Darcy porous medium.
Sahu et al. [11] scrutinized Cross hybrid nanofluid flow across a
vertical stretching cylinder employing the Darcy–Forchheimer model.
Samantray et al. [12] demonstrated up and down flows of nanofluids
passing over a thin needle under the impacts of Darcy–Forchheimer and
second-order slip. They evolved the model involving the characteristics
of thermal radiation, entropy generation, and non-uniform heat gener-
ation/absorption. Mahato et al. [13] unraveled the flow of ethylene
glycol-based Casson nanofluid close to the stagnation point over a
stretching sheet with entropy generation across the flow region. They
proposed the physical model in a porous medium under the influences
of nonlinear radiation, velocity slip, an inclined magnetic field, and
homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions. Ghosh et al. [14] suggested a
mathematical model concerning viscoelastic Casson nanofluid flow due
to the combined consequences of bioconvection and Cattaneo–Christov
double diffusion under the diacritic impact of the induced magnetic
field. Oyelakin et al. [15] investigated entropy generation across the
Casson nanofluid flow close to the stagnation point. They analyzed
Casson nanofluid flow comprising the Arrhenius activation energy and
utilized the bivariate spectral quasi-linearization method for solving the
proposed physical model. Kumar et al. [16] revealed an irreversibil-
ity analysis of the micropolar CNT blood nanofluid flowing within
a squeezing channel by taking the distinctive influence of activation
energy.
The immense usage of hydromagnetic effects on the viscous elec-
trically conducting fluids in different scientific processes like the met-
allurgical process, MHD propulsion system, electromagnetic pumps,
MHD generators, plasma confinement, etc., encourages researchers
to analyze innovative aspects of the current research work. The re-
sistive Lorentz force created by the strong magnetic field tends to
control the flow. Turkyilmazoglu [17] disclosed flow and heat transport
through a rotating disk considering the distinctive consequence of
the uniform horizontal magnetic field. Turkyilmazoglu [18] investi-
gated the unsteady hydromagnetic flow across a rotating disk, taking
a temperature-dependent viscosity. He implemented the mathematical
model by introducing an appropriate scheme related to the spectral
Chebyshev collocation.
Thermal radiation is one kind of significant process that performs
the heat transport mechanism. The thermal radiation effects have many
potentials for usage in different scientific areas like heat exchangers,
power technology, solar systems, gas production, etc. Hayat et al. [19]
suggested nonlinear thermally radiative couple stress nanofluid flow
due to the entity of the magnetic field. The outcomes of their research
study signify that the thermal radiation augments temperature along
with the corresponding boundary layer thickness. Waqas et al. [20]
researched the thermally radiative Carreau–Yasuda nanofluid flow
under the consequence of bioconvection and magnetic field adopting
a second-order velocity slip. They analyzed the chemical reaction
through heat and mass transport. Gireesha et al. [21] developed the hy-
brid nanofluid flow past a longitudinal fin inflicted in a porous medium
by imposing Darcy’s model. They added free convection and thermal
radiation phenomenon to explore momentum and heat transport. Sahu
et al. [22] explored the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluid flow
with SWCNT/MWCNT suspensions because of a shrunk rotating disk.
2
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712
They examined the mechanism of thermal radiation by introducing the
Darcy–Forchheimer medium.
The small amount of energy for the initiation of chemical reactions
is directed as activation energy. The effective applications of activation
energy are noticed in food processing, the petroleum industry, etc.
Mustafa et al. [23] depicted magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow due
to the effects of the chemical reaction induced by activation energy.
They ascertained that Brownian motion did not affect the heat transport
rate, but the higher chemical reaction rate slowed down the heat trans-
port rate. Muhammad et al. [24] studied nonlinear thermally radiative
3D Eyring–Powell nanofluid flow under the impact of Arrhenius activa-
tion energy using the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for improving
the heat transport procedure. They employed the slip condition for the
elevation of dynamical and physical research on the prescribed model.
Bhatti et al. [25] exceedingly attempted to create a physical model
containing the thermo-bioconvective nanofluid flow via a Riga plate
by dispensing the chemical reaction with activation energy. From their
point of view, the increasing activation energy shows a favorable trend
for nanoparticle concentration.
The electrically conducting fluid flow generates the Hall current
based on the applied magnetic field’s intensive intensity. Since the Hall
effect is dispensed in notable scientific and medical areas like geo-
physics, Hall accelerator, Hall sensors, determination of mobility, Hall
probes, Hall Generators, cardiac MRI, ECG, and so on, researchers show
an immense eagerness in exploring the substantive models based on
the Hall effect principle. Turkyilmazoglu [26]executed the exploration
of heat and mass transport across the hydromagnetic fluid flow past
a rotating disk, including characteristics of Hall effects. He introduced
the flow model inside a porous medium. Turkyilmazoglu [27] detected
exact solutions to a mathematical problem containing hydromagnetic
fluid flow passing over a porous rotating disk under the dominance
of Hall effects. Yadav and Lee [28] implemented a numerical study
regarding magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow under the convection
and Hall effects. They considered the nanoparticle flux as zero included
in the boundary condition in their prescribed mathematical model.
Shah et al. [29] emphasized the exploration of steady micropolar
nanofluid flow due to the effects of Hall current enclosed between two
rotating parallel plates. Shah et al. [30] carried out a comprehensive
study regarding the squeezing nanofluid flow under the impacts of
Ohmic heating, viscous dissipation, and Hall current by considering
Cattaneo–Christov heat flux in order to regulate the heat transport
procedure. The related fluid flow problems under several aspects have
been explored in the articles [31–33].
The no-slip boundary condition is one of the meaningful parts of the
Navier–Stokes theory. But in some physical situations, it is inadequate
to apply this type of boundary condition. Especially in the case of non-
Newtonian fluids and nanofluids, the slip boundary condition affects
very much in comparison to Newtonian fluids. Generally, if either
the flow pressure or the characteristic size related to the flow system
is less, slip flow is considered. However, in micro-electromechanical
systems, the fluid flow undergoes the slip boundary condition, which
has a reliable significance in various technological applications. These
remarkable applications impressed the researchers to investigate the
fluid flow under the slip condition with several physical constraints.
Ibrahim and Shankar [34] developed the mathematical problem regard-
ing the thermally radiative hydromagnetic nanofluid flow under the
effects of multiple slip boundary conditions. Megahed [35] elaborated
heat transport analysis of magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid flow
owing to the influence of second-order velocity slip and thermal slip
boundary conditions. He also employed thermal radiation and heat
generation/absorption to develop a perfect concept of the heat transfer
process. Nandi and Kumbhakar [36] examined the magnetohydrody-
namic Carreau nanofluid flow surpassing a convectively heated wedge
under the impacts of Navier’s slip condition and nonlinear thermal
radiation. The individual slip flow problems under various physical
constraints have been developed by several investigators [37–39].
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Nowadays, many researchers are utmost trying to rein or reduce the

destruction of effective energy by using several useful methods. There
is a deep connection between thermodynamical irreversibility and en-
tropy generation. Scientists utilize entropy generation and the Bejan
number for propagating the competency of energy, electronic devices,
and scientific tools like microchannels, reactors, refrigeration, fuel cells,
air separators, etc. Mahian et al. [40] displayed a theoretical and math-
ematical study on the minimization of entropy generation that occurred
through flow and heat transport of nanofluids. Pordanjani et al. [41]
explained entropy generation of thermally radiative nanofluid flow set
up in a cavity under the influence of Natural convection together with
the analysis of heat transport. Khan et al. [42] established an operative
mathematical model owing to clarifying entropy generation in radiative
rolling motion of Casson nanofluid flow under the consequences of
magnetic field and Joule heating. Several research studies on under-
mining entropy production are interpreted in miscellaneous research
articles [43–45].
The close surveillance of the previous explorations infers that the
unsteady three-dimensional second-order slip flow of Casson nanofluid
passed over a stretching sheet under diacritic effects of Hall current,
nonlinear thermal radiation, chemical reaction, and activation energy Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of the current problem.
has not been investigated yet. No previous studies have evolved char-
acteristics of heat and mass transport across the Casson nanofluid
flow by comprising distinctive nonlinear thermal radiation, dissipative • The numerical procedure, the spectral quasi-linearization method
heat transfer, heat generation, and activation energy in energy and (SQLM), is exerted in order to fulfill the current study.
nanoparticle concentration equations, respectively, while second-order
velocity slip and convective heating take place at the stretching sheet. 2. Mathematical formulation
Keeping the significance of the hydromagnetic slip flow of a nanofluid
in mind, it is earnestly tried to fulfill this research gap in the present re- The time dependent three-dimensional electrically conducting Cas-
search article. The current study elucidates the magnetohydrodynamic son nanofluid flow is considered to surpass the horizontal stretching
second-order slip flow of a Casson nanofluid within a non-Darcy porous sheet under the consequences of magnetic field, second-order velocity
medium under distinctive Hall current and heat generation influences.
slip, and nonlinear thermal radiation. The non-Darcy porous medium
The heat transport system is amended by comprising combined in-
is chosen in which the entire flow model is placed by employing the
fluences of nonlinear thermal radiation and Joule heating along with
Darcy–Forchheimer model. The sheet’s surface is set up horizontally,
viscous dissipation. An in-depth exploration of heat and mass transport
i.e., in the 𝑥𝑧-plane. The 𝑥-axis is assumed horizontally along the sheet
is executed by involving Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and the
and the 𝑦-axis is taken vertically in the normal direction to the sheet.
binary chemical reaction incited by activation energy. The novelty of
We consider nanofluid flow to be occupying the region 𝑦 ⩾ 0. The
the present research study is illustrated as follows.
flow is created across the region because of the sheet’s movement
𝑎𝑥
• A substantive mathematical model is formed in order to an- with a time and space-dependent velocity 𝑢𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 1−𝛾𝑡 horizontally
alyze the heat and mass transport across the unsteady three- in the 𝑥-direction. The time-dependent magnetic field 𝐵(𝑡) has been
dimensional hydromagnetic Casson nanofluid flow in a non-Darcy dispensed vertically along the positive 𝑦-direction. In the present study,
porous medium under the influences of second-order velocity slip the magnetic Reynolds number is imagined so small (𝑅𝑒𝑚 ≪ 1) that
and Hall current. the existence of the induced magnetic field is avoided. In the applied
• The diverse influences of nonlinear thermal radiation included in magnetic field’s case, its intensity is taken very high, resulting in the
the energy equation rein the heat transport feature. generation of Hall current inside the flow region. The binary chemical
• The critical characteristics of activation energy added in the con- reaction impelled by activation energy at a constant rate 𝑘𝑟 arises
centration equation follow the Arrhenius equation and develop among the species. In addition, heat generation, energy dissipation
the chemical reactions. because of the fluid’s viscosity and medium’s permeability, and Joule
• The Buongiorno model [46] is used to exhibit the nature of heating comprised in the energy equation assist in controlling heat
Brownian motion and thermophoresis on the fluid flow region for transit. The schematic diagram of the current problem is revealed in
regulating heat and mass transport. Fig. 1. According to the boundary conditions, the surface of the sheet
• Convective boundary conditions are affixed in the prescribed is convectively heated with the heat transfer coefficient ℎ1 , and the
model for exploring the variation in heat and mass transport. transport of nanoparticles occur at the sheet’s surface with the mass
• The second-order velocity slip is employed at the sheet’s surface transport coefficient ℎ2 . Moreover, second-order velocity slip occurs at
to regulate the momentum boundary layer successfully. the sheet’s surface.
• Diacritic consequences of Joule heating and viscous dissipation Following the above restrictions, the governing equations describing
are examined to amend the thermal transport throughout the flow the flow characteristics due to continuity, momentum, energy, and
region. nanoparticle concentration are uncovered, respectively, as follows [20,
• Applying regression analysis, the specific physical quantities are 23,24,28,47–50]:
approximated and controlled by distinct flow parameters. 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + =0 (1)
• the present study includes the entropy generation for understand- 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
ing the proposed system’s competency.
( )
• The current research study illustrates the diverse influences of 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜎𝐵 2 (𝑡)
+𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =𝜈𝑛𝑓 1+ − (𝑢 + 𝑚𝑤)
peculiar parameters on the flow field using several graphs and 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝛽 𝜕𝑦2 𝜌(1 + 𝑚2 )
( )
tables, which upholds applying the proposed model in various 1 𝜈𝑛𝑓 𝑢
technological, engineering, and medical fields. − 𝐹 𝑟 𝑢2 − 1 + (2)
𝛽 𝑘𝑝

3
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712
( ) [ 2 ]
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜎𝐵 2 (𝑡) • The term 𝜎𝐵 2 (𝑡)
𝑢 + 𝑤2 stands for Joule heating.
+𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =𝜈𝑛𝑓 1 + + (𝑚𝑢 − 𝑤) [ ( )2 ]
2 (1+𝑚2 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝛽 𝜕𝑦 𝜌(1 + 𝑚2 ) ( )
( ) • The term 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑝 𝐷𝐵 𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝑇
+
𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇
indicates transferring
1 𝜈𝑛𝑓 𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇 𝜕𝑦
− 𝐹𝑟 𝑤2 − 1 + (3) ∞
𝛽 𝑘𝑝 heat in the nanofluid through nanoparticle diffusion processes.
2 𝐷 2
• The term 𝐷𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝐶2 + 𝑇 𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑇2 signifies that nanoparticles acquire slip
∞
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜅𝑛𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑇 1 𝜕𝑞𝑟 velocity relative to the fluid because of Brownian motion and
+𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 = ( ) −( )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑦2 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑦 thermophoresis.
( ) [ ( ) ] • 𝐸𝑎 denotes the activation energy.
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑝 𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝑇 𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇 2
+( ) 𝐷𝐵 +
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦 Among the terms mentioned above, the novel terms are Hall cur-
( )[ ] rent, nonlinear radiative heat transport, energy dissipation, Joule heat-
𝜇𝑛𝑓 1
+ 1+ 𝑢2𝑦 + 𝑤2𝑦 ing, and activation energy. Wu’s slip velocity model indicating the
(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑛𝑓 𝛽
( ) second-order velocity slip [35,51] is provided as
𝜇𝑛𝑓 1 ( 2 )
( )
+ 1+ 𝑢 + 𝑤2 ( 3 )
𝑘𝑝 (𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑛𝑓 𝛽 2 3 − 𝛼3 𝑙 3 1 − 𝑙2 𝜕𝑢 1 4 2 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑢slip = − 𝜆1 − 𝑙 + (1 − 𝑙 ) 𝜆21
2
𝑄(𝑡)(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) 3 𝛼3 2 𝐾𝑛 𝜕𝑦 4 𝐾𝑛2 𝜕𝑦2
+
(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
=𝑏 +𝑑 (6)
𝜎𝐵 2 (𝑡) [ 2 ] 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦2
+ 𝑢 + 𝑤2 (4)
(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑛𝑓 (1 + 𝑚2 ) where 𝑙 = min(1∕𝐾𝑛 , 1), 𝐾𝑛 is the Knudsen number, 𝛼3 denotes the
momentum accommodation coefficient with ( 0 ≤ 𝛼3 ≤ )1, 𝜆1 denotes
𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝐶 𝜕2 𝐶 𝐷 𝜕2 𝑇
the molecular mean free path, 𝑏 = 32
3−𝛼3 𝑙3
− 32 1−𝑙
2
+𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =𝐷𝐵 + 𝑇 𝜆1 , and 𝑑 =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦2 ( ) 𝛼3 𝐾𝑛
( ) ( ) − 14 𝑙4 + 22 (1 − 𝑙2 ) 𝜆21 . Following the definition of 𝑙, we get 0 ≤ 𝑙 ≤ 1
( ) 𝑇 𝑛1 −𝐸𝑎 𝐾𝑛
− 𝑘2𝑟 𝐶 − 𝐶∞ 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (5) for any given value of 𝐾𝑛 (𝐾𝑛 = 𝜆1 ∕𝑙). So 𝑏 (> 0) and 𝑑 (< 0) signify
𝑇∞ 𝐾∗𝑇
constants.
The appropriate boundary conditions are expressed as follows:
The fluid is inferred to be optically thick. Dispensing Rosseland
⎫ approximation, the radiative heat flux vector is given by
At 𝑦 = 0 ∶ ⎪
( ) ⎪ 4𝜎 ∗ 𝜕𝑇 4
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑤 + 1 + 𝛽1 𝑢slip , 𝑣 = 0, 𝑤 = 0, ⎪ 𝑞𝑟 = − (7)
3𝛼 ∗ 𝜕𝑦
( ) ( ) ⎪
− 𝜅𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑇 = ℎ1 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇 , −𝐷𝐵 𝜕𝐶 = ℎ 2 𝐶𝑓 − 𝐶 ; ⎬ where 𝜎 ∗ stands for the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. Besides, 𝛼 ∗ implies
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ⎪
⎪ the Rosseland mean absorption coefficient. The simplified radiative
As 𝑦 → ∞ ∶
⎪ heat flux can be disclosed as [52].
𝑢 → 0, 𝑤 → 0, 𝑇 → 𝑇∞ , 𝐶 → 𝐶∞ ; ⎪
⎭ 16𝜎 ∗ 3 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑟 = − 𝑇 . (8)
where 𝑎 and 𝛾 are constants, 𝑢, 𝑣, and 𝑤 are the velocity components 3𝛼 ∗ 𝜕𝑦
along the 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 directions, respectively. Besides, 𝛽 implies the The similarity transformations [53] are given by
Casson fluid parameter, 𝜎 stands for electrical conductivity, 𝜈𝑛𝑓 implies √ √ 𝑎𝜈
𝑎 𝑎𝑥 ′ 𝑛𝑓 ⎫
the nanofluid’s kinematic viscosity, 𝑘𝑝 indicates the permeability of 𝜂 = 𝑦 𝜈 (1−𝛾𝑡) , 𝑢 = (1−𝛾𝑡) 𝑓 (𝜂) , 𝑣 = − (1−𝛾𝑡) 𝑓 (𝜂) , ⎪
𝑛𝑓
the porous medium, 𝑇𝑓 is the convective fluid temperature, 𝐶𝑓 is the 𝑎𝑥 𝑇 −𝑇 𝐶−𝐶 ⎬
convective nanoparticle concentration, 𝑇∞ is the ambient fluid temper-
𝑤 = (1−𝛾𝑡) 𝑔 (𝜂) , 𝜃 (𝜂) = 𝑇 −𝑇∞ , 𝜙 (𝜂) = 𝐶 −𝐶∞ . ⎪
𝑓 ∞ 𝑓 ∞ ⎭
ature, 𝐶∞ stands for ambient species concentration, ℎ1 and ℎ2 denote
Exerting similarity transformations, the resulting mathematical model
heat and mass transport coefficients, respectively. 𝜌𝑛𝑓 is the nanofluid
𝐶𝑏 is provided as follows. Actually, this produced model comprises the
density, 𝜅𝑛𝑓 stands for the thermal conductivity, 𝐹𝑟 = 1 denotes
2
nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations[48,54,55].
( ) 𝑥𝑘𝑝
( ) (
the non-uniform inertia coefficient, 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑓 indicates nanofluid heat 1 𝜂 )
( ) 1+ 𝑓 ′′′ + 𝑓 𝑓 ′′ − 𝑓 ′2 − 𝐴 𝑓 ′ + 𝑓 ′′
capacity, 𝑛1 signifies the fitted rate constant, 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑝 stands for the heat 𝛽 2
( )
capacity of the nanoparticle, 𝑘𝑟 denotes the reaction rate, 𝐷𝐵 signifies 𝑀 ( ′ ) ′2 1
− 𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 𝑓 − 1 + 𝛬𝑓 ′ = 0 (9)
the Brownian diffusion coefficient, 𝐸𝑎 denotes the activation energy, 1 + 𝑚2 𝛽
𝐷𝑇 signifies the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient, 𝐾 ∗ denotes the
( ) (
Boltzmann constant, 𝑚 implies the Hall current parameter, 𝑞𝑟 indicates 1 𝜂 )
the radiative heat flux, 𝑇 and 𝐶 denote the fluid temperature and 1+ 𝑔 ′′ − 𝑔𝑓 ′ + 𝑓 𝑔 ′ − 𝐴 𝑔 + 𝑔 ′
𝛽 2
nanoparticle concentration, respectively. The different terms in the ( )
𝑀 ( ′ ) 2 1
governing equations are expressed as follows. + ( ) 𝑚𝑓 − 𝑔 − 𝐹 𝑔 − 1 + 𝛬𝑔 = 0 (10)
1 + 𝑚2 𝛽
𝜎𝐵 2 (𝑡)
• 𝜌(1+𝑚2 )
(𝑢 + 𝑚𝑤) denotes the Lorentz force along the 𝑥-direction. ( )
4
• 𝜎𝐵 2 (𝑡)
(𝑢 + 𝑚𝑤) denotes the Lorentz force along the 𝑧-direction. 1+ 𝑅(1 + (𝑡𝑟 − 1)𝜃)3 𝜃 ′′ + 4𝑅(𝑡𝑟 − 1)(1 + (𝑡𝑟 − 1)𝜃)2 𝜃 ′2
𝜌(1+𝑚2 ) 3
𝜂 ( )
• 𝑚 indicates the Hall current parameter. − 𝑃 𝑟𝐴 𝜃 ′ + 𝑃 𝑟 𝑓 𝜃 ′ + 𝛼𝜃
2 ( )
• 𝐹𝑟 𝑢2 is the inertial force component along the 𝑥-direction. ( ) 1 ( ′′2 )
• 𝐹𝑟 𝑤2 is the inertial force component along the 𝑧-direction. + 𝑃 𝑟 𝑁𝑏𝜙′ 𝜃 ′ + 𝑁𝑡𝜃 ′2 + 𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐 1 + 𝑓 + 𝑔 ′2
𝜕𝑞 𝛽
• The term 𝜕𝑦𝑟 indicates nonlinear radiative heat transport inside
𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐𝑀 ( ′2 )
the flow region. + 𝑓 + 𝑔2
[ ( )[ ] 𝜇 ( )( ] (1 + 𝑚2 )
) ( )
• The term 𝜇𝑛𝑓 1 + 𝛽1 𝑢2𝑦 + 𝑤2𝑦 + 𝑘𝑛𝑓 1 + 𝛽1 𝑢2 + 𝑤2 signi- 1 ( )
𝑝 +𝑃𝑟 1 + 𝛬𝐸𝑐 𝑓 ′2 + 𝑔 2 = 0 (11)
fies energy dissipation because of the fluid’s viscosity and porous 𝛽
permeability.

4
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712
( )
𝑁𝑡 ′′ 𝐴 ( )𝑛 −𝐸 ′
𝜙′′ + 𝜃 + 𝑆𝑐𝑓 𝜙′ − 𝜙′ 𝜂𝑆𝑐 − 𝜎𝑟 𝑆𝑐𝜙 𝜃𝛼1 + 1 1 𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 0. 𝜙′′
𝑖+1
′′
+ 𝑎441,𝑖 𝜙𝑖+1 + 𝑎440,𝑖 𝜙𝑖+1 + 𝑎430,𝑖 𝜃𝑖+1 + 𝑎432,𝑖 𝜃𝑖+1 + 𝑎410,𝑖 𝑓𝑖+1 = 𝑟4,𝑖
𝑁𝑏 2 𝜃𝛼1 + 1
(19)
(12)
subject to the boundary conditions
The boundary conditions are provided by
( ) ( ) At 𝜂 = 0 ∶ ⎫
( ) ( )
𝑓 = 1 + 1 + 𝛽1 𝐵𝑓 ′′ + 1 + 𝛽1 𝐷𝑓 ′′′ , 𝑓 = 0, 𝑔 = 0, ⎫
′ ′ ⎪
⎪ 𝑓𝑖+1 = 1 + 1 + 𝛽1 𝐵𝑓𝑖+1 ′′ + 1 + 1 𝐷𝑓 ′′′ , 𝑓
𝛽 𝑖+1 𝑖+1 = 0, 𝑔𝑖+1 = 0, ⎪
𝜃 ′ = −𝐵𝑖1 (1 − 𝜃) , 𝜙′ = −𝐵𝑖2 (1 − 𝜙) at 𝜂 = 0; ⎬ (13) ( ) ⎪
′
𝑓 ′ → 0, 𝑔 → 0, 𝜃 → 0, 𝜙 → 0 as 𝜂 → ∞ ⎪ 𝜃𝑖+1 = −𝐵𝑖1 1 − 𝜃𝑖+1 , ⎪
⎭ ( ) ⎬
′
𝛾 𝜙𝑖+1 = −𝐵𝑖2 1 − 𝜙𝑖+1 ; ⎪
where unsteadiness parameter 𝐴 = , magnetic Parameter 𝑀 = ⎪
𝑎 ( )
𝜎𝐵02 4𝜎 ∗ 𝑇∞
3 𝜇𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑓 As 𝜂 → ∞ ∶ ⎪
, radiation parameter 𝑅 = 𝜅𝑛𝑓 𝛼 ∗
, Prandtl number 𝑃 𝑟 = , ′ ⎪
𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝑎
𝑇𝑓
𝜅𝑛𝑓
𝜈𝑛𝑓
𝑓𝑖+1 → 0, 𝑔𝑖+1 → 0, 𝜃𝑖+1 → 0, 𝜙𝑖+1 → 0. ⎭
temperature ratio parameter 𝑡𝑟 = , Schmidt number 𝑆𝑐 = ,
( 𝑇∞) ( ) 𝐷𝐵
In order to initiate the iteration scheme, we elect
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑝 𝐷𝐵 𝐶𝑓 −𝐶∞ ( the )initial guess
Brownian motion parameter 𝑁𝑏 = ( ) , porosity parameter 1−𝑒−𝜂 𝐵𝑖1
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑓 𝜈𝑛𝑓 functions as 𝑓0 = 1 , 𝑔0 = 0, 𝜃0 = 𝐵𝑖 +1 𝑒−𝜂 , 𝜙0 =
( ) ( ) 1+(1+ 𝛽 )(𝐵−𝐷) 1
(1−𝛾𝑡)𝜈𝑛𝑓 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑝 𝐷𝑇 𝑇𝑓 −𝑇∞ ( )
( ) 𝐵𝑖2
𝛬= 𝑎𝑘𝑝
, thermophoretic parameter 𝑁𝑡 = 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑓 𝜈𝑛𝑓 𝑇∞
, Eckert
𝐵𝑖2 +1
𝑒−𝜂 We exert the Chebyshev spectral collocation method on ac-
𝑢2𝑤 count of solving the linearized equations (16)–(19). We get the domain
number 𝐸𝑐 = , heat generation parameter, 𝛼 =
𝑄0
, inertia [ ]
𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑓 −𝑇∞ ) 𝑎(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑛𝑓 0, 𝐿∞ by truncating the physical region [0, ∞). The computational
𝐶𝑏 𝐸𝑎 [ ]
coefficient parameter 𝐹 = 1 , activation energy parameter 𝐸 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝑇∞
, domain 0, 𝐿∞ is altered into the closed interval [−1, 1] exerting the
𝑘𝑝2
linear transformation mentioned as
𝑘2 (1−𝛾𝑡)
chemical reaction parameter 𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑎 , thermal Biot number 𝐵𝑖1 = 𝐿∞ (𝜉 + 1)
√ √ 𝜂= , −1 ⩽ 𝜉 ⩽ 1.
ℎ1 𝜈𝑛𝑓 (1−𝛾𝑡) ℎ 𝜈𝑛𝑓 (1−𝛾𝑡)
, solutal Biot number 𝐵𝑖2 = 𝐷2 , first-order 2
𝜅𝑛𝑓 𝑎 𝑎
√ 𝐵
𝑎
velocity slip parameter 𝐵 = 𝑏 𝜈 (1−𝛾𝑡) , second-order velocity slip Gauss–Lobatto collocation points are given by
𝑛𝑓
parameter 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑎 𝜋𝑗
𝜈𝑛𝑓 (1−𝛾𝑡) 𝜉𝑗 = cos , 𝑗 = 0, 1, 2 … 𝑛.
𝑛
The functions 𝐹𝑟 , 𝐺𝑟 , 𝛩𝑟 , and 𝛷𝑟 (𝑟 ⩾ 1) are approximated by
3. Physical quantities of engineering significance ( )
exerting the 𝑘th Chebyshev polynomial 𝑇𝑘∗ provided below.
The operative physical quantities are generated as follows ∑
𝑛
( )
( ) 𝜏 𝐹𝑟 (𝜉) ≈ 𝐹𝑟 𝜉𝑘 𝑇𝑘∗ (𝜉) (20)
• Skin friction coefficient along the 𝑥-direction 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑤𝑥2 , 𝑘=0
𝜌𝑢
( ) 𝜏 𝑤 ∑𝑛
( )
• Skin friction coefficient along the 𝑧-direction 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑤𝑧2 , 𝐺𝑟 (𝜉) ≈ 𝐺𝑟 𝜉𝑘 𝑇𝑘∗ (𝜉) (21)
𝜌𝑢𝑤
𝑥𝑞
• Local Nusselt number (heat transport rate)= 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 𝜅 (𝑇 𝑤−𝑇 ) , 𝑘=0
𝑛𝑓 𝑓
𝑥𝐽
∞ ∑𝑛
( )
• local Sherwood number(mass transport rate)= 𝑆ℎ𝑥 = 𝐷 (𝐶 𝑤−𝐶 ) , 𝛩𝑟 (𝜉) ≈ 𝛩𝑟 𝜉𝑘 𝑇𝑘∗ (𝜉) (22)
𝐵 𝑓 ∞
𝑘=0
where ∑𝑛
( )
( )( ) ( )( ) 𝛷𝑟 (𝜉) ≈ 𝛷𝑟 𝜉𝑘 𝑇𝑘∗ (𝜉) (23)
⎫
𝜏𝑤𝑥 = 𝜇𝑛𝑓 1 + 𝛽1 𝜕𝑢
, 𝜏𝑤𝑧 = 𝜇𝑛𝑓 1 + 𝛽1 𝜕𝑤
, 𝑘=0
( ( ) 𝜕𝑦) 𝑦=0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 ⎪
𝜕𝑇 | ⎬ (14) where
𝑞𝑤 = −𝜅𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑞𝑟 , 𝐽𝑤 = −𝐷𝐵 𝜕𝐶 | .
𝜕𝑦 |𝑦=0 ⎪
𝑦=0 ⎭ [ ]
𝑇𝑘∗ (𝜉) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 (𝜉) .
The proposed physical quantities are nondimensionalized as
( ) ( ) The 𝑟th derivative of unknown functions 𝐹𝑖+1 , 𝐺𝑖+1 , 𝛩𝑖+1 , and 𝛷𝑖+1
1 1
⎫
𝐶𝑓 𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 = 1 + 𝛽1 𝑓 ′′ (0), 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 = 1 + 𝛽1 𝑔 ′ (0), ⎪ are mentioned below.
−1 [ ] −1 ⎬
𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = − 1 + 3 𝑅 (1 + (𝑡𝑟 − 1)𝜃(0)) 𝜃 (0), 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = −𝜙 (0).⎪
2 4 3 ′ 2 ′ 𝑑 𝑟 𝐹𝑖+1 ∑𝑛 ( ) ⎫
𝑖+1 𝜉𝑘 = 𝑋 𝐹𝑖+1 , ⎪
𝑟 𝑓 𝑟
⎭ = 𝑋𝑘𝑗𝑘=0
𝑑𝜂 𝑟 ⎪
(15) 𝑑 𝑟 𝐺𝑖+1 ∑ ( ) ⎪
= 𝑛𝑘=0 𝑋𝑘𝑗
𝑟 𝑔 𝑟
𝑖+1 𝜉𝑘 = 𝑋 𝐺𝑖+1 , ⎪
𝑑𝜂 𝑟 (24)
Here 𝑅𝑒𝑥 =
𝑥𝑢𝑤
stands for the local Reynolds number. 𝑑 𝑟 𝛩𝑖+1 ∑ ( ) ⎬ 𝑗 = 0, 1, 2 … 𝑛.
= 𝑛𝑘=0 𝑋𝑘𝑗 𝑖+1 𝜉𝑘 = 𝑋 𝛩𝑖+1 , ⎪
𝜈𝑛𝑓 𝑟 𝜃 𝑟
𝑑𝜂 𝑟 ⎪
𝑑 𝑟 𝛷𝑖+1 ∑ ( ) ⎪
4. Solution methodology = 𝑛𝑘=0 𝑋𝑘𝑗
𝑟 𝜙 𝑟
𝑖+1 𝜉𝑘 = 𝑋 𝛷𝑖+1 ⎪
𝑑𝜂 𝑟 ⎭
We dispense the spectral quasi-linearization method (SQLM) [48, 2𝐃
Here 𝑋 = , 𝐃 stands for the Chebyshev differentiation matrix.
54–56] in order to solve the produced nonlinear coupled ordinary 𝐿
The entries of the aforementioned matrix are given by
differential equations. The iterative scheme utilizing SQLM is provided
by
𝑐𝑗 (−1)𝑗+𝑘 ⎫
2𝑛2 + 1
′ D00 = , D𝑗𝑘 = , 𝑗 ≠ 𝑘; 𝑗, 𝑘 = 0, 1 … 𝑛 ⎪
′′′
𝑎113,𝑖 𝑓𝑖+1 ′′
+ 𝑎112,𝑖 𝑓𝑖+1 + 𝑎111,𝑖 𝑓𝑖+1 + 𝑎110,𝑖 𝑓𝑖+1 + 𝑎120,𝑖 𝑔𝑖+1 = 𝑟1,𝑖 (16) 6 𝑐𝑘 (𝜉𝑗 − 𝜉𝑘 ) ⎪
2 ⎬ (25)
2𝑛 + 1 𝜉𝑘
′′
𝑎222,𝑖 𝑔𝑖+1
′ ′
+ 𝑎221,𝑖 𝑔𝑖+1 + 𝑎220,𝑖 𝑔𝑖+1 + 𝑎211,𝑖 𝑓𝑖+1 + 𝑎210,𝑖 𝑓𝑖+1 = 𝑟2,𝑖 (17) D𝑛𝑛 =− , D𝑘𝑘 = − , 𝑘 = 1, 2 … 𝑛 − 1 ⎪
6 2(1 − 𝜉 2 ) ⎪
′′
𝑎332,𝑖 𝜃𝑖+1
′
+ 𝑎331,𝑖 𝜃𝑖+1 + 𝑎330,𝑖 𝜃𝑖+1 + 𝑎310,𝑖 𝑓𝑖+1
𝑘 ⎭
′ ′′ ′ {
+ 𝑎311,𝑖 𝑓𝑖+1 + 𝑎312,𝑖 𝑓𝑖+1 + 𝑎341,𝑖 𝜙𝑖+1 2 𝑗 = 0 or 𝑛
′ where 𝑐𝑗 =
+ 𝑎320,𝑖 𝑔𝑖+1 + 𝑎321,𝑖 𝑔𝑖+1 = 𝑟3,𝑖 (18) 1 otherwise.

5
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Ultimately, the relevant matrix equation is revealed by

( )
⎡𝐵11 𝐵12 𝐵13 𝐵14 ⎤ ⎡ 𝐹𝑖+1 ⎤ ⎡𝑅1,𝑖 ⎤ 𝑁𝑡 ′′ 𝐴 ( )𝑛 −𝐸
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 𝜙′′ + 𝜃 + 𝑆𝑐𝑓 𝜙′ − 𝜙′ 𝜂𝑆𝑐 − 𝜎𝑟 𝑆𝑐𝜙 𝜃𝛼1 + 1 1 𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 0.
⎢𝐵21 𝐵22 𝐵23 𝐵24 ⎥ ⎢𝐺𝑖+1 ⎥ ⎢𝑅2,𝑖 ⎥
= (26)
𝑁𝑏 2 𝜃𝛼1 + 1
⎢𝐵31 𝐵32 𝐵33 𝐵34 ⎥ ⎢𝛩𝑖+1 ⎥ ⎢𝑅3,𝑖 ⎥
⎢𝐵 (31)
⎣ 41 𝐵42 𝐵43 𝐵44 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣𝛷𝑖+1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣𝑅4,𝑖 ⎥⎦
The boundary conditions are provided by
where the order of each matrix 𝐵𝑗𝑘 (𝑗, 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, 4) is (𝑛 + 1) × (𝑛 + 1).
( ) ′ ( )
Besides, the order of each 𝑅1,𝑖 , 𝑅2,𝑖 , 𝑅3,𝑖 , and 𝑅4,𝑖 is ascertained to be ⎫
ℎ = 1 + 1 + 𝛽1 𝐵ℎ + 1 + 𝛽1 𝐷ℎ′′ , 𝑓 = 0, 𝑔 = 0,
(𝑛 + 1) × 1. ⎪
𝜃′
= −𝐵𝑖1 (1 − 𝜃) , = −𝐵𝑖2 (1 − 𝜙) at 𝜂 = 0; ⎬
𝜙′ (32)
[ ]𝑇 ⎫ ⎪
𝐹𝑖+1 = 𝑓𝑖+1 (𝜉0 ), 𝑓𝑖+1 (𝜉1 ), … 𝑓𝑖+1 (𝜉𝑛 ) , ℎ → 0, 𝑔 → 0, 𝜃 → 0, 𝜙 → 0 as 𝜂 → ∞ ⎭
[ ]𝑇 ⎪
𝐺𝑖+1 = 𝑔𝑖+1 (𝜉0 ), 𝑔𝑖+1 (𝜉1 ), … 𝑔𝑖+1 (𝜉𝑛 ) , ⎪
⎪ Variational Formulations:
𝛩𝑖+1 = [𝜃𝑖+1 (𝜉0 ), 𝜃𝑖+1 (𝜉1 ), … 𝜃𝑖+1 (𝜉𝑛 )] , 𝑇 ⎪ The variational form of the Eqs. (27)–(31) over the 𝑘 th element
[ ]𝑇 ⎪
𝛷𝑖+1 = 𝜙𝑖+1 (𝜉0 ), 𝜙𝑖+1 (𝜉1 ), … 𝜙𝑖+1 (𝜉𝑛 ) , ⎪ 𝛺𝑘 = (𝜂𝑘 , 𝜂𝑘+1 ) is given by
⎪ 𝜂𝑘+1 ( )
𝑅1,𝑖 = [𝑟1,𝑖 (𝜉0 ), 𝑟1,𝑖 (𝜉1 ), … , 𝑟1,𝑖 (𝜉𝑛 )]𝑇 , ⎪ 𝑤1 𝑓 ′ − ℎ 𝑑𝜂 = 0 (33)
⎪ ∫𝜂𝑘
𝑅2,𝑖 = [𝑟2,𝑖 (𝜉0 ), 𝑟2,𝑖 (𝜉1 ), … , 𝑟2,𝑖 (𝜉𝑛 )]𝑇 , ⎪
⎪ [( )
𝑅3,𝑖 = [𝑟3,𝑖 (𝜉0 ), 𝑟3,𝑖 (𝜉1 ), … , 𝑟3,𝑖 (𝜉𝑛 )]𝑇 , (
⎪ 𝜂𝑘+1
1 𝜂 )
𝑅4,𝑖 = [𝑟4,𝑖 (𝜉0 ), 𝑟4,𝑖 (𝜉1 ), … , 𝑟4,𝑖 (𝜉𝑛 )]𝑇 , ⎪ 1+𝑤2 ℎ′′ + 𝑓 ℎ′ − ℎ2 − 𝐴 ℎ + ℎ′
⎪ ∫𝜂𝑘 𝛽 2
( ) ]
𝐵11 = 𝑎113,𝑖 𝑋 + 𝑎112,𝑖 𝑋 + 𝑎111,𝑖 𝑋 + 𝑎110,𝑖 𝐼, ⎪
3 2
𝑀 1
⎪ − (ℎ + 𝑚𝑔) − 𝐹 ℎ2 − 1 + 𝛬ℎ 𝑑𝜂 = 0 (34)
𝐵12 = 𝑎120,𝑖 𝐼, ⎪ 1 + 𝑚2 𝛽
⎪
𝐵13 = 𝑂, ⎪ [( ) (
⎬ 𝜂𝑘+1
1 𝜂 )
𝐵14 = 𝑂, 𝐵21 = 𝑎211,𝑖 𝑋 + 𝑎210,𝑖 𝐼, ⎪ 1+𝑤3 𝑔 ′′ − 𝑔ℎ + 𝑓 𝑔 ′ − 𝐴 𝑔 + 𝑔 ′
∫𝜂𝑘 𝛽 2
⎪
𝐵22 = 𝑎222,𝑖 𝑋 2 + 𝑎221,𝑖 𝑋 + 𝑎220,𝑖 𝐼, ⎪ ( ) ]
⎪ 𝑀 1
𝐵23 = 𝑂 + ( ) (𝑚ℎ − 𝑔) − 𝐹 𝑔 2 − 1 + 𝛬𝑔 𝑑𝜂 = 0 (35)
⎪ 1 + 𝑚2 𝛽
𝐵24 = 𝑂, 𝐵31 = 𝑎310,𝑖 𝐼 + 𝑎311,𝑖 𝑋 + 𝑎312,𝑖 𝑋 2 ⎪
⎪
⎪ 𝜂𝑘+1 [( )
𝐵32 = 𝑎320,𝑖 𝐼 + 𝑎321,𝑖 𝑋, 4
⎪ 𝑤4 1 + 𝑅(1 + (𝑡𝑟 − 1)𝜃)3 𝜃 ′′
2
𝐵33 = 𝑎332,𝑖 𝑋 + 𝑎331,𝑖 𝑋 + 𝑎330 𝐼, ⎪ ∫𝜂𝑘 3
⎪ 𝜂 ( )
𝐵34 = 𝑎341,𝑖 𝑋, ⎪ + 4𝑅(𝑡𝑟 − 1)(1 + (𝑡𝑟 − 1)𝜃)2 𝜃 ′2 − 𝑃 𝑟𝐴 𝜃 ′ + 𝑃 𝑟 𝑓 𝜃 ′ + 𝛼𝜃
⎪ ( 2 )
𝐵41 = 𝑎410,𝑖 𝐼, ⎪ ( ) 1 ( ′2 )
⎪ + 𝑃 𝑟 𝑁𝑏𝜙′ 𝜃 ′ + 𝑁𝑡𝜃 ′2 + 𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐 1 + ℎ + 𝑔 ′2
𝐵42 = 𝑂, ⎪ 𝛽
𝐵43 = 𝑎432,𝑖 𝑋 2 + 𝑎430,𝑖 𝐼
⎪ 𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐𝑀 ( 2 )
⎪ + ℎ + 𝑔2
⎪ (1 + 𝑚2 )
𝐵44 = 𝑋 2 + 𝑎441,𝑖 𝑋 + 𝑎440,𝑖 𝐼. ⎭ ( ) ]
1 ( )
+ 𝑃𝑟 1 + 𝛬𝐸𝑐 ℎ2 + 𝑔 2 𝑑𝜂 = 0 (36)
The governing nonlinear ordinary differential equations can also be 𝛽
solved using the finite element method (FEM) [57–67]. The computa-
[
𝜂𝑘+1
tional domain [0, 𝐿∞ ] is divided into a finite number of subdomains 𝑁𝑡 ′′ 𝐴
that are called elements. Firstly we consider 𝑤5 𝜙′′ + 𝜃 + 𝑆𝑐𝑓 𝜙′ − 𝜙′ 𝜂𝑆𝑐
∫𝜂𝑘 𝑁𝑏 2
( )]
𝑓′ = ℎ (27) ( )𝑛1 −𝐸
− 𝜎𝑟 𝑆𝑐𝜙 𝜃𝛼1 + 1 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑑𝜂 = 0. (37)
𝜃𝛼1 + 1
The reduced form of the governing nonlinear ordinary differential
equations is expressed as where 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 , 𝑤4 , and 𝑤5 are the arbitrary weight functions that
( ) ( 𝜂 )
may be noticed as the variation in 𝑓 , ℎ, 𝑔, 𝜃, and 𝜙, respectively.
1
1+ ℎ′′ + 𝑓 ℎ′ − ℎ2 − 𝐴 ℎ + ℎ′ Finite Element Formulations:
𝛽 2
( ) The finite element model is attained from the system of Eqs. (33)–
𝑀 2 1
− (ℎ + 𝑚𝑔) − 𝐹 ℎ − 1 + 𝛬ℎ = 0 (28) (37) by substituting the following finite element approximations.
1 + 𝑚2 𝛽
}
∑ ∑𝑁 ∑𝑁
( ) 𝑓= 𝑁 𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝜓𝑖 , ℎ = 𝑖=1 ℎ𝑖 𝜓𝑖 , 𝑔 = 𝑖=1 𝑔𝑖 𝜓𝑖 ,
( 𝜂 ) ∑ ∑𝑁 (38)
1
1+ 𝑔 ′′ − 𝑔ℎ + 𝑓 𝑔 ′ − 𝐴 𝑔 + 𝑔 ′ 𝜃= 𝑁 𝑖=1 𝜃𝑖 𝜓𝑖 , 𝜙 = 𝑖=1 𝜙𝑖 𝜓𝑖
𝛽 2
( )
𝑀 2 1 where we consider 𝑁 = 2 (linear) or 3 (𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐) with 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 =
+ ( ) (𝑚ℎ − 𝑔) − 𝐹 𝑔 − 1 + 𝛬𝑔 = 0 (29) 𝑤3 = 𝑤4 = 𝑤5 = 𝜓𝑖 . The shape functions of the typical element
1 + 𝑚2 𝛽
𝛺𝑘 = (𝜂𝑘 , 𝜂𝑘+1 ) are expressed as follows.
( ) Linear element:
4
1+ 𝑅(1 + (𝑡𝑟 − 1)𝜃)3 𝜃 ′′ + 4𝑅(𝑡𝑟 − 1)(1 + (𝑡𝑟 − 1)𝜃)2 𝜃 ′2
3 (𝜂𝑘+1 − 𝜂) (𝜂 − 𝜂𝑘 )
𝜂 ( ) 𝜓1𝑘 = , 𝜓2𝑘 = , 𝜂𝑘 ≤ 𝜂 ≤ 𝜂𝑘+1 (39)
− 𝑃 𝑟𝐴 𝜃 ′ + 𝑃 𝑟 𝑓 𝜃 ′ + 𝛼𝜃 (𝜂𝑘+1 − 𝜂𝑘 ) (𝜂𝑘+1 − 𝜂𝑘 )
2 ( )
( ) 1 ( ′2 ) Quadratic element:
+ 𝑃 𝑟 𝑁𝑏𝜙′ 𝜃 ′ + 𝑁𝑡𝜃 ′2 + 𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐 1 + ℎ + 𝑔 ′2
𝛽 (𝜂𝑘+1 + 𝜂𝑘 − 2𝜂)(𝜂𝑘+1 − 𝜂) 4(𝜂 − 𝜂𝑘 )(𝜂𝑘+1 − 𝜂)
𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐𝑀 ( 2 ) 𝜓1𝑘 = , 𝜓2𝑘 =
+ ℎ + 𝑔2 (𝜂𝑘+1 − 𝜂𝑘 )2 (𝜂𝑘+1 − 𝜂𝑘 )2
(1 + 𝑚2 )
( ) (𝜂𝑘+1 + 𝜂𝑘 − 2𝜂)(𝜂 − 𝜂𝑘 )
1 ( ) 𝜓3𝑘 = − , 𝜂𝑘 ≤ 𝜂 ≤ 𝜂𝑘+1 (40)
+𝑃𝑟 1 + 𝛬𝐸𝑐 ℎ2 + 𝑔 2 = 0 (30) (𝜂𝑘+1 − 𝜂𝑘 )2
𝛽

6
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

The finite element model equations are expressed as follows.

[ ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] { } { } 𝜂𝑘+1 𝑑𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜓𝑗 𝜂𝑘+1 𝑑𝜓𝑗
⎡ 𝐴11 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 ⎤ ⎡ 𝑓 ⎤ ⎡ 𝑅1 ⎤ 𝐴55
𝑖𝑗 = − 𝑑𝜂 + 𝑆𝑐 𝑓 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 ∫ 𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂
⎢[ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ]⎥ ⎢ { } ⎥ ⎢{ 2 }⎥ 𝑆𝑐𝐴𝜂 𝜂𝑘+1 𝑑𝜓𝑗
⎢𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 ⎥⎢ ℎ ⎥ ⎢ 𝑅 ⎥ − 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2 ∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂
[
⎢ 31 ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ⎥ ⎢ { } ⎥ ⎢ { }⎥ ( )
⎢𝐴 𝐴32 𝐴33 𝐴34 𝐴35 ⎥ ⎢ 𝑔 ⎥ = ⎢ 𝑅3 ⎥ (41) 𝜂𝑘+1 ( ) 𝑛1
−𝐸
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ − 𝜎𝑟 𝑆𝑐
∫𝜂𝑘
𝜃𝛼1 + 1 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂,
⎢[ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ]⎥ ⎢ { } ⎥ ⎢{ 4 }⎥ 𝜃𝛼 + 1 1
⎢ 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 ⎥⎢ 𝜃 ⎥ ⎢ 𝑅 ⎥ 𝜂𝑘+1 𝑑𝜓 𝑑𝜓
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 𝐴54 =−
𝑁𝑡 𝑖 𝑗
𝑑𝜂, 𝐴51 52
⎢[ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ]⎥ ⎢{ }⎥ ⎢{ 5 }⎥ 𝑖𝑗 𝑁𝑏 ∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = 0,
⎣𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 ⎦⎣ 𝜙 ⎦ ⎣ 𝑅 ⎦
( )𝜂 ( )𝜂
𝑑𝜙 𝑘+1 𝑁𝑡 𝑑𝜃 𝑘+1
where 𝐴53
𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝑅5𝑖 = − 𝜓𝑖 − 𝜓𝑖
𝑑𝜂 𝜂 𝑁𝑏 𝑑𝜂 𝜂
𝑘 𝑘
𝜂𝑘+1 𝑑𝜓𝑗 𝜂𝑘+1
𝐴11 𝑑𝜂, 𝐴12 𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂, 𝐴13 14 where
𝑖𝑗 = ∫ 𝜂𝑘
𝜓𝑖
𝑑𝜂 𝑖𝑗 = − ∫𝜂𝑘 𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = 0,
∑
3 ∑
3 ∑
3
𝐴15 1
𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝑅𝑖 = 0,
𝑓= 𝑓𝑖 𝜓𝑖 , ℎ = ℎ𝑖 𝜓𝑖 , 𝑔 = 𝑔𝑖 𝜓𝑖 ,
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝐴21 = 0,
𝑖𝑗
( ) 𝜂𝑘+1 ∑3 ∑3

1 𝑑𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜓𝑗 𝜂𝑘+1 𝑑𝜓𝑗 𝜃= 𝜃𝑖 𝜓𝑖 , 𝜙 = 𝜙𝑖 𝜓𝑖

𝐴22
𝑖𝑗 = − 1 + 𝛽 𝑑𝜂 + 𝑓 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 ∫ 𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂
𝜂𝑘+1 𝜂𝑘+1 are assumed to be known. 𝑓𝑖 , ℎ𝑖 , 𝑔𝑖 , 𝜃𝑖 , and 𝜙𝑖 are nodal values at the
− ℎ𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂 − 𝐴 𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂 previous iteration.
∫𝜂𝑘 ∫𝜂𝑘
𝜂𝑘+1 𝜂𝑘+1
𝜂 𝑑𝜓𝑗 𝑀 5. Solution error
−𝐴 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂 − 𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂
∫𝜂𝑘 2 𝑑𝜂 (1 + 𝑚 ) ∫𝜂𝑘
2
𝜂𝑘+1 𝜂
𝑘+1
1 In the present section, The solutions’ convergence is checked to af-
−𝐹 ℎ𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂 − (1 + )𝛬 𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂
∫𝜂𝑘 𝛽 ∫ 𝜂𝑘 firm the obtained solutions by using SQLM. Here the errors in solutions
𝑀𝑚 𝑘+1 𝜂 are given by
𝐴23
𝑖𝑗 − 𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂, 𝐴24
𝑖𝑗 = 0,
2 ∫
(1 + 𝑚 ) 𝜂𝑘 error 𝐹 = ‖𝑓𝑖+1 − 𝑓𝑖 ‖∞ , error 𝐺 = ‖𝑔𝑖+1 − 𝑔𝑖 ‖∞ , error 𝛩 = ‖𝜃𝑖+1 − 𝜃𝑖 ‖∞ ,
( )( )𝜂
1 𝑑ℎ 𝑘+1 error 𝛷 = ‖𝜙𝑖+1 − 𝜙𝑖 ‖∞
𝐴25
𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝑅2𝑖 = − 1 + 𝜓𝑖
𝛽 𝑑𝜂 𝜂
𝑘
𝑘+1 𝜂 The iteration scheme is stopped if the proposed errors gain a specific
𝑀𝑚 tolerance level 10−7 . As per Figs. 2(a)–2(d). nine iterations are solely
𝐴31
𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝐴32
𝑖𝑗 = 𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂,
2 ∫
(1 + 𝑚 ) 𝜂𝑘
( ) 𝜂𝑘+1 required to acquire the accuracy level of 10−7 , upholding the precision
𝑑𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜓𝑗 𝜂𝑘+1
1 of obtained outcomes.
𝐴33
𝑖𝑗 =− 1+ 𝑑𝜂 − ℎ𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂
𝛽 ∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 ∫ 𝜂𝑘
𝜂𝑘+1 𝑑𝜓𝑗 𝜂𝑘+1 6. Validation of results
+ 𝑓 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂 − 𝐴 𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂
∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂 ∫ 𝜂𝑘
Table 4 compares the current outcomes with the those of Makinde
𝜂𝑘+1 𝜂𝑘+1
𝜂 𝑑𝜓𝑗 𝑀 and Aziz [68] by assuming 𝛽 → ∞, 𝑀 = 0, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐷 = 0, 𝛼 =
−𝐴 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂 − 𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂
∫𝜂𝑘 2 𝑑𝜂 2 ∫
(1 + 𝑚 ) 𝜂𝑘 0, 𝛬 = 0, 𝐹 = 0, 𝐴 = 0, 𝐸𝑐 = 0, 𝑆𝑐 = 10, 𝑅 = 0, 𝑃 𝑟 =
𝜂𝑘+1 ( ) 𝜂𝑘+1
1 10, 𝐵𝑖1 = 0.1, 𝐸𝑐 = 0, 𝑚 = 0, 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1, 𝐵𝑖2 → ∞. A suitable
−𝐹 𝑔𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂 − 1 + 𝛬 𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂,
∫𝜂𝑘 𝛽 ∫𝜂𝑘 similarity attained by this computation justifies the accuracy of the
( )( )𝜂𝑘+1 current results. The results obtained by the SQLM are also compared
1 𝑑𝑔
𝐴34
𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝐴35 3
𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝑅𝑖 = − 1 + 𝛽 𝜓𝑖 with the results obtained using the FEM and presented in Table 5,
𝑑𝜂 𝜂
( ) 𝜂𝑘+1
𝑘 showing that both the results are in excellent agreement. These two
𝑑𝜓𝑗 𝜂𝑘+1
1 𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐𝑀 comparisons along with the carried residual analysis build the required
𝐴42
𝑖𝑗 = 𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐 1 + ℎ′ 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂 + ℎ𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂
𝛽 ∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂 (1 + 𝑚 ) ∫𝜂𝑘
2 trust on the results of the spectral quasilinearisation method (SQLM).
( ) 𝜂𝑘+1
1
+ 𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐𝛬 1 + ℎ𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂 7. Entropy generation analysis
𝛽 ∫𝜂𝑘
𝜂𝑘+1 [ ( )3 ] 𝑑𝜓 𝑑𝜓𝑗
4𝑅 𝑖 The dimensional form of entropy generation across the flow region
𝐴44
𝑖𝑗 =− 1+ 1 + (𝑡𝑟 − 1)𝜃 𝑑𝜂
∫𝜂𝑘 3 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 is introduced below[48,54,56]
𝑃 𝑟𝐴𝜂 𝜂𝑘+1 𝑑𝜓𝑗 𝜂𝑘+1 𝑑𝜓𝑗 ( )( )2
− 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂 + 𝑃 𝑟 𝑓 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂 1 16𝜎 ∗ 𝑇 3 𝜕𝑇
2 ∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂 ∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂 𝐸𝐺 =
2
𝜅𝑛𝑓 + ∗
𝑇∞ 3𝛼 𝜕𝑦
) [( )2 ( )2 ]
𝜂𝑘+1 𝜂𝑘+1 𝑑𝜓𝑗 ( ( )
+ 𝑃 𝑟𝛼
∫𝜂𝑘
𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂 + 𝑃 𝑟𝑁𝑏
∫𝜂𝑘
𝜙′ 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂 𝜇𝑛𝑓 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜇𝑛𝑓 1 ( 2 )
𝑑𝜂 + 1+ + + 1+ 𝑢 + 𝑤2
𝜂𝑘+1 𝑇∞ 𝛽 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑘𝑝 𝑇 ∞ 𝛽
𝑑𝜓𝑗
+ 𝑃 𝑟𝑁𝑡 𝜃 ′ 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂 ( ) ( )( )
∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂 𝜎𝐵 2 (𝑡) ( 2 ) 𝑅𝐷𝐵 𝜕𝐶 2 𝑅𝐷𝐵 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝐶
( ) 𝜂𝑘+1 + 𝑢 + 𝑤2 + + .
1 𝑑𝜓𝑗 (1 + 𝑚2 )𝑇∞ 𝐶∞ 𝜕𝑦 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝐴43
𝑖𝑗 = 𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐 1 + 𝛽 𝑔 ′ 𝜓𝑖 𝑑𝜂 (42)
∫𝜂𝑘 𝑑𝜂
𝜂𝑘+1 ( ) 𝜂𝑘+1
𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐𝑀 1 Now entropy generation is disclosed in nondimensional form.
+ 𝑔𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂 + 𝑃 𝑟𝐸𝑐𝛬 1 + 𝑔𝜓𝑖 𝜓𝑗 𝑑𝜂 ( )2
(1 + 𝑚2 ) ∫𝜂𝑘 ∫𝜂𝑘 𝛽 𝑦
( ( ) )𝜂 𝐸𝐺
2
𝑇∞ 𝜂
4𝑅 𝑑𝜃 𝑘+1 𝑁𝐺 = = (43)
𝐴41 45
𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝑅4𝑖 = − 𝜓𝑖 1 + (1 + (𝑡𝑟 − 1)𝜃)3 𝐸𝐺0 ( )2 𝐸𝐺
3 𝑑𝜂 𝜂 𝜅𝑛𝑓 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇∞
𝑘

7
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Fig. 2. Graphs of errors in (𝑎) 𝑓 (𝜂), (𝑏) 𝑔(𝜂), (𝑐) 𝜃(𝜂), (𝑑) 𝜙(𝜂).

( )2
𝜅𝑛𝑓 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇∞ The dimensionless Bejan number reduces to the following form.
where 𝐸𝐺0 = ( )2 . The resulting 𝑁𝐺 by exerting the simi-
𝑇∞2 𝑦 𝑁𝐺𝑇
𝜂 𝐵𝑒 = . (45)
larity transformations is unveiled as 𝑁𝐺

[ ] ′ As per Equation (45), the Bejan number expands from 0 to 1.

4𝑅
𝑁𝐺 = 1 + {𝜃(𝑡𝑟 − 1) + 1}3 𝜃 2
3
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
𝑁𝐺𝑇
8. Results and discussion
[ ( ) ( ) ]
𝑀𝐵𝑟 ( ′2 ) 1 𝐵𝑟 ( ′′ 2 ′ ) 1 𝐵𝑟𝛬 ( ′ 2 )
+ ( ) 𝑓 + 𝑔2 + 1 + 𝑓 +𝑔2 + 1+ 𝑓 + 𝑔2 Proper similarity transformations and the spectral quasi-linearization
1 + 𝑚2 𝛼1 𝛽 𝛼1 𝛽 𝛼1
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟ method are dispensed to acquire appropriate numerical solutions and
𝑁𝐺𝐹 𝐹
[ ] perform computational analysis. The proper attributes of emerging flow
𝛼22 𝐿 ′2 𝐿𝛼2 ′ ′ parameters against the flow field are annexed in the current study
+ 𝜙 + 𝜙 𝜃 (44)
𝛼12 𝛼1 by theoretical, graphical, and tabular exploration. The default values
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
𝑁𝐺𝑀 of momentous parameters welding the current study are presumed as
𝛬 = 0.2, 𝐹 = 0.5, 𝐴 = 0.1, 𝑀 = 1, 𝛽 = 0.3, 𝑃 𝑟 = 10, 𝛼1 = 1, 𝑆𝑐 =
𝑅𝐷𝐵 𝐶∞
where diffusive variable 𝐿 = , Brinkman number 𝐵𝑟 = 1.5, 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1, 𝑁𝑡 = 0.1, 𝐸 = 0.1, 𝑛1 = 0.5, 𝜎𝑟 = 5, 𝐿 = 1, 𝛼2 = 1, 𝐸𝑐 =
𝜅𝑛𝑓
𝜇𝑛𝑓 𝑎2 𝑥2 0.2, 𝑚 = 0.5, 𝑅 = 0.5, 𝐵 = 0.1, 𝐷 = −0.1, 𝐵𝑖1 = 3, 𝐵𝑖2 = 2, and 𝛼 = 0.1.
( ), dimensionless concentration ratio variable 𝛼2 =
(1−𝛾𝑡)2 𝜅𝑛𝑓 𝑇𝑓 −𝑇∞ A close resemblance is noticed when solving the governing nonlinear
𝐶𝑓 −𝐶∞ 𝑇𝑓 −𝑇∞ differential equations by using SQLM and FEM in Table 5.
𝐶∞
, dimensionless temperature ratio variable 𝛼1 = 𝑇∞
. 𝑁𝐺
stands for total entropy generation. Besides,
8.1. Velocity profiles
• 𝑁𝐺𝑇 implies entropy generation number via heat transit.
• 𝑁𝐺𝐹 𝐹 and 𝑁𝐺𝑀 represent the entropy generation number occur- With increasing the magnetic parameter, the Casson fluid velocity in
ring because of fluid friction and mass transmission, respectively. the 𝑥-direction becomes retarded as per Fig. 3(a). Fig. 3(b) displays that

8
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar
Fig. 3. Characteristics of 𝑀 toward (𝑎) 𝑓 ′ (𝜂), (𝑏) 𝑔(𝜂).
Fig. 4. Characteristics of 𝛽 toward (𝑎) 𝑓 ′ (𝜂), (𝑏) 𝑔(𝜂).
on increasing 𝑀, the transverse velocity initially augments massively,
and it decelerates after that. The swelling 𝑀 generates potent hydro-
magnetic body force defined as the resistive Lorentz force retarding the
Casson fluid’s motion. Figs. 4(a) and 4(b) depict that for the higher
Casson parameter, fluid movement leads to rising near the sheet’s
surface and becomes decelerated after that. Physically, an upswing in
𝛽 causes enriching plastic dynamic viscosity, which assists in reducing
the yield stress. As a result, Casson fluid’s motion leads to decreasing
away from the sheet. In Figs. 5(a) and 5(b), 𝑚 accelerates the Casson
fluid’s
( )motion. The intense Hall current effects make the conductivity
𝜎
2 lessened. Consequently, the conflicting force because of the
1+𝑚
potent magnetic field gets retarded. As a result, the acceleration of the
Casson fluid’s motion occurs.
As per Figs. 6(a) and 6(b), on increasing the first-order velocity
slip parameter, the velocity components in 𝑥 and 𝑧-directions become
abated across the flow region. Besides, Figs. 7(a) and 7(b) elucidate
that the enhancement in the magnitude of the second-order velocity slip
parameter undermines the velocity components in 𝑥 and 𝑧-directions.
Since the first-order velocity slip parameter and the second-order veloc-
ity slip parameter depend on the slip coefficients 𝑏 and 𝑑, respectively,
the Casson fluid’s motion becomes undermined across the flow region
9
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712
under the increment of the first-order and second-order velocity slip
parameters. In Figs. 8(a) and 8(b), the porosity parameter resists the
Casson fluid’s motion immensely. Resistance is generated across the
flow region because there is an affinity of 𝛬 with frictional force and
robust drag force. As per Figs. 9(a) and 9(b), 𝐹 decelerates the Casson
fluid’s motion up to a definite distance and then affects the Casson
fluid’s motion nominally far from the sheet. Physically, there exists a
direct relation of the inertia parameter 𝐹 with the drag force. In the
attendance of the greater 𝐹 , called the Forchheimer parameter, the
drag force becomes strengthened, creating an intensive resistance in the
Casson fluid’s motion. As a result, the Casson fluid’s motion becomes
retarded up to a specific distance. Figs. 10(a) and 10(b) display that
the Eckert number encourages enriching Casson fluid’s motion sub-
stantially. Eckert number directly relates to the kinetic energy and is
inverse to the boundary layer enthalpy difference. Generally, mounting
the Eckert number, kinetic energy becomes prospered, amplifying fluid
movement across the flow region.
8.2. Temperature distribution
Figs. 11–13 portray the influences of peculiar parameters on the
Casson fluid temperature field. From Fig. 11(a), the higher magnetic
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Fig. 5. Characteristics of 𝑚 toward (𝑎) 𝑓 ′ (𝜂), (𝑏) 𝑔(𝜂).

Fig. 6. Characteristics of 𝐵 toward (𝑎) 𝑓 ′ (𝜂), (𝑏) 𝑔(𝜂).

Fig. 7. Characteristics of 𝐷 toward (𝑎) 𝑓 ′ (𝜂), (𝑏) 𝑔(𝜂).

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A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Fig. 8. Characteristics of 𝛬 toward (𝑎) 𝑓 ′ (𝜂), (𝑏) 𝑔(𝜂).

Fig. 9. Characteristics of 𝐹 toward (𝑎) 𝑓 ′ (𝜂), (𝑏) 𝑔(𝜂).

Fig. 10. Characteristics of 𝐸𝑐 toward (𝑎) 𝑓 ′ (𝜂), (𝑏) 𝑔(𝜂).

11
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar
Fig. 11. Temperature distribution versus (𝑎) 𝑀, (𝑏) 𝑚.
parameter prolongs the temperature immensely. The potent magnetic
field boosts elevating the Ohmic heating. It upholds growing energy
dissipation due to the Lorentz force. Thereby a substantial rise occurs in
the temperature profile. The larger Hall current parameter tends to di-
minish the fluid temperature, as elucidated in Fig. 11(b). Physically, the
larger Hall current parameter creates a resistance in the temperature
distribution, due to which the fluid temperature becomes diminished.
Through Fig. 12(a) on upsurging the thermophoretic parameter,
the temperature is discerned to be raised evidently. With uplifting
𝑁𝑡, thermophoretic force tends to be potent. It injects nanoparticles
transferring from hotter to cooler areas. Therefore there exists an
upturn in fluid temperature. Fig. 12(b) demonstrates that 𝑁𝑏 has
a substantial increasing impact on the fluid temperature profile. On
enlarging 𝑁𝑏, the kinetic energy of nanoparticles becomes enriched
due to the extreme Brownian diffusion through the intensely arbitrary
motion of molecules. Thereby the fluid temperature gets increased.
With an upsurge in the Casson parameter, the temperature profile
is shown to be decreased in Fig. 12(c). Physically, an upswing in 𝛽
upholds enriching plastic dynamic viscosity. Thereby yield stress goes
to be declined, upholding the presence of the effective resistance in
temperature distribution. Through Fig. 12(d), a slight uplift in 𝐸𝑐 up-
holds a vast upsurge in the energy field. The dissipative heat produced
by viscous dissipation and Joule heating because of internal friction
between the fluid particles indicates energy storage across the fluid
flow region. Thereby the energy field gets raised.
The larger estimation of the inertia parameter 𝐹 causes an intensive
increase in the fluid temperature, as depicted in Fig. 12(e). The energy
field becomes developed due to the existence of potent inertial force.
The temperature rises evidently due to strengthening the porosity
parameter’s impact, as displayed in Fig. 12(f). Physically, the porosity
parameter’s escalation creates a drastic resistance across the fluid flow
path, which, in turn, enhances temperature. However, Fig. 13(a) elu-
cidates the increasing Prandtl number’s intense diminishing behavior
toward the temperature profile. Physically, due to an increase in 𝑃 𝑟,
thermal diffusivity lessens. Thereby less thermal diffusivity leads to
undermining the fluid temperature. As per Fig. 13(b), the growing
thermal radiation parameter 𝑅 boosts in enlarging the temperature
massively. The higher 𝑅 causes to diminish the absorption coefficient
and leads to be raising the divergence of the radiative heat flux. Apart
from this, enhancing 𝑅 stimulates the movement of fluid particles by
increasing their kinetic energy, which upshots an augment in fluid tem-
perature. Moreover, Fig. 13(c) demonstrates the increasing influence of
12
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712
𝐵𝑖1 on the temperature distribution. Generally, uplifting the thermal
Biot number causes lessening the thermal resistance and speeds up the
convective heat transport, due to which temperature gets upgraded.
8.3. Concentration profiles
Figs. 14 and 15 are drawn for elucidating the nature of different
dominating flow parameters on nanoparticle concentration. The up-
lifting thermophoretic parameter leads to decaying the nanoparticle
concentration profile closer to the sheet; on the other hand, it augments
the concentration far from the sheet intensely, as per Fig. 14(a). The
increment in the thermophoretic parameter 𝑁𝑡 is related to the in-
tensity of the thermophoresis. Naturally, thermophoresis indicates one
type of particle motion, which takes place due to dispensed thermal
gradients. Nanoparticles diffuse intensely in the base fluid because of
the strong thermophoretic force. On growing 𝑁𝑡, This phenomenon
yields an upturn in the concentration in the distant area. It is inferred
from Fig. 14(b) that on growing the Brownian motion parameter, the
concentration gets augmented near the sheet. In contrast, it follows
the reverse pattern after a specific distance. The Brownian motion
indicates a random movement executed by particles suspended in the
base fluid. On upturning the Brownian motion parameter, the chemical
species diffuse intensely near the stretching sheet. So the concentration
of the solute significantly increases close to the surface. Naturally,
the Brownian motion helps to heat the fluid inside the flow region
and boosts driving the nanoparticles to the area far from the flow
regime. It upholds abating concentration distribution away from the
stretching sheet. As per Fig. 15(a), an increment in activation energy
elevates the concentration. The physical reason behind an upsurge in
the concentration profile is that the augment ( )in 𝐸 causes
( ) a decre-
𝑛1 −𝐸𝑎
𝑇
ment in the modified Arrhenius function 𝑇∞
𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝐾∗𝑇
, which
upturns the generative chemical reaction. It yields in boosting up
the nanoparticle concentration. The opposing nature of the chemical
reaction parameter 𝜎𝑟 on the concentration distribution is noticed in
Fig. 15(b). Physically, the consumption of chemicals grows for the
larger estimation of chemical reaction parameter, which results in a
downfall of concentration and the relevant boundary layer thickness.
Fig. 15(c) reveals that the uplifting solutal Biot number 𝐵𝑖2 enlarges
concentration at the sheet’s proximity; beyond that, the concentration
distribution alters its nature by variating negligibly. The growing 𝐵𝑖2
helps to emphasize the mass transfer rate, causing an enhancement
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Fig. 12. Temperature distribution versus (𝑎) 𝑁𝑡, (𝑏) 𝑁𝑏, (𝑐) 𝛽, (𝑑) 𝐸𝑐, (𝑒) 𝐹 , (𝑓 ) 𝛬.

in the concentration profile. It is worth pointing out from Fig. 15(d)
that with upgrading the Prandtl number, initially the concentration
profile gets risen, but its decreasing nature is observed clearly after that.
Upsurging 𝑃 𝑟 generates less thermal diffusivity, causing a deterioration
in the concentration away from the sheet.
8.4. Entropy generation and bejan number
With the larger estimation of 𝑚, the entropy generation gets ele-
vated near the sheet, and it leads to a decline after that, as discerned
in Fig. 16(a). Fig. 16(b) shows the same fact in the case of 𝐵𝑒. The

13
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Fig. 13. Temperature distribution versus (𝑎) 𝑃 𝑟, (𝑏) 𝑅, (𝑐) 𝐵𝑖1 .

Fig. 14. Concentration distribution versus (𝑎) 𝑁𝑡, (𝑏) 𝑁𝑏.

escalation of the impact of Hall current diminishes the temperature, an elevation in the Bejan number profile. But for strengthening Hall
resulting in a reduction in 𝑁𝐺 after a small distance from the sheet. current, after a small distance, the fluid friction irreversibility domi-
Near the sheet, the heat transfer effect is more significant than the nates so that the Bejan number reduces. Fig. 17(a) demonstrates that
viscous impact for the escalation of Hall current’s influence, causing the entropy generation profile undergoes a decay up to an appointed

14
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Fig. 15. Concentration distribution versus (𝑎) 𝐸, (𝑏) 𝜎𝑟 , (𝑐) 𝐵𝑖2 , (𝑑) 𝑃 𝑟.

Fig. 16. Influence of 𝑚 on (𝑎) 𝑁𝐺 , (𝑏) 𝐵𝑒.

distance from the sheet; on the contrary, it follows the increasing on uplifting 𝑁𝑡. Enriching the thermophoretic diffusion’s impact makes
pattern away from the sheet for growing the thermophoretic param- the viscous effect more considerable than the heat transfer influence
eter. The Bejan number follows the same pattern in Fig. 17(b). The closer to the sheet. It yields in dwindling 𝐵𝑒. In contrast, far from the
thermophoretic force upholds in producing entropy far from the sheet sheet, the heat transport impact dominates over the viscous effect for

15
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Fig. 17. Influence of 𝑁𝑡 on (𝑎) 𝑁𝐺 , (𝑏) 𝐵𝑒.

Fig. 18. Influence of 𝑁𝑏 on (𝑎) 𝑁𝐺 , (𝑏) 𝐵𝑒.

Fig. 19. Influence of 𝐵𝑖1 on (𝑎) 𝑁𝐺 , (𝑏) 𝐵𝑒.

the growing thermophoretic diffusion, resulting in an enhancement in sheet. In Fig. 18(b), the same characteristic of the Bejan number 𝐵𝑒
𝐵𝑒. Fig. 18(a) ascertains that the larger 𝑁𝑏 lessens entropy production toward 𝑁𝑏 is observed evidently. The increment in 𝑁𝑏 promotes the
𝑁𝐺 in the sheet’s proximity, whereas it strengthens 𝑁𝐺 far from the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. As a consequence, the kinetic energy

16
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar
Fig. 20. Influence of 𝐵𝑖2 on (𝑎) 𝑁𝐺 , (𝑏) 𝐵𝑒.
Fig. 21. Influence of 𝐸 on (𝑎) 𝑁𝐺 , (𝑏) 𝐵𝑒.
of nanoparticles becomes enriched, and heat is transferred to the distant
region. So entropy production occurs away from the sheet. On uplifting
𝑁𝑏 in the sheet’s neighborhood, the viscous effect gets intensified in
comparison to the heat transfer irreversibility, causing resistance in 𝐵𝑒.
After an appointed distance, the heat transport gets strengthened for
enlarging 𝑁𝑏, resulting in an augmentation in 𝐵𝑒. Fig. 19(a) displays
the assisting nature of the thermal Biot number on the entropy gener-
ation. Fig. 19(b) elucidates that on enlarging the thermal Biot number,
the Bejan number leads to mounting after an appointed distance. The
larger thermal Biot number nominally affects the Bejan number near
the stretching sheet. Actually, the higher 𝐵𝑖1 promotes convective heat
transfer rate. Through this procedure, more heat is produced. Thereby
𝑁𝐺 gets enlarged. The impact of heat transport does not operate
considerably close to the stretching sheet due to enriching 𝐵𝑖1 . For
the larger 𝐵𝑖1 , heat transfer influence dominates in the distant region.
Therefore, the Bejan number gets elevated after an appointed distance.
Upsurging the solutal Biot number, the entropy generation 𝑁𝐺 becomes
enriched in the sheet’s vicinity; after that, its negligible variation is
visualized in Fig. 20(a). However, the elevating solutal Biot number
dwindles 𝐵𝑒 up to a small distance and then affects 𝐵𝑒 nominally, as
discerned in Fig. 20(b). 𝐵𝑖2 augments the mass transfer rate. So 𝑁𝐺
gets developed through an increment of mass transfer irreversibility.
Consequently, 𝐵𝑒 decays due to enriching the total entropy production.
17
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712
As perFig. 21(a), the promoting activation energy 𝐸 initially lessens
𝑁𝐺 but enhances it after a small distance from the sheet. In addition,
the uplifting activation energy dwindles 𝐵𝑒 in the sheet’s proximity;
after that, it changes its nature by augmenting 𝐵𝑒, as elaborated in
Fig. 21(b). Physically, the increment in activation energy makes the
concentration of nanoparticles uplifted, upholding the acute mass trans-
port. Hence entropy production rate becomes strengthened after a small
distance from the sheet. From the physical aspect, with elevating 𝐸, the
viscous effect is more robust in the sheet’s vicinity; on the contrary, the
heat transfer impact dominates after that. Therefore 𝐵𝑒 gets diminished
in the sheet’s neighborhood but leads to enhancing explicitly in the
distant region.
9. Skin friction, heat transfer, and mass transfer
The characteristics of appointed flow parameters toward physi-
cal quantities are unveiled in Tables 1–3. The elevating parameters
𝐴, 𝑚, 𝛽, 𝐵𝑖1 , 𝐵𝑖2 , 𝜎𝑟 , 𝑆𝑐, 𝑅, 𝑁𝑡, 𝑁𝑏, and 𝐵𝑟 reduce the magnitude
of skin friction coefficient along the 𝑥-direction, but it appears to be in-
creased on uplifting parameters 𝑀, 𝛬, 𝐹 , 𝑃 𝑟, and 𝐸. The skin friction
coefficient along the 𝑧-direction follows an enhancing pattern under the
influences of increasing parameters 𝐴, 𝑀, 𝑚, 𝛽, 𝐵𝑖1 , 𝜎𝑟 , 𝑆𝑐, and 𝑅,
whereas the opposite phenomenon arises for 𝛬, 𝐹 , 𝑃 𝑟, 𝐸, 𝑁𝑟, and 𝑅𝑏.
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Table 1
Numerical computations of physical quantities for diverse flow parameters.
1 1 −1 −1

𝐴 𝑀 𝑚 𝛽 𝛬 𝐹 𝑃𝑟 −𝐶𝑓 𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2

0.1 1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 12 1.520619 0.219074 3.797129 1.300903
0.15 1.469048 0.228680 3.716303 1.299925
0.18 1.437287 0.234226 3.667755 1.299344
0.1 2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 10 1.435190 0.438054 3.470764 1.295872
3 1.535528 0.566051 3.237525 1.293341
5 1.679874 0.741285 2.801303 1.289201
0.1 1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 10 1.452978 0.054402 3.522938 1.296468
0.3 1.445028 0.152890 3.543434 1.296703
0.6 1.422533 0.252162 3.596942 1.297322
0.1 1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.5 10 2.731223 0.212152 3.036269 1.291138
0.3 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
0.5 0.981163 0.248836 3.804653 1.299821
0.1 1 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 10 1.430874 0.217680 3.464015 1.295791
0.6 1.524106 0.186705 3.228108 1.293229
0.8 1.595649 0.163717 3.006092 1.291015
0.1 1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 10 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
0.8 1.439151 0.223361 3.530618 1.296539
1.5 1.456174 0.217121 3.428742 1.295352
0.1 1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 10 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
12 1.520619 0.219074 3.797129 1.300903
14 1.596552 0.213024 3.980539 1.304512

The nominal increment in the skin friction coefficient along the 𝑧- 100 values of 𝐹 and 𝛬 from the intervals [0.1, 0.3] and [0.1, 0.3]; 𝐹 and 𝐴
direction appears for augmenting the parameters 𝑁𝑡, 𝑁𝑏, and 𝐵𝑟. from the intervals [0.1, 0.3] and [0, 0.15]; 𝑁𝑡 and 𝑁𝑏 from the intervals
Naturally, the Casson parameter 𝛽 retards yield stress. As a result, it [0.1, 0.3] and [0.1, 0.3] and 𝑁𝑡, 𝑁𝑏, and 𝐴 from the intervals [0.1, 0.3],
generates intense viscosity at the surface, due to which the skin friction [0.1, 0.3], and [0, 0.15], respectively. Besides, the other parameters have
coefficient along the 𝑧-direction gets enlarged eventually. Generally, fixed numerical values during computations. The maximum relative
the magnetic force creates resistance in fluid motion, causing augmen- errors 𝜀𝐶𝑓 𝑥 , 𝜀𝐶𝑓 𝑧 , 𝜀𝑁𝑢 , and 𝜀𝑆ℎ are uncovered by
tation in skin friction coefficients. However, the uplifting parameters | 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 − 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 |
𝑚, 𝛽, 𝑃 𝑟, 𝐵𝑖1 , 𝜎𝑟 , 𝑆𝑐, and 𝑅 enriches the heat transport rate. But | 𝑒𝑠𝑡 |
𝜀 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 = | | (50)
| 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 |
the mounting parameters 𝐴, 𝑀, 𝛬, 𝐹 , 𝐵𝑖2 , 𝐸, 𝑁𝑡, 𝑁𝑏, and 𝐵𝑟 | |
| 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 − 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 |
tend to lessen it. The amplifying thermophoretic diffusion upholds | 𝑒𝑠𝑡 |
𝜀 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 = | | (51)
prolonging the Casson nanofluid thermal diffusivity. Consequently, the | 𝐶 |
| 𝑓 𝑧 |
thicker temperature field provides a downfall in heat transfer rate. | 𝑁𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑁𝑢 |
The larger parameters 𝑚, 𝛽, and 𝑃 𝑟 dwindle the thermal layer thick- 𝜀𝑁𝑢 = || |
| (52)
| 𝑁𝑢 |
ness, upholding a high heat transport rate. The upsurging parameters | 𝑆ℎ − 𝑆ℎ |
𝑀, 𝛬, 𝐹 , 𝑁𝑏, and 𝐵𝑟 boost the thermal layer thickness to be 𝜀𝑆ℎ = || 𝑒𝑠𝑡 |
| (53)
| 𝑆ℎ |
promoted, causing a decrement in heat transfer rate. Definitely, the
As per Table 6, 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 is negative, and coefficients of 𝐹 and 𝛬 are
uplifting parameters 𝑃 𝑟, 𝐵𝑖1 , 𝐵𝑖2 , 𝜎𝑟 , 𝑆𝑐, 𝑁𝑡, 𝜎𝑟 , and 𝑆𝑐 enrich
positive under the increment of 𝐸. Therefore, from Eq. (46), it is
mass transport rate. But the hostile phenomenon occurs by amplifying
discerned that the growing inertia parameter and porosity parameter
parameters 𝐴, 𝑀, 𝐸, 𝑅, and 𝑁𝑏. The parameters 𝑚, 𝛽, and 𝐵𝑟 uplift
reduce the magnitude of the skin friction coefficient along the 𝑥-
the mass transport rate gently, while the hostile fact arises due to the
direction. Table 7 elucidates the coefficients of 𝐹 and 𝐴 to be negative
parameters 𝛬 and 𝐹 .
and positive respectively. As per Table 7 and Eq. (47) the inertia
parameter’s decreasing trend and the unsteadiness parameter’s assisting
10. Multiple quadratic regression analysis 1∕2
behavior on 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑥 are visible. Table 7 uncovers the coefficient of 𝐴
to be more compared with the coefficient of 𝐹 in magnitude. So a slight
In the current section, we form the quadratic regression mod- 1∕2
1∕2 1∕2 −1∕2 −1∕2 variation in 𝐴 changes 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑥 more compared to 𝐹 . Table 8 shows
els for estimating 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 , 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑥 , 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 , and 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 ,
the regression coefficients to be very small with elevating thermal
respectively.
radiation. As a result, either of the variation in 𝑁𝑡 and 𝑁𝑏 makes
−1∕2
𝐶𝑓 𝑥𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝐹 + 𝑏2 𝛬 + 𝑏3 𝐹 2 + 𝑏4 𝛬2 + 𝑏5 𝐹 𝛬 (46) a minor perturbation in 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 . Having the positive coefficient
2 2 of 𝑁𝑡 and negative coefficients of 𝑁𝑏 and 𝐴 as per Table 9, the
𝐶𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 + 𝑐1 𝐹 + 𝑐2 𝐴 + 𝑐3 𝐹 + 𝑐4 𝐴 + 𝑐5 𝐹 𝐴 (47) −1∕2
thermophoretic diffusion has an augmenting impact on 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 . The
2 2
𝑁𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝑁𝑢 + 𝑒1 𝑁𝑡 + 𝑒2 𝑁𝑏 + 𝑒3 𝑁𝑡 + 𝑒4 𝑁𝑏 + 𝑒5 𝑁𝑡𝑁𝑏 (48) hostile phenomenon occurs due to uplifting 𝐴 and 𝑁𝑏. Moreover,
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝑆ℎ + 𝑔1 𝑁𝑡 + 𝑔2 𝑁𝑏 + 𝑔3 𝐴 + 𝑔4 𝑁𝑏2 + 𝑔5 𝑁𝑡𝑁𝑏 Table 9 uncovers the coefficient of 𝑁𝑏 to be more compared with the
coefficients of 𝑁𝑡 and 𝐴 in magnitude. So Brownian motion dominates
+ 𝑔6 𝑁𝑡2 + 𝑔7 𝐴2 + 𝑔8 𝐴𝑁𝑡 + 𝑔9 𝐴𝑁𝑏 (49) 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥
−1∕2
severely than the other two parameters.
where 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4 , 𝑏5 ; 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 , 𝑐4 , 𝑐5 ; 𝑒1 , 𝑒2 , 𝑒3 , 𝑒4 ,
11. Conclusions
𝑒5 , and 𝑔1 , 𝑔2 , 𝑔3 , 𝑔4 , 𝑔5 , 𝑔6 , 𝑔7 , 𝑔8 , 𝑔9 indicate regression
1∕2
coefficients of the proposed regression models for estimating 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 ,
1∕2 −1∕2 −1∕2
The salient outcomes of the present quest are summarized below
𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑥 , 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 , and 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 , respectively. In order to gen-
erate the regression models, we compute the numerical values of • The parameters 𝑚 and 𝐸𝑐 boosts up the fluid velocity while the
1∕2 1∕2 −1∕2 −1∕2
𝐶𝑓 𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 , 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑥 , 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 , and 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 by randomly picking contrary trend of 𝛬 on it is visible. Fluid movement becomes

18
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Table 2
Numerical computations of physical quantities for diverse flow parameters.
1 1 −1 −1

𝐵𝑖1 𝐵𝑖2 𝜎𝑟 𝑆𝑐 𝐸 𝑅 −𝐶𝑓 𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2

0.1 2 5 1.5 0.1 0.5 2.146970 0.139294 0.223243 1.197673
0.5 1.840730 0.178618 1.405521 1.258568
1 1.596134 0.219029 2.456284 1.281915
3 2 5 1.5 0.1 0.5 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
2.5 1.414387 0.225900 3.560197 1.485826
3.5 1.389029 0.225134 3.532199 1.782180
3 2 5 1.5 0.1 0.5 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
6 1.428122 0.227371 3.591461 1.334200
7 1.300584 0.264499 3.740097 1.366355
3 2 5 1 0.1 0.5 1.557867 0.179749 3.375448 1.205535
1.5 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
1.7 1.428501 0.227156 3.587925 1.323818
3 2 5 1.5 0.1 0.5 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
0.5 1.442514 0.223268 3.557342 1.264309
0.7 1.578257 0.170490 3.354779 1.245694
3 2 5 1.5 0.1 0.5 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
1 0.961689 0.300915 5.675073 1.289633
1.5 0.761253 0.326576 7.250350 1.286074

Table 3 Table 7
Numerical computations of physical quantities for diverse flow parameters. Numerical values of regression coefficients and maximum relative errors in
1∕2
1 1 −1 −1 approximating 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑥 .
𝑁𝑡 𝑁𝑏 𝐵𝑟 −𝐶𝑓 𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2
𝐸 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐4 𝑐5 𝜀𝐶𝑓 𝑧
0.05 0.1 0.01 1.448478 0.225856 3.667857 1.283055
0.08 1.437754 0.226204 3.613629 1.291561 0.5 0.0557 −0.0043 0.0073 0.0054 0.0329 −0.0184 0.0067
0.8 0.0553 −0.0042 0.0066 0.0036 0.0245 −0.0118 0.0069
0.1 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
0.9 0.0552 −0.0042 0.0064 0.0032 0.0228 −0.0105 0.0070
0.1 0.1 0.01 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
0.2 1.417726 0.228354 3.503438 1.284033
0.3 1.408092 0.229410 3.427204 1.279826
0.1 0.1 0.01 1.430981 0.226295 3.577556 1.297097
• The strong magnetic field resists fluid movement but enlarges
0.05 1.424242 0.226788 3.547715 1.297415
0.1 1.415752 0.227411 3.510261 1.297811 transverse velocity at the sheet’s neighborhood. For the higher
Casson parameter, the Casson fluid motion leads to rising near
Table 4
−1 −1 the sheet and becomes decelerated after that.
Comparison of 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 and 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 versus 𝑁𝑡 at 𝛽 → ∞, 𝑀 = 0, 𝛼 = 0, 𝛬 = 0, 𝐹 =
0, 𝐴 = 0, 𝐸𝑐 = 0, 𝑆𝑐 = 10, 𝑅 = 0, 𝑃 𝑟 = 10, 𝐵𝑖1 = 0.1, 𝑚 = 0, 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1, 𝐵𝑖2 → ∞.
• The parameters 𝑀, 𝐸𝑐, 𝑁𝑡, 𝑁𝑏, 𝐹 , 𝛬, 𝑅, and 𝐵𝑖1 show
their augmenting trend on temperature. Besides, the temperature
Present results Makinde and Aziz [68]
−1 −1 −1 −1
goes through a downfall under the increment of parameters.
2 2
𝑁𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑚, 𝛽, and 𝑃 𝑟.
0.1 0.092907 2.277419 0.0929 2.2774
• The parameters 𝜎𝑟 follows diluting the nanoparticle concentration
0.2 0.092733 2.248961 0.0927 2.2490
0.3 0.092545 2.222816 0.0925 2.2228 because of which the allied boundary layer thickness leads to
0.4 0.092344 2.199198 0.0923 2.1992 a decrement. The reverse occurrence arises due to activation
0.5 0.092126 2.178353 0.0921 2.1783 energy.
• Enhancing the influence of the thermophoresis leads to decaying
Table 5 the nanoparticle concentration profile closer to the sheet and
−1 −1

Comparison of numerical values of 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 and 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 versus 𝐸𝑐 at 𝛬 = 0.2, 𝐹 = exceedingly prolongs the concentration in the distant region. On
0.5, 𝐴 = 0.1, 𝑀 = 1, 𝛽 = 0.3, 𝑃 𝑟 = 4, 𝛼1 = 1.8, 𝑆𝑐 = 1.5, 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1, 𝑁𝑡 = 0.1, 𝐸 = the contrary, Brownian motion and Prandtl number behave in
0.1, 𝑛1 = 0.5, 𝜎𝑟 = 5, 𝑚 = 0.5, 𝑅 = 0.5, 𝐵 = 0.01, 𝐷 = −0.01, 𝐵𝑖1 = 3, 𝐵𝑖2 = 2, and 𝛼 = the opposite pattern. The solutal Biot number is responsible for
0.1.
enlarging nanoparticle concentration at the sheet’s proximity.
Results using SQLM Results using FEM
• 𝑁𝑡, 𝑁𝑏, and 𝐸 display hostile trend to both 𝑁𝐺 and 𝐵𝑒 near the
−1 −1 −1 −1

𝐸𝑐 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 2
𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 2
𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 sheet and amplifies the distribution of 𝑁𝐺 and 𝐵𝑒 far from the
0.05 1.47578 1.28720 1.47577 1.28720 sheet. 𝐵𝑖1 favors the distribution of entropy generation.
0.1 1.01872 1.29116 1.01873 1.29115
• Using the regression analysis, it is discerned that 𝛬 dominates the
0.15 0.55504 1.29511 0.55503 1.29511
skin friction coefficient along the 𝑥-direction more than 𝐹 , while
𝐴 affects the skin friction coefficient along the 𝑧-direction very
Table 6 much. Besides, the variation in Brownian motion is more respon-
Numerical values of regression coefficients and maximum relative errors in
1∕2 sible for changing the reduced Sherwood number compared to
approximating 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 .
thermophoresis and the unsteadiness effect as per the regression
𝐸 𝐶𝑓 𝑥 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏4 𝑏5 𝜀𝐶𝑓 𝑥
analysis.
1 −1.9654 0.0088 0.0104 0.0008 0.0109 −0.0028 0.0033 • As per the regression analysis, variation in 𝑁𝑡 or 𝑁𝑏 causes a
2 −1.9704 0.0087 0.0107 0.0004 0.0103 −0.0020 0.0034
minor perturbation in the reduced Nusselt number.
3 −1.9766 0.0087 0.0116 0.0001 0.0094 −0.0017 0.0034
• The performed regression analysis suggests that the maximum rel-
ative error for the regression model corresponding to the reduced
Nusselt number ranges from 0.000090231% to 0.00015936% .
feeble by augmenting first-order and second-order velocity slip
parameters.

19
A. Sahoo and R. Nandkeolyar Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 575 (2023) 170712

Table 8
−1∕2
Numerical values of regression coefficients and maximum relative errors in approximating 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 .
𝑅 𝑁𝑢 𝑒1 𝑒2 𝑒3 𝑒4 𝑒5 𝜀𝑁𝑢
0.5 0.4304 −1.4548E−06 −8.3282E−07 8.1117E−08 7.9042E−07 −8.6870E−07 1.5936E−06
0.7 0.5765 −1.3579E−06 −8.5923E−07 6.6633E−08 8.9752E−07 −9.5965E−07 1.1530E−06
0.9 0.7225 −1.2948E−06 −8.7911E−07 1.1031E−07 1.0087E−06 −1.1166E−06 9.0231E−07

Table 9
−1∕2
Numerical values of regression coefficients and maximum relative errors in approximating 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 .
𝑚 𝑆ℎ 𝑔1 𝑔2 𝑔3 𝑔4 𝑔5 𝑔6 𝑔7 𝑔8 𝑔9 𝜀𝑆ℎ
0.1 1.4806 0.0078 −0.0086 −0.0067 0.0186 0.0104 −0.0343 −0.0282 0.0715 −0.0429 7.2289E−04
1 1.4807 0.0083 −0.0091 −0.0068 0.0198 0.0108 −0.0363 −0.0299 0.0758 −0.0455 7.3218E−04
2 1.4808 0.0087 −0.0095 −0.0069 0.0208 0.0112 −0.0379 −0.0313 0.0793 −0.0476 7.3963E−04

• The maximum relative error for the regression model estimat-
ing the reduced Sherwood number is uncovered as 0.072289% −
0.073963%.
• In approximating the skin friction coefficients in 𝑥 and
𝑧-directions, the maximum relative errors are discerned as 0.33%−
0.34% and 0.67% − 0.70%, respectively.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
A. Sahoo: Formulated the problem, Performed numerical compu-
tations, Wrote the final draft of the manuscript. R. Nandkeolyar:
Supervised the overall work, Read the manuscript and finally approved
for submission.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Acknowledgments
R. Nandkeolyar gratefully acknowledges the financial support re-
ceived from Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of
Science and Technology, Government of India vide File No.
MTR/2021/000426. Ms. Anindita Sahoo is thankful to the National
Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur, India for providing
the research fellowship.
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